Document EmmZ655Z4kNbyvmzVjO94EOQV

Polychlorinated Biphenyls In the Global Ecosystem I ,,li"i i u HU......... \ II I' " by . Polychlorinated biphenyls arc widely dis I' R. W. RISEBROUGH P. RIECHE Institute of Marine Resources. University of California, Berkeley 94720 D. B. PEAKALL Division of Ecology and Systematlcs. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14750 S. G. HERMAN Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis 95614 M. N. KIRVEN San Diego Natural History Museum, PO Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112 persed In the global ccosysrcm, and are powerful Inducers of hepatic enzymes which degrade oestradlol. Together with other chlorinated biocides, such as DOT, they could account for a large part of the aberration in calcium meta bolism which has been observed In many species of birds since the Second World War. | \l i |il I li|H<l n ('Oliff'llt to\ir l t im* * si^rniMf uni' ll ) livi i mi wc*n l* bid p pnriiMe Declining populations of raptorial an4 fish-eating 2,2-Ws(p-ohlQroDhpny1)othftno), DDD (l,I-dichlm-2,2W# 'In Mr bints in Great IJriiiiiii' nnd North America' have produmd (p-ehlorophenyI)othand) and taxaphona aro dohydra- prey *j>< thin-shelled eggs sinoe the period after the Second World ohlorinated by saponification with alooholie KOH. Hhjm r War. A widespread chnngo in the chemical environment PCB is not degraded by either prooodure. rcmniiiK which affected the calcium phyBioiogy of theao spooies and "f evidently occurred at that time. The ohlorinutod hydro carbons, which catno into general uso in tho 1040s, may now be the most abundant synthotio pollutants present in tho global environment*. Thin oggsholls iiavo boon found only in species which aooumnlato high oonoon- trntions of theso oompounds: relatively iinoontominatod populations of those species oontinuo to produoo normal eggs1-*. Calcium metabolism in birds is intimately related to reproductive metabolism and is to a large oxtont regulated by steroids such as oestrogen and vitamin D`. The (leponition of medullary bone, the chief source of oalcium <lunnK and eggshell fnrtimlien, is oontrolled by the Hb-reid w'X herinones4 ', mid liens ilelasient in vilmnin I-) lay o^h with lower eggslioll weights*. Steroids am hydroxylatod and thoreby dogradod in vivo and in vitro by hepatio enzymes induoed by exogenous, lipid-soluble substances, including the chlorinated hydrocarbons'-14. The relatively small amounts of chlorinatod hydro carbons required to produoe this effect*'11-1*-1*, and the discovery that small amounts of some of the DDT compounds are oestrogenic*'1*'", have made irrelevant much of the ports per million approach to pollutant ecology based on toxicity data alone. In both Groat Britain*1'*4 and North America** it was the decline of the peregrine falcon which initiated conoem about the extent of the harmful effects of environmental contamination. In the United States the eastern popu Table l. CHLORINATED HYDROOARHOirg ur ORTH AMERICA* riRHOUKg falcons Sample DfcMrim 1. Unitstchod eggt BaJjt Callfttmla (wet) t. neoond yi*ar X migrant from ArcUo Breast muscle (wet) Breast miiaclofdry) Brain (wet) C-urcam (wot) Dotcom (liitld) 3. Immature, California! Breast muscle (wot) IJvcr (well Itralu (wet) Drain (lipid) < (wH.) CarcoKs (lipid) 4. Adult, California^ Breast muscle(wot) Liver (wet) Brain (wet) Brain (lipid) Carcass (wet) CarcaM (lipid) 6. Immature^ migrant from Arctio Breast muscle (wet) Breast muscle (dry) Liver (wet) Brain (wet) Body fat (wet) Carcass (wet) Carcass (lipid) 9. Immature Arctic migrant** Breast muscle (wet) Breast muscle (dry) Oil NM XM 0H7 62*6 NK NM 0*01 O-M) 0*11 i*a NM NM 0*31 8*7 1*7 60 XM NM XM XM 0*07 0*44 NM Total DDT* 102 90 20$ Hf 70 5,000 H*4 7*7 2*8 :m ao*t 300 127 77 49*6 695 $5 2,600 2*3 7*8 1*0 0*42 50*3 9*3 63*7 1*9 60 Peroentofs DDK 97 PCB 10-2 94 28 84 9* 21 93 19*7 1,420 90 9-4 92 4-0 HO 1*6 10*3 02 10*8 1(H) * 87 98 80 67 $9 344 416 87 $5 1,980 81 0*18 0*64 92 010 83 0*037 82 3*2 82 0-00 56 89 0*6 1*9 DDTf PCB 10 3*6 4*7 3*6 i*r> 1*7 1*9 !*9 ' 1*2 1*4 1*4 1*3 14 10 12 16 12 3*4 1 found a * **fd* > (l*ryntu h Uliiek (Tii hi."ixith J) |Kipulali 196H no H Kills'll) niimhtr were rm immiiMl I'ync li of 34 | n-r min (!(."> Collected with litti sources <, In Ch been red The renn normally four yom surviving uncontnr lation was extinct before competent observers were Concentrations In parts per million wet weight, dry weight or lipid weight. aware of a general, widespread decline'*. Breeding peregrines persist in apparently normal numbers in British Columbia" and in the Arctio*7'". In 1967 we collected an unhatched, abandoned egg of a peregrine falcon in south-western North America, whore a small remnant population remains (unpublished work of M. N. K., R. W. R. and 8. G. H.). Analysis of this egg (Table 1) showed that it contained almost 5 mg of p,p'-DDE (dichloro-2,2-6w(p-chlorophonyl) othyJone). Unknown peaks present in the chromatograms of the extract of the egg were unidentified until polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were detected in European wildlife**-71. Positive confirmation of the identification was accom plished by mass spectrometry in Bwoden7*. Tho retention times of the unknown peaks in tho peregrine extracts proved to be identical with those of soveral PCB oom pounds on DC-200 and QF-1 oolumns7 