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134 M. A. SHAPIRO date of preparation. Perishable food that remains unsold, even though it has been properly refrigerated, should be disposed of at frequent intervals. No vending machines should be located in areas where there is exposure to. toxic materials. ; IV. Control and Elimination of Insects and Rodents A. INSECT CONTROL INDUSTRIAL SANITATION II B. RODENT CONTROL 135 Tjjestation of the industrial plant by rodents, apart from the health hazards p^duce as vectors of disease (bubonic plague, endemic or murine typhoid ^^salmