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MAGAZINE BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIV I N G ... T H R O U G H CHEMISTRY The fight on the doorstep It needs your help! Your part in this fight won't he easy. It will mean fore going luxuries, perhaps doing without a few necessities. Tough? Maybe ... hut don't say that where the veterans of Italy and New Britain can hear you! You want to do your part, of course. So do we all . .. farmers, laborers, white-collar workers, business execu tives. And the way to do your part right now is to observe the following seven rules far Victory and a prosperous peace ... 1. Buy only what you NEED. And before you buy any thing, remember that patriotic little jingle: "Use it up. Wear it out. Make it do or do without." 2. Keep your OWN prices DOWN! If you sell goods, or your own time and labor, don't ask for more money than you absolutely must! No matter who tries to talk you into asking more.,. dont listen! 3. No matter how badly you need something ...never pay more than the posted ceiling price! Don't buy rationed goods without giving up the required coupons. If you do, you're helping the Black Market gang--hurting yourself! 4. Pay your taxes cheerfully! Taxes arc the cheapest way to pay for a war! The MORE taxes you pay now-- when you have some extra money--the l es s taxes you'll pay later on! His w a r can't be won on battlefields alone. Otic of the most critical campaigns of all must be waged right on the doorstep of every family in America. This is the fight against higher prices and higher wages. It's a fight that must be won ... or victories on battlefields will be meaningless. It's like this. In America this year, our total income after taxes will be about 133 billion dollars. Blit there'll be only about 93 billion dollars' worth of goods to spend it on. If we all start trying to buy as much as we can, prices will shoot up. As prices rise, people will ask for--and, in many cases, get--higher wages. That will put up the cost of manufac turing, so up will go prices again. Then we'll need another pay raise. If we get it, prices rise again. It's a vicious circle. The Government has done a lot to help keep prices down. It has put ceilings on food and rent... has rationed scared articles. But the Government can't do it all alone. 5. Pay off old debts.Don't make any new ones! Get, and stay, square with the world! 6. Start a savings account. Make regular deposits, often! Buy life insurance. Keep your premiums paid up. 7. Buy War Bonds . . . regularly and often! And hold on to them! Don't just buy them with spare cash you can easily do without. Invest every dime and dollar you don't actually NEED.. . even if it hurts to give those dimes and dollars up! Use it up...Wear it out. fAake it do...Or do without. HELP IlflS A United Stales War message prepared by llio War Advertising Council; approved by ho Office of War Information; and contributed bv tho Magazine Publishers of America. Iovt; ma y m.a k k t he world go frmmi -- but rivei-a hold i it. together! At least. they go n kmg* way Anvard holding Mn-machine world oget-hei-. Thui-A nut just out persona! theory either -proof hi on pages and I, * fk A os*i\ i-iupMiAT of I )n Pont. chemists, "Cord urn" rayon AX. yarn, in now ii- such gye.vl demand n>- urn cords ihnt iho War Product .on Board has authorized ,stu-ei\KHjve plantOLparisimm f.o bring 1 ho natmrrs total arnuiid out. pul of Ihis type of rayon up to V. 10,000,000 pounds approximately w. eu lime-; the volume produced in IJM1. 1 >u Ponl.'s rontributhm, after eomplei ion of a seeh u id expansion winch will add \ UHMJyHK' poiimiy will be about an.OhupKM) pounds per year. '`Spinning 1 rib*' War," on page shows some!king of what rayon k eontrilurlmg to the in i I it ary program, ir it . IV/ iiiCN 'Nil*; w a n U o\ er > mdll have your nylon M ock T ings Jwk...all you cun line--accordmg to "Nylon -- After the War.'* on page H), a digest ol a (alh hy B, A. fCmundeil, Salon \ Proctor ot the Nylon PivUion. * ~k IiftKlu*; u k h k persons on the* payroll of 1 he . I-hsjpmw fig 1 h`parlnamt- and ,|0,otiO oh suh-eon- i factors' rolls ai tin* peak of 1 heir war eunslruet km, A comparison of t ha' Jigim- wit It the prehear employment total of dr>u pom h im gives a piel ure of 1 he ningidiuth of the tanks they have accomplished. The story is graphically told in 1 he article, "Ivigineering and < 'ou st modem," uii puigo 1 1. ik A I Nit IXNATI, iiidigwais unaware 1-hal a momentous: ..4 evetd hud occurred, wheat one day in the early spring of .1 Sid a young traveler pumice mi l be outskirts of the '.own and speculaC voly looked at I he land. B'jl in that moment a nmv vilti 1 chemical industry a :i.k already being built in Pit' ler!do mind of Eugene H., (irusreih, and f.he site of his hrsi plant was selected even as he slued there. In 1 he 1 hi Pont ('orr.pnny today c-he llntaselli (-hcimeuls Depart met it., a i ih its si.xleen plants, in id ill inlhieiiccil by lhe traditional courage and lore- sight of the founding fathers of both orgamAutions. "Heavy Dheuiieuls .'or War/' page Id. tells you some thing about the developments ol ike business 1 ha! got ufT to a g-.Mio stmt mote than a eenl.ury ago. #* " A .sAj*i*rtA return nun*; nm page IH, is j 1 artolher grap lit* mdiealum of t he el torts that arc coTiafaiit-ly hetng made !o promote safer working emdil ions thrmigtenii the industrial plants of Air-eueu. . ,1'F hKAAT one military academy records more hohpiud/ V iznOoits from judson ivy thim from any other musi*. This poioiH up the importance ei :he pun. planned tor I hi Ihutl "Aminate" Weed killer in the articieon payt'di. f HI mu PONT MAGAZINE Vol. XXXVIII April-May, 1944 No. 1 An lMPiu)VKn lixci.osiv k Kivic VAOb ) Axn Sn-.AICiXO OF Kiv i-.t SeijMNlNU JfsTo UhlC ih Ellet! /i. (Voxm, Nvi.OX At-Ti-.U TUI:. W.Ak. By M. A, /har?>-s</o// ENt.iNi.F.kirui ax i> C(>NSTK'in rK3.\ 11 i Ik a v v CiiiAiirATX lum Wa u , (A\)t <' Alhet' J ? .A bAhF*;rv Coi.oK Con*: i*oe Ix d u s t k y By Ratu'n' -1. ,%hs s .ma IH An Kn i> t o l-'oi.soN Iv y ....................................................................tl Wh a t 's Nf .w * BUY MORC tl. S. WAR BONOS AND STAMPS 100AY # Puhik^ni i>mi C<if^ki3hi 1944 by I, DU PONT DE NOMOURS & COMPANY <INC.) Witmiiicjlo.n, Dolawurc E. R. MANCMtSTKR, Miia, THE COVEi On i U-.- i i -vt-r yuti hts Mi s. Mo:;u, lUcim Mstliu Am ssft riu pjuyr, working wilhii DuPont Rivet mg Irmi on a brnvjti bay d>xir. I?er a duseriptkm of the new Du Pont. 1m- provvti Fwplosix'v Rivi'i, xre nage -j Photons aphy hy t'hmlcab.tdnnhy. rmi|;;H CKF'.i >TTS : IAu -.i* -i. ^nurUMy Buninc:.;. N-wa Publishir.j: Cd. lAi.ic C, hoi It'ii . t'xiiil/iriMi i' .. K, Sup, \1. S. Auto- t--i.*.i\:ii bo< U %:*, Olln-mi O S. N<u*y eli<'U). bn: ti-m, OlVn i-il IT. S- An Fui 'a iiUiiS.', top, Ot.W'iA l'. S N'nvy jiU"' . A,,.,.. |:!, I.Jniicriwhi.l iU 11 ,v U*-tvi.. .T !*..;' 1 ft, I'r-rtlfi*. H H. Wdi-iiw ("nr;vt pholn; h.>C;m . OtTs.-Vil ! I S Nnvv liln-t>> Cri^r lb, I np. V. A. Ail F m'c* |ifc.*o*s; lnHIi'iii, Sir.:eit tAima t'Lulcs Pi4u- I -, let's. e-nrOMiOipliv by Wi|Ufnn M. Fi?tri:ir. nj'.hs IlHV-tlil M. Camberi.  ., .O' :} .-he ; * I\inimvtfp ] >ti Pont Kxplosive Hi vets arc1 now speeding \he product o;i of warplamv. Beyond the war, look ing to the future, they show great promise for I nr peace time manufacture of refrigerators, kitchen cabinets, radios, washing machines, prefabricated hour's and mails' oilier IhiugH. ^ Hid li*1 'k go hack la the beginning of the story: A filtlr mrm* ihafi two years am I >u Pont Rxplustve Rivets made.1 their in it ial huw on our nation's aircraft proiluH ion liiicw. Originally, they won* a foreign in- veiil ion. !>n Pont perfected i hem ami introduced l.hem to :j . JVw American airplane* builders in HMh. Sineo Pmirl 11 arbor they have figured importantly in Hie building of rmmy outstanding American combat plain's, Aii explosive rivet ia just what its name implies, \ Inlike an ordinary aluminum rivet, which is fastened in place by two operators... one wit h a pneumatic ham mc`1% the other with a bucking bar an explosive rivet is act by a Htnall expansion charge isin.de its shank. In other words, if is self- bucking. Only one upTMinr it required, the riveter. He or she - usually lishe'! these days... stands out side, inserts the rivet and touches ils head squarely with the pohil. of a DuPont Kiwi mg ham. Heal detonates the charge, E:aushig the walls of i he shank in expand and funning a barrel- shaped eh wing bead-- all in less than two seconded So finely has the explosive charge neon gauged and cunt rolled that (he expansion if idl'eefK may he held within limits of twenty thousandths of an inch! Mark tliat down as an exam pie uf ext raordhuiry precision with modern explosives, and let if. ataml as an explanation of why amend! mamifacuirers quickly became interested in these n vets. Wartime hrougld u> America's aviation mdusl ry a t ruly gii-pintie job. It culled for nuisH-prodsir- wh schedules on a burn* scale. It nt-ant building mere j da nes. Ik \ ter planes, larger plains than had over been aawmhled helore and the job ban to b (one at- top speed, despite material ami m ah p>wyr eh nri a g i s, I In less nssenddy-Hne upend ions- parficmarls. ii .m iup -eould he pended up, there would be a serious "hot llenrekf' Now, fastening together most pail sot u big hour dug plum- can be Hterh-d with aluminum alloy r ve;s driven and bucked in the iiMml manner. Bid some enclosures ale enfheiy loo small for a huelmr of normal size 1 o work in them. (-onsoqmndly, Home* companies employ dwarfs, 1o buck rivelin such placid. But not mam dwarfs cun crawl into all the narrow cenipartmetiP;. So if was necon;ary 'o find Mofnc pracl leaf menus of lAstoning such parts together. rni;it.:;i where explussvi- rivets info i hi1 piet un. T!h > ud vantages g:um d by the use of t h*? ri vein an* as impressive ns their periormuhee, fknisider tin* labor xaving factor. One operator, m>t two, does t ic work which means ihut lo^s jrmnpmyor ur wonumpiiwrr in needed. And explosive rivets arc I as! or. I nder the Urnt mechanical melhods now employed, two tu four oniimiry blind rivet:* can ho set per minute, o j ic o i hov arc in place. bndert lieMamo -modi i ions, single- banned, one \v*>rmtt\ nm install explosive rivets at the rah- of liftcon lo twenty |*f'i nitnuh'. t Iperutmg eosm, ronuiderntg the eroiinmies mentioned, also favor 1.hr use of explosiv v -ivels wherever there is .not ready acres;- to limb skies of an assembly. Now These Rivets Are Improved In supplying Arnwra's aircraft industry with tin* first explosive r v **ls, I hi Toni helped to speed 1 lu* pro durhnn of military planes. Tlmf s tin- past louse of the h i ary. Hit' big news today is t hat iMi Pont Kxplosive Rivets of a markedly improves; type are replacing the eld ones. hi ore is the di-TerenceThe expansion ehu"j*e in the old rivet occupies a cup like cavity in the end of the shank, The m*e* rivei. has an auxiliary cavity < .s lending from t he main chamber nearly to the top of the shank, so that the charge is more with 1y dint rihnltsl. This change ut internal lies gn ami loading much improves the Hlieieney of the new mel in act imp I h't-i'tolore, tin* utmost preeiofor- wan required in drilling holes for explosive rivets. It was important to have each rivet lit its hole moss, exactly, so that when Un* ft.mam exploded the rivet would he securely lucked in place by Ms barrel-shaped closing head. The new rivet. whh hs charge ex-ctidetf far up into the body, expands the shank throughout. tin length, not. jus! al 1 -to end whore \ he blind head is formed. Now riveters u *msi not be so particular in drilling holes u* needlepoint accuracy; for il n noh :s slightly o\u-Mixe i he exploding eh;trge will spread the entire shank 1 o till ir. md insure an all-oyer, metal-to-rnetah t.ii*h 1 .mint ! 'Pests show beat these tew rivets, even in holes O.OUU o; an inch overs ray give suhrUanikills tMh-r h -mIs Ih-sf `nn ht ni>hu!'sf >r>.ih shim/erd })n Pm-l ti.rjilny-irr /i'>.-/> h< {ici/ss. Kiwi era car, ihserl and deluuatf the new rivets more rapidly, and eOlain uniform good results. bile old ami in u type riveis are interchangeable. They are made of flic same materials and msi abed with the sumo fools, The\ hotJi possu-ss < ho same high resin- inncc t< corrosion. Ami the modified explosive charge jn `die new ravels lias the same non-corrosive, nnn-tnxir ami high-st ability qualities of the older rive! si hey wdl replace, {hi Pont laxplosive Rivets do not require refn^ernlion to condition them lor use. They ore safe and may be iwialled without any rear of serious injury. They must of course* he handled \uth reasonable care. Numerous safety tests have indicated ;hu( they will not deloimk in mass; hi fact, `hey; are quim itisensinve to slmck and fririian, allhoufxh. as might hi* expected, lire cv high heal will cause them to expand. At. present fhe improves. risrets a^e being iiumuhn1 i-ured in I wo sizes--b/oT-ineh ami h/]h inch modiiicd l.'racier head types. Tlmy have been c\ra)i.mrcd ami accorded primary slrurtural approval by the Arne* ami Navy, and they are rapidly coming into u h c in aircraft assembly work. Kxplosive rivels will Ik * needed by the million ibis year, and lhey will In* produced and made m ailable to aircraft builders, 1 kick sb.e and type of rivet will he readily idctiliiiiHl by a. ibstiufdiA'e color, us has been t he usual pntcl ice. JTior (o tln-war/rm:, Dp IAj n t M a c a '/Jk k yen 1 nred to prcdiei-that-explosive, rivem ''would In* helpful In solving many aircraft production problems.'' We held out the possibility of i heir many fact are in h ! ill larger sizes, mn\iTig 1 hLit lime would no doubt, develop ihe full picture. hi midsummer Jhtl, no one knew that within four months our mb ion would need explosive rivets he the mdlion. Wartime, in truth, developed a '`full pi^dnre!,, Air plane' "ieat production alone has already exceeded mir's wikies; duagiimtirm. Now comes the improved mi l. When the fighiing is at last over and iadieury gels back on a pencel imr basis, a not her predict inn may he in order. Keen iiuw engineers heluoethat the new explosive rivets v,bl he extensively used by peacetime indtisliy. Ci K A Vi T\ holds the cart h together, but. the builders of .9 Americahi war machine nerd hillums of rivets l-u hold a world of mini-made things together- These met a I fasteners* an* used extensively in t he ronetruHion ol' buddings, ships, tanks, trucks and, importantly, aircraft, Mass production of military planes in recent years has attained a truly grand scale. Our uviethm industry is reported 1o be turning out planes at the rate.- of KJstMl per month -- no! just morn pianos bid- bettor and larger ones Uian t heir pruUilypis. Their roust met ion. with wider wings ami longer fuselages, involves thr use of Structurally* dveta are ofmany com petitions,-shapes and sizes; they serve widely-varying needs, but in build ing aircraft with light metals, aluminum alloy rivets must fit perfectly-formed holes, and the riveting must be done quickly and permanently. Unlike sleel rivets,which.are hammered while hot, the harder aluminum alloy rivets are driven while cold. They are first heat-treated at 900* F.t then quenched in til or water,then "frozen" at --4 5*F. and stored in freez ing chambers, until'they are. used. 'Refrigeration kpt ing: it also arrests the age-hardening process until the; rivets are act. Then, as they warm to room temperature, the metal becomes even stronger than before. Aluminum rivets oFanothar typo;--aftcr -a heat treatment" and ageih_a_rrdening for f-our cila..y.s'ajt r.o. om. . ite.m...p...e. rat<u. re'.,.,..c...a..n. ,he. driven without cracking. ' Why H^at Helps The phenomenon of im^reased strength through "aging" wtiB not plausibly explained until 1919, when the U, S. Bureau of Standards reported the work of P, D, Merica and his associates, Their theory, now generally accepted, is that when the alloy is .heated, minute particles oh the alloying metals, such as copper and magnesium* are driven into a supersaturated "solid solution/* The metal can bc.held in this state by quench ing and then freezing, which in effect locks the molecules 'In place;............................................................................ When'the metal k allowed'to warm up, mobility of the atoms and molecules' iheriiiiees and the alloying metals come out of solution and precipitate as copper alumlntde or -magnesium silicidca It is the presence of .metal .Its.. increased, strength. .Tor. example, .we...are..fcoid that an aluminum alloy having 4,5 per cent copper reaches its maximum hardness when the copper alto minide particles are one townilUonth of an inch ii If. the temperature beeames too high or the.metal gets to old, the particle size increases beyond the optimum desired for greatest strength, and the metal becomes softer. However, this does not occur during the service life of most aluminum articles. Timing Im Important Prior to the war, it wm the practice in aircraft factories tq..iiis .aliiminuiiiuiyrts..witbiTi .thirty minutes after they- were removed from the freezer compartment. Those not. used within limt time--rivets of all Bizes-- wm tossed into a box for resorting, reheating, refreezing-and-iwlbtribyiiion^ And.this reconditioning entailed a considerable loss erf time, The industry wm. then building ftireritft for commercial transport needs Mass production erf warplanes was still to come with it*, huge plants, long assembly lines, and the grim wetsuits .of .turning out bigger andbetter planes by the thousands. ;... Kyeft bafoTcIteitrl Harbor, aviationpmmitlmBknm that some way must be found to keep rivets cold long than thirty minutes. They foresaw the necessity or : !< : * i-  establi8bing,,a,,,qtiiclMleliveiy,,,,^rYk,e,,,of,,,w;td'''riv4ts'''for... efficient operation, ... They didn't have to look far for the-answer to'the" first problem. .Cellophane was being used to protest --frozen-foods;-Why not frozen- rlveta?-And -foran-ellicient.. delivery service, these "Gorxi Humor";carts might be' used to deliver the-rtvew-in cellophane-bags to various production lines m the plant. Both ideas were sound, ...and. both -wm-put-into- pmctjce,..with. .excellent .results,.. formed rivets-there are four hundred different sizes--are inserted in cellophane bags after the quench- mg operation. They are placer! in low-temperature hold..mg., cases., un til. needed,...Then ,..ihey...are...loaded ...into...the.. refrigerated carts for qiiim delivery to the riveters, . Cehophane.pack&ging, .a n d. fast and .frequent delivery service, thanks to the use of a "Freon" fluorine refrig . .rant. ...manufactured. .by.. a... Du Pont.subsidiary,.'have .. helped American aviation companies to set a puce in .warplane production that must make the cold cti.il.i.nm up Hitler's neurotic spine, ..' Now. ..hi ....sealed cellophane' . packages remain in a serviceable condition for driving, not thirty minutes, but sixty to ninety minutes--an., increase of one hundred to two hundred percent!-' ....... The rivets...are.. kept. in. ..the.Dus. until., the..;.actual.... moment of use. Any unused after the expiration of the time limit are put buck in their original bags and sent back for reconditioning. These "returns" are less likely to be mixed, and much less time is required for resorting. How 1ms this system worked out? 011c aircraft manu facturer reports that prior to his use of cellophane bags, ' ito'fiOO pounds of rivets bad to be resorted each month. Mow the comparable figure is only six hundred pounds,: with an accompanying reduction in waste lam from fifty per cent to one and one-half per cent. He reports saving $7,500 per month in addition to eliminating much-of the expense of reheating and recool leg' rivets. The Consolidated Vultee plants in San Diego, Cali fornia, where Ltfwrcrtor I4 bombers'and CMcttw and Coronado flying boats are produced, now use several hundred thousand cellophane-envelopes-every month,with a very substantial savings in dollars annually. Cellophane is ro novice in the packaging of prod ucts at sub-freezing temperatures* Years ago it was and is still being nmd ter safeguard quick-frozen foods. In packaging frozen rivets, it is rendering an equally acceptable service* Due to- cellophane's lightness, strength, ease of handling and transparency, it lends itself better than any other material for the job* This package development, pioneered by Consolidated Vultee in its West- Coast plant, has now spread to many other aircraft' factories, including some operated by Boeing, Henry Kaiser and Glenn Martin, - - Solid metal rivets constitute the largest number of individual ports used in- airplane asftfsmbly work. For example, more than 3004300 rivets hold each Liberator bomber together* -Consider the- thousands of military planes assembled each month, and you'can understand why aircraft imildem need literally billions of rivets each month; snd why refrigerants'and- cellophane arc really important a u mmm of wing timn, money and labor. [tol ': '-A By Ellen H. Grosman Ou 1 fighter and bomber f'laih 'h , nor irurlis. howitzers and Iru s '.h m,-; ridr to Ud Hr on.....rayon, Sj-rpial Idyh- rayon cords in nbHmy tires are able to stand the t\i\\~ of military nerviim. Tests Imv* shown 1 his rayon to 1h t h. only type of ray an uvallaldi! dud t * ill with stand the hii>h I ornprrntixrt'cii*v<`!npofi by i ire's made of 'Mima S s v iHIk `1 ir rubber. 