and on a mixed SE-30-.QF-X column. Other species of bird^ and fish were subsequently analysed for PCB. Tho chlorine content of several extracts and standards was determined with a Dohrman microooulometric detector and a method of quantification of the PCB oompounds was devised based on peak heights produoed in the electron capture detector related to standard p.p'-DDE*. The DDT oompounds are destroyed by nitration" and P.p'-DDT (1,1,1 -triohloro- DDT residues Include: p.p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD (p,p'-TDE), p.p'-DDMU, o.p'-DDT and o,p'-DDE. MM, Not measured. t Chlorinated hydrocarbon contents of the egg were: 4,700 pg p./i'-DT>E; 40 mU n.p'-DDE; 20 ^g p.p'-DDT: 7*4 pg p,p'-DDD; 37 pg p.p'-DDMU; 6 up dtr.ldrln; 12 Mg heptachior epoxide. Concentrations were calculated by assuming a volume of 47*3 ml., the average value obtained by measuring eleven dutches of peregrine eggs from California In the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, and by assuming a density of 1 -0. X Second year female, raptured in October on the Texas const during migration. Died in captivity shortly sfterwsrds, no apparent cause ef death. No body fat. Total body content of chlorinatod hydrocarbons: 35 mg DDT, 10 mg PCB, 0*44 mg dieklrin, 0*1$ mg heptachior epoxide. Total body lipid, 7 g. f Plumage clmracteristica of both 3 and 4 were intermediate between those of typically resident California birds and the Arctic race F.p. tundritu, at described by White". No. 3 was an immature female of the year trapped Id the southern San Francisco Bay area in the winter of 1066. Observed feeding in the area for a week before capture. Died suddenly after eating a dead gull. Moderate body fat. Total body chlorinated hydrocarbon content: 18 mg DDT, 6*8 mg PCB, 0*07 mg dleldrln, 0*09 mg heptachior epoxide. Total body lipid, 43 g. II Adnit female. Trapped in the southern San Francisco Bay area In the winter of 190$. Observed feeding in the area for a month before capture. Died shortly afterwards with no apparent cause of death and no body fst. Total body chlorinated hydrocarbon content: 62 mg DDT, 40 mg PCB. 1*0 mg dleldrln, 1*0 mg heptachior epoxide. Total body lipid, 20 g. t First year female trappod on "the Texaa ooait In October. Lost at Pt Mugu, California, the following January and wss shot by a anortamaa 3 wceka later Abundant body fat. Total body content: 7 mg DDT, 0*6 mg PCB, 0*06 mg dleldrln, 0-17 mg heptachior epoxide. Total body HpM, 110 g. Pint year female trappod on the Texas coast in October. Died shortly after wards of beat prostration. Ia Table 1 are presented the result* of analyses of peregrine faloona whioh died from a variety of oauaes J spech Eared grel>e Whole Ikx BUrk pet it I Wlwile bod Least petrel. Whole bod Eggs Fish hat (3) Whole bod CraverPs nun Eggs (one < Whole bod Whole bod EiegAnt tern Egg* Heennnnn's i Eggs ontrnt _\ll RIM each pri-y *pr one norih.vn least petivlR, petrei: lArvilrrrmdi t Not nu 1 Both C| DSW 332235 STLCOPCB4078811 Iw lely ditm, and nzymes ogether s, such a large i meta in many World olivdro- KOH. DDT/ PCB 10 l-S 4-7 3-3 i-r 1-7 1-0 l-S 1-4 1-4 l 14 10 It 10 It 3-4 pld weight. p,p'-TDE), p.p'-dde: p'-PDldT; nmJat^c' hv Di`M*u?nir M tVrdinc K a dona , content: f epoxide. re* In the j capture, body fat. m| PCB. .pet at Pt >rUfmn 8 T, O U mg lid. no s. *d ahortijr yaea of otinM short ly iilli-r Ix-mg (rupix-d for falconry. bigiiilicuiil aniniiiits of IVB were present in Arr-tic |x-regrim-s only n low mom It* olrl (Von. !i mill 11), Iml higher ii'Kithies were present in n second your Aral in bird (No. 2) mill exceptioniilly high residues wen1 present in nn iviliilt trnp|x-d in ('nlifomin (No. *). In birds 2 and 4 I In- tolnl lipid n-m-rvin \v-n' very low, mul in Ixith tin- bruin i-oiu-i-ntrnlioiift of DDK mul It'll won- high. p-rliii|iH ut toxic levels. Fill mobilir.ulion during rvpnxhiol ion or in times ol starvation or stress con 111 lx- rx|xx-.(<Hl to cause significant i-liiingi-ft in the inti-runl dint rilmt ion of chlori nated hydrocarbons. Steroid hydroxylase activity in tho liver miglit increase at this time. Dieldrin concentrations lower than in tile peregrines analysed in Britain, Iml DDK concent rat ions were approximately com pand do**. Tnhie 2 pn-si-iilx tile results of analyst's of |K-regrine prey *|x-fics. remains of which wen- cnlli-cU-d at eyrieH in llnjn ('nlifomin, Mexico. With tho exoeptkm of the n-innins of ono itiouming dove (Zenaidura macroura) nnd of threo fish bats (Pizonyx invest), prey material found at four eyries consisted of sea birds. Of these, the cared grebe (Podicep* oaspiem) and the black petrel (Loomelania melania) constituted 32 and 2S per cent, respectively, of the remains. Black petrels, like other petrels and shearwaters (Table 3), contained especially high concentrations of both DDT and PCB. Reproductive success in this population of peregrines seems to bo subnormal. In 10(18 no pairs were observed t-o hutch or fledgo more than n single young. In the past, two t-o four young, the number normally produced liy healthy porogriiioM,*-,,I were raiw-il by each pair (I,. W. Walker, |s-rxoual eoiu- nmnicul ion). The lhicku<-sx of fragments of a ix'fogriuc eggshell, with its mcnihrnuo, eollix-Uxl in 1008 below an eyrie whom ono young hatched, was 0-24 mm, a decrease of 34 |K-r cent from (ho