Document Eq3Jknd6G8V7y8MqO4yYKm58j

FILE NAME: PIC DATE: 1976 PIC007 DOC#: PIC007 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Legal-Deposition of LP Holmes  J ????%**.,/ t^Uf \A ' /C IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORVIA IN AN) FOR THE CITY AND COUNTY OF FRANCISCO ---- 0O0----- O oooZL MARJORIE L. BAUMANN, as A d m i n i s t r a t o r o f t h e E s t a t e o f E a r l Baumann, d e c e a s e d , Plaintiff, - vs - FISREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORPORATION, e t a 1., Defendants. ESMAEL P. VELASQUEZ, Plaintiff, -vs - ) ) ) ) *- ) ) FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORPORATION, ] e t a l ., ) ) Defendants. ) ) ) NEAL SPEER, \ ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) - vs - ) ) FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCIS CORPORATION, i e t a l ., ) Defendants. ] ) No. 6 8 8 - 5 5 3 No. 6 8 1 : 1 7 2 No. 695- 157 : : - i-.'l 'piaii'iD ~K,i R E C.f , y F -D SES> 3U 1976 9161 . tc:c. Cl.'.S-. ..,, m AIKEN & CISTARO - 'b S H T IF lE O SHORTHAND REPORTERS 1404 FR A N K LIN STREET OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA 94612 OS d j S JdO (415) 461-1580 7 1 L. P. HOLMES, 2 sworn as a w i t n e s s by the Notary 3 Public, t e s t i f i e d as follows: 4 EXAMINATION BY MR. GILBERT 5 MR. GILBERT: Q . Mr. Holmes, rry name i s P e t e r G i l b e r t , 6 and I am r e p r e s e n t i n g P h i l l i p Carey C o r p o r a t i o n . And I assume 7 you have had a chance to t a l k t o your a t t o r n e y , and he has 8 e xpla in ed the n atu re and purpose of a d e p o s itio n , has he not? 9 A. Yes. 10 Q il A. 12 Q. 13 A. 14 Q. And would you p l e a s e s t a t e who you are employed w i t h ? P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company, E m e r y v i l l e , C a l i f o r n i a . \ What c a p a c i t y a re you employed by them? [ President. I * How long have you been p r e s i d e n t ? 1$ A. Ten `to f i f t e e n y e a r s . 16 Q. What i s t h e t o t a l l e n g t h o f time you have beenemployed j 17 by P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company? 18 A. Twenty-nine years. i 19 Q. What were you b e f o r e you became p r e s i d e n t ? 20 A. Vice-president. 21 Q* Did you have a s p e c i a l a r e a you were in charge o f as 22 v ic e-p resid en t, like vice-president in charge of finance or 23 some o t h e r d e s i g n a t i o n ? A. Mo. 24 Q* 25 How many v i c e - p r e s i d e n t s a re t h e r e a t P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company? 26 A. One. Q. And b e f o r e you were v i c e - p r e s i d e n t , youwere what? 27 A. 28 Q. Estimator. What does t h e e s t i m a t o r do? A. Bids j o b s . I 8 1 Q* Could you e x p l a i n how t h a t wor ks ? Is i t l i k e w i t h a 2 c o n t r a c t i n g company, you bid on a jo b or what? 3 A. You p i c k up a s e t o f p l a n s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a t t h e 4 Builders Exchange, or a mechanical c o n tra c to r's o ffic e , or 5 th e owner's o f f i c e , and from th e plans and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s you 6 prepare a bid in your particu lar field. 1 Q* What t ype o f b u s i n e s s i s P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company i n ? 8 A. Industrial insulation contractor. 9 Q- I s P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f any 10 p a r t i c u l a r i n s u l a t i o n p r o d u c t s m a n u f a c t u r e r ? 11 A. Yes. 12 Q* And who does P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n r e p r e s e n t ? 13 A. More t h a n one. 14 Q* A l l r i g h t . Wfc w i l l s t a r t wi*tR them i n a l p h a b e t i c a l 15 o r d e r t h e n . 16 A. Fibreboard Corporation, P ittsburg CorningCorporation, 17 J ohns - M a n v i l l e , Owens-Corning F i b e r g l a s , F o r t y - E i g h t I n s u l a 18 t i o n s , Benjamin F o s t e r , C h i l d e r s P r o d u c t s and o t h e r s . 19 Q' E x a c t l y how does P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n r e p r e s e n t t h e s e 20 v a r i o u s m a n u f a c t u r e r s ? 