1 ,;;lo ni I In- \Y i11 > directed that. n suhst uni ia! part of l^u Torm's rapacity for mnrnifartiiriftg yarns bar tin* textile trade he eni.verled in the prcdtiH inn of 'Vo^diTrn" higlvdt-minty rayon yarns fur i ir; rmds in Ib-L This will hrtnit I hi I'imj T* ecmt riluilimi I nr : his use Ui nfpriximsilt*ly .'j o .UUO.iJCHJ pounds out- <ii an Uuiutilry loud of li-HU)nhJHHf pounds. Easy Lei Dawn ,nicWi!.rs i'nr airmen are rn*|uir* b in hr mam ni nylon, bui ra\ u'i rlnr.es ha\r- i'mi in i to Ul' Jup anti-aircraft gunners were hidden in the trees* American planes roamd over, dropping toe bombs from only seventy-five feet above. From this low altitude the parachutes- held the bombs up just-long enough ter live ....... eminently satisfactory lor aerial delivery of arms. ammunition, food, medical supplies and oilier items, ;Evwi"jeeps'have 'been dropped successfully:'...........;.... For two years we`have kepi the guerrilla armies in China, India and other oppressed countries supplied with food, ammunition and guns by the means of parachutes. ' ' Increasing need of cargo chutes has resulted in the development of 11 variety of special fabrics, tapes and cords for maidng them,................................................... It has been reported that the development of our mine-laying parachute was unknowingly aided by the .Gormans. The first ones, made of cotton, were uiimtiif- factory. One day a German rayon chute attached to a mine'was'fished''out of "the English" Channel,'" and it furnished the due to the develop merit of our present mine chutes. .... . Aerial .mine-laying is done at night from a .low altitude, usually during a fog. The mine, weighing about 1,200 pounds. Is dropped quickly and stealthily, and the chute should automatically detach itself from, the mim and float away. The chute fabric is camouflaged''by a sea-green dye, ..... Delivery'"Chute 'are" made' in five colors,"red,""blue, green, yellow, and. white, to identify the contents of the loud; this helps paratroopers or ground forces to assemble parts rapidly, . . . In the African campaign our Army found it prac tically Ini possible to' salvage these chutes, for as soon 'aa they hit the ground the natives were quick to retrieve them to make clothes from the gaily-colored material. Some chute are used for drop ping imposed photo graph film so that reconnaissance pilots can continue their flights and take more pictures while those sent, to the ground lint developed. Chutes for this purpose generally' have distinctively-colored segment's*' One use of chutes is for star shells, which dazzle the enemy" m they"descend, and as "they bitightly illuminate' thiii terrain, . On Guadalcanal, honors went to rayon parachutes - for placing fragmentation bomba -where they would explode with best effect. ................... V...e..r.s..a..tile..F..a...b..r..i.c..................... The blue and yellow -reversible utility fabric used as m accessory tin life rafts is not only wrapped in heavyduty myon when not in use, but it is made of highTM strength rayon, the same'type material used in flare chutes. The..rafts themselves are oftea...msdi! of mliberTM, impregnated rayon twill. . .... eEore...oui...pilat& .go.dnto. baUlet..they. .have, .plenty.of... gunnery practice during thdr flight-training work, A rayon target sleeve, similar in appearance to the wi lid-direction-finder stocking,, on a landing^ , is attached behind n tow plane and is kepi in a horizontal position-by air-currents-fiowinr through-it-as-the-plane drawn the target along Its course. .. . Would-be fighter pilots fly -back and forth, shooting' maclliiiteguTi" bullets "at.these sleeves," until" 'they" coifi swe hits from any angle and at high speeds* Jmkr .ircratr.t JTr-tae1i mTankV s 'Combat planes are equipped with self-healing gaso line tanks--self-sealing beeaui-e it is reported that a rayan'''fabnc''t^ted'"'with'"a'"syTithetic''''rubber''sea]B'''up' noliiesBa iinn 1nHitf,j wwsailnctp, cmvf 'lhitiegdiit_pruAwWuAemul njiiinafoWiinupti^cgfnliuti KuuiiilileattBe. This stops fuel-leakage losses even though the outside mrt.nl wivwinv 1'w Hprilv ripped. V.. I |B / ' M  may lie--iitili^d--iir-piwiding-more--arraament,---ammanI- Mon, gasoline capacity and higher effective horsepower. Rayon ban the light weight needed, together with the necessary resistance. "'notfierMenace--Insects Army surgeon who called a mosquito "as dan* giiitms its it'StuktC know- what lie'wai talking about. In the malam4nfe9ted tropicn. the bite of a mosquito may be fatal. And of all the unpleasantness and actual hard ships our men li few are so demoralising an the sand fly, 'Curtain' manufacturers, under contract to supply the armed forces with insect-netting, have developed a "special"sand'"fly net""with;''triangular' Instead' of reetan- Kiikr-ynosh. The past! ferenw sand flies cannot get through its armdl s.rintigulur holes. 1110 Army nends millions of yards uf (his m-tUng 1.0 protect out h ih i in msori-mi'esied areas. Much of ii. is made of ndhlew-pronf rayon- in mmo nil age i'n;ur;; and that, too, is pari of 1 h<* story hank of Use sea roily ill fiivnu ml rurhdns for oivdmus. Bui Don't Go Near the Water Mfdfiirix' mot; got thirsty. and it is Uw Army deHorm respnmihil !y lei see flint l heir v.ntor supplies are side guarded, pari tmlurly in foreign eounl ries. i lur soldiers are not allowed to drink from an un;e Aod spring or water hole, A number ui methods ol r real mg wail or are used, in one, n rubber impmgnated ray on hag is `iJ1 * = <I nil h any dindd !'ni water, and. usually, ehlorrm is added to. purify il. Kale wafer is drawn of! into rant eons from i ho fnim spigots at I ho :miMm ni t hr hag. Taw flailed rayon tow l as an inioorl.an! wuri-iijn1 use as a roplaremeni for tlax in pad;:up pumas, ranis, eievnmr phmgers ami other types of mar hinny v\ heir parking is required. Uniformly Important Sinin textiles were lirst made, t heir chin' purpose has heeji iu eloi he mankind. Literally millions of yankel ray<m go into Arn y and Navy uniforms. Uoug'h battle nomih ions put a lot of wear and tear on elol lies, and hen* again kkdi-st?v?Hfih rayon e:m "take il' as few- materials can. Some of I he gar moms made w In*1 !% or in {am! of rayon are: enlisied moils uniforms, olhe drab raineonfs and hut lie-dross trousers. lies. Navy lo-rehie-'s. ol doers' svnrk outids, and shins, \V.\d' underwear und ofi leers' imilorms ... to say not hug'; ol accessory items such as rhovrohs and Insignia, and helroel .iruieoal `mings. Hnr .ii dioriie mhuitry. the parat reopen, ;u'e clothtnl from nook to ankle in uiH'-pieco stiin--. of rayon tackle twill, a tough, Urn material. Its smooth, silk-He linisli roduees In a minimum Uu- dangers of"snags" from hushes and trees. lla> on loxlilos iu aim ther feme --lid iiasioa.il> profestive, appear in 1 he linings of soldiers* snug sleeping hags and windproof moimlain 'nits The tom is tough, durable and so light dial il adds lit iie height to a man's pack. Waterproof furpaueris made of enaled rayon duck are also provided lo shelter military equipment a mi supplies from flans.iphif' exposures lo the elements. Simdar tarpaulins are used for euekoi1.- covers and some of idem are large enough Ui serve as Usnpor.iry hangars for airplnnes, in 1 In held. Humming ii up, these 1 >u 1 'em-made rayon f.hers, v?seo.-!o and aroiaU rayon, and nylon. hove made subst uiU-iul and dialinel.iye eou-l riled ions to the war el fort. ! i* I  rr .It __a. f Jft * J* , if J'P to1" ii^- y L 1 :,.: ,^;...! - BiiiPSiiy / ;*-,*Y" +: 't,/p_+'r:u.* ! .*; tio- --: / .-'i.to' te. My M, A, Ramsdell To d ay ,, nylon;yarn is going entirely into products Nylon's outstanding merits of uniformity. used by the.:armed rarvicaa. -But- when- it-mums strength,- inherent elatitity-toug abrasion completely for civilian use, our total hosiery yarn tance, tow moisture absorption* quick drying and ability .to Jake..a..|)ermanimt....ltset't.make.4ttohe...mcirt.A^tile industry. However, nylon stockings will not bo plentiful yarn we know of today In answer to the many questions that tare been nuked as to why nylon stockings are unavailable when occasionally...other Byton artidea...iim..oferc4ior..sak,. wo would like to take this opportunity to explain that a small percentage of nylon parachute fabric came out in short lengths that were unsuitable for parachutes and some of it had minor imperfections It i this fabric, released by the War Production Board* that is going into these few civilian articles. This rejected fabric, is too valuable to be sold as waste' until' it lias boon discarded after filling useful civilian needs. When it is finally worn out It can then There will' he a vast new field lor nylon fabrics opened up by the new principle of pressure-setting* Knitted nylon fabrics treated by this method etui be texture and dimensions. to" original" When the pile of. uphofetery. fabrics ia pressurfeset it becomes crush-proof. Thu same is true of transparent velvets. This type' of fabric can lie wasted without requiring brushing up, ft does not mat, hut returns to its original shape and appearance. Another interesting phenomenon in nylon research is that which occurs when n nylon fabric ia subjected to The fabric becomes softer, more resilient* Variations of along with discarded nylon hosiery and remnants from this finishing process may even include embosning. parachutes* Du Font's conversion plant for reclaiming In fact* this whole realm of nylon fabric treatment I this waste Is now under construction. and will .be ready is practically an untouched field, and one that offers for operation soon, new era in fabric design. 