mean thickness of 0-34 mm0-()l.ri nun (!).ri per oout coiifidenoo level) in twcuty-tliroo eggs collet led in tho aron before 1947. Tho rogion is wildomoss, with little or no human interference, and is remote from sources of pollution. In California, numbers of breeding peregrines have been reduced by at least 80 pier cent in recent years. The remaining few pairs, however, seem to be reproducing normally and rear, when undisturbed, between two and four young each year. They are found, like most of tho in Great Britain*1 ", iu a relati vol v region and seem to be feeding <40 bo rb which cnuliiin low eiiiii-i-iil nil inns nf cldoriiiilcd hydro- earlsins. A pair which fledged (line young in 111118 fed chiefly on piussei np-s and eiilmiiliibirines during tho linssling season. Bot.li pn-y groups me relatively un- coutuiuiiiun-d (M. N. K., It. W. I!, and S. <1. II., in preparation). A clutch of eggs colleeied in (Ins region wi Iglssl as much as the eggs olilaiii'-d in prewar years, whi-n-as other jx-regrino eggs from ('idifornia c ollected since the t-s-eimd World War have lss-n thin-shelled (n f. 2. and l>. W. Anderson, I). Hickey mid It. K. Christen- sen, in pit-)iration). Despite oflieiiil pmlecliou the surviving birds art- Htill subjected to shoot ing liy s|Hirtsmeu and to harassment at the eyries. If llieso could Ihi effect ively reduced the popiiliil ion might yet survive. In Table 3 arc presented I he resulls of analyseM of iiiarmi- and Is rresl.rial lards mol of I lin-e s|s-iiH of fresh water lishes bir II 'll mol IH )T run lent and eoueenl rat ion. From the ratio of total DDT lo If'It, ll is apparent that regional fallout patterns exist. In most of the. birds from San Francisco Bay which have Is-eii analysed, including peregrine falcons (Table 1) and eggs of the western gull, the Caspian tern and the black-crowned night heron (Table 3), the ratio was botwix-n one and two. Another black-crowned night heron egg had a typically "ocean" profile, suggesting that the adult female had wintered along the coast. In most of tho birds from the Farallou Islands, which are 27 miles west of the Golden Gate Bridge, this ratio was between 2 and A. In the Gulf of Panama, whore PCB contamination might coino from tho ('anal Zone and industrial un-os in I'anoinu City, tho rat io is Is-twism 1 and 2 (Table 3). In the Gulf of California, a region relatively remote limn (he Hourees of either DDT or 1`Cli contamination, ( In- ratio was in most eases approximately I) or 1(1. This was true in tho egg of the peregrine falcon ('fable 1), in all of the black pietrols and least [xitrols analysed, in (lie Crovcri'x murrelets (Table 2), in live of Hix osprey eggs and in six of sovon western gull eggs (Table 3). Among the exceptions tho fish hat, with low concontrat ions of both DDT and PCB, was the most divorgent, with a ratio of 43 (Table 2). It is not clear whether this reflects differences between avian and mammalian physiology or a fundamental difference in feeding habits. The other exceptions include specie* which are present in the area only during the breeding season (Table 2). In sea birds from tho Pacific the ratio was usually lxitw<s-n 0 and JO Ci'uble 3)- J-'CJ} wus noi b/uiuj ui v.ggi vf ,(|bv Ad'iUv Taitut pcs axp nnT nr pxsr srsciiw 0y i-v.rkirixx nr m oulp op oiLjpoxiru -p-'Ciri* L.ri -1 grebe (13) Wl-olft body Li-wlc petrel (10) Wliole body Le-i.t petrel (8) Whole body Eeg Fish but (S) Whole body CraverCs inurrelet (J) Egga (ooe clutch) Who]. liody, idolt WV-le body, adult Et-jur.t tern (1) Esc* Hrennann'i roll (1) Egg N -S 8 8 t 7 X 1 1 ft 3 DDT (ft<) -- 810 (88S-U44) M 80 (88-87) 26 (18-31) 8301 (223-238) 37*1 283 15-3 ( (9*8-24*3) 193 (94-278) DDT (p.p.m.) 0-ZS, O H. ia-i * (W>--^ Percentage DDE 97 81 S-JCVF) 88 84 0-71 (W) 02 Sfl(L) 0-S1 (W) 2-4 (W) 5-0 (L) 80 h:, 90 4S(L) 95 FOB (Sf) NMt -- 3-1 (1-3-60) 0M (0-43-1-M) -- _ -- -- -- PCB (p.p.m.) 1-0(W) (0-90-1-14) 0-33 CW) 0 02 (W) 4* (I) 0-039 (W) 0*20 <W> lft(L) (0-8 3-0) 81 <L) (3-6-n-3) DDT/ PCB -- 9-2 9*8 10 43 8-7 70 9-2 30 6-9 Content In sg of whole boillee and eggt; onnoentratlone In p.p.m. wot welfht (W) or lipid weight (L) , -A 11 .p ccl-men* a we-r-e- c--oll-e--c--t-e--d---In t--he v--ic.i.n....i.t,y --of -f-o--u--r.a.peregrine eyrie. In B.Je vCwalmifonriniiiaa. Number* In parentbrae* ait tlte number of rertmin* of rich prry speclM which were found at the eyriee. Alo found were remain* of one cormorant (Phaiacrocorax tp), one red phalarope {PkeUanypu* fuiinnui), one northern phAlnrope (Loinpmlo^ulut) nod one mo^mlns 4ore (Ztn*id*r* mtectown), but kxcal tpeoimene of tbeee epeeftee were not anaiyeed. Sen of iet*t pefirUi, elegant term and Heermann'e guile were from different ehitchee. Eared grebe: Podiatp* eciyiciu; black petrel: Loomtimni* m*UnU\ lout w**crwtH*i B*h bat: Pitonyx nimi; CrmTeii'a murrelet: Endomyekm* ermtwri; elegant tern: TSulanw efepcm; Heermann'e gull: t Not mearared. Iitarfertoi peaks oa efanseiocruM. : Both egp etoo eoataJaed 0 A 9.9A 4Wdrte(iTptdI wwe*ight) end ChlT p.pjL endrfn (llptd weight). DSW 332236 STLCOPCB4078812 ly diti, and lymes [ether such large metamany Vorld 8,2-5** IjrriroKOH. imbivs DDT/ PCB 10 35 4*7 a-a 1-7 1'9 1-9 l'S 1-4 t-4 1-t 14 10 It 10 11 34 weight. -TDB), 'DDK: DDMU; ated by asurlng ttobrate f of 1-0. during f death. in thone rint, u pped In feeding n dead onlrnt: poitde. t