21 A. S e ll,th e ir products. 22 MR. TOLLEN: May we pa us e a moment s o l can g e t a 23 c h a i r f o r t h e g e nt l eman who j u s t came i n ? 24 PIR. GILBERT: Q. Mr. Holmes, do you have any c o n t r a c 25 t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e v a r i o u s m a n u f a c t u r e r s , o t h e r t ha n 26 s e l l i n g t h e i r p r o d u c t s ? A. No. 27 Q. Are you t h e e x c l u s i v e West Coast r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r 28 F i b r e b o a r d C o r p o r a t i o n ? A. No. i________________________________________________________________________ 10 1 i s determined then by the i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r a c t o r , whosever 2 brand he n o r ma l l y h a n d l e s . I f t h e g e n e r i c name i s u s e d , he 3 b i d s on h i s , t h e brand t h a t he had. 4 Q* 5 A. Okay. And you a r e a c o n t r a c t o r , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ? I am a c o n t r a c t o r . I f we got in a s p e c i f i c a t i o n t h a t 6 s a i d c a l c i u m s i l i c a t e , i f we were h a n d l i n g F i b r e b o a r d ' s 7 c a l ci u m s i l i c a t e , we would n o r m a l l y b i d on t h e i r s . Does t h a t 8 explain? 9 Q* Yes, t hank you. And I t a ke i t t h a t a p p l i e s t o a l l 10 t h e o t h e r ma nu fa c tu re rs t h a t you r e p r e s e n t e d ? 11 A. I c a n ' t s a y , b u t I assume so. You mean - - I s e e . I 12 t h o u g h t you meant o t h e r c o n t r a c t o r s . T h a t ' s t r u e , y e s , o t h e r I 13 m a n u f a c t u r e r s we r e p r e s e n t on d i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t s where a 14 g e n e r i c name i s u s e d, we would, n o r m a l l y t h e n b i d on t h e i 15 p r o d u c t s t h a t we h a n d l e . 16 Q- This l i s t t h a t you gave me, F i b r e b o a r d , P i t t s b u r g 17 C o m i n g , J o h n s - M a n v i l l e , e t c e t e r a , does t h i s i n c l u d e a l l of 18 t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s t h a t P l a n t A s b es t o s Company o r P l a n t 19 I n s u l a t i o n Company has r e p r e s e n t e d t o y o u r knowledge? 20 A. W e l l , I ' m t r y i n g t o gi ve you as good an answer as I 21 can, Mr. G i l b e r t , You u n d e r s t a n d t h i s goes back a long way, 22 and t h e r e has been i n s u l a t i o n m a n u f a c t u r e r s come and go in 23 t h e span o f 30 y e a r s . These ar e t h e ones we r e p r e s e n t now, 24 In t h e p a s t we may have m e rc h a n d i s e d p r o d u c t s made by o t h e r s . 25 I r e a l l y c a n ' t t e l l f o r s u r e . But t h e s e are t h e ones we 26 r e p r e s e n t now and have i n t h e r e c e n t p a s t . 27 Q* A l l T i g h t . Did P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company e v e r p r o v i d e 28 some t y p e o f r e s p i r a t o r o r f a c i a l mask f o r t h e w o rk e rs t o use 15 1 A. Yes. 2 Q* I s P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company a member o f t h e Western 3 Insulating Contractors Association? a. Yes. 4 Q* Mw l ong has i t been a member o f t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n ? 5 A. For many y e a r s . The e x a c t number, I c a n ' t t e l l you 6 u n t i l 1 go l ook a t t he r e c o r d s . 7 Q Has i t been a member a t l e a s t s i n c e you have been 8 employed by P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company? a . No. 9 Q- 10 A. Has i t been amember s i n c e , Yes. say, th e e a r l y 1960' $? 11 Q* Doest h e W.I.C.A* have a p u b l i c a t i o n t h a t t h e y p u t 12 out? A. Yes. 13 Q* 14 A. What i s t h e name o f t h a t p u b l i c a t i o n ? I have fo rg o tten , but I always call i t the W.I.C.A. 15 N e w s l e t t e r . 16 Q* 17 A. Yes. Doyou r e g u l a r l y r e a d t h a t n e w s l e t t e r ? 18 Q* Have any w ar n i n g s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i n h e r e n t d a n ge r s in 19 w o r ki n g w i t h a s b e s t o s - c o n t a i n i n g p r o d u c t s e v e r a pp e ar e d in 20 t h a t n e w s l e t t e r ? A. Yes. 21 Q* 22 A. When i s t h e e a r l i e s t such w a r ni n g t h a t you remember? Hard t o t e l l . Do you want a g u e s s? 23 Q* 24 X. Well, your best estim ation. Ten y e a r s . 25 Q* Did t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n r e g u l a r l y have a r t i c l e s on t h e 26 d an g er s i n h e r e n t i n w o r ki n g w i t h a s b e s t o s - c o n t a i n i n g p r o d u c t s ? 27 28 Q* Yeah. And you k e p t y o u r s e l f f a m i l i a r with thepublication's 16 1 reporting of these inherent dangers? 2 A. Uh-huh, yes. 3 Q Did you have a r e g u l a r program where you would convey 4 the information contained in th is publication to your workers 5 concerning asbestos dangers? A. Yes. 6 Q* Whs t h e r e one p a r t i c u l a r employee o r o f f i c e r who was 7 in charge of a program of informing the workers of dangers 8 inherent in asbestos products? A. No. 9 Q* 10 A. Did you r e g u l a r l y do t h a t as a normal p r a c t i c e ? Yes. 11 MR. BROWN: You p e r s o n a l l y ? 12 THE WITNESS: I p e r s o n a l l y . j 13 MR. GILBERT: Q. Was t h i s done a t t h e s a f e t y m e e t i n g s ? j 14 A. Yes. " | 15 Q* How o f t e n would you have t h e s e m e e t i n g s ? 16 A. No r e g u l a r s c h e d u l e . They were c a l l e d t a i l g a t e s a f e t y 17 me e ti n g s . \ 18 Q* Does t h a t mean you wbuld go o u t t o a j o b s i t e and c a l l 19 them i n t o g e t h e r and i nf or m them? 20 A. Not I, but th e ir various supervisors or estimators 21 when t h e y were a t t h e j o b s i t e . 22 Q* Did P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company have a r u l e which r e q u i r e d 23 i t s w or ke r s t o w e a r r e s p i r a t o r s o r f a ce masks w h i l e employed 24 an j o b s in which a s b e s t o s - c o n t a i n i n g p r o d u c t s were u s e d? 25 A. 26 Q27 A. Yes, we d i d , b u t i t was n o t always e n f o r c e a b l e . When was t h i s r u l e f o r m u l a t e d ? In the s ix t i e s . 28 Q* Would t h i s a g ai n be i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s? 21 1 Q* How l ong ago di d t h e y s t o p u s i n g a s b e s t o s - c o n t a i n i n g 2 products? A. In t h e s i x t i e s . 3 Q* Well, is th is a t o t a l cessation of using asbestos- 4 containing products, or did i t gradually taper off starting 5 in the sixties? 6 A. 7 Q* It gradually tapered off. Wty did P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company s t o p o r slow down 8 i t s use of asbestos-containing products in the s i x t i e s ? 9 A. Because the manufacturers stopped using asbestos in 10 t h e i r p r o d u c t s , and P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company emphasized t h e 11 use o f p r o d u c t s t h a t di d n o t c o n t a i n a s b e s t o s . : 12 Q. Why di d P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company emphasize t he use o f ! 13 n o n - a s b e s t o s p r o d u c t s ? | 14 A. You asked a s i m i l a r q u e s t i o n ' a w h i l e back. Because o f ! 15 t h e growing knowledge t h a t a s b e s t o s f i b e r has a ha za rdous 16 s u b s t a n c e when a i r b o r n e . t I 17 Q. Al l r i g h t . Did P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company h e lp fund a j 18 program which was done by Tabershaw-Cooper & A s s o c i a t e s , a j 19 p h y s i c a l e x am i n a t i o n o f v a r i o u s members o f Local 16? 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. When di d P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company f i r s t become i n v o l v e d 22 in th is program? 23 A. When i t was i n i t i a t e d by t he W. I. C. A. E x ac t ly how 24 many y e a r s ba ck , I c a n ' t be s u r e . 25 Q. Wty did P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n become i n v o l v e d in t h e 26 Tabershaw-Cooper program? 27 MR. MILLER: May I have t h e q u e s t i o n a ga i n? 28 (Record read by the Report er ) i \ 2 THE WITNESS: MR. GILBERT: Because we were i n t e r e s t e d i n t he program Q. What i s i t a b o ut t h e program t h a t 3 in terested you? 4 A. To d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e w o r k e r s and t o 5 p a r t i c i p a t e in any program t o i n s u r e s a f e r working c o n d i t i o n s . 6 Q What was y o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e 7 Tabershaw-Cooper program? 8 A. 9 To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e medi cal h i s t o r y o f each member o f Local 16; t o a d v i s e them on how t o g u a rd t h e i r h e a l t h i n 10 t h e f u t u r e . 11 12 Q- Did P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company i n f or m t h e members o f Local 16 t h a t t h i s program was a v a i l a b l e i f t h e y d e s i r e d t o j 13 participate? A. Yes, we d i d . | 14 Q* And how was t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n conveyed, l e t t e r , o r a l l y --I 15 ( A. Through the mail. 16 17 Q* Did you d i c t a t e t h e l e t t e r o r d i d someone e l s e a t j P l a n t I n s u l a t i o n Company a c t u a l l y d i c t a t e t h e l e t t e r ? 18 A. 19 Q. I d o n ' t r e c a l 1. Do you remember what the le tte rsaid? 20 A. No. 21 Q. Was more t h a n onel e t t e r s e n t out i n f o r m i n g t he men 22 o f t h i s p r og r am ? 23 A. A l e t t e r was s e n t o u t t o a l l t h e men. 24 Q* 25 Q. Was i t done more t h a n one t i m e ? ^ 0* Was knowledge o f t h i s Ta be rs h a w- Co o p e r programconveyed 26 t o t h e men in any o t h e r manner, o t h e r t h a n t h e l e t t e r ? 27 A. This p r og r am was a j o i n t ende&VQ)T btWiH ffrg 28 and t h e e m p l o y e r s . And 1 a m . c e r t a i n t h a t th 29 1 2 Q Okay. How long have you r e p r e s e n t e d t h o s e p a r t i c u l a r companies? 3 A. Well, i t varies. 4 MR. ROBERT LYNCH: Why d o n ' t you t a k e each one? 5 MR. J . KENNETH LYNCH: Q. How long have you been a 6 representative of Fibreboard? 7 A. Si nc e 1948. Q* Okay. And were t h o s e p r o d u c t s sometimes s o l d as 8 Pabco? A. Yes. 9 Q* P i t t s b u r g Cor ni ng C o r p o r a t i o n , how long have you 10 rep re se n te d them? 11 A. S t a r t e d w i t h them in t he f i f t i e s somewhere, then we ^ 12 had a f a l l i n g out and d i d n ' t represent them for a perio d of 13 y e a r s . And n o t t o o many y e a r s ago, vws resumed r e p r e s e n t i n g | 14 them again. 15 Q* 16 A. How ab o u t Owens-Corning? 1 Owens-Coming, we began t o r e p r e s e n t them in t he f i f t i e s . 17 Q* 18 A. And J o h n s - M a n v i l l e ? J o h n s - M a n v i l l e , we j u s t began t o r e p r e s e n t them in 19 the last h a l f dozen years. 20 Q* Now, s t i c k i n g w i t h J o h n s - M a n v i l l e f o r a moment, when 21 your company would b i d a j o b and i t d i d n ' t c a l l f o r a 22 p a r t i c u l a r b r a n d name, you, 1 t a k e i t , would o r d i n a r i l y use 23 the product which you rep resen ted ; t h a t i s , Fibreboard, 24 P i t t s b u r g Corning, or one of these t h a t you have mentioned, 25 correct? A. T h a t ' s r i g h t . 26 Q- Okay. I f due t o a warehouse s h o r t a g e or any o t h e r 27 r e as o n where you were slow on a p a r t i c u l a r p r o d u c t , would you 28 then go to, say, a n o t h e r i n s u l a t o r or a n o th e r d i s t r i b u t o r and . V I 55 1 A s b e s t o s co n du ct ed any t e s t s o r en gaged or commissioned anyone 2 t o conduct any t e s t s i n t o the dangers o f a s b e s t o s ? 3 A. No. 4 Q* You men t i on ed t h a t you, P l a n t , was a member o f t h e 5 Western I n s u l a t i n g C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n . Were t he y a l s o 6 a member o f t h e N a t i o n a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n - - N a t i o n a l 7 Insulating Contractors Association? 8 A. You are a u t o m a t i c a l l y a member o f t h e N a t i o n a l i f 9 you belong to the Western. 10 Q- Eb you r e c a l l any w a r ni n g s c o n c e r n i n g a s b e s t o s in any 11 o t h e r j o u r n a l s o t h e r t han t h e Western I n s u l a t i n g C o n t r a c t o r s 12 A s s o c i a t i o n t h a t p r e d a t e d t h a t n e w s l e t t e r you r e f e r r e d t o o f 13 a p p r o x i m a t e l y t en y e a r s ago? 14 A. From t i me t o t ime i n t h e N a t i o n a l p u b l i c a t i o n t h e y have 15 t h i n g s about t h e d ange rs o f a s b e s t o s d us t in the a i r . I 16 c a n ' t r e c a l l t h e d a t e s , no. 17 Q* Okay. Do you b e l i e v e t h a t i s s u b s e q u e n t t o t h i s one 18 you r e c a l l in t he n e w s l e t t e r , or do you t h i n k i t was p r i o r 19 to that time? 20 A. I r e a l l y d o n ' t remember. 21 Q` Do you s t i l l have j o b s where your c u r r e n t emp l oye e s 22 woul d go in and woul d t e a r out o l d a s b e s t o s i n s u l a t i o n 23 m a t e r i a l s s o t h a t t h e y c o m p l i e d w i t h new f i b e r g l a s s i n s u l a t i o n 24 m a t e r i a l s ? A. No. 25 Q* You have no j o b s where t he y w oul d have t o t e a r out afl 26 old materials? A. No. 27 Q* 28 Q* You do i n d u s t r i a l work? I s t h i s e n t i r e l y on new' t$r u c t u r e s ? 86 V 1 STATE OF CALIFORNIA ) ) ss. \ 2 COUNTY OF CONTRA COSTA ) 3 4 I , PATRICIA A. DANCER, a No ta ry P u b l i c in and f o r t h e 5 County o f C o n t r a Co s t a, S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a , do he re by 6 certi fy: 7 That L. P. HOLMES, i n t h e f o r e g o i n g d e p o s i t i o n named, 8 was p r e s e n t and by ire sworn as a w i t n e s s in t h e above- 9 e n t i t l e d action at the time and pla c e t h e r e in s p e c i f i e d ; 10 That s a i d d e p o s i t i o n was t a k e n b e f o r e me as a 11 N o t a r y P u b l i c a t s a i d t i me and p l a c e , and was t a k e n down i n 12 s h o r t h a n d by me, a C e r t i f i e d Sh o r th a nd R e p o r t e r o f t h e S t a t e 13 o f C a l i f o r n i a , CSR L ic e n s e No. 1697, and was t h e r e a f t e r 14 t r a n s c r i b e d i n t o t y p e w r i t i n g , and t h a t t h e f o r e g o i n g 15 t r a n s c r i p t c o n s t i t u t e s a f u l l , t r u e and c o r r e c t r e p o r t of 16 s a i d d e p o s i t i o n and o f t h e p r o c e e d i n g s which took p l a c e ; 17 That I an a d i s i n t e r e s t e d person to the said ac tio n . 18 IN WITNESS WHEFEOF, I have h e r e u n t o s u b s c r i b e d rry 19 hand and a f f i x e d rry o f f i c i a l s e a l t h i s 28th day o f Sept ember, 20 19 76. 21 ( ' ... .., , - 22 LIr* 23 PATRICIA A. DANCER, Not ar y P u b l i c In and for the County of Contra Costa 24 State of California 25 26 27 28 784 *-;-, '>: .-\.' ; .v : ^ . ' ' r.v*y;V`- ' -* ||vv; vfr. ft'; ..,,-7*V \ .- . ; ;* " ......... ^- ^ .. . . . .. / .V-r-,~-'* VV*-'" : -, Health Service in a OCConstruction Industry ' . O . ; 1; ' ;:4 . Irving R. Tabershaw, MD; W. and J. Leroy Balzer MS, wm occupational health program to be ers in a single job. 1 described presents several unusual features: few major firms, most constri ^ preventive service to members of a craft United States is carried out j v v' ;;i-7^ ^ p ^ tin ioh in the construction industry, joint sm all contractors,usually sponsorship by labor and management, and in local and region^,trade Commitment to -an interdisciplinary ap- major cohesive force^m the < 0 S ;r ;;: proach-which embraces medicine, industrial dustry is the S -^^Sfe^ysiene, and health education. Adequate local, regional, __ medical surveillance and industrial hygiene- basis. T3ie need for "group health s have generally not been available in the con- a group of < struction industry for many reasons which tors, became make it difficult to and administer incidence of lung cancer,t; V. -; effective programs. These include irregu- work hazards were recognized by 1 larities in work schedules, scattered distri- and m anagement The program < bution of the work force, constantly chang- answer this need m ay serve as a ; 75; ing work sites, the relatively short time that other construction trades. !H an individual worker is employed on a sin gle project, and the m ultiplicity of employ- Organization of the Trade " in the United States S T 3 0 1 .8 ' Submitted for publication Dec 23, 1969; A " 8,1997700. ', Tabecshaw-Cooper Associates, Berkeley, Practically a ll insulating United States is performed by r\ *\ r ^R eprint requests to 2180 M ilTM St, Borkoiay. * In te r n a tio n a l A sso d a tto n o f Calif 94704 (Dr. TaF ' i ; rv': . . . . ' ; * Fr--o--sAt In--s--u- lators and* `A" s*best*os * . ; " ' r: :- -- ,*..* Arch Environ Health--Vot 21, Dec 1970 : " /' : 0081 < V-v:> - ` . =- - V;:V'"vV . *. -k z L - r -TABERSHAW ET AL r . _______ - --- gf aM S i s , * . V:- .-- - .. - *1.'* . '. :' ; : ::" i ' V; " ` Although liberally financed, have provided little or no private physicians of each often not trained in nul- and with little reference to and the special demands of ' v hygiene, insofar as providing and a safe work place, has still is, the responsibility of the ^TOtractors. The construction industry, howver, places a severe burden upon the indivirtual worker who works alone or in a small gjjjoup, as dust control and safe work practic are highly dependent upon his attitude, knowledge, and cooperation. Limited indusjijl hygiene has been carried out in some j&;;;on;the basis of labor-management it, eg, respirators are supplied in * ' .... to develop Although most Insulators tend to work with an indi- vidual contractor for a considerable period of time, they inevitably shift from one em- ployer to another and from one area to another according to job demand. The union is a focal point providing stability to the work force, but conventional occupational health practices have not proved workable in this context. Occupational health services would prob- ably not have been developed for the insulat- ing trade had it not been for a number of recent studies which demonstrated that this trade has special health problems. The as- bestos minerals are the outstanding hazard, It has been known for more than 60 years that their inhalation could lead to asbesto- sis, and, more recently, that they lead to an unusually high incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma and other malignancies. Although Ay:0$j%-rr - is? Arch Environ Health--V 2I',^Dec-1&70 .UU'CUUtt;: 810572 f l l S l M 786 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Table 1.-- Analysis of Deathsin Study Group (Jan 1946 Thro _xi , - . Total Population n O f 5 9 4 ...y fv t In 250 Men With MorispK 20 Years In T r a d e ^ Cause of Death* Observed Observed i f f Exoe^p Malignant neoplasms <140-205* / Digestive system (150-159) . Respiratory system (160-164) Other & unspecified r' ; = 18 v 2 14t 16 " f . - ^2;5435 i 14+ 2 ; 1 . Major cardiovascular renal disease (330-334> 30t 18t Violent deaths (800-S89) . 11 ,.> ,. All other causes - v Not known All deaths , : ..v ... -. i ;s ; ' fi, v 5 " -i-'-v 8 v - 72- 5 -6 : <*?efc.49- , * Classified according to: International Classification of Diseases, ed 7. -Switzerland^: - Organization, 1957. Numbers in parentheses are rubrics classification numbers. t Includes two pleural mesotheliomata. t Includes four cor pulmonale. { ;''v . n o ' ' rquantitatiw'^studies '"of other hazards ^ been reported, these workers also have potentially harm ful exposures to dust from ^^^li^otiier insulating m aterials, to solvents, and Nature of O ccupational The difficulty of describing the environm ental .exposures o f jt m g worker has -been made plaint reports on the subject, the first bei F leischer./ resulting from exposure to as- Leathart and SaridersonVand ^ ^ ^ ^ jS e s to s m ineral fibers in the m ining and m ill- and Cooper8 have studied th ^ of the ore and in workers in asBestos - m ent of the m sulating worker. ih i '-v^ ?/^ tfextile m ills, has been recognized since 1900; cisco. They work less th an 'h alf|j :: ;t rePri by Leathart and w ith asb estos^ n tain in g ^mateV Sanderson1 in 1963, showing that laggers work includes (1 ) <mmerdffi be y f % ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r e :;the major occupational group in the ations, /:' ;5 . ^ S i ^ ^ i t e d Kingdom contributing new cases of office b u fld ln g s^ a p ^ ^ fil^ 'i^ ^ ;v% -v^^|IM sbestosis>'that pointed up the special haz- industrial operations, insulating;; J ^ l ^ a r d in the insulating trade. Selikoff and h is boilers, pipes, arid :duct systerc ./`S in New York and N ew jersey plants and la r g e ;i^ p r i^ ? a n d j the sam e tim e dem onstrating a sim i- construction and^rep^^which; * the U nited Statea- v^i ri ported both asbestosis and an unusual inci- system s in haval ^ d ^ p riv a te . ;^ ^ ^ |f;d e n c e of lung cancer and other tum ors.2*3 serious exposures^to (asbestos? 'Vi'-.- v , ?^ ^ (i^ ^ ifT h ere .have since been many confirmatory during tearing out o f bld insulatic . reports. Dunn and W eir4 provided evidence and fabricating insidating nm t"~~ ing asDestos DiocKs: into piace; _ ^ ^ b f lung cancer in California insulating work- muds for finishing. M arine coristrai ers, and we have shown more recently that refitting is especially hazardous! ; -rinsulating workers in the San Francisco high dust count surges during y * area with more than 20 years in the trade operations, the tim e-weighted : have approxim ately eight tim es as m any sures of m ost workers do not < lung cancer deaths as expected3 (Table 1 ). which had been regarded as safe^wl One fourth of those exam ined in San Fran to more com placency regarding ir cisco show changes in chest x-ray film s con than was justified. We cannot ac sistent with asbestosis, the incidence increas define past exposures, but m ost indiSd ing with experience in the trade5 (Table 2 ). are that trade practices in A.rch Environ Health--Vol 21....D`eic*>7..9*7-y0- ^T c O iB nm-i i nr; $0 e# 1911-1915 1916-1920 ..1921-1925 '^.f^ -r.'.ii:v -.7: #. >f*. xi ~>%?--.y.;:'3 * 2v: ;^B V iB ':W0 5 :;^ m 0 0 .: `M-: v;Ki.sv2.n> >-1926-1930 / fe l9 3 1 -1 9 3 5 &S***$*17- 13 1^1936-1940 \;^v ^^.49 : l p l9 4 1 -1 9 4 5 ^ j^ ^ a i7 ^ ^ ^ ^ > 1 0 1 .^ ^ ^ ^ 3 3 - ^s__a__________ 1946-I950::ii|p |^ >;61 y : ^ ' * 3Nj&|12 ;4.^#S:h&&*.2& *3& M ? 1 9 5 1-1955 ^y-n4-*:& . 4?r^V;V K fS flf: \e*' t-sS"^#4'&f<'**jr-Sfc' wuoB more dust,"even thoughmore asbes^gplans and includes periodic physical exami- (recommended levels .|iiations iii each local area by, a local physi- ((((: ldj^ lowered, should relate to fibrous^cian or dime approved by the medical ad viser ifAt? mfli<n idHV niontf 4toa tfn oftoall dnn ucsft,aonnn d schnonuillln d bnoe ^' o:/!r,`:nuesiinnigt uunniiffA o-rrmm rVefucvo\yr/d1os oan n/d1^ d/1i1aogrm n orsvtricfI t,Vjcen tral office. P articip atin g ph ysician s and ,^ ^ ||c l i n i c s , in clu d in g radiologists, are provided *"----- current inform ation on asb estos-related d isease was: n o t S asb estos workers. P oin ts o f em phasis in clu d e IM P S je o p a r d iz in g "in d ivid u al w orkers But ( criteria for diagn osis and for continued work :j j j ( ( (tiu ^ fe n in g th e en tire ^ d u s tr y , step s 4 in th e trade and a cam paign again st sm ok- J g ^ y e^ ik en to .develop a(cx>ordinated p r e v en -^ in g . T h e foregoing does n o t su bstitu te for ^ ^ o g r a n ^ ln 1966,"the.A sso cia ted In su - 4 m edical care b y private ph ysician s o fjth e S ||^ > ' ipnCliCpntractors o f th e 'W estern S ta tes worker's own choosing, who are inform ed of j.th e W estern S ta tes C onference o f As-(V sign ifican t findings and encouraged to refer j; s w t j u d f t : l u i i u i u i . u w u p a u w i o i / ^ vn i u i e a r e a 01 m u u s t r i a l u y g i e u e , u i e p r o - j ^ > g } - [^ fin a n c e d by a contribution o f 2 cen ts gram w orks w ith local labor-m anagem ent iio ijr g ^ la b o r a n d m anagem ent. At first.. com m ittees to develop guides to hygien ic $ |^ fjD fm 'n fte m b e m .p f the C onference work practices, w ith particular reference to ' !" id p a ted , bu t it now in clu d es the w hole m aterials used, ven tilation , house cleaning, ^Out o f th is was developed an occupa- respirator program s, and protective cloth in g. Jhealth program for th e area w hich is T rain in g b egins in the apprentive school. ^ g ettin g in to operation. > T he program a lso u tilizes local ind ustrial le new occupational h ealth program for h ygien e resources, acquainting them w ith asb estos w orkers and contractors the sp ecial needs of the industry and inter- ris three m ajor areas: (1 ) m edical surveil- preting their findings and recom m endations (2 ) industrial hygiene, and (3 ) edu- to m anagem ent and labor, itio n . M edical su rveillan ce in th e plan is I t is hoped that, even tu ally, a m obile in- irected . tow ards introducing preven tive dustrial h ygien e laboratory can be m ade ra d ices in to ex istin g h ealth and w elfare availab le to v isit work sites in various loca- gjgix? \k. : ' ", Arch Environ Health--Voi 21, Dec 1970 0031 0 5 7 4 810574 --:- :.--.:v^'. / " it'.-':' 788 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SE tions. I n the entire industrial hygiene pro* gram, it is projected that there will be prompt translation of the results of research and development in the technology of the to work practices. A s has been pointed out in both medicine industrial hygiene, there are strong ^educational components. Individuals and better packaging and labelling, i pirator design, and other factors tal to dust protection is being carried insulation manufacturers and in ganization financed b y the in du stry a n a gqw ernment. Our program is geared t o translate such technologic changes to contractor and workers. ,. : 5^'; v conferences, lnxormanon Duuenns 'distributed' from tim e to tim e to contrac- t o r s and workers. ? ;V< 'i . ; . - program is designed to b e compie- im entary to and supportive of other govern- [mental and private efforts. Standards for the work place are usually set and enforced b y agencies, but this has been extremely ^ difficult in the construction industry. T h e " recent passage of federal legislation regulatth and safety practices in federally throughout the United greatly reinforce efforts to im- prove construction practices, including those insulating trade. Research in the tech- -- L Leathart GL, Sanderson J T i? tions on asbestos. 2. Selikoff U ; ;C3sg. J}' exposure and neoplasia^ <MMA 188: 3. Selikoff U , et al: The occurrence among ainnssuliaatioonn.workeras vina thse.vXa7iniWltad'l/S^t N Y Acad Sci 132:139-155, &&&&&&&> 4. Dunn JE Jr, Weir JM: A pxospectr mortality of several occupational groups. , of asbestos exposures of the Second 6. Fleischer WE, et al: A health . ' s n a ^ ^ covering operations in coq^tiucting:xiavalv vessel w e if a a u ^ e p ^ of Insulating workers. A m e r ln d iis tr ily ^ ^ i ? v & '; PLANTS BEGAN EVOLUTION ; ^ - v t ' " N o t o n l Nyo t oi nlys is the chloroplast the overwhelm ingly dom inant mechaanniissmm. wheerreebb;y tn'! ^ ; f th e sun is transm uted into the substances supporting all life, the sugar and <l>ohy* :^ ^ ;;.^ " 'd r a te s, but there are grounds for believing that it is from the exhalations o f-a il^ in all tim e that an atm osphere w ith free oxygen has developed. Indeed, a ll fo o $ ,'aU! fo ssil fuels, fibres, a ll atm ospheric oxygen, the stabilization of the earth's surface aud its^ terrestrial w ater system s, th e m elioration of clim ate and m icroclim ate have been acqOm| plished by the plant: all anim als and thus a ll m en were plant parasites. It is th e'p la n t! that colonized the land and thus perm itted the evolution from the sea of reptiles, mammals and m an, and this dependence persists unchanged. N or is this bamc|< reliance negated by the fact that m any anim als perform essential services for p la n ts.^ M cH arg IL: Design W ith Nature. Garden C ity, N Y , N atural H istory P ress, 1969, p 4 6 ^ 0081 0575 Arch Environ Health-- VoV2l, Dec 1970 :A-.W W-SF-M- 810575 ]v; S IS