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FILE NAME: AO Smith (AOS) DATE: 1951 DOC#: AOS005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: HVAC Guide 327 pla in tiffs BWIWT _ ^ f f h "I11 .. PLAINTIFFS I EXHIBIT g<cr<y.-fta. Scf 'I Am erican S o c ie ty H sacina u i St V e n tila tin g E ngineers K eating v e n tila tin g a ir co n d itio n in g guide. VOL 29 19 G2E ,6 AMERICAN VS^r^2171S8^7H85e0a4 tiig frar; katilatin ; ginesrs ;.t ; IJ . ,, tRfiSVSI mi mill Met 1 T^CT ywo ti il'. R5- I. **-Vr n ~T / H e a t in g V en tila tin g Am CNDmaWiG G u id e 1951 t HEATING VENTILATING AIR CONDITIONING GUIDE 1951 A n Instrument o f Service * Prepared Jbr the Profession containing A TECH N ICA L D A TA SE CT IO N o r ^ ktbsbkos oh t o nzitiiB Atm sracCTuci-Tiojr o r m u r m a , i H m i i m / w i i p . oomu- . tiCTOTo r o w a n rU iQ S iitrt^ T ,^ T A i^ ^ c n im a -4 T 8 i IwStgspaATKWB of t o R ss ia * La.*ohato3 t awd] Cqoradyjnir EiBTiroxiaJw-- - and i s s Ptti.cncs a tsb Mrainfgui ahp' ^ esdb r ss Soanrrr; ". A M A N D EA CrnREK fl' CATALOG D A T S m O N o w w itm o XV^AXZMTTAZi A3TD pnXU l.V XX9XTa*AXltXr c ro ra sairn ra MOttOS* d02P< ' MSNTi C O M P L E T E IN D E X E S to T t o w ic a m a Catalog D ata 'SwTBOHA. VoL 29 JV215878 PlJBK*KX& XirCJLLr'&T A a fl ic u x S o a an ' o r HuTiNd anp T m t u n r a Bwtawmuts ftl MADIflOTf At W VB H w TcraxlO, N.Y, 166 cH A m a* . l i s i G nidi a p r , b ? i r T . c ?^ ; 48.K . M o r t ^Xlf Sffeoi oCLaw Ratir Guuldit)' uidConAtat Tatap etiiure oa P dI&d Bt f u c j j b r B. Z. ZUppipart, T . u d W . H TWfcir (Jcvm ai / A k i*w-J "dlu**) . " Prfndples ad Prwtloe oM nheUtitmtl Tberscy. by A. L. Bereb (J. B ; lip . pinM ti Oo., Pfatiedalphis, XiOcuira,>ft<wifcreIt -IWf), , * M wuwbrmI f PfituscBL, \>j I* O. M. Bdlows (O*jor4 Vnjeerwitg P reu, p* Sb ? lui#) , , r-" 'W !U tiw i i t BcHt OeadUlD| Iter Comfort*CoAlfng, b riC n tf T v k u (Beai irti,. fsdTAii* CondiUoninf, Aug,, JW8, p , S4),, ' - ,, " J W o r^ h jfd o to iy u d Collimi, to' D. P. liCSjni uI TFm. B . W ltitridro (M oQm-qillBoak(3o,,Km roiiTlw fl). , .. ... 6 g S S T ? ;- , CHAPTER 5 . A IR CONTAMINANTS GUasifeatt' */ AJr CooUmloasU; St** at Airixw-n P*r4talesj Air Pcllu fciea by ' 9m6k*t Ash a ] Gtndwa; SmclcsAfcataiiiaiit ad Air PollutU n Control i Oder NuUmiMf MtrLrauan Aitavahli Cocta.tr**Io<j o f Industrial A lt OeotQAiifl ; PlamxnaWi Casa* and Yfm ; OambosUbl* JOttate; ' AtmospbfJTii fo ilo a Aiebisn* Boetetia JXHE normal ccmstituents of tbs earth's atinaepham are oxyem , Hifcro. on, cirboh dioxide, water vapor, argon, smalt or negligible am ount other inert gasear byurogBA, variable traces of ozone, a m small quanti t y of miwosaoplo and submicirecppie solid matter, aoioetico.es c&lled permanent otm epherit impurities. From the viewpoint of the air condi-tienlag engineer, ail c t f e airborne svbstanoes irmy be termed contaminant*, This iena is applied preferably, however, to iwdwirable or cbanea purittoz, since the occasion m ay arise for adding to the air caafcrdld amounta of solid or gamous lunate for the i>veatlon of cjjJoaicffla; gfflmicidaJ rapnra or mists (aerosol*} for bacteria control; mAsking ?ubstaaces for odor control; or a substitute for one of the normal ga&aa, a&, for example, when helium is*need to replace nitrogen in atmospheres for compressed sir yrcrkew or dlvus. Oonttol of the oheznioal quality of air in one af the functions of ocmpiaie u r eanditianmg. uid soms knowledge of the composition/ concentratiab sad properties ot air Ctintaminints under various circumstances is thorefoie m saatU l. Aic oontsmina&ts arise from the nonaaJ processes of m r , erosioa, mndstaim, sea-spray `evaporation, thermal diatotegratioti, earthquake; rdcaiuc ecuptfon, combustson, manufacturing, transportation, agricul ture, and tho biochenoiqal or biologwa] processes of life. T hey aw oiumBid a t various dices &a organic and morgsnio, visible or invisible, micro-. . ftenplo or macroscopic, particulate or gaseous, toxic or hamdesi, beneficial Or destructive. T ie fottowiug *le$JBKsa.ti<m is bvsad chiefly upon, .the odgin or method of formation of air contaminants. CIASSm CATlOfT o r AIR COKTAMM AHTS C usti, Fumea, a n d Smokes a n solid parttouiate air confem cnanta, Burt* re sofld psrfld M profnatali ic i* th e Ir b y storni /ero, u, ns w ind, volcaaU truplltti or ftarihqwuw, and by seahamoalprooeucs, *uch finishing, griadtag, nUag, driflf^g, danwiltlon, zovdlig, d&orjrig, MreMbg, bsggjng Ad tveeplDc. Sotto oFtouafarorapmtt^durtiramiBrgeriiijiuM, while others imply i9trte astori?