1 10 I our----har<l~pressed Allies overseas- m- well, This - truly' stupendous task had to he done quickly or the Axis powers would win. ' Neither Hitler tu>r HireMto discounted America's resources or Its potential power. But they said we could .not stop their-victorious armios.--The-American-epitaph we were told would also rend: "Too little, too late!" And for a time many .people on this side of the Atlantic! agreed with them. Yes, we started late--m usual We hays never'been ready for any war. It was, you will recall, "a long train uf abuses and usurpations" that finally impelled our forte Washington's poorly-equipped men often had to retreat for lack of ammunition . On many an occasion during the Revolutionary War, he was able to strike back only QMK b a y , historians will write the story of World because his tn my. O War Hi Presumably they will accent its military Seven score years ago the first U. S. Naval expedi- phanes, for front-line activities are exciting and dramatic. - tion to Mediterranean waters was carried through by But ,ihey. will. . oyflrlwlti.the part civilian armies....those first fighting Marines. They taught the B&rbary played in carrying through the moat monumental pro duction program in all the world's history. in I* L duPont's first mill, ."... '.Befo_r_e.,. Munichi,., tAh1..eL ... EITuVr,ope, an... 'co_,,un,,4tries, ..despite....... Since, then Ameriwn'....armed.... forees . have. .always ... - Mussolini's mouth mgs and Hitler's harsh threats, -were fought with Du boat powder. Yet the fact remains that - still complacent, Munich brought them m the grim almost invariably at the outbreak of wars, American the sordid, tragic story of nations crushed by German .......................... ' " "American War, powder supplies for our Navy were so We Americans, too, were complacent;, with the broad low that our ships could not have remained in ad Atlantic "between'iw and' the "European "theater of war,...... For more than' two'hours,............................................. m.... and the broader Pacific on the other side. 'Not until Fortunately, we were somewhat better prepared Germany overpowered Prance, not until the debacle at: Dunkirk, did we realise our own peril And then, all the start. As late m October 1, tell4, .DuPont was too soon, Pearl nHarbi,.o~r cat..a.pvult.e.di4us ?in, +t..o. the-nfi.g-uh+.t!in*,g* o..p..eei,rating only three s,*m>*,,anll smokeless powder plants, , ~ ^-planes;..... Carney^' 'Point, -Haflkell-ftnd Failing with-U -total annual tanks, guns* ammunition and other equipment inti supplies* not only for our own military forces, but those lore the end of thank* to engineering and construe-  tiott'forees, the-attained at parity rate ofthree plants hat!' jumped to 200,000,000 pounds--an increase of 3,286 per cent. When the United States entered the war in April, 1917, these plants were capable of turning out nearly a million pounds of smokeless powder a day, not to -mention -a- largely- increased""capacity.for -raamifae^ taring T.N.T. In short, DuPont supplied the Allied .forces.during World War I with- almoit 1,500,000,000 pounds of military explosives--this in addition to supplying dynamite and black powder for home-front needs, representing one-half of the nation's total war time requirements. ' . "To.accomplish this work, the Company .employed at the peak more than 100,000 persons. It built, In addi- . tips. to...its. war...plapta, 10J9Q..worfcmea's..homes, which,, with hotels, boarding-houses, women'll dormitories and bunk-houses, were capable of housing 08.000 persons.. The engineers built 150 miles of guarded fences; 100 miles of standard-gauge and 208 miles of narrow-gauge railroads; .power, bouses.. capable...of..developing..con-.. tiiiuously 200,000 horsepower; pumping stations with a combined capacity greater than would be required to ..supply . the daily water needs ot the citiii of-Boston- and Philadelphia. - ,= This is part of the story of DuPont engineering, construction and production work during World War L After the emergency was over the prospect of a permanent peace was so rosy that no one thought it necessary to maintain these properties. America went hack to work "'tini' "worlduntroubled'" by" wars,........................................ DuPont promptly scrapped all but one of its war plants, and that exception was made at the request of the Government. This plant, sheared down to a fraction of Its wartime size and manned by a skeleton force, soon "became '"iw "small ""a "production'' and.sales" factor '"that" Du Pont military explosives represented an almost negli gible' part of the Company's total business--often less " iharftwd per cent--tiuring the" entire" period; Between tie first World War and the start of the second global one. Most of that time Du Pont engineering and con struction forces were busy building-new plants and ex panding old plants in no way related to war activities. In..the 'SO's" there' "were'"times' "when..there.. was "'little' activity In the Engineering Department drafting rooms, and'blue-prints on the tables "were conspicuous by their absence,.......................... ... That was the situation in the early 80'a Engineering work experienced a revival as the decade advanced, and it moved into high gear when the impact of Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1989 started our Government on the road to military preparedness fot defense. Since then therohave not been many idle momenta on the American industrial front--certainty not in the DuPont organ isation. Hoyden Sparkes, writing for The Saturday Evening Pmi, late in 1942 presented one interesting, intimate picture of the supply situation in Washington, shortly after Judge Robert Patterson went into the War De partment as Undersecretary to help to ..the emergency -that became progressively more acute after the debacle at Dunkirk in 184Cl, ' ' ' Again the military-supplies "cupboard was bare." Quoting-the Judge, `IVe needed everything. We sorely needed the bread and butter, of. warfare--smokeless powder and T.N.T, What can you do without those things? Airplanes are no.good...without..fniiiiinitii. "Tanks," artillery,' 'infantry,.alt " your fighting men need explosives, else they cannot fight- Moreover, under our system the Army now supplies the Navy with its powder and T.N.T." "However," the writer reports, "in the War Depart ment there' were specialists who knew how''to 'get smoke less powder and T.N.T., if Congress would provide the money. Even before it did provide the money, though.  Iii' *otophone in th<-' oflieo of K, K,, Ym wy, u* nuuuppT H i .w- ITvploHves Departrivnt of Ike I Hi Toni 'omratny in Wilmmpton, j Mw>var<`t was riiij^ii>k '- "(.h-nend Karris, of the Army Ordnance Doparfonwl., was cal'iny, kno winy 1.1* DuTmh s wnr more experienced in \ho mmiulaHure of vsnUmvv? than ;mvo ik * eKo in flic ennui r\. Noiv, wiscn f he Kovennui-rd. of die Knb.ed Stales wanted powder and T.NLT., it 'A as y*i ilf ii ly*. " '<'oni!' down fi\ Washington/ ,-;;nr| < ieneml I larrn, smserUuy ; he privtleye of nn old I'?"!*5!k 1, 'I want in see yon/ Mr, Ya icey. wii.h f\ W. Headway perioral :>h Hx ~ taid, want, aid 1 hue's hiypm 1o happen/' Thi' h'li'phono eniixorsal ion just, -pioted .incurred on Juno IT : !M(l, ( '(iii^n's,^ provided fund* f<r numb i or in production July S of i.hul yar, and ihe Du fkml t'nmpuny startl'd j 1 oner u> expand it>; emdimerhiy and eon Klruiaion cir*;a nmaUou. So far a a plmd. fneph o k were eimeerned, Du Pont was s-nrlir.y almost from se-atHi ay,ain -- whh olio smokeless powder plait!, ami one T.N.T. plant, hoi h small, and for the omni part manned by employes who had borne ihe Itniuf of making powder for the first World Wsv, a more skeleton torn at ihal. Military powder production in fins eomdrv was still :.!. low ebb ns Into a-; ! h.nktrk and the "bliP/T of Knudnrt. Hitler's wr maHone, in process of building for a decade, wan Hilly imp-emmied and |mmg .strung when Aner i;':Ow were pi:-t beginning ;.o embark on a mdiunrJ 11<*fi1 i-!1 program. Tho M;'e and urgency of t.lu 1 jon then became mom Hoar. h'ut;r yi'ur-i ago in Jiiik *, Du Tom englneerim; and construction forces curled v.urk on a plan! for i ho Tennessee Tmvder C'onipatty', a llrinsh ('orporiilioii. and in Sep1. mbej- miufher for I ho Knifed Si riu-s Proven) rant. N was iho hoyitmino of a I'onsirufdion and i|jijruiiuiiu proynnn in wliirlt all Amor.can nmmKnei.'ii'ors of firopollont. pmvderr imd hi^l: eA|dorivo.s havi1 lain icipalod, I >u dmd.V pari, in it oruinoi, ioi. Ik told in del yd, ah-hnuyh si r>Hihotd`TT repoti s rani Mr no few nupyiyani' iiniHos have rovo.dod a par: of ihe atiir.w From Ike report for MHO: '*Tln* i^ud numhor of Knyino-orinr; I)opaitnu'-iKs eniukn/es ;u flic ein. of the yi'ar, inefudrny hold io-ecs mu! ihono orupluyoK in the \\ dmti-yloii ollico, \, as eor-`p;i roii if h I mu al i ho end of ran . , T f"'rom she 1 T'41 repur.: .Roforrhiy; to u riumhi*r of plant oousimot ion p'-ojocr.y we ac told; "The plants arc of various sin.rs. The cnsl of emmlTuciiny the lai'y'osl was inert1 '.Nan SlPo,imo,onp ami *'0'.piirod an ereeficy I'on'e on the she of ahouJ J.j .ih h i mom This p;xri icular plani l^'jyiri nfjorat ions eiyjil monilis afl or eonniruol ion (('mriu'neoil and, ineluoin^ on hi ryn nerd a subsequently ani.'H rizod, is imw nearmy,' rompleiion. Hoveral olln-m have keen completed in accordance with t,he iniual eon i.siotr art] are in operation, and ihesn me now heiry; enlr.ryeck Still ollmrs are u\ the earlier stuyos uf ram - utrnelion." From the id rj repnrf: Afiiw n-Ierrinn In militai'i vSmekeless powder, IHrvl and T.X/lk as llte chief r-xplo^ sives requiud in the nai km's war elVort, I 'resident. Harpenu-f atlds: "Thonyh making' up less l.liaii ; wo per e'eni of i he ( kunpauyT pearei-ime husimwa 1 hen manu facture served lo keep in Ini lump a |>Toup of some : iiree hunilred emphiyes, wh*.i heisitue. tlu1 nucleus for tin-' 1 n-mendously expandefl foree reipdred in ^ !u* f'ompmis `s war proiliiciinii of these products, `'Ikulax', from l he 'know It >\w amt oxpe rierme f.ept. :i.li\e in this small prr-un* i.he thmif-nny nse perhmned jV-r the liovu nmi'ic. in two years m-arly t'svieo as much entyhweriey deoiyn and eoiisirUcU.ion wor e as if did hr i.seU and t.s iJtont s on all eomnisrrm I finijeils Ixo;ween \h*- Huoe of tile iirst World War ami Hw .u:i break of thi- nrii'. Idle- xaihu-v of einpiavriny mid eonsmndiun work is now nhoiif .--err /she/, times that Th-:.: nnEOFl TZT*& TVOm^rr v'.fr 07* P<>rrt </./:::. ^ Hte^vv ==! r<:'.p : w *-i>"y.Jir(fx vrtot wfii1 woid' >*vnvv $ri> Jnnrh < iri"': :'kc Si: Vrtv.it.}."Us bv v ( s ; :sk s > {i. J -Vs .. : * CUSK* JiO.Tli AikO jU t X* .&?. f I rt' V K* ,*. i LUw.Kk :. \'S i v.:. \ / "f? f./Sr>r By Gfeojrgra JLlie# T''t a k e s "a'special 'Wild" of editragep" a "special 'kind" of" I patriotism, to hold'up your head proudly, when somebody asks you what you're doing to help win the war, and answer: *Tm making lulfurie acid." For not one .person in a thousand realizes..that sulfurie acid is a vital war weapon, ......Timep.M..the DuPont. Compftny,a..Gr83selS..ChenV'. Seals Department plants make sulfiirle mkt Six of them manufacture nothing els. Why is it so important? This acid is the most important manufacture of the entire ..clieiitical... industry.,jt. outranks. any. other .menu-.. toured chemical both in quantity aid dollar value of production. Prewar production of this chemical alone in "the United" States'was about eight million'tons per year. Now production-is-up. ........................ Sulfuric add is to the chemical industry what steel is to the metal industry. It is essential to the production of a tremendous number of articles necessary in our daily life ranging From the food we eat, the clothes we wear and the automobiles we drive, to the many everyTM .................................. You may ask, "How much sulfurie acid do I use?" You use about one hundred and twenty-five pounds a . year, in various ways....................................................... One-fourth of the country's prewar sulfuric acid production'"^ sere, and about thirty pounds are required to grow the agricultural products which'you require each year: The' average hundred-pound bag of mixed rertiliaer requires ut-least twenty pounds -of sulfuric add for its manu facture. Food production for the armed forces anti for lend-lease requirements demands sulfuric acid.' One-fourth of the country*!!' "prewar sulfuric 'add production was consumed in the manufacture of petroleum ...products to-be-used-aa .fuek..aiicl...l.ubrican.fs,..In-thie-wap- the movement of men and materials on the land, on the sea and in the air is based almost wholly upon petroleum products. That is the basis for-your-fuebration book. ' ' ' Another fourth of the country's prewar sulfuric mM production'"was 'consumed;byfobe"iron; "iteiii;"eoM'Irift"" metallurgical industries; and the remaining fourth by a wide variety of miscellaneous industrial, including the manufacture of chemicals, paints and pigments, rayon, textiles and explosives. ........................................... Ton therefore used six ounces of sulfuric acid per day. It. did.it come ...to..you,... .it ....a..bottle,... .Yo.u. .probably... actually saw none of it; but it was used far you by the producers of the merchandise which you bought. It was as essential to your life and well-being ns were the vitamins you-consumed, moat of which reached you in ..the.food...you. ate..rath tlianjiiisrateliin.Iba,capsules.. which you may have taken, - These prewar uses have now become war mm, and on top of them the country' has large requirements for' sulfuric acid in the manufacture of explosives. About seventy pounds of sulfuric acid go into the manufacture opof uonnte* hundred are r poun*d*s o. f, smokele,,ss powde- r. Ab,, out -five "of TNT, JUTtiria tic Acid Muriatic add iit another big tonnage product m four a wide variety of uses in various industries, It is used by the steel and other metal Industries for'scale removal arid. deiiiijiif|B.thf..raiiiufietumM iMny.metal.prod.ucts.... It h used by the food industry for the manufacture of glucose and corn sugar from starch,, and In the refilling of ratio sugar. It is essential to the manufacture of neoprene, Du Font's- chemical rubber, and'also to the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, in `a ' " ' fuel ingredient. - and .is.an.. important...crud&..materia]...in...two...conBU.ming.... industries: pulp and paper manufacture and glass mariaiketiife. In the pulp arid paper industry it in used to make the kraft-type paper which is widely employed for wrapping papers' and for the manufacture of paper- prewar metal containers. The coffee or the can of beans "in.' ymif' cupboard" is' probably'k> "packed.......................... .. . Chlaros uHonic Chlorosulfonic add is comparatively unknown to.the general public. Indeed, it is only a mime to many chemists. Yet it is manufactured by the Department in a volume of thousands of tons per year for critical war uses* ' One of the mmi important of these uses is in the manufacture, of. sulfa- drugs, -While'these" drugs-are "less.... than ten years old, they have revolutionised the treat ment of many diseases mid the treatment of wounds. A mixture of chlorosulfonio acid and liquid sulfur trioxide is also employed by'the armed forces in the . ...IT *. a. Mixture1*... whi ch creates smokescreens;..Th e.... Grasselli Chemicals Department is one of the leading manufacturer, of .both .cMorosulfonic..acid and this smoke-aereen -mixture,......................................................... PhQSph.mtm The Department is one of the largest manufacturers of sodium phosphates, operating .two plants, one. on the ~ Bast Coast and one in the .Middle West. Monosodium phosphate is used to. prevent.heifer... "'scale" in itiiii power plants. Power for manufacturing is a most important and critical item in every war plant. Diaodium phosphate is produced on a scale of thou sands erf tons per year in this -country. It has a variety of uses. About one-third of the production is consumed... "as ah""ingrttiieiit'jn the "mtmifiiSure of three food prod ucts, processed cheese, evaporate! milk and prepared cereals; otte-tMrd--KMe 'the" 'mondsodium phosphate previously mentioned--controls boiler scale in steam power plants* and one-third has u wide variety, of miscellaneous uses, including textile dyeing and the manufacture of pharmaceuticals* .Sodium" pyrophosphate' is manufactured in large volume by the Department. It is an important ijigre- ..dient-in-the 'manufacture~of '"Boaps""and 'Map "powders;.... increasing their cleansing power* The '*bigM phosphate of them all, however, m tri- mdmm phosphate, of which United States production alone was over 100,000 tons per year before the war* -This-commodity-is-an.efficient-arid" 'widely-ueeti "deters... gent. It is used in many industries in the form of a hot- water solution for -the large-scale cleaning of parts and products during manufacture, particularly those made of metal ft is an important Ingredient in many package cleaners sold to the general public. Wartime has greatly increased the demand for these phosphates. . ..................... Sm CMmMe ........Fortnany-ycars-DuPont"has''bmi'the'"larpit'inaiiii- " facturer of line chloride* a product whose industrial uses are tremendously important in our wartime economy. The steel industry and the metal tabrl.cutlng. indus try are important consumers of sine chloride. It-is used Scil Mmmomim Ammonium chloride* otherwise known as mil am- ..Industry., as ..fluxfis.foT....cDating..stecl...Mith...zinc. in..the., hot^.. immersion process known as "galvanizing." "wet" and stick to the steel unless it Is treated with a chemical of this typo; Sal ammoniac Is used chiefly for sheet steel galvanizing* while zinc ammonium chloride in used chiefly- for galvanising pipe, - Galvanized steel products, are important items in military construction and military- miterict. as a coating flux in the manufacture of hot-process tin plate, from which tin cans are made, ..... This-compound-is- also -the-basis" of moat soldering fluxes used in the metal industries. Automobile radia tors* mechanical refrigerators*, dairy equipment and coiintliss othiif attieles af copper, Uriis anil'tin plate are mechanically soldered during manufacture with zinc chloride fluxes. Zinc chloride is an essential ingredient, 'too, in dry celte. ......Whm paper and cardboard are treated under.certain conditions with a strong sine chloride solution and then .is .pmAxmmL.Thm .product in itself is the basis of nn important industry. Vulcanized fib...er : panels,'trunks-and textile bobbins, among other things, . Jteol-ratioii .tokens, ar.em.ade of .yul^nizedfiter. So are. extra fuel tanks for airplanes. Zinc chloride and an improved modification known ' aschromated zinc chloride are important wood-preserv' -ing chemicals* They make wood resist decay, termite' attack and, to an important degree, fire. Along our coastline we are guarded from enftmyksubrnarine attack by blimps* These blimps are housed in huge hangars made* many of them, not of steel but of treated wood* Loading platforms and wharf decking are also being ' made of treated'woodf In the' tropics'the' use'of "treated lumber is much more necessary than in continental United States, because there rot and insect attack nmfpwl ei 1", a mom ra fil'd rate ......................... Laboratory-Chemicals..... The Department manufactures, a line of chemically- . pure adds and ammonia for laboratory use. These acids .include acetic,- nitric,.hydrochloric arid sulfuric. Many . manufacturing industries would be unable to function efficiently wer-rtt "noffor' control 'of thc""procwes'"and...... inspection of the products by laboratory methods. Laboratory chemicals are-an important element-in the .production of war materials.for this reason. The Alums There are several chemicals in'the group called the alum...s ...w.1h'ic1h.. r.e...p..r.e..s..e..n,t, an. impor,tan, t area o*f. the. Do- . piirtmenLs manufacture, .... TheJ.iargesteyplumejirpdMCt .Jn. the..gro up.. Is.alumb.. imm sulfate, which has two important uses. One use is as an ingredient hi the sizing of paper. If paper wore not sized* it would be absorbent like blotting (super and un suitable for writing -and for most packing arid-wrapping - - . ............... The other important use is the purification of water, ny public .water-treating plants employ aluminum sultato as a purification chemical. " ' The Army* Navy and Marines are using a - mobilrtype plant for treating water supplies, and DuPont has developed special lump-and-nut types of slow-dissolving ammonium alum for use m such unite. Barium -cli1orLdc--con^ because of war demand. This commodity is an important ingredient in mixes lor maiciiip; magnesium-alloy castinga, anti in heat-treating suite far hardening and in- rrt'aeihc Hit sbrengih af steel parte. It- bi used te ihn mnnothcr-uring of phntngmphK' priming pnpure and certe in dry olor.