In Uw lapture. >dy fat. g PCD, it at Pt amu 3 0-4 nag I, 110 I. shortly tea of lauaea i Utftf aliiiillv nflcr living lrnp|x\l for fitlninry. Kigiiifirnut iimimiilx nf IVH ivi'rr prvxont in Arrtir peregrines only ii (i w iiioiiiIih old (N'u.i. f> mill II), lull higher residues were present ill n second year Arctic bird (No. 2) and except iomilly high residues were present- in nil adult Implied in ('nlifoniin (No, 4). In birds 2 and 4 (lie total lipid reserves were very low, and in luitli the hmin coueenlrations of DDK and 1VI$ wen' high. perhapH at (oxic levola. Fat mohtU/jvtiou during n'pnHlnctiou or in times of stnrviitinu or stress eould lie expected to online significant changes in the internal distribution of chlori nated hydrocarbons. Steroid hydroxylase activity in tho lit er might. increase at this time. Dicldrin concentrations were lower than in tlio peregrines analysed in Britain, but DDE concentrations were approximately com parable*4. Table 2 presents the results of analyses of peregrine urej- specie*, rpmni>M of which wnfo eelIcetod (it t'yritw ill Baja California, Mexico. With the exooption of the remains of one mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) and of three fish bats (Pizonyx trice**), prey material found at four eyries consisted of sea birds. Of these, the eared grebe (Podicepe aupictu) and the black petrel (Loomelania melanin) constituted 32 and 25 per cent, respectively, of the remains. . Black potrcls, like other petrels and ahearwaters (Table 3), contained especially high oonohntrations of both DDT and PCB. Reproductive success in this population of peregrines seems to be subnormal. In 19(18 no pairs were observed to hatch or fledge more than a single young. In the past, two to fou^ young, the number normally produced by healthy peregrines**'", wore raised by each pair (L. \V. Walker, personal com munication). The tluckncss of fragments of a peregrino eggshell, with its membrane, collected in 1968 below an eyrie whore one young hatched, was 0-24 mm, a decrease of 34 per cent from the mean thickness of 0-34 mm 0 015 mm (95 per cant confidence level) in twenty-three eggs collected in the area before 1847. The region is wilderness, with little or no human interference, and is remote from sources of pollution. In California, numbers of breeding peregrines have been reduced by at least 80 per oent in recent years. The remaining few pairs, however, seem to be reproducing normally and rear, when undisturbed, between two and in Great Britain**-*4, in a relatively region and ueem to be feeding on birds whirli contain low coiiccut rat ions of clilui in ili'd hydro- carlsaiH. A |uiir which fledged I hoe young III lltllH fed chiefly on passerines and cohiiiihitbriiieH during the brooding season. Both prey groups hit relatively uu- cniitnmiiiiitcd (M. N. K.. It. VV. It. and S. (I. If., in preparation). A clutch of eggs collected ill this region w iglicd as iniicli as the eggs olitaiicsl in pre-war years, whereas other pen-grine eggs from <'iililornm eol levied since the Seeimd World War have Is-en thin-shelled (n f. 2, and I). W. Anderson, J). Ilickey and It. F. (diristou- sen, in pre|Mirutinn). Despite oflieial protection the surviving birds ure still suhjtsded to slits >( ing by s|saismeu and to harassment at the eyries. If lliese could Isi efTeclively reduced tlio (Mipiilat ion might yet survive. In Table 3 are presented (he results of analyses of marine and terrestrial lards and of tliris< s|ie.ieK of freshwator fishes fur 1VB rt||(| DDT conteiit npd eotioenl nit jiai. fntltt lllft Hltio (if total 1)DT to IVII, if. is ap|sirent that regional fallout patterns exist. In most, of the birds from San Francisoo Bay which have Iston anulysed, including peregrine falcons (Table I) and -ggs of the western gull, tho Caspian tern and the black-crowned night heron (Table 3), tho ratio was between one and two. Another black-crowned night heron egg had a typically "oooan'' profile, suggesting that the adult female had wintered along the coast. In most of the birds from tbe Faraltuu Islands, which are 27 miles west of the (lolden Gate Bridge, this ratio was between 2 mid 5. In tho Gulf of Panama, where PCB contaminat ion might come from the Canal Zone and industrial arcus in Panama City, the ratio is botwoon 1 and 2 (Tabic 3). In the Gulf of California, a region relatively remote from tlie sonroos of either DDT or PCB contamination, tho ratio was in most coses approximately 9 or 10. This was true in the ogg of tho peregrine falcon (Table 1), in all of the black petrels and least petrols analysed, in the Craveri's murrelets (Table 2), in five of six osprey eggs and in six of seven western gull eggs (Table 3). Among the exceptions the fish bat, with low concentrations of both DDT and PCB, was the most divorgent, with a ratio of 43 (Table 2). It is not clear whether this reflects differences between avian and mammalian physiology or a fundamental difference in feeding habits. The other exceptions include speciee which are present in the area only during the breeding season (Table 2). In sea birds from the Pacific tbe ratio was usually between 6 and 10 (Table 3). PCB was not found in eggs of the Adelie penguin from Cape Crosier, Antarctica. Table 1. rC* AID DDT IV 1T raoin or rsaaouiri raiooira iv THi oulv or oiuroarru Specif** DDT K (*f> DDT (p.p.m.) PtroenUfe DDR PCB <jm) PCB (p.p.m.) DDT/ PCB Eared irebe (13) Whole body BUek petrel (10) Whole body Lrnt petrel (8) Whole body Egga FMi bat (3) Whole body Craverl'a murrelet (S) Eiga (one dutch) Whole body, adult Wliole body, adult S 6 9 9 7- 2 1 1 - 810 | (888-1,344) 99 30 (83-37) . ' : M' (16-91) , ' 2301 (929-299) 37*1 296 0*88, 0 88, 18-1 9-8 (W)- 3-8 (W) 0-71 (W) 89 (L) o*i rw) *'4(W) 7 81 99 84 02 80 85 66 NMt -- _ M (1-9-60) 0-68 (0*46-1*00) -- ---- 10<W) (0*90-1-14) 0 38 <W) 0 08 <W) 4-5 (L) 0-030 (W) 088(W) -- *3 9 10 49 9-7 7-9 1 Elegant ten (1) Fap Hrennann'a gull (1) Efga 8 16*6 ^ 5-0 (L) (9*9-24'9) 3 195 (94-278) 48 (L) 0 5 -- 7- 1-8 <L) (0-8-S-8) 81 (L) (8-6-11-8) 9-9 59 Content in sg of whole bodlea and egg*: oonoentratlona In p.p.m. wet weight (W) or lipid weight (L). AH specimens weae collected In the vicinity of four peregrine eyrlca In Bala California. Tfumbera In porentlwaea are the number of remalna of each prey bpeeler which were found at the eyrlea. Alao found were remalna of one oormorant (PAalacroeormc rp), one red phalarope (PkaUroput faliraritu), one northern phalarope (EeMpar iobalut) and one mourning dove (ItnmUurs aMcroww), but looal apeehnena of them apedea wen no* analyeed. Bgga of leart petrela, elegant lerua and Beermann'a gulla ware from different dutches. Bared grebe: Podietpt eaapimw; black petrel: Lmulmma matauue: least petrel: Haiocyptena micnaoma ; flah bat: Piztmifz maaat; Craveri's murrelet: Eniompckm erwatri; elegant ten: Tkalamnu stream; Heennaan'a gull: Lmnu ktrrmatmi. t Xot i md. Interfering peaks oa itkimilnaiaiua ] Both < alao cooUlaad 8 08 p.p.m. dMitlia iffptd weight) and 0-17 p.p.m. endrtn (llpM wntght) DSW 332237 STLCOPCB4078813 him Table 1. rcH amp put in thi olobal kxmtstbm Speclr While crapple (1) Bliick rranpk (2) lUlH'fllll (.1) Adrlk' penguin (4) K*t*s Wi'strrn gn-lw' (6) Itrrnst mitsrlr Kuhiiiir (6) A II O Plnk-fooM slwanratsr (7) Sooty shrnrwater (8) A It C Klomtrfdrfllcil shrarwaler (9) Asliy prtrel (10) llnmn fU'Uf/ih (It) Eggs. I'niumim Kgt, |1*|a rntlOwnta Krlsnlr-lilrtl (I2)r I'm tamo Brown Ihh>Iiv (I3)rgf^ I'anamn BrsiHlt's rormorant(14) eggs Pflnaic cormonint(16) emr* Clnunmon teal (16) WHI.-tall^l kite (17) Ktrs, rluioh A Vnh:d('lM*it egg tf CttluttH^I egg C i 'hitch /> clutch a; Clutch F Cooper's hnwk (18) Oolilen rack (10) egg Osprey (20), Baja California Merlin (21) Anierlcnn kestrel (22) Whole l*ody, Eggs, tiro clntches lUaek-crowncd night Iwron (2S) K*8 Egg Western gull (24) Eggs, Sun Francisco Huy, three clutches Eggs, Farailcnlt., tenciutclw* Eggs, Raja Calif., even eiutelws Forster's tern (25) egg* Caspian tern (26) Eggs, tan Francisco Ray Eggs, tan Diego Red pirn In rope (27) Common murre (23) eggs Casein** anklet (29) Ancient murrelet (30) Rhinoceros suklet (31) Mourning dove (32) Bum owl (39) F.ggs. one clutch Eggs, one clutch Meudowlnrk (34) N 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 4 17 2 1 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 6 1 t $ 1 1 4 10 7 2 2 5 1 6 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 Totot DDT (alt (p.p.in.) ___ 1-83 (W) z 5-IO(W) 6-6 (W) 0-7S (0*W> 1-04) 0-IZStU SIM (W) -- -- 10.475 2.000 0-41 (W) J-4 <W) 17-fi (W) S0(W) -- _. 1,265 12S(W) 10 * (W) SS(W) 32 0 (W) 1 / su2.15a8usii MS(W) 50 (IM 1HS> 50 (47 50) 9*9. 8-7. 30*0 20 8 (16*4-24*6) 326 128 025 130) 4.340 . III (9*8 12*9) 5*1 r.:t . 8*3/g 10`2/egg 31*0/egg 8.500 150 127 (80-264) 435 61 **4/egg 116(h) 100(1.) 6*(L) -- -- 10 9 <W> 0-76 (W) tt*4 (W) 0*30 (W) -- 9 0 (L) -- 25-2 (W) 2*0 (W) 66 (L) 2*9 (V0 0*044 O-fO(W) 541 MO 803 (632-1.123) 412 102 8661230 665 (SIM-732) 1,269 (1.216-1,822) 1,430 (Wl-2,430) ---- 1.945 (032-3.621) ___ ___ ___ 12 0, 33*1 27-7/egg 143/egg 21*2, 448 -- . ___ -- 0*78 (W) 161 (L) 6-8 (W) 0-76 2*7 0-19 (W) 1*26 (W) 6*6 (W) 0*18, 3-3 (W) Permit age IMK 6 6 6 74 5 76 89 96 93 94 86 H6 92 96 g| (47-76) 61 86 HQ 01 90 70 77 82 73 82 67 80 00 96 86 94 89 93 89 99 85 89 97 89 89 88 79 90 98 90 . 97 ^'77,93 96 96 77,93 Odt) __ -- -- PCIl <0*044 Kt/egg -- __ -- 6,900 277 __ * NM 3M0 (SON 189) 231 (IM 30) 10*4 (9*0 117) 8*4, 5-7. 84 0 12'2 (6-6-18*9) 113 62 (48-75) 04 (5-5 7 8) tlHi 3*0 4-3/egg 4*0/egg 8`8/egg -- 17-6 (7*8, 3 0, 103) (24, 7*0, 19) 66-4 8*7 l*0/eg* 330 23 806 (680-1,310) 186 66 46 90 114 (91-187) 803 (660-050) 1.010 (660-1,600) 668 (364-1.010) -- Not detected 10-4/egg 14'4/egg 2-6. 26 1 (p.p.m.) 0-004 (W) tH8 0-005 Dlsl IVB 475 r.r.i, 1,200 > IK (1tW (W) 0*08 (W) 0*34 (W) 6*5 (W) 0-42 (W) 1*2 (W) 0-9 (W) 21 <W) * <W> s -- 4-8 (L) -- __ 0*91 __ -- -- -- -- 6-3 0-2S (W) -- 0**9 (W) CWBt 8*09 (W) . 270 r, 10 2-7 7-2 10 12 15 5-6 1 56 <0 97 3 2) a n. 4*o l-l, 1 5,0-4 1*7 2-9 2-1 12 l-H U-0 i-n 2-0 2-tl K-; 4-0 8-5 8*6.10*1,1*3, 11-2, 9-7, IM 12`7 1*4 2-8 __ 1*6 -- 36 __ 1*0 -- 3*0 _ 9*1,10*5,5 0, 12*3,10*4, 10 7, 19-A 5-6 0-10 45 (L) 0-16 0-15 0-36 -- 0*47 (W) 0-66 (W) -- 1-7 1*4 K 3-5 30 5 d -- 2*7 10 8-4, 15-9 Content In//g end ooneentretlona In p.p.m. wet weight (W) or lipid weight (L). .. . . ,. .. _____. ,. ^ ,, . . . ~~ Unless otln?rwl*e specified, Analyses were of whole bodies. Endrln and dieldrin were Identified on the basis of retention times on both QF-l and DC-TOO oolumns. - 1. Pomnri* snhh284 g. Clear Lake, Lake Co., Calif., May 1968. 2. Pomnrit niffrommcvkUu*. 212 g. Clear Lake, ljlkc Co., Call!., May 1968. 