* ibat m Irew y /pj^enze, GescnUjr, porticias ara a c t bn/Tra*t*l Uniatt they are smaller Lha bout 100 aJoronj, D istom i*- ba ! nw4nri type, euoh ss rack, v n , aeU Iiitaadf nvoo^ rush as graie, Spur., wpod. apitou, potion; or animai, Moh u troni. Lair, riik, 6a.fcbltt, 1te tta r. iFWsr sic i&Ud pertffiles ottunooly fermai by th eoadeceation ai rep a n (tata nansAUy lalld materUlssueb sa mcJtoomflUli. hCetaUic ium eaieniraU y oocur u te Oxiaes io Air beeause of ih* b itk ly reibofiivc ftstur, of fij*efy dJ>idad zaiteri P anai jQy d io b t fornwd by MbtirtMUon, dfrtUUtoa, o a id u tio a , c r cttmical nasttoa, wtieamrmohiprtnessec am atoarbom s pariide prados&iDatsiy blotr tbs' Xuoron iha. Fune pennifcied to ape temi t GcxMulito lato dump e* acSttgtfte q/ Iwfw fise, iberehj iiciiitotlag raraoraljErcm tir. mohu ara tbs eziramolyusaX}solid pvtleifis produetd by iaeompiato cornimioe 2S7 iss CHJlPTEK 8 c l otrmm suiwiaaMi usb a* tobctto, weed, ced, < matritsls. TtatanTM *! tpm qaslrap. 1531 a id e n u t o . wbturtuM E iaa.'M d'Ziwfiis s^nsQtusB Tjrod__. . . ##arttuota AnKxmehlu s U ua 1 jnUroB lo si often la tfai rug* of C. te M jjb! Miai aad Foga u n liquid pirttoutete or coitenitiHinfau Foa* u v Iimitedi bjr soto sUateMatwa te Arb^m* droplpta forrad b j Aoodetui^ tta* from tte Tp<* lUU<' T W rbilrmrT' dinUnoUoa b*lwn nU t ai to le a<t mioer to a p o rb u ^ o ste U t te n s o u v jbjnd teindleate thpuiLtutetetete e l tfbora.B -------- I p n r i thete oicborac S OAjMr Jfth** tLntO ib -- ______ --, -- ,------ ijot r lauda oro m oro. i ma, m n o ; U coweirw w fck teauitloo tete LthoTopen-s Vapora ad Onte m e no-putculate air contaminanti. Vapori ara tbs gsraaua pfcas al atibstaisaas that ara mikor Jifjiiidor ofiain their cammadr b m sits, rxcmpleo beta* graiUoii. f a m a , beai, caraoa tetnshlsrid, versarvi iodie, atcfllcr. Vipera b*ty be shsnffHl to il solisi cr liqald ta ra Ira ineraslBS tb* k n a n in , (b e ra iia s tlw aiparatura or opplyap both uree, rasa MasnlttutOfMaolT. 'XboT aro reapraoi troni tha tir by ocaomsetlon -wlib Ira dUBsnlty *hansi* u cuoi. Cora ara aermaUf fannie guida-wUoh le n ito oeeupy* spam ereoMMare.erapleUly u J lulfum ly t prtHaary temperature* w d prassiu, The ItBcw iat tal', tia r a qualify sa p u n h* n so . pitrerao, twbon io*,e, nrbtw otaarjode, ardrogan, snuoocia: solfar doxiile. Game, likewiae, rnay bo taUSGed ar fiati by th proper teatrai ir lempiraitti ad p ra n z i. The precedine d o n iti reatina io a o t suitafale far 1*6 airbarae IJving or ganismi, whiob Tsage in sise freni tb* mihralroscople r im a tc th largest pollen grazu, n ot craisittatins i b i emalleet inaect lire. Bastona range frani ftbout M to S a jla ra n s In rise, ftuieua poro* fre m i to 10micron, and polito &wu fl bo.lSQ mioreaa. SIZES O F AQUBOKKB PABTICtES Fig. 1 i t i graphie' tabulation of the properties of airborne solids and liquids arrnrod a c c o rfra g to sise on th e mlsroa scale,- lite rs are 25,400 mieroaa la 1 m et. P a rtie l larger th a n ' 10 m icrons are luofiket? tn remain suspended in sr ourreata of m oderate s tn n g th , .but aettie out bp paniH f a t speeds dpendant upera the shape, s i n and epedfio gravity of th e particle, wind velocity, oriental!on of O n caJIeetidg snrfsoe, and topography. These - larger particles at* of m ajor interest to the enpnedr in the solution of aurlaoee probienu, b ut i t is usually the smaller, particles, or those below 10 micnaUj th at rem ain.la th e s i r long enough to-be of hyjienia as well os 1ecaonue gnificanoe, Industrie] dust p a rtie l are predominantly' of the order oj 1 micron in rise.- .Tramandotia num bers arc also -present la the snbmiotoaeoidc range below 0 5 m ie n , b u t those M ow 0.1 micron are not believed at- OutJWIvV.0..iuku*Cx>riifcM,aiit[> rob-U. fto , 1. S ta ti ** C m ju jm su ru a t o t A i w o m P*jrtcuw.TB M i n ' The eurrey1 a! atmospberic polluticn in' I # American ritira condirieri b e ta 1931 to 1933 ipdie&ted.tb e re o g e rize a l outdoor dust partielfes to Ite 0,5 m u sco , alt eijllcwrtecl b y th Ownti j? t dilu eoiintcr aad x n au u m i under riti microscopi, Inabilita ot tho Ughi Juld' miortaodpe to Jrevrai 160 . CHAPTER a $ 1 ant'd* e(fAartvfoelenagiespthaertic0.l1emdicicer.ornvicinitymarhaveinfluencedthedeiennitutinir deTfihneitelolyw.erIltimdeitp-eonldpsiintiootlsonellyseuvpiosnibtlheetointdheivindaukaeldeyeey.ebcustaanlsootbuep.osntattehde tstiuohnanepseoaafntphdaerctiboeladoc*rkoogffroth1u0en-dspuaoorrrtieconlpes,piitonertteumnnsiigtyithy(toabrnedcorqencutroaaglsintty.lwodTf,itnh-debeliirl^eidhuetn,aadlnedrmleBsilis-.ftahvaonra6b0lemleaiouudsit,ionHsiut mlowayerbleimuoiptooafsvdibslaibtoilitydisptrinobgaubislhy"ranpgaert*iefrloems.m1a0llteor SO nuarm u. D aria, powders and granular m aterials are Frequently eUsmflcd by reference to t i e aise ot screens used for separation. Fartlnlre bore 48 mlorons are said to be the even a i t i an d those below, .the ruh-eerem or - microscopic aims. Approadmate or theoretical d i e t of p artial correspond ing to tiie mesh scale of th eU . 