-v l\. is urn* I ate> as a purblind ion ageni. hi many uthi-r rlinmiral munubiH uruN, - EJeairoplating Chumicalx Thn I Ir'finrl ini'id b -Hi irnpui'huit mnhidat'liNVu- of Dnunirals i'or tier; rophu aie, wall ' iiihnium, zinc, tin and fend. Uteri mpfated intern turn ami rterteujba! :<! zinr eu;d mgr. imparl nisi n'.sisi apr'e te steel prod arte whirl) \*jvu\ ly impr> wr i hete dm diilil y, apprarnire ;n d rnsi nf niainl'cnarn-i'. f mrrm!,r;-hte rmdal ; trt.tr tey and "mri.s nni'd in A?n:y and Na\y uijiiifinnnU demand these route tvs. I Hi f'nfii jinifiht`1 s on i in p-aiii'g am U8nd in i He yteel I ........ . .. " *"x x' ..... . ' .... .... ................................... .......... continuous electrolytic; processes--the Halogen Tin and Sodium St.iiriniite pmvmmm, These rap ire tw. tin than the older-"hoi-dip" process. - - - -- ' usfiflL..The'W m..recent ly'stater! that' 'up prosi rtiatety........... fifty per cent of our food and over fifteen per cent of our military vuikriel requires packing in folding- or d^t-np" boxes. .............................Strontium Nitrate.......................... Du Pont hen always been the leading manufacturer of strontium nitrate. This chemical 'gives an intense red color, to u. flame. Its principal prewar use was in the manufacture of fusees--emergency signals for rail roads and truck*. Since the war began, strontium nitrate 1ms become mi Important ingredient in the manufacture of tracer bullets. The path of such a bullet is visible-to the man firing thc-weapon--^ track; "iii' the "manufacture of silica gel" which ' is " used'as'a...... catalyst in the manufacture of synthetic rubber and aviation gasoline, and as a drying agent in'the packing container in which a metal part is packed absorbs the moisture inside and prevents rust. aodium- slieate. Welding' k now used-to - an "imprecidented degree in the fabrication of ships, tanks, trucks Sodium Silicate Thf hrjiiir nii r i > is also an important ma Ih j I'j h u irvr i)l sodium silk-tee, Hnitid Stmes prewar cimsurni d ion rit 111i< enriihodil \ ;ih>ii** -a ns iWj(j,fNJU sons :icr y. iVnur jMr -:q/ia slum- *-?' lU\< eonsempi iun a us ten poUtubO Oy<-r hall' 1 or nomite ronsuic-pl ion ai n oil i cal o is in two Itelds, 1 he nsuifuel ir- n paperljo:ir<: shipping enns-s ami Ihi mumilar*:ore rl' -oa p. Yours ;n,n. h v.,o easy In go iron (Is- grocery since and goi an empty wooden box hr home use. `humy, ih<- wooocn hex bus uhvmst dis?ifipn-r-rn;| Tom i hr pTi-.iM.py shorn .md v.n.-M oi her ih-rtum .1; establishments which rirdvi' 11n%i* goods *n pui'kag: n. 1 I i' comn-nteh p.-upor skipping case has bei-omr 111? r-?Tiin-oo pa els a;.?;* ho t'wi'y s`u;nn`lv;i I >k wirioty id mrrrhnndte.f. p,odium sibcate te u In a -eosi mineral adhes; w u-sd -n 1 ivme nT ms I on tinges for lie machine mamdart u j e o1' such rases. In the mnnilhiH.ui'i- of laundrs soup, too. soduirn silicate is an Uitporteni i mye: I h o I. Trenn minus h>i*~ nujp'H ari' mfiiired, podium Titrate also has ;i vteir variety of general uses -\v, the luuimhirlurv of refrac- Inrv in 11 it * miimracliirr of wiThue nds\ in water sidUodui1,. ami in oiIm,' chem.cate. Mewl ot {ho-.i pn-Asr uses ter. - n^v h.vmne wur Thi' Depart mold also mami far! tires finlasKium -d;i calm wlmdi has iiicuni' ;ih hiiporlani iippxMlioni in Ihr mamihiot uro ol' woldimi: r?jnr otontrio woldirii;. I h IP l a i In- 1 Ho>ortmi'Ct I? roup hi oat a iu'\v mlhi'-Hivo >; i >invh as DuPont Adiu-six-o V,, wldrh is usnd hi i he mamiIfuourn of supe r-qiu liiv p:i}H'-rboard boxos for pai-liacdii.r p v i-c h ';i,-i shipmonis. White Hcvliimi silivalr is a sat is- art *>ry aim Svidnly-uond i \> lor corrugawd papo^hoan; boxes in ordinary 1 rnuspi>rlutinn move ir.puts, for Army. Nav\ aiul teml-li'aso rnprnvnwnts tin papo- oo\ imiusl rx has dm olopou a Hfxrial woathi'r- r'si:da`d mrUidiUT kmu.vn as 1 fa- \ -box. Such a box is mqi.iivd lur all s?>rts ?if -^hljimonls wh eh may have in he unloaded u.irbr sown- ?'oialii ions. This h u m; I Vj Por.i adhosii't is a Hynl.hi'i.in organic produw coniainhig no nmlimn sdicai ?*. Zinc A smell:-r in Wes; Virginia inamu'acfpres metallic Zisc. vine dusi and othfi* rolatcil pnnluctH, */t\nr is one >! ih 1 ?*ssr`iui;d war metals, li is an important ingredient in brass, 1 ypierd I'arr.rirlge hrjnss cuiitrunir.g sons1 ihirly pur vvni of >,mc mid scvi'iily jS'r a-in n}' c o ||h s x A wiilr wiricly o!' milil-ary maia\r.1 is ninsiubiclun'd from brass. /.inu in c-asl form ir, lined in \hv manufacture of many r iaohinc- parts by die east mg. Mchcd vine alley' m tisi . l f mxn/ oil /' tc'-K- / " vn; > - /7i: < < ' IV i By Robert A, Massey EltHAPK none of its fully appreciate t hr advaiitnye of aitmiomi national, code of' tndlle sp-imls. Anywhere iri ibf baited Hintes ;i red Iradic means "Htopf ' a yellow dt-noles 'Tauthm" ami ururn says, 'Hlr-T I nmpir.e whal bedlam them would he i! tfreeh moiiJl "Stop"' io some1 stnles, indicated "Caulinn" in others and "i`roceedr? in tho remain in common weal Lbs. II would bo confusion Us ice confounded. And yet, vcry much the .suin' `urduKiort exists in mills, phinix and fad ores today. In one mill rod moans danger, in another it. indicates lire protection equ p- moni, and we oven know one plant whore safely showers are painted r-d. One factory ban its machine guards painted rod... wimT, would indicate Uia.1 tin* very device itself is dunoemus. Yellow, as well, bus been jpver, many widely different anplUaii ions--some Iw.ardoux and some Hide, This enn uNmi exists no! only between fdmds, hut even in different parts of (ho .-nine plant-. There in today mi uniform m- mi in-rani practice by industry in its adopt ion of color f'nr gaiety, and some plants do nnf use color at all to indicate hasardn or pml.eW ive equipment. Ye!., .surely llm heed `or |>rotccf dm Workers thrmtitb the identification of bazar:Is is more iniportam today than evej hej'utr ijioais- of the necessity of cuusen injavailable manpower. The need for building up alroiig \buj;d a soona; ions iv tli m whines. equiprnem and ; -u r roundings will exist as Icm^ as there a.re plants in opera! ion. Coloi--A Universal Language t'olor sci'('iii ns. 11 soothes. It irritates. 11 Him mini os. It- say-r "Stop...Look.... Take (hire." ft speaks n uni versal language in t.lk ' mini! through i hi: eyes. Color a; in ip>mT l u i I in ra I road am: t rathe sitnml codes. It marks poisons, cia'up-'ony, leaser, arid explosives. H U used to identify piping- Hut color has no! a I ways been pill 1 r. intelligent use to promote everyday industrial safety. Logic Is Needed (-<>] or in a safety program should attract- aU-enMon and call forth specific, pre-letermined meaning;;-;, And it should take into ennsidenit ion the commonly rot-oppiiaed colors, which can ho readily nlnit itled by word oi name. I f color is hi h;m* sense and moaning, h nms.r hi' used with purpose and direction, h should do more f hun merely .'i l! raet miefdioii, A jira> rohc {.on h w mii/ <i 1 demineation bused on rotor must respect also previous usage, if it is f o do 1 he kes! jph.The asHoeiut ions or rod with lire $>rdeetion nutJ oi' green with safety art* Loth iTadditnuif, ;or instance, so we should keep thorn, Ano colors ihut- have high visibility under all lighting eundiUtms should ho given parncnilnr significance, A Safety Color Cod# Some ; inii1 ngn, the Fimshes Division of Un- Du Pont i -umpinny fr-eoghixed the need for orgniii/.hig t he use of cuter inr hidusi rial sul'H.y on a uniform. scion Jlie basis. With tile* nsHistaiHH* iif IL h, .Miner* mamiRfr of the Solely and L ire Proloethm l H vision ui the ! 'nnpany, Dxienshmu and application,? of such a safety uieidi* lieution code may residue bn made to industries of alt types- the general principles hemp, adaptable to any f;td-s>r>. We suggest the following standards; High-Visihilify Yellow Veliow has lho highest visibility under pmel Daily nll lighting enndil unis. It should therefore lie used iu mark "si nkesiguinst," .st tmihling. falling a tut tripping hazards. Itailings, curhirgH, the edge?! of floor pans, p~otrink ing parts, low beams, iends, trucking imjidpmeul., chain-hoist Plucks, par.s of convryoTs at havnudous levels, the echoes of loading platforms and pita, changes in floor Devution, approaches to stairways--these might best painted yellow. ' \ i.. i:U.-u;: L \ .clour n..m s.ou v.d-m i- }, Hazard or for other specific identification* should., can form. to. the color, of the body..of the., machine, ..... The "coloring of"controHev0r8,,,*3hvuld'-be "discaurttKed"" except when} they introduce hazards. Painted control levers' may 'distract' the'Operator* .............. . Orange may also Ire applied to the interior of switch- . -boxes-'or - to -other doors or -eudoaure&j..which-'Should*. 'for safety, be kept closed. ;, '' .... 