Document Eq7oxb5RE1ak8nRkBdjNzJ964

m turaau of Community Invitonmantal Managements Criteria for Evaluating lead Hazard of fainted Surfaces I. Dotage Currently same city housing and health eodtt licit the lead con tent of surface coverings to 1 percent. Percent by weight, calculated as elenencal lead, la a good criteria for content of paint par sa. However, this Is not a good criteria for evaluating the health hazard present in paint chips fra surface coverings of wells, windows, doors, furniture, snd ocher objects. This conclusion can be supported by the example presented in the following table: Table 1. Amount of Lead In Single and Hultlpla layers ef Paint vs. Parctnt lead Content of Paint Painted Surface Covering Wgt. ef Ho. Paint Chip* levers (Milligrams) a lOgg lead Contant of Paine Chlo Ptreent by Ucltht 'Amount (Mlllisrams) IX O.lmg 6 60mg IX 0.6j XO lOOrng IX t Sta* art*, t.f.. 1 au*rt e*ntlmcer of 1* l.Otng 10 layers of paint. The nssount of lead Ineteasts as the number of layers snd hence the weight of the chips are lncressed while ths pircent lead contant remains t 1 percent of the weight of the chip regardless of the number of coats of 1 percent paint applied. The health hazard for a child i 0 0 07 -SWP-c>3 6616 N22963 2 lng*tlng paint chip 1 related to the amount. tpcciftcally Che weight, cf the lead In the chlni he incuts and absorbs. In 1956, at a Betting of the Committee on Hazards to Children o!f the American Standard* Atioclation, the recommendation vas made that paint* may be considered *afe {or ute on children'* toy*, furniture, and heullng Interior* If the lead content doe* not exceed 1 percent of the total aolid*. At that time Dr. Julian Chitolm itated that "It 1* enential to recognize that thl* recommendation applle* only to the tvo or three layer* uiually applied to a turface, not to aiultiple layer* of paint a* may be found In deteriorated housing." (Pediatric*, 1_8, Bo. 6,'Dee. 1936.) * XI. Meszurgmsr. t The amount of lead contained In a given aurface covering 1* deter mined .by percent lead content of each layer or coat of paint and the number of coata that have been applied. A paint chip from the aurface coverlhg will have a certain volume--araa x thlcknet*. It la time-consuming and frequently very difficult to determine the number of leyera In a given area of paint or to measure the thicknes* of chips from hand painted surface*. .A given tree, however, can he marked on a surface coveting and a"palnt chip having the precise are* can be removed including all layer* of paint down to Cht wood or other substrate. Tht amount of lead available In the three dimensional point chip is the factor determining the health hazard for children. 0007-SWP--036617 0007-SWP-000113044 The amount 01 lead In single layer or multiple layers sE a 3 surface coating can be oeasured by wet chtolcal analysis or by x-ray fluorescence analysers (X-R-F). Rare the meaningful units of measure* one would be Che actual quantity of lead par unit volume. The X-R-r Instruments with radioisotope sources of suitable energy can penetrate successive layers of paint end erasure the amount of lead lying within the area "viewed'' by the Instrument. Here the meaningful units, accepted by convanclon* can be expressed .I as amount per unit area (milligrams par aquart centimeter). Implicit in such a statement le "ares of a given surface covering of t given Chlekness.'1 0007-SWP-036618 0007-SWP-000113045 TH amount of lend In a tingle layer or multiple layers of a nutfact coating ean ba measured by vet chemical analyils or by x-ray fluorasccnet analytars (X-R-F) Rar tha meaningful units of measure ant vould ba tha actual quantity of load par unit volume. Tha X-R-F instruments vith radioisotope sourest of suitable anergy can panatrata tueestslva layers of paint and measure the mount of load lyint within tha area "vitved" by the Instrument. Rare tha meaningful units, accepted by convention, ean ba expressed a amoune par unit area (milligrams par square eantimecer). Zmplie: In euch a statement is "area of a given surface covering of a giver, thickness." i I I 0007-SWP-036619 0007-SWP-000113046 PAINT CHIP MEASUREMENT OF Pb CONTENT 4 Weed -- Height Width Chemical Anolym mg/unit velum* ( mg/cm2) or ig/wnlt weight of chip X-R-F Anolytit (mg/cm3) or by conv#pfion (mg/cm2)" 0007-SWP--036620 0007-SWP-000113047 6 Table 2. Taint Chips, i 17. Lead Contenf-Veitbt Ter Unit Area kange Average Interior Houle Taint g/em2 g/em2 1 layer paint 5.2 - o.o 6.1 2 layen 11.7 - 14.4 13.0 $ layer* 37.0 * 40.6 38.6 The lead content for single and multiple layers of 1 percent lead by weight can be compared to the limiting value (0.2 mg/day) for Infection of lead from non-diet (supplementary soureei (Table 3.). Titbit Ai* ui tauilviuy Yvlut fpr 5uppl*m*nt*ry Tn*t*tlor fPb content per unit area per laver paint : No. of Layer* Chip Wet g/cm* Ugt Tb Content *8 11 by wst/ner laver) Ho. of eti2 Containing Apprt-x. 0.2 egPb 1 6.3 0.065 2 13.0 0.130 t 6 31.6 0.366 3.1 1.3 0.5 from Table 3 It can be seen that the limiting value will be exceeded if a child 1 tipcat more than 1 cm2 of a covering of 2 layera of 1 percent lead-bated Interior home paint. The lead content of a surface severing of dried paint should not exceed 0.03mg/ef4, The area equivalent of the limiting value for one 0007-SWP-036621 0007-SWP-000113048 7 layer of 1 percent Interior house paint i* 3.1 cm*. the 0.03 mg/cm*, however, docs not depend upon the number of layers of paint--e.g., tuny layers of lead free paint may comprise the greater portion of the thickness of the surface covering. Some Estimates of the Quantity of Faint Chips Eaten by Children a. X*rty simulating an abdominal plate classified clinically as Crade 3 contained 1 gram of dried paint chips (Dr. Sacha, Chicago); 7 out of 10 abdominal plates shoving large amounts of ingested rubbish by children visiting the clinic had been classified as Crade 3. The averegc weight of 69 peint chips taken from deteriorated buildings in Philadelphia la 89.6 mg/cm* consisting of multiple coats tome with high lead content. If tha average value la assumed, the 1 gram of dried paint vould represent the covering of approximately 11 cm*. b, A child, with a fteal lead of 160mg, hospitalized for encephalopathy, vet iivin?. in a dwelling in which the painted surface was known to contain 9,5 percent lead by velght. Thus, the quantity of paint ehlpt ingested vat approxlettely l,900og. Again, using the paint Chip weight of 90 aig/eis^ observed in Philadelphia, this vould P represent approximately 20 cis* surface covering. If Philadelphia's observed maximum value for paint ehlpt vaa 163 mg/ern*, the area from vttleb the ehlpt ware taken vould have been about 11.5 cm*. Examples given in (a) and (b) show that children can Ingest large quantities of paint chips in a relatively short period-one or two days. E.C. King May 1971 0007-SWP-036622 0007-SWP-000113049