9 . Standard Sieve Series are given in T able 1. Mjc/oecoplo anamination of sonened d u s t indicates th a t th e average diam eter of a sample of irregular particles m ay be substantially larger. ' T in a 1. BsaavtoK or S cu ts M an vo.Piencts Sue U. S. Btmciird Bier M h ,,. 400 SOS 900 ftfiO m 60 n JXcimBmi Biert OptaiBg la U>ooih.-- ... 37 44 - IBS m 230 600 1000 th a n tfaa openings of t i n screen through which i t has passed, if the particle shapes deviate considerably from th e spherical form.1 T he smallest dimension of m any tu sh portlet** wilL eom spand w ith tb s raudmum-permiasible distance between the vires of sqmmendal ocreena n u d e to A ST M Standard Specifications. Screening does n o t give sharp separation into else groups, end aoecrdingly, each a clasiifloation Is statistical rather than absolute, AIR POLUraOR B r SMOKE, ASH AMD ORDERS . Toted airborne solids settling in urban a ria s a re usually reported as tool . fa ll in to n s per (square mile) (month}. . Such d ata published for the eib'ee - (n thin country range from 20 to 200 tone pdr'(*qnare mile) (month). To the air conditioning engineer tide inform ation may- indicate the effective ness of o n e b ra b a ta n e n t or fuel combustion control m ethods is hie local ity , b u t it-doea no t provide a Suitable index of th e suspended duet-that air deanera in a ventilating system axe expected to , capture.1- <* Gravimetric or weight data or the type given in Table 2 am preferable. Is some cases airborne particle count* m ay b e necessary, aa for pollan, baot e m , spores, and insoluble duate osuaing lines* or lung disease. Dust concentrations by weight cannot be- converted readily to conoea. tratlone b y particle count because of tiie variability of partiou eke, shape 'and ipeoiao gravity, and th e inherent characteristics of duet counting ahd weighing procedures. One milligram of (just per cubic m ater of air may represent duet counts from 1 milBoh to 100 million p a rtial per oubie foot ` of a ir {llghtfleld micrcBcapatechnic) according to th e eiee diatributiop of 161 a-arbom.dBrt'mpls. -Information. a this typet ora erasij5s loa-ls best ebtrined by-siaiullaseous a a p m g lo r b e ^ a S iiS tr irtghiat aad.nofcg wreMly 1 the time iff * th a t pSSuialiity of tfas wirt-wcightratio. fet utalt " a Smoke Abatement end Air Pollution Control . SuoeenfuL abatem ent of atmospheric pollution m used by ,,nofe, * fMnbirted g * o f >* SbootiO T g to e e r, U d M t S i i S ^ ' miblis heil&.offitser. o ty planning oomm isaan an d the c a t L m S l i Jarse. Eleotnfieation of industry and railroads, faersasb in t i e use of dom erut ail and gaaiam aaea, w d ejgreratipa of industrie! iU rio ta are gradually providing affastm u d jn tas solution of this problem Ih t i n W dhe whew muSanee from smoke,-By-aah..uid cinders Is mom serious ban ted areas obtain orne relief by tire use of district heating 3 p-han' t e n 13, 1* and 15 for further discussion os h ie1 burning jSiimlo" " P' T i ) U 2- D tf# r Combewmamoit R u r o v s BtLnlaodMbl)tU d iitm ts................... Metropolitas tolrirt......... .............. IOftwicUMmxjtiilfurtoM w.ctkioc.raa,,. .,........ H tt e v h i ^ d u tir /sefccfiw r w a s Hmjxmm.ex^loslr c b t t M m n r t t a w , C uMChlKn -t X9)B Q.0^3.9 0.04H3- O.l -4.0 0.2 -4.0 4-4CQ 4oawg,ooo M upuftin. QeQ5- 0,5 .J - 1,0 C.3 - JS.O 0.5 -ltl mdoo 19,090-600,000 " Many present ordinances limit the number of minutes in any one hour thaCanok of specified density (detonnined by comparison with a EUngel- menn Chart width 1? described in Chapter 49) may be-disohxrged. There ia mrw considerable int e n e t an d activity in the control of air pol lution factor i s addition to amah. Difficulty in the establishment of acceptable criteria for certain corrosive and irrita n t gases, such, ae fluorides t and t i e o d d of sulphur and m trogea dijoharged with th e gases of dom- buktlen, and th e frequently complicated technical an d economio problems - i encountered in control, h av e delayed th e drafting? and enforcement of , legislative measure, Recent reports of BSmeraiaedMioideuiw of diaeases, 1 suoh an pneumonia and lung cancer, in areas high in certain a ir contumi- I nants, require further critical inveatiEsiioc. before acosptance. T he mlu.ee 1 Snally adopted will undoubtedly b e lower th an the' M.A.C. Odaxlmum Allowable Conoontration) limit for.tne in industry, because the-exposure la pentinuoua compared w ith th e S-hourday, 5 or 6-dsy weak upon which SO -.C , values are based, and because th e exposed population contains individualstrithgreAtoTVATW iioniasgeandhealthstatm. . Is foggywpalber, or with an hw ereim ofatmospheric nondi dons, accumil lation cf Esseous contaminant m ay cause irritation of eyes, nose, and' respiratory passages, and posibiy 'cause, oven-more serious physiological effects. The Meuse Valley log disaster (Beighirri 15361 ana the Donor nop (Pennsylvania' 1348) are classic examples in the history oE gaseous air pollution, In both instances it Is believed, that Irritant gases,"priaefr *3 162 CHAPTER 5 . 9 pally from industrial planted Mmuaulatlng dining period* of ezcnitioiuU ^ ' ' prolonged metaaroiogioal inocrnm and log, oontiibated to th e illness of- suuoy persona, ad to th e death of some' who ware specially snaccptlhle.- A bsuptioa of SoU r B itk lb s Absorption o f solar ultraviolet light by smoke and coot Is recognised as a health problem in many industrial cities. Measurement* of solar radia tion in Baltimore1 by actinia methods demonstrated th a t ultraviolet light, intensity in the country was 50 percent greater than in the city. In New. Yoric City1a loss as great as SOpercent in visible light was found by photor elaotric measurements. OBOK ITOISUfCE ' A prcbleon companionate with smoke abatement la the control of odor nuisance in the neighborhood of industrial plants dlsubugfhg smdouz or offensive air oontanururiis. Community planning and soniag will avoid m uch of the difficulty in the future, tnrt meanwhile many industrial o i l m ust resort to corrective measures by raquiriog installation of air clnosing devices, alteration o f manufacturing processes, or tenninatlon of the of fensive oper^troa In remdantiai a t eomneisUl districts. C ontrol of ou tdoor odor nuisance is eepeoUiiy troubtewme because inf " t h e catreinaly minute quantities of cootammMit th a t sue capable of offend-, ihg through a wide a n a . New Industrial chemicals with strange or im- fu n iliar n o o n tend to reaeive more attention from Urn saigbbothflod than tbe'cuetomajy odara geoorated by veil known process and raw materials. M ethods at odor control currently in toe taolude charcoat adsorption, ecratibing tow s an d air waahem, dhlprioarion, aopdeaatUm, rossldiig, ' passage of th e odorous air through combustion sham tram, dispersion through a ta ll stack, and bast of ail, Substitution of lees oBenavs'mstertals w henever ponflWe.'- t * * Control of air quality within buildings ventilated for human occupancy Is discussed in Chapter & Tobanco' smoke odors, eodkiag odors and body odom are a ir contaminants of tha mnann.es type which now command a decisive position in the standard* of air quality for indoor twnforf. However, the engineer will find, a t times, th at -odors originating outride buildbigs in industrial or business districts m ay determine the fin d and ' . capacity of equipment be m ust proride t o r a high quality air Supply instal lation, "v OGDUSTBUL A IR COifTAMWASTS. . ' M any industrial proaeeaea are sources of cootruninante. Their control arc im portant' function of th e vestitatfae o r air conditioning engineer, because the atmosphere within builduigp l a th e medium whyreby such finely divided m atter is djapaned and transported from theseuroe to remote locations w h e n it m ay causa property damage, nuisance, fire, e iplcelon, disease and even death. Tables 3, 1 and 5 give th e su x irsw s olZcnuhl* emeerUrvtfon values for -m any industrial air contaminants as adapted by the Sectional Oommittee Z37 on Allowable Concentrations of Torio D usts and Gases of ths Arne-v ioart Slaruiardt Association, and as reported by th e Committee ooThreshold '-f'-T,' 1 103 I t a - t o . w t e w W 1, , .ga-icBe1, (m jerenee ,f QestrnmmA IndusM r f H to iih iS ia U to . m eetin g . H jQnjt 'be' emphasised 'that- tfaaxs lim its in t b e g r e a t m ajority of iq> stances *W only su fe zb ti m tavntm working eve! since th e y a te estimates, . bjJsodla many ceres upon Ineoaiplata environmental end mediaul studies. W here there Is agreement between th e -A/4 S tan d ard Z37 and A jC .Q JM . values, reliability e t th e A S A Standard is increased. H e values are n ot fixed, but a rt inbjeot to revirion, upw ard or downward, W itt the dervelopr u n t of new information, -'Itiere u by no m eans oatnpletc agreement regarding these vajuea among responsible industrial bygienhsts. I n applying those guide limits, the following faciats m u st "be scasidered; 1, *tut d w ^ o a of tp w aw Ja Bbe * d a* t or 6 r 6 day* * wfc. $ . T i* *uAUr^B#t3 *ro-I*rf>a&6rva of tt .oireitt*i!ot a *i. bre*thing con* 9( Ha as?