'JEbHf 'c.. jft*troeji_ty_ toe_e_ , n' . .... .Greendis...traditional^ identified with, safety,; So...it.; should be reserved for such identification. Green markers might well he painted over doorways to first-aid room. Green ; universally used to identify' first-aid kits, stretchers, cabinets for gasmasks and ' goggles," respiriitbffl "and" other ' safety' etjuipinenC 'Rm"Protection Bed................... lied'has long been used to identify fire protection .... Its' assoeiaticfn.. ..firmly'" c^tablishecfi... It"' should he used for this purpose only, " ' So red would'he heit used, in "a standard ended to filentify-all fire protection equipment. Areas should be'"paih'tecl"OT""walls I'itd" pillars tblocate exti nguisftm, lidsi' connections and fire exits. Red squares painted on the ".floor, meter.: fire figMrig .apparatus'" or in'; front of fire; doors will discourage littering.. . -Fire'"protection piping--sprinkler.risen*.ami..IS rare.. . stand-pipe risers and connections, exposed fire mains-- might "bo painted-red throughout'their'entire lengthier carry identifying bands or stripes of red. Fittings or. ---couplings--could---be--painted--redr-as---welL-- (The fusible links or-1 heads, firedoors anti windows . lould not be painted, however. They might stick.) : Precaution Blue. has been used for many years to indicate caution. Blue signs and blue lanterns, for instance, are employed by the railroads to-warn againwt moving a train of- ears on which men are working. Blue signs might be attached to machines shut clown for repair, or unsafe equipment such as defective ele vators, tools and ladders, Similarly, -blue signs might be used to mark control valves liable to cause injury to men working in betters,' large mills, crushers, ovens, dryers, vaults, tanks, pits, etc: - Scaffolding, boxes, crates, .which ought not to bo moved, could likewise be marked with blue, l.t should be kept in mind, that the .proposed use of the color blue is to prevent the use of equipment which might en- Tiaiiic White The sixth color, white (together with gray and Hack for indicated locations), while indirectly concerned with the prevention of personal injury, is important-in any plant safety program. The brilliant 'colors (.yellow, orange, grcwi, tori, clue) are reserved for identification which have vital significance. The more neutral white, gray and black, no: so commanding .to the attention, should be reserved for tv leaser role. White (on dark floors) and black (on light floors) may be used for traffic control to murk-aisles, storage spaces, and so on. Where the aisle mark is near a hazard,. m yellow should of course be used instead of white* Waste Mfiptael.es, rubbish tons, cuspidors, coiitainers for empty bottles could be white or gray, Gray is perhaps the most practical color for such purposes...Where pronounced neatness. and order....are desired, containers or areas of walls, corners, or the floor under receptacles may be painted white. Markings, Symbols mad Legend* To each color has twn assigned a recognizable symbol These symbols are: Hig H'-Vis ib il it y Ye l l o w : Black and yellow stripes* Al e r t Or a n g e : Am arrow or triangle* t SAFETY Gr e en : A crons, Pie t s Pr o t is c t m Re d : A square. Pr e c a u t io n Bl u e l A solid circle." * ' Tr a f f ic Wh it e (Gr a y o h Bl a c k .) : A star. Color Blindness Color blindness usually involve* the confusion of red and "green But the confusion of red, a symbol of firs protection, with green, safety, is not of major impor tance Milder the proposed standard node, because neither of'the colors indicates hazards. Markings/ symbols and lettered legends, especially in cases of color blindness, will further aid color identification. Yellow, orange and blue are distinguishable to color blind people and appear distinct under all types of artificial illumination--incandescent, fluorescent or raereury--except sodium vapor lumps, which are seldom used. Summing Up Colors rightly used should prove a valuable adjunct to the nation's safety program* Their effectiveness will depend upon .the.aimplicity.and uniformity of the plan. The Safety Color Code is designed to; Employ few colors, each distinct and-readily recognized. Establish specific and uniform meanings for each color. Provide ready identification of hazards or con ditions to aid in employe safety* * Reduce to a minimum the effort required to learn and retain color meanings, * Readily identify and locate fire protec tion and safety equipment. Encourage good house keeping and order. IIS ". . ' I vv y. "L !i. ' : Si : ; 11 i\ :j -.S *. i . ,>? ...i-1 toi .* si' muMw mn RIAtKv ..-.A . .;iii" : Ma !, ; 1: !i;.1::1 i:`>y !. :5' !:.!!; , 11'. 0,. j I ; r.i'".v i'-err. : v."-',' ' > [}.: \ i-ii ;i/,.w-i!'. " / .. BELLOW **s SiUtCIi ^ { *. - 1m W-M-i. v*-`:*n\ :: ,i! ; i:.n ::? . l: )r\ : il v Vi ! .V o1.:.: u\Ci hcv:u . -L- L j'i.vi.jv .i.ii'l:- : Dr I'o n T MAminule" Weed Killer, the r<<u ntly-dis- covered safe and sure <*h fnr permanently eradicating poison ivy ;md many nfIp t noxious weeds, will he available in rpiunlity for the first time this season. This sh distinctly good news for home owners, civic improvement, groups, hoys* camps, iudu.strial plants and orchard]*:!*: who have c xpressed u desire to obtain a quantity of thin new chemical an reports of it a weed killing ^tlieieney became known during the period of held testing. `tAnmiale/" when applied property as a fnlbige spray on poison ivy, will hill permanent !y. IC<i|.`,weetls poison oak are! a In*;! of other woods (even certain freos) ran he killed or controlled. Based on mr mi mi urn ntilhiinaie, `'Almonte" offers outskiriding advantages over chemicals hitherto used to combat the huge economic loss**; caused hv weed pesk-o It- eonisisns no potHfinous ingredients, Browsing miimalh* and pets need not he protected from foliage sprayed with "Animate." It is entirely free from lire or explosion hawards. I .'-stead "Anmirle' actually has inherent lite-relardant properties. A pray, rryshilhne substance that is dissolved in wafer for use ns a spray or applied in i he soil, depending upon the type of \m*d being destroyed, "Animate" exerts only a temporary si erilifcjiig HTeej; on soil, Treated areas may uf'len he- used for growing purposes iluritin' - .ame season. "Anurmf v" f bus is well adapted for home-owner use. The new weed killer already has pro\ed itself a boon in frail, growers where the presence of ivy in on-hards is a menace in spray crows and fruit piekotv. Poison ivy hits been eliminated with "Aminafe" in community vacant lots, parks, roadsides, golf courses, around industrial plants, public I'neilii ies and many el her places where die presence of p-nAmi iv;. -.nr am other noxious weed) is undesira ite. 1 nquire ;d your loml smh, fcrtdiy.er, inseei wide. hard ware or ding store h r Ihil'mii 'hAinmiih'" Wood Killer. Follow ilim'i ions on label earehhlv, !' nr further m formanon v.rtle ; 1 iv (IniSselh Oheinirulls Depart nn*x'i1, K. 1, d :i Pent tie Nemmew A roinpany line.;, SV i b ndegtnn kH_, I Mawe re. Heavy Chemicals for War ifvrti ft'1 continuously inti* a machine that molds, rook and dis charges the msltl ns a finished, formed purl, vilh no further machining required. fl'V carburetor, 1 hr floor handles, the radiator grille on y>ur cur, the sinnil part*-; of your tm* hoard nmlnr and the* small parts of your washing nmehinc worn probably manufaetured,i Ido east bigs haye m>v. become j iii important * lenient in. t ho rcui,struct ion of military ecpiipnieid. A je<*p omt;)!io aimnt 1 wenty pounds of gyne. Larger milhsiry aidomulhr transport units require from .m'vnity l-u dine iumdri'fl pounds of zinc. A largo bomber may contain live hundred pounds ol zinc, a "Liberty" ship propeller, eighteen thouaaml pounds. Agriculture Idm Department, niaiJLil'ari.uies a diversified line- of produrts for agrieuft urnf use, fhese include lho ugn- cult ura: ins* etieides and fungicides, of which load arsenale and calcium un-eiiatc are lin- ;wu iih h I impor tant tonnage iharts, l 'hems hiic/.me, a eorcpuranwly now veterinary drug, is irannluel until by the Department. lor Use ir dest rov ing gasiro-mtosliital parasites in livestock, particularly sheep. lids product. is already i*i use in North Africa under Iho lend-lease admiriisltalion. "Ammatr ! Wood killer, an umiueu.um su hamate pmduc.1, is an impor- 1am woed-ck-stfoying chemical iramdartureu only hy Hu Pun!, And In Conclusion The I h-pur; men; has also roeenily staiiisl iho iHautilaei-ure of a m*v.- and remark a bki insoei irido. ` 1)1)'!'.'' ThA is. r. nc-w iw ni bet u* organ if* insert ioido- Lm Is k Is foi I he feusy powder imy uses; hr t he armed hnve.-a "lam.r oltloi'ide, tin important ehemieal fur ;ite syr-ihetie ruldier intlnsi iyt is smother prod mu developed by i 1m- J h-parurem. 1'he nu'ii and women of this important branch of tin* Luf'onl ( uni puny gel none of 1 he glamor. They win no medals. They do not have dm 1 brill of building slops or making bombs f>bvhms "war inhs" which earn proud pais on the hade from families and neighbors. Huh grimly and doggedly, day in and day rtd. Ihey lurn out. materials of war withotd which our armed forem could not him ! ion f This is r.hi' kind of murage, this is the lurid of p;u riotism, you tind in Ote Uinssrlli t'hemirals l >i-}art-mnd of the 1 Hi 11m! ('em] si ry. Ns men ami women, bio* the men of the Navy's submarine pal rols, ec.nsbtule a Sileir Servioe- 4 s* iNutkTKiAldinish for imiiv, schorl ami nhu-e fund i V lure, nimbi hetb'r and tougher than present, var nishes or kHHjueiK, is promised alter tlie war by (hr Mmslir-s Divisieti of the I hi [Vnt ('ompan.w 1 designed for use as a base eoal, n tuts been deserii^'d as '`tmipue." Its value Hru in the ext raordi sar\ adhesion it. pim-ah-s for the lop coat. This so-ealled "jtenHrating priiuerd' by alFmding impro'.n-d "a.nehonige," pr'smds the use of higher scniteh-ivKisbud iiniHlugg laeguent. bueh stiper- icMigh pyroxylin bunglers have long been availalde. ]>ut wen* uiniraetiea] because a suTinendy-uf rortg adhesive born! with a \^'oo<l surface cottlu net be obtaini'd, lids finish will not. he available l.n the general public until aIt-vr t he `Aar, ** . (| r k \ <ian replac^e elTeetive-ly par; of die protein e sU|.>phniKaits in f he* radon tor end chew mg animals. Work in which urea was used as a subsl.t;nf.e for prulein eoncen?m.1 os in die re.I ion iktr caltle has been reported from Hawaii, Kansas Massac huso Ns and Wisconsin Agrit'uKurtil Ksperinu-i t Kf at ions, arid for sheep from Illinois and New d ork St-al tors, hi ail eases, nitrogon stipplkM as urea wasard isfaetorily ut-iuzed by t he animals, *r Dr p o m* PAMirKkb are noted fur ?heir excellent ad hesion properties. Hut 1 here's one except ior* - a special 1 uH|uer which i;x usi d as n rium coa(. mi fhc* ahimirniin-alloy sheeurg used in ftdirieai big uarplnne hodif's, hbudory eorUed with -dtimimim oxide, iis surl'ata: is suseef lihle to damage' ir. haniUing so that a. Uuapier most. In ' applied over h for prohecunn iluring* assemhls' i^perat loos. Alter die ri vet ing, the iviint it s ' firs! job is to remove the lacquer. Thai is now ;:,n easy laid-; for die i?lm oan he pulled o)T the su-.biee as easily as U il vc.-re a piece td cellophane a rapped around a piece of candy. Loor adhesion is one of die special vT:ues of this quid; drying laecpnT. -\d<liUi>nal information may he obtained from tile Fabrics aim Hnksh.'a I>t pari mcmL * DU p o n t 'k `i"ii h Army-Na vy " H" award was presenled to she Wyandot le Hunt in Wynne lotto, ALchigan, cm I'Vimuiry Atth for out.sittndmg achievement in l-he pnulnrl on o' chlorimded lydiaHairhoiiH usee in dm cMeio.in'. operation of <k*greasmg melals dm: go inio plant's, tanks, trucks, guns and ol her weapons of war. Phi' Wyandot I e Haul is a unit of die Fleet mrhoimeuls Depart numb CoiTeclion IN HKJsJHTiNti die Anny-Navs1 "K,! award to the Hal on Rouge1 Plant No. aO In the list published o:i l.lm inside hack envoy of the preeiMiiiii!: nuinher -the- Klee:n>chetnscals !>epan men! sii-mld have been included vil It I Ij i* IT by l ('nrporuium and 1 be Opyube ('luanimtls Uepurl trenl, M'e iia informed ibis, was u triple m.vard. Engineering and Construction averaged annually for the entire ('oTtipany between fin* two war*. 'imi/ont has boon given responsibility for work m nonneelion with (lovenimeni-owned ordnance projects 1 pi fcmrt-een states, including <xfonmvo <*n^inotriii^ serviees lurnishod to ordnance projects undertaken by other companDs i hat lacked previous experience in such work. The scope of the program, changing rapidly with changing conditions, has expanded far hevend. anything originally visuali'/wd. , "The quantity of explosives contemplate! in tins program, am! n large share now lining delivered* is far real or t han was mm cubic lured 1/y the entire American explosives industry for all of the country's earlier wars combined/1 Hoyden Spinkes, in the article previously cited, presented Uiis ini cresting commentary on the work record: "Sort I y the making of explosive ih a Htnmge art, far removed from other kinds of manufacturing opem1 ions. Yet this art, guarded and developed through two decides of neglect by small groups of men, has been swiftly expanded into an enormous industry. "The powder operation has been one of the most satisfactory parts of the war-production program. If we had kept powder mills and T.N.T. plants of the last war in Maud-by condition we would have been belter prepared tor ids war, but nothing is more clear today Uiau (he fact 1 mtyou cannot keep an art, in a stand-by com!iti> >r*. In 1912, because of advances in the art, tn make X pounds of T.N/IX only a third as much plant is required, and cot ton listers and nitrates an* trans formed into smokeless powder in less than half tin* time required at the beginning of the first World Ward* Marker in his story Air, Sparke*. commenting on the spend with which plant-building operations were carried ouR told his /W-d renders: "The I )u Pori engiiteermg force, leap-frogging sfeatnshovel men, errpenti-rs, musonn and plumbers from one sjt.t- to another, kept 20,000 or more workmen busy creating these new facilities. This was an epic perform ance, and only a Iuni of the whole tale can be told now. To get a clear wafer Irom a muddy Hver, the engineers sank deep shafts, tunneled under the river and marie of the river bed a Siller. Another time, at another place, delay was lhrenfened because they could suit get steam boilers The s(e;nn wa needed boll? for processing and lor power, bo they ran steam locomotives into the plant, (damped the wheels to the rails, and they had a power plant.'" These an* typical instances of engineering resource fulness in field operations, mentioned here because they hnve previously been reported in the public prints. Sc`.ores of oilier cases might he cited to show ike celerity with winch huge jobs were done both in the ulhee and Dm field, despite lhe handicaps of lack of rav-rrmtorhil supplies, Imnaporf-ddlieulties and the fact that ordnanceplant. sites are of necessity located a considerable distance from urban centers. Railroads. fence lines, water-supply systems, power houses, plant structures, roads, housing facilities for thousands ol employes, aclionln, hospital:;, recreate>n centers all bad to be provided. 1 n short, more than a dozen industrial cities bad la * la* eats blinded in months, not- yearn. And this work was done in accordance with I hi Pont plans. In some cases the construed ion was handled hy Du Pont employes; in others, (lovernmenbf-inpluyed contracting organisations built the idanis under I lie joint, super vision of Novenimenl and Du 1/or.t resident, engmo.ers. Altogether, as Mr. Kparkes says, `Mi was an epic per formance," The complete story is yah to In* (.obi, 'flic dcoign drawing and blue-print work in. WiSirntigien hemlquarters alone required 1 he services of the largest aUtO* of engineers and draftsmen this Company ever employed - a staff so large that a. special telephone directory had to hr* prepared for inter oflic.e communi cations. Facilities for reproducing drawings, maps and the like were more Hum doubled. You will readily understand why the Hngineering I >epari nnmt, as a whole, had to he greatly expanded, not only to provide the services ret p tired by Uie (lovernnient arid all openil, mg deparunent.s of the* Du Ford ('ompany, but those of its subsidiaries as well. Notably, the physical expan sion of Remington Arms Contpany plants, -which enabled that, organization to attain a six months' production capacity ol small arms ammunition greater in quantity than was producer! by the entire country l hronghoul tie* four years of flu- first. World Wit], in pari, reflects the helpful service of some lour hundred supervisory and engineering empdoyes ol the Du Pont Company, "The conversion and expansion of Remington Anns, Du I'oil subsidiary, hi meet i he urgencies ol war, stand as a stupendous achievement/' Ho derhred h'orhmr d/W/mbne in an article fenl jring "The (Hse of Uu Fore man/' in which if was pointed out. that (luring I he "phony -war" months, when the Company started mak ing military cartridges on war orders, less (ban onto tenth of its employes were skilled in that, field. In the man; T wan carried through -mouth ly and ellieienUy because the Company's peacetime industries Were stalled with experienced workers who could, with a little training, qualify for the emergency wartime work hi supervisory and other capacities. And a wellrounded program of Industrial 1 raining helped fo fill the gaps. At present, our natkm's capaciu to produce powder supplies for the armed forces is one bright spni in I hipicture. The etighieenog god construction forces of ibis Coippany nnd others me believed to be ' well ovc*r the hump/' This part of the battle of production has been won in a shorter time than any o t ic - believed possible three yearn met Today Army-Navy "IT* pennants lly from Hie flagslatTs of f.hiHy-iive Du Pont and Remington operated plants in fourteen stales. Tin y all symbolize awards for outstanding rirhievement,, and them ,s point in adding that some of them rcproHenf joint awards b> jdaul -cfu)-struct on workers as well as In plant-operai Ing workers. (Above) Overhead obstructions in passageways and aisles are easy to see and avoid when marked with al ternate black and yellow bars accord ing to the Safety Color Code. (At Right) This open pit has boen identified as a hazard by the mark ings of alternate black and yellow bars oil the edge ofthe adjacentfloor area. v 1 ifi DU PONT PRESENTS A SAFETY COLOR CODE FOR INDUSTRY A uniform system of color signals with advantages recog nized by leading safety engineers and proved by factory use. An adjunct to "Three Dimensional Seeing/' Safety Color Code at Work. Alter nate black and yellow bars, symbol of High Visibility Yellow in the Color Code, point out traveling overhead equipment and posts in the entrance to passageways. Here is a plan to make color serve as a visual aid to safety. A simple method of applying six colors to warn of vari ous industrial hazards and to cut in dustry's high accident toll... to mark first aid and fire protection equipment more clearly ... stimulate good house keeping in a plant . . . and guide the movements of rapidly moving work ers in their daily jobs. WHAT THE SAFETY COLOR CODE IS. It is a system for safety identification built around colors that are commonly recognized and have high visibility and attention value. Du Pont selected six standard colors, assigned names and symbols to them and gave them specific jobs to do. Here they are: High-Visibility Yellow: To indicate atrikeagainst, stumbling, or tripping hazards. Alert Orange: To mark parts ofmachines that might cut or crush a worker. Safety Green: To identify first aid equip ment, dispensaries, and the location of safety devices. Fire-Protection Red: To point out fireprotection equipment. Precaution Blue: To warn workers against use of equipment under repair, or machinery that should not be started. Traffic White: To mark aisles, storage places and waste receivers. ANY PLANT CAN USE THIS SYSTEM. The principles of the Safety Color Code are adaptable to any factory, as a .supplement to present guarding and protective equipment. The proof of this is in its use today in many plants where it helps both experienced and green employees to keep alert and ready for any emergency. The Code is a development of Du Pont and its industrial color con sultant, working with leading safety engineers. It augments Du Pont "Three Dimensional Seeing," so im portant in highlighting working sur faces of machines. Every plant will profit by adoption of the Du Pont Safety Color Code. AWITY COLOR CODE SEND THIS COUPON TODAY for the now booklet which tells a complete story of the Du Pont Safety Color Code.Seehowsixstandard colors can be used to make hazards less dangerous and reduce accidents. You will find it interesting and prof itable reading. E. I. (lu Pont dc Nemours & Co. (Inc.) , Finishes Division, Dept. DM34 j Wilmington 98, Delaware " at Send me your now booklet, on the Safety Color Code. Name____ _____ Title_______________ __ _ Company Address. City______ PRODUCE AND CONSERVE SHARE PtfV SQUARE 15% OF FOOD IN AVERAGE AMERICAN HOME IS WASTED (ACCORDING TO U. S. GOVERNMENT STATISTICS) Two slices of bread wasted each week in each home is the equivalent of 2 million loaves! Actually, the food wasted in our homes would feed 5 million fighting men every day. Help prevent this waste by protecting and using every tiny bit of food in your home/ eig h t s : /for freedom/ ' S S / / s / fj HOW CELLOPHANE HELPS PREVENT WASTE Fresh, tasty food is eaten up. Not wasted. But often food can lose its freshness before it gets to your home. Bread is a good example. That's why many bakers wrap their bread in moisture-proof Du Pont Cellophane--to protect freshness. (Keeping the loaf in its Cellophane wrapper continues the protection at home.) Du Pont Cellophane protects the freshness and flavor of many foods you buy for your family, just as it protects vital foods for our armed forces. <fU P0iu> BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING . . . THROUGH CHEMISTRY