3. Lfpomi* mnrrockin/t, 229 g. Clear Lake, Lake Co., Calif., May 1968. 4. PyfotirrU* ndfiiae. Cape Crosier, Antarctica, Octolicr 1967. 5. Arckmophnru* occidenitdit, Clear take. Lake Co., Cnlif., May 1968. ,,. , ., . 6. FttlmanuM fftaciali*. A and fl: Monterey Ilay, Calif., November 1, 1966. C: Point tteyei, Calir., Deeemlirr 1967. Fulmar* breed In Alaska. 7. pHffknHM rrralopuM. Breeds in Chile. Collected in May 1968. In the Oulf of California, ^ ,, . 6, pmfiHtta gris/Ms. Breeds in New Zealand and Chile. A and Ji: Monterey Bay, November 1, 1966. C: Oulf of California, May 1966. XV, Not measured, Interfering peaks. 1 9. l*vjjln*a tenvirilru. Breeds In Australia. Monterey liny, December 1966. 10. Or+nnodroma AomorAros. Farnllon Islands, Calif., May lOOrt. M 11. /*Wsraj orridards/i't Pans ms eggs wore collect'd on Isla Pacheca and Isla Psehequllla. Oulf of PanAiun, February 1P08. One egg contained 0 06 p.p.m. dlekliin and 0-66 p.p.m. endrln. anbthcr contained 016 p.p.m. dieldrin and 0*07 p.p.m. endrln (lipid weight), tala Californiat <egg* were collected at Bahia de los Angidos. March 1968. One egg contained 0*24 p.p.m. dieldrin and 1*13 p.p.m. endrln (Hp*d weight). 12. Fr*qat+ magnijictn*. Isla Pacbeca, Panama, February 1968. ,, .' n ^ 13. 5/ leHcofwdfr. IsU Pscheoa and IsU PacheauUb. Panama. February 1968. Two eggs were analysed for dMdrin and endrln. DteMrln. 0 06, 018 p.p.m.; endrln: 0*06 and 0*011 p.p.m. (lipid Weight). 14. PhAiMCTOcormx pniriIUtm$. Farallon Islands, May 1967. ] 5. Pknlmeroeormx peteftcus. San Mateo Co., CpUf. 16. .(mi ereaentere. tan Diego, April 1966. Adult ,reals. ,, ,. ___ ., . n 17. EUnna Umemi A : Contra Oo*U Co., Calif., April 1966. B and C: Contra Cost* Co.. May 1966, two and three young raised* reapnotlvely. D- Abandoned. Contra Ctwto Co., May 1967. E and F: Destroyed nests. Contra CoaU Co., March 1966. l i \ .m :tj In i Willi (li-ll-r (llj'lll I Ill'll llll *. I III, HH <) minu ter, < Kmit. i :m; + ..r n, Krnii* In 1. tin- ( Tin- J aij'nif <w- : Bn 8IKi ( . in 8 8 with t Shell.-:hams Coliirr flint f ajrricu frurte nail a remot out* I coneei ultrav mul ti mi-. has n Il'uilt-r rate o nmriu' 8I11IMI1 anti S. of ini fallimi The water miumj, grilles ehlorii No Pt tin- A have p,*re(^Piiniiii Table minlyshigli rt hawks some r DSW 332238 STLCOPCB4078814 IMMlUN*i. VUL. UtttMBtH 14. I960 I tot DI>T 1*CB 475 fWO I.2U0 > 19 570 10 io Table 3 (continue) l>. Arripitrr raaprni. HnUmui Park. San l)lrgn, February 1668. li>. fkrftwUm. Snt> Lul* <*.. Calif., April )968. ilk-klrin, 1-A/rg of liriilnrhlor r|vnxk|r, hilt no cnilrin. Flrtt year frm*k\ lk^l of Irfcltomoiiiasifl. Unhctchcd egg in oral where one young wu rainH. Kg* alan contained 4-7 ug of jo. I'amfioM knliarlHM. iiwlf of California, Mnmh 1068. One egg alto contained 010 p.p.m. dieldrin and 0-25 p.p.m. riMlrln (L). 21. /Wfi rnfuwtmritit. Immaturr, 1'lnh, December 1007. --- parreriu*. Adult w.- Mik'd on road, Memloctno Co., Calif., December 1007. Kgp from Davie, California, 1009. 23. fftii-untr wfctMvni. Kgg* front different alulettra, San Kmncltoo Bay, May 1007. 24. /.ar* (vriWcntff/i>. Htnmlnrd error*, 05 per cent confidence limits. 25. sum* fortirri. San Diego liar, May 1067. 26. lludroprof*f raagig, 1067. 27. I'hnhirortHi fwlintriHt. Monterey liny. November 1, 1066. 28. ('rim tHiiff. Fatalkm Inland*. Mny 1067. 20. 1'tfH`hnrnmphif* *frnttrt*a. Famlkm lalamto, April 1066. 30. SuHfhHbornmphHt mitigHHM*. Monterey Hay. November 1. 1066. 31. (VrwAtaca wanorerafa. Monterey Bay, November 1, 1066. 32. ZrntfitfHrM macrof/r. San Diego, July 1068. 33. Tvtn alhtt. Clotch A from Contra Conte Co., Calif., March 1068. Clutch B from Yolo Co.. Calif., April 1068. 31. stwrueltn negfrrU?. Davln, Calif.. IVeember 1067. 15 55 (007-3 2) 6 5. 4*0 1-B. 1 5,0-4 3*7 12 1-8 60 1-5 20 2-rt 9-5 4-0 8-5 1-6. 10*1. I I, 1*2,0*7. Il l 12-7 1-4 2*3 1-6 36 1-0 3-0 H, 10-5, 5 0, US, 16-6. 10-7, 10-6 58 1-4 8 3-5 3ft 5 8 2-7 10 8-4, 16-0 and DC-200 Jaaka. I. NM. Not C8 contained ilfornla egga sidlin'. 0-06. ctivrly. D: I In tlime, however, the ninoiint of DDT was very low; with n DDT:PCII ratio of 18, no PCB would have been detected. A larger amount of fat material from Antarctic organisms, which would contain moro DDT, would therefore have to be analysed before concluding that PCB has not yet reached the Antarctic. Individuals of species resident in industrial areas have, ns expected, higher PCB levels than individuals of thn same species from more remote regions. Analysis of ten eggs from ten clutches of the western gull from the Furallon Islands showed an average PCB content of 136 55 gg (05 per cent confidence level). PCB content of four eggs from three dutches from an island in San Francisco Bay averaged 805 pg with a range from 580 to 1,310 (Table 3). Seven eggs from seven clutches in the Gulf of California contained 45 30 pg of PCB. The DDT content of the eggs from the Farallons was not significantly different. from that of tho Baja California eggs. Birds from the Gulf of California also oontain dieldriu ami endrin (Tables 2 and 3), but tho number of analyse is as yet insufficient to compare their relative abundance with that of DDT and PCB. Despite the inability of the Sliell Chemical Company to fir-d any chlorinated hydrocar bons in tho Gulf of California and at the mouth of the Colorado River**, which drains into the Gulf, it is likely that 60ine do enter from the Colorado River and from agricultural areas in western Mexico. A significant fraction, however, must como from the atmosphere**, ami nir transport best explains the pirwnce of PCB in remote ureas. In extracts from the Gulf of California one l'CB cotn|Miund was present in relatively small concent rations. This compound is readily dogradod by ultraviolet light irradiation in laboratory experiments, mid may therefore bo selectively degraded in the atmosphere. Although PCB is not soluble in water, it lias a low but finite vapour pressure*'. Incineration of materials containing PCB would greatly increase the rate of entry into the atmosphere. PCB is used in the manufacture of many industrial products, so the high amounts found in San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound* and San Diego Bay presumably result from direct discharge of industrial wastes into these waters and from local fslluut. Tin* presenco of PCB in tho fow land birds and fresh water fish analyst-d indicates that it is also distributed among continental ocosyBtems in North Amerioa. Pere grines could therefore acquire PCB, as woll as the other chlorinated hydrocarbons, over all thoir global range. No PCB residue data are available for prey species from the Atlantic, but compounds which seem to be PCB have boon isolated from seals'*. A second year male peregrine spent the winter of 1967-68 on Isla Pachoca, Panama, where tho pelican, booby and frigate-bird eggs of Table 3 were collected. The Conj^er's hawk which was analysed, a species which also preys upon birds, contained high residues of both DDT and PCB (Table 3). Cooper's i hawks have declined in eastern North Amerioa and in some regions have produoed thin-shelled eggs*4. Several species of rnptors do not accumulate high ainounls of tho organn-chlorine compounds (Table 3), a result of the very low residue levels usually found in their prey. American kestrels and bam owls are common residents of California citioe. The whito-tailed kite, which was near extinction 40 years ago in California, is now abundant in areas where insecticide use is intense, yet because it preys primarily upon the short-lived and herbivorous vole, Microtus, the species accumulates vory little DDT or PCB (Table 3). Previous work1* has shown that both DDT and dioldriu induce hepatic enzymes in tho pigoon which, in an in vitro preparation, increase tho metabolism of progesterone and testosterone. This work has now boon extended to study the motabolism of oestradiol by enzymes induced by p,p'-DDE, technical DDT (Dupont) and PCB (`Aroclor 1202'). Tho experimental procedure previously doscrilx'd11 was followod except that the chlorinated hydrocarbons were injected intramuscularly rather than give.n orally, and in tho separation of oestradiol and its metabolites tho solvent system used was tho upper layer of a mixture of benzene: heptane: mothanol: water 7:3: 8: 2. The strips were monitored with an autographic strip scanner. The profiles obtained for the various inducing agents are shown in Fig. 1. It will be noted that the profiles of the metabolites obtained after enzyme induction using DDE and DDT are identical, but that a different metabolite is produced by the enzyme induoed by PCB. Tho amount of metabolites formed was calculated from tho radio activity of tho peaks. Tho results obtained are givett in Table 4. Table 4. increarii or oestradiol hetaboliku by I'Ideox livkr hohoOBNATBS FROM BUDS TRIATED WITH YARIOUS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Amount of polar metabolite, formed In msmolet Control DDE <40 mg/ks) DDT (40 mg/kg) PCB (20 mg/kg) 34*8 0*6 7(1*2 13*1 08*1111*2 180*0 10-5 Each figure la the average with standard deviation of a group of four btrda. In all casea 500 mrmolea of oestradtol-8,7-T (500 mCi/mmole) was present In the Incubation mixture. Incubation time 30 min, weight of microsomal fraction uaed 800 mg. All chlorinated hydrocarhone were Injected Inlramuacularly Into the pectoral muscle 7 days before death. Body concentrations of 40 p.p.m. of p,p.'-DDE signifi cantly increased the rate of oestradiol degradation by the induced enzymes in tho experimental conditions. On a weight basis tho PCB preparation had an oestradiol degrading potential approximately five times that of p,p'-DDE or technical DDT. Both DDE and PCB, which are apparently tho most abundant of the chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants in the global ecosystem, have therefore the capacity to produoe sublethal physiological effects in birds. Studies on the activity of induced enzymes in the rat at various tiinos after a single injection of DDT or dieldrin have been mado by Ghazal et of.**. He found that it took 70 days for the activity to fall to half its maximum value in the case of DDT and 16 days in the case of dieldrin. Experiments with dieldrin on pigeons DSVV 332239 STLCOPCB4078815 CONTROL This work was Hii|i| wnliil by tin' US Xutmiml Si-ii-uint Koumlation, the lliimuii of N|>orl KikIkth h and Wildlife and (ho US I'ublic Health Service. J'uro 1)|)K was supplied by the Federal Drug Adiiiiuisl ration, and samples of `Aroclor' by tho Monsanto Chemical Company. Flf. 1. Chromatographic ecpsration of oeetrsdlol and IU metabolites The Uric peak la unaltered ocatradM. gliow that only a quarter of maximum activity remains after a month. Thus there is evidence that the effects of these induced enzymes can persist over a long period of time although more studies are needed to determine the steroid degrading potentials of livers of those species contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. The profile of the metabolites should be some indication of the history of exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons. The reductions in eggshell thickness and eggshell weight increase the chanoos of egg breakage*1-", and water retention, which affects hutching success**-41, might bo impaired. The cnviroiunont in whioh birds now exist is therefore no longer the sarho as that in which they evolved; it is unlikely that any species has the genetic capacity to meet the selection pressures resulting from the abrupt environmental change which has produced the thin eggshells. The peregrine falcon is a species long highly revered and respected. G. H. Thayer4* has described it as "the embodiment of noble rapacity and lonely freedom''. An irony therefore exista in the fact that the peregrine may be the first species to be extirpated by global contamination. RivHvpiI August 26; rrvlsnl Novrmhrr 14. ions. 1 H ibllffi-. I). A., Nature, 216, 2OR (1067). 1 lllrki'v, I. J.. mill An<lnm>n,.l>. W.. Srienrr, ltt, 271 (IOOSJ. 1 Itlw-lirougli, It. w.f In Chemical Fallout, Firat Rneheelrr Conference. ok Toxicity (In llw proea, 1D0H). Slmkim, K.f Calcium in Reproductive J'h y*uj<xi!/ I R.'IIII ml.I, j,>w York 1007). ' Slmkim, K , nil. Ree., M. 321 (1061). risvrrt. J.. nml llrnolt, J., Clt Sac. Hint.. Pari*. 1M. S00 (10(2). ' Kyi-s, P., nml TotUr, T. R.. Aaat. lire., 66. 377 (10S4). llnrt, E. B., Stcrnboek, H., Lepknvtky. s,, Klet urn, 8. W. F., Hslpln, .1. O., and Johnson. O. N,, J. Rial. Chcm., 16, 670 002.1). Wi-lch. R. M., levin, VY.. and Connry, A. H., Chemical Fallout, Fint Rochester Conferenc* an Toxicity (In the pm). 14 Hsrt. T.. O., Schultlee, R. W., and Fonts, J. R., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., f. 371 (1063). 11 Hart, t. 0., and Fouls, J. R., NauoynSchmiedetery'e Arch, Exp, Falk, Pharmakol., 241. 486 (1066). " Conner, A. H,, Welch, R. M,, Kantxman, R.. and Barns, J. J., Clin Pharmacol. Therxp.. I, 2 (IMS). ' Conner. A. H., Pharmacol. Are., 18, *17 (1067). 14 Kiiplcr, D,, Rttiiua Re*.. It. 11 (1067). 11 Grrbnth, 0., and Bchwsbe, U., Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmahtl., US, 460 (1084). aillett. J. W.. J. Agrlc. Food Cham., 16. C06 (IMS). *'gehwabe, U., ArzneimiUel-Foeaeh., 14, 1X66 (1064). 11 Feakall, D. B., Falun, *11. 606 (1067). 11 Welch, R. M., Levin, W., and Conner, A. H., Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol, (in the prees). * Bltman, J., Cecil, H. C., Harrla, S. J., and Fries, G. F,, Science, ltt, *71 0068). ' Rsto.lliro. D. A., Rril. Bird*,'61. 2* (1918). Ratcllffr, D. A., Bird Study, 10. 66 (1003). Ratcllffc, D. A., Bird Study, 18, 66 (1065). " Ratcllffe, D. A., Bird Study, 14, 238 (1067). 11 Hirkry, J. J., Peregrine Falcon Population: Their Biology and' Decline (University of Wisconsin Press, in the pros). " Beebe, F. L., Condor, 68. 146 (1960). ' Cade, T. J.AWblte, C.'Jt., and Haugh/J.' R ./Co*w/7,'170 (1968). ** Enderson, J. H., and Berger/DJD.iCondorilti 149 (I960). M Jensen, 8., New Sri., *8/612 (1966). M Wldmark, 0., J. AtteeJOff. Anal. c'Arw.f6*.flM0 (Ifi67). " llolmoa. D. C., Simmons, J. H., and Talton, J. Ci`0., Nature, 214, 227 (1007). M Krrn, V., Ilrvrrror,'A., and Beckman, H.. BuR. Environ. Cont. Toxicol., 372(1907). White, 0. 14., Auk, tt. 179 (1908). M Jefferies, D. J., and Preatt, I., Brit. Birda, *0, 40 (1966). ** Aldrin, Diddrin, Endrin (A Statue Report) (The Shell Chemical Comtanr. 1967). M Rtarbrough, R. W., Hugget, R. J,, Grlflln, J. J., and Qotdberf, EJD., Seicnec, 169, 183* (1908). " Tech. Bull. PL-*06 (Monsanto Chemical Company). " Holden, A. V.. and Kareden, X., Nature, *16.1874 (1967). w Ghazal, A., Xoranaky, W., Portlg, J., Vohland, HAW., and Xlempau, 1.. Arch. Exp. Pathol. PharmaJhoL.M, 1 (1064). Jones, B. E.. and Leopold, A. 8., J. WOdl. Management, 17, 881 (1067). u 0,Mayhew/W. W,, J WBdl. Management, 10, 00 (1066). Thayer. OfH.. Bird Lore, 47 (1*04). Tsunamis on the Moon? I Ml \ I 1 "I \ lnrui 1 its n i |`f * I H H frieri tWM Miirr rr` h Tl.. [flam * l*-\ ,t -uppl r"'a,.i b.i-iu. tin- r lav-ri'-n CXplxregion km in the n of tlx into a the oi cimruc is the crests For su rigid b related motion tanooui ring-sp; wave h; Table ]. Bing A'i Elevatk dun t Radius i a Obe 6 Con C'ourtet Mountai The v inviscid . sively (sc Van Don polar coi placemen taneoua) t by br W. G. VAN DORN Scrippi Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Disgo, California The spacing of the five annular mountain rings around Mare Orientate fit* a dispersion curve for gravity waves on a 50 km "liquid" layer overlying a rigid basement. . The question whether the multiple ring-like mountain structures surrounding moet of the lunar craters larger than 120 milea in diameter might be "frozen tsunamis", set in motion by the shock wave* oauaed by impacting planetoeimals, was first brought to my attention by R. B. Baldwin (personal communication). Baldwin points out that in several oaaea (including tlie giant More Imbrium) two or more rings can be mode out where E(l transform 2tt/X is t length, co: The grouj number by DSW 332240 STLCOPCB4078816