*** jmraoa. ,* a. 7b MjbwO. fewu&iy i*eepUi m t i e **er*s* exposures rtto V k the upms liouUdo no* groUiy ueoed th*MA.C, yaitie. Forewmp(*Lsfi unmet fe* iswfied that U 100 patal* e*ai&iani injt for i*fcirwr ixpoau, that-'goo ppm for ooa hour Vttt b* penntfffbi*. _ . '4, TwoeiiilbetueewithbnIUrMA.CIi y*Ium ABSrhe qntta dUTereat u to D k n . tfftala *fc a b h u .e e n iis o tn lta a a . X one i a i t u e th e le s U o n e f g iimj may be fM M fA a a k toW L fo* m ta o le easota iroafd be couctered, yrfth a id* B u c k of s 3 * y la w th e r c u e tbV **ii te p tm ita w o f tiu ecueiotrfitic which Day bo uMCiftfed with aanrs .. i t r h t*Iu*b a upper IbnHsj it it aeslreM eJ o p uw le w ell below t i , im ta U th > - r)a M iB S w d w w a l ts e l o i.jporm lt. T h . n n ii tia t a n r i will T penita amatenabl u u rsb ielaslcty u aa>ttnuta OTentiU(^iiaBi<plty, - In Table S, Column 1 to r i th e A S A S ectional Com m ittee Z37 M J l C- valnea;, Celtnsn 2, those of the A .C .Q Jjir. C om m ittee on Threshold lim its . Column 8 give* the value In gran ts p e r cable m eter or o u a c a ner liXJO ru f t for th e ooriespootiing Emits; Column d-shows the fluid ounces Cfdbem i!, if ib is a liquid a t 20 C <68 T ), w hich,If equally dispeiued in 1000 cu It, would give th s eorrreponding M J l.C . ' . In Table.*, Columns I and 'are respectively the-M-A.0. valuoa from the AJ3A and 4 -C -O .IM i Cohunitheaa. In Table 5, th e M-A-.C. values fpr a num ber of industrial dusts ae wivea were obtained from d ata of tfca A .C .0 J .& , Committee on Threshold Information on the properties and effects, w ith respect to health cf specific induatnal air contaminant? Is available in nubBoationa Hated a t 't b i end of this cbspler. FLA-MABLS GASES A K D VAPORS ' Adequate ventilation 1? a prim ary requirement fa r minimising the h u a rd of fire or explosion due to &sea dad vapore. ' T he need for pood vhntiU tioa is no't removed by. the use of ether precautions, such u tha elim hution of hnown Ignltlcdr sources, e e g n ^ tio n o f basaratm s operations, edop~ ri<m of safe building construction, a n d issteltafiian of BUtanuttio alanos., Rome safety engineers regard over-vmStation- of an oponation. employing flammable liquid? o ^ V legitimate opdrntijlg'charts fo r the privficgo or necessity of using a.dangertxu pcooss. S o w e re r,,it U n o t possible id r i i \ <h^?0 m aoDO 3eO5EB2O SaS'Si ,iesb 9? D ' ion^r^sMe -we3* ; S.^a's mJ 1 I I I \I- J 8 Is i ? 8 * * i I 1n I ja-g 2 aggg' 3'l*8ssg'*sr **mss*gri sr -f-asi sa-g sirs r~ 6 -a g a I I SrH [ ' Ii GQQfisddfatiob' given,to &pgrix&&n about &* is jr ^ esphxK Umdt ift.fcfca - \f open& reas of btilidtogk or rsxsti^^iaTPOl&Kigh uiick^uptfed--^ b ^ su so fche^ v a oi tempoiBiy drop of gas on&oep&r&tioa to a point within tfcs ex-1 image k too at. . *. ' , ' A bility of * fiacmnabl* liquid to fona' &xploanee toartunes ia determined largely by its vapor pressure, volatBJty, or rate of ovTipcnaticia-r F ltuh potiti is ft convenient tro th cd of etpreseiqg this property in te n a a of the ` tem perature scale. 16 n a y be defined as tbs temperature to which ft copj- btmtl&le liquid m u st be heated to. produce a flash wham a small fiatne is passed aai-osa the surface of th e Liquid. Eh highs*''the fioah jpoint* *W moift safely sa*y the liquid'bs handled. liquids with S&ah poi&tfi under T fiB shouid be regarded aa highly fUraafiabLe. , / TTppec an d lower limit of flammability o f gasea and Vapora^ and th e dash " poiota of the correspaadiDE liquid are ven-in Table 6. ` M ethods tor estim ating 'th e flammable Unfits of zoirtunsrof gases or vapors m ust be appiiedw ith caution; the r a d a r la referred to'ofch&rpttM Cftdaoe for this iaiOEsnftdga." *w .' t , Design of equipm ent for1the central, of combustible anesthetics ia- out- K&ed in Chapter 7- gns6*ucitoa cf equipment'ior toutdliftg a ir codtein. 'ing flammable substances; o r operating: to atmospheres' so i^tf^^iWafyrfi ' ^ d b cu to fai'to C b A iiterS ;' _ i / ' r T * V " . *, * l I t U o u sto m ^ T to.import' th e c ^ r i ^ b s t p a s o f flininutole gases or vapors to peetentfcy. vcfctme, dr WMiq capoentra? t i m e <m#th d `jpc^`p^''m fiZ^dre5s l4vr%isiid La.-<Batiiq& 4 pr industrial hygjirae'Uteture:B isfcdily rnadety ttiio^yorelonr 1paroaiit' '10000 p p m (pari o f M B U oe l a a t'p e r oe iio n p a rta o f a ir , b y vn! ~ i . . ' w**? lf . per/nSlioainwi. f2 t rf * j "A ' acted inTable 6 ttt nearlyali of its rutetencm listed:iW low er swptodTO limits above IM pwoent, while tEe o n n m olbwabis een6ntrasu fa s d w ( m u Tabfe ia le below 1000 ppsnor C. nfereanl 5n"m cases. Therefore, control aXteals or injurious vsDar tr. !n?/uw im S 0?1 msiimu allowable caaoeireiteiw forbesltfi usiudiy requires mush effective otSUtico than farthe prevention efT fire,h S S S T "- COmXSTBtE DUSTS A doit rapiealcn ia essenliy e sudden pressura rise caused by the y rapid burning of airborne d ie t. The prim ary explosion often criminates' lim a a sm all amount of dust in snspoasioa exposed to a source of ignition, and the pressure ad vibration It creates m ay be sufficient to.-dMocige' large accum ulations of'duet on borioantai ledges o r surfaces of tke'buEdjng. and equipm aai, thereby- oreating & secondary expjcaisn of great farce.' Thus tb s a ir conditioning angineer. is favolvai for two, reason*: (1) to' obtain a movement of dust-laden air into exhaust hoods or opening, and', through v m tilatiac or pneumatic convKying duoto, in m a n n e r th a t Will! . prevent accumulation of highly Samm&bie d u st At point* .whore i t could; ignite inside th e eqbipm eati and (2} to so'design p n m w 'ventilation aa to prevent th e scape of chat which mkhfc settle on ncrieonui surfaces and; bceoms a potential sours* of dhu*ter a t soma diotanoafiom the dusty cpeia-: . tioo. (Bee Chapter 45), , . . - :. Intensity of a dust explosion depend* u pon: chemical, and. thenxud- propertifia of tha dust ; partible u se and shape ; concentration in a ir; propori; . ttoa c i in ert dust in tho air ; moisture content an d compoeitlcm of,the a ir f nine and tem perature of th e ignitioa our: had'degree of dispersion of the; .dust cloud. Investigations on th eiplosibai&y of dusts require dfttemnina- tion of th* maximum pressure developed during erpiosiba of a known air' eaacentration, as wall!* determination of tho rate of pressure rise. In-: Vestigatore frequently experience difficulty ip obtaining duet suspensions of umform dispersion; and this should be k e p t in m ind when comparing, .results from several sources,'* .. . . ,t Minimum explosive' concentrations Of -airborne dust* already tasted" ' rang from 0.01 to 0.5'os per cubic foot, or 10 to 500 grama per cubic meter es 'CHAPTER S TOSI OSU ' Air CarHinlrUntH 169 T iiL I - in w n e u ta ra L bura o r F i i i o i u j i n r o r S u io ls Q u o aim 7 + t m I s A n a t OWJTWwr TBXMBiJTna* i i o F*ian*ns* CQeneiuded) Cm a Yupo* ruttrfMBF Puem ar Vacna., T to w tU a u * PttrtBM T Y uan JW C w J?UWPtt *D j** iU iE S J-s* 1*!!.......... .--r " : ; : : ; : " : : : : : : : : !:| 1J9 i* tvft RM a.& Ur "A S S f tio iiif i) ....... .........................J v&WliUur..'....... ............................... it ii . ft. u .t "fl t.9 fr.i tt tk-7 ........................ 1*. t.g * AdrMj& |^ j% 5 S r T ^ a n latin townmlia*dUCubwrialdiiWiTitMtfiaM of air. Maximum pressures gin rated b a re been p o rte d u high a 00 psi, aithmigh th ey u e more likely to be of th e order a t SO psi. ,leveetiga- S om oa the ahiracterintic of duets ora currently rood s i 0.1 sad 0 3 b* per oubfc ioat,lM1 ATMOSPHERIC POLLEN Properties of pollen grams discharged by weeds, grasses end trees sod. responsible for bay feveqare of special Interest to designers of sir cleaning' equipment {see Allergic Bkordere in C hapter 7, and A ir Cleaning, Chap ter 33). Whole grains ind-fram nsata transported by the a ir range chiefly . between 10 and $0 microns 0 su e, b ut some hay been measured as smftll ms 5 arena, and th a n over 100 tnierons in diam eter. Ragweed pollan, n u n s are fairly uniform in sis within the range of 13 to -25 microns. Polish grain! tan be removed from 'the sir more readily than the particles of d u st prevalent in. outdoor air or produced by d u sty processes, once the latter predominate in the range of 0;1 to 10 m lanraa ha ice. -- M ost grains ere quite hygroscopic and therefore vary in weight with the humidity. OIugtrauonA and data on Individual pollen grains aro available in tbs npUnSesl literatu re."' M Geographical distribution of plantsknown to produce hay;favor is also recorded." - * H i qusptity erfpollen grains in th e air is generally estim ated by exposing' an adhesive-coated glass plate outdoors for JMhr, and then counting cali brated arena under th e microscope- Methods are available for dctennia-i tn g the number of grains in a measured volume of air,u ' but their' greater acouraey has n o t caused' them to p is tb s 'm a rt simple prarffp. sftdc mstfarf used for m ast pollen counts. Counting teehaias vary some what, b at the daily pollen counts reported in local newspapers during the hay fever season usually represent the number of grains found,oa'IJi sq, " ear of a 2 f-h r gravUy ids. Hay fever sufferer* b a y notice the Brut sym ptom s when, the poliea count.' is 10 to 25, ta d in soine localities the nuugmnm figures'lor the seasonal peak may approach IQQ0 for a 24-.hr period, depending upon the sampling . IVO CBAPtK E'' IJS l.G tdde nod reporting methods pf the laboratory. Tranalaticm a f gravity counts b y pealsl /otm ulsa to & volumetric baaU, or the number of Bruns p e r , ' cubie yard or per cubie foot at air, is unreliable because of the oomplanty of th e modifying f u t o n . Whan such Information is important, it is.best. obtained directly by a volumetriainstrument. ThonuaJoerafpoUen grains per cubic yard of.air evidently varies from 1 to 20 times the number found op 1 cq cm c l a 24-hr gravity elide, depending on groin diameter, shape, specific gravity, triad velocity, humidity sa d physical placemen* 'of .the collecting p la te , -a u AIEBORHE BACTEMA Study of the occurrence nod signlfloanna of mloro-crgnaUnM m the at- mwhere of the Indoor world is shunting th e energies o f a substantia} r e m b e r of physicians, hMtarialogtata, aerobiologuria, p h yridsti, public ; health srorlrera, engineers and hospital peraDoael. Some d ata are available > amtBe types a id quantities of bacteria found in a variety of spaces, but it ig n o t possible a t present to use tbia informatias as a Conclusive Inder of the potential health hasanf of a riven environment. The p o rted number of airborne organisms m ay varyTrono 1 to 1000 per cubia foot of sir, Influ enced somewhat b y the method of' testing.* M any are attached to the d u st p a rtic i present in tb s air. Where it seems advisable or deniable to control the bacteria! content , \ of rooms', public conveyances or buildings, highly effective ' methods arc available (see C hapter 7), and their extended, use m ay da m uch to owlet - th e workers in this Add In accumulating the neoeSaar/ mass of evidence { th a t wiU decide th e practical v alu e of sii sterilisation for the control of communicable disease. I t la nuwr wall established th a t nitr a vielet radia tion Is faawblo for the protection or preservation of phanneceutiqsls, cos t m etica, and food producta. i T *Atmeepberfe PcUutfcm cf AmJzRicEaJaS'CBRitBleHOteSrStbs Tean ISSIto 10*3, J. E. Ime, j e t al (tf. aliW ilie fi*eb a*vie*Psafrs. n i . March IMI). *Mlermnerities, The reehnslcgy of Pise Poticiai, by / . M- DtllaVelle (Pinata PubUeMcg Ccrporatca, 1843)- i Atmacpbarte Potlutbm Z)oS to Btaoke, by A. 0, Stare (Sttitof m i Vm tilotint, Atraoephtrio PlluticmB ue to D ust sod Cludnv, by A. C. Stani lEtoling and Y tt w iiin fxJuly, IMS). *Scottali. Studiai foi K av York by / . Eifal'<Md B.*?eUar ( .jJI.VJS. 'ov*aTtbta*litfSesecanfoFtar,siBCaUwlxmBci,UPsipptiionifiaa^n'Ed AqabtamCeBf ti Da p ttfaUmtti pAhoilrm,n1ia9io,f Ap.w4a9o5a^),. li ' pharfe Fallaliem. b r X c vStara (A.H7r.U /v n v i& i.'S m n a Jtuainf, ^3 * * and Ittr.OtodWanCni, AttCWt IMS p. * BJfocU o f Alttoroharia PteUvtiin Upoo Iacideaca c i Solar OUra*Violai} b v J .B . BkmdarM. & Oobiant U 4 P . A Korff (Amariaan Joomai o f F&< T*oUht * Stintiee ia.IIlumiatfga--IH : A Study f th L au of th t D u to Sm'skc co U u h * (U a b l i u t . h y J .S t I r a i (C\ , PtSrlif Stolti Srrriee BvlUtin A*. ZOT,-fimo 1S30). r 'e <v * Bfcadjrajid'Godrai of tnduaHal Atmonturli Pollutloa Nulntai, b j f . M. Bbttxl (A M g ricm fe v n e t IMS, ^.401-lW j. *JSrafaattan t Odor Nube*se la tka Maaafaettn of KvtU M- DaiUValls a id H. <XDuriltj (E/. S . M i e WudA B erna Rapite tfc. 1023, Publio B a a l* HoportA Voi, 54*Iftn lw ? 13.1939, p, 3*4). ^ j'iiCU pw oJ of FUOitery. W ast. Secrtfon EZ: WuM Vopor, SlodgaiVad {Amtriom PttfoUjmJruiiisa*, H tw York Citr , i m ) . -> .Kfi'i ' ' jilr Crarfandoiatfl 17X u O S ttr f n Trini! i>r t n - i i i Ucn*la CffCIiumBod* nciOo.,1Ujaiiaa, 18SS). r-xJmKt n ' ""bltr r f Gtaea ^ d V > n g ^ t o 'B . ? . Ocwrard io d C . W. r jj, Bw tan e jH i`i m WUbn No. SN, IBSfl). * n r.i n m a iiM lim iti ad Tbalr P rtw tfal AspUcaiioa b H u u d a u tttiu s tiW ~ ``J P g y gTn* w " * ; F .b w r. iwa), - WtoU CklirviKiaicstioD, by S tUob , Brown (Burse* q fi fn u t CoUege Park, ^ ttS tE w Ia o a E u .rd ._ lo PUaU ^jnidaO i r H u d lin j Aiomlmjm, 'mni. or o= Powder, by H . B.'BnUrn <(7. S. 2 u -mu>s/ M i w Inform atiti Cfcmdor jy* 714g-Marcii, IMlJ. ' ^ ` TrjUiihliUy u d Explatibilitsr Q Matal Po'Wtfart, hy 1. B artflUJt, J. .N ify, 8tid H -.Brow n (Cf. A /S ktwu qf ft *poH of InamitgutiM Na. ,?7T^ OcUiber, lM3). v i TfiSammafaQiip and Bad&dbitF ot Fcvdsnt Used in th* P U stia In dusU r, by r and J . Nasy {C^ 5. BUrtdu &t JfiM i ^ Imwtiffottou Na.^37Slf M*.r, IWA). _ u Iadtairisl Ih u t EjtBjtaotu, b jH , . Brrnm (P . ff. S htwv </ Miner. IaforaLaT tloa CuriuUr Ho- TOT 4*aB*i7, 3M5),. * Ptasoctd Gada Cor the Fr m rtioo c4 Dust fizplodoos Lu ttts P ia s ti laduatnr (tfeiiesuuPir*Proiutten A u o a a tim t Besten,May, tf t f ] , * 0 K a tio u l Fit Codes-for tbs Trsrsatio* of D w t Explosion {tfai&u Fir* Fro- tciian jltsocCdtiMr Boston, MH4). CoaUia* encUs foz u n ta ta , t^oai, P^TsrUbd fnal fioi|ri splos, tartb#BiHf o e ^ rnllnr u d Wood u An In tro d u rti to PoUen Anaiyiix) bjr G, E rdlnua (peroni6a Botanica' Co., W sttbau, Masa^ IMS). Hariew i1*A hil by .P.WadakOuae (tooslaiBgUaUaCo,, W dtha, M aia., 15). w fiay F srcr: A Geofrapiucal sad Setaole&l Sarvcy, by E. . Squibb and Sena, Naw York, 10S7. . Ijr TecbaiqUM f t t -Appraiang Ar-Eon* FcpuJatloca of Miaroorgaaluna, poflba Md Insoot {Pkgtepaifu&ttr v" *1, M aroi, 20t-fflS). u Anparstm Tor D etennlm nr th FoUw CoacantmtioQ cf tb e Atmoapbara. by B. J. Co&ft W. F. Snne? and K . `A. Kkatoin (Baamucb DQp&rtizimt, th.e 0atro> Sdlion GoBpony# DatroJtJ. * Tie. Volumetria Xneldant cf AAdi /Altoyjr Val. K , Bcptem'ber, 1043,'p, ^o ABrsanfl, b y 0 . 0 , D urlaai {Journal n Tin Vclanxtri l a d dnnc of AtnkorplacrioABerjaiu^ t i : SimniUneoiu Mearoremaats by Voittmatric izxi O n r ity Bia Afttbodr, b r 0. O. Drfe*ia (/irarnof T ititeryy, Vdl, 16r Mty, lM<r p . S M O . * Air-Bortta Funsor Hebras sa AHrsxu, 0 . 0 . Durbam (AroMeteejf, n. *2~47, Publiolfim Ko. L7,4>nmo JMoeialienferr JA#AdporKcaicnf-c/i9ot>M<, ffM biorton. D .0 .1 ).. ; *" 0 aatiiiC Dtcj b y 3 . 0 . D uBlit and A_ SailiencUr (Amcrfcn* /o u rak i oT rrt.r ,> e b m 7 r itip.i7>-t7r3. | ' BIBUGRAPHy ` AbitFactaaadBttUstinalCmoptbly, ana>i*|and special) Industri*! Hygiapa Poua.da> tion, Iqg^Pilttfeursh^PaJ ' Asrobfolosy Publie&tidn No. .17 CAauricon AtacedaKcn /o r t&* Adroncancirt c(A W*aS*cto*t . Cft IH2>. - `` Air Baaitstlan ad Isdustria) Ye&tibition. by W. Ni Wltbaridsa .CDetrcity M iabr,. IMS). I * ^ A amicsn Indirstrid Hyyictto Aaxoslitioo P p ^ rttrly (4400 FifUk Atx>, BUtafaurgb, H atting S y tte n a wun, s Cleaver-Brooks Company 348 E. Kacfo A ve, Milwaukee IS, Whwomia Compaia 19 to 90O.hp OUKnd CitRver^rookc S tiva Bollori Sei f.CbiiUltred -- Gw Bind Paatory Tested 19 to 309 Ifas peJ. Oil * Gw Find * ar i/ n r la Ali ieaa 73T inn * HU ile txu f. iso j azot i IW l has m m i unr ui UomJi& d 0 ""W IttQ iw r^ BBBK o n BUB GAS I 3 DRJf OIL A ISAS WITH EQUAL B iricsitc Dlognurunotlc lUiutnttfoa to erocf Motion rtprewoutive of the Four-Paw design iaund In CK&v*n Brook models. , The otitetending .feature of the Cte*var-Brcki arenas boiler U. ite prore bleb effidency. Economy of opentins beoeutdhy eBtafclaehnsnemdlat &w> and then absorbing the maximum e/rKrunt of heal In Ike lotir pUMS. ' C LE A Y *M *C >0 * 9 HELPS TOD SELECT THE EXACT STEAM BOILER YOB V A S T TO U S B ? r o t specific n s s a s JOB BATED--Each deYer*Broekj team holler is job rated to meet the steam Mquinmoeb or your plant, A oompeteob Mica enplroothelp* analysa jnUr load *" draaaadi and takes Iota waouat these oOAdUJoasi Maximum eloam re* quirementa In pounds < par hour or boiler none-power, a WBefcttar your alcam load la conalaufc or flee teatin i, end the d e p n d fmetuaUan, The healing load ra- quinuocate. a Standby requlremonle. * Steam procure tv-. auitreerdo agt rpoowitnht of ua*. c r ex ew ioa ite- at pUot fooiQ Pop valve KttioM , Per east of total feed water ntyreed Ai eon. damate, * Tompare,te n of con donante. aSpace and "martin* * FrewUrs flf auke-ap ureter, a Type of fusi anUlabla. * Elea brie eurnat bar- aatariatior. O' srrtnMMaob, 3cggested boUsr room lay out*, * Plant altitude above rea levai. Look for the name "CLEAVERBBOOKSWvaler tba Bailer Section ofyour clasetfad Tlphona Directory1326 Bealing Sditem i i !S n C y c lo th e rm C o rp o ra tio n Sol n*i 3&yealtro Offices O swtgOf Sfw York Ytetorj DUtrtt)ttto Unwgfagst tte Wta< Stato CYCLOTEERM StB A Jl AFE HOT WATER GEUEEATCRS O w n ta ozi Oyeloole Oornbun to li principili- Opta, pleteiy u- ecrttiin wUb. full te ty MB Itola. OU, g i* r loterslung*- abje bm ***4 oii firio 5. Oftly {our oiutcskio&a nq u irad , \ \ \ \ The Cydotila Combwtio*. oper&tinz PnkitucJU nft otiaetid* etuiM Ih fusi fa b* b * M Aveilble io afcancUrf ' loir pressore idi pirBll&S e t high -rrfoalty round ilo ta or highpnuvora*opto300p n H o t 4ba Instd* wU 'o f tb gonbuttioo water gnnsntom tx t alea Vailehla ra eli tinjpber, forninc Yirtgatly * tqq* of Use flema. TtlasnrvioeBUOirerBii&diUfibJy fie lttl beAi transfer o w th* estire Standard A u n er Arrt&gtmeats Ivomc watt wUhout b ai epate. Coae riate uiU'iMiUa <rf bcefi trwurfar u u Foci dU euu edal Re. pretdet qtxteb b u e *a nreli u rw U r tt 80 pee ot affieieBcy w ith tb t r i U ghi Oil. 1 io 3 0600 fcbru 0-13600 foccd BudstanuiM a i . fcwoJe* dnein, Htavy Oti.s, 6 and 15 te 60 fap modele re equipi d Bunker 0 C-3SCO th m C-l&ttf "aa-ctf^ onfcro-^BO-io 40Q bp ksodds bjLTtt rao<fo]ted eoa irci, Auteroetia C u , m ., mred bd ntund &-600 khni 0-13300 tnbuattoa efgruard, loar water od Cotb.lt.oU end em O-SO tkra C-lSOO ether utofcy CBDlrcJ ali lathioed. Cofflb.by.fillaiid g v 0-2800tim i5-13800 satihgs tma p a tm iO M l,d,an *K,u1a5,.0oe .SS 4S.,B1gUr,,DMDD0 i.iirwii.Sgos IMW.K0 IfcgH EbWta* 7* Er. (PoumA ita Xla.ORT6 lCaqO_ MS m79 i.ns },Wm p .M 13Z? Hot Water Tabe GkUout lIratUi Ont-r' (iPMe'RrEtore) . w1 ,.1rs1,S l i KB ,5:S2 17,CU IR ti,5 1t.,1m70 3173,.1K181 a,m q,M R S fi',55 Ita l i . B*hl 77 . T .S SuP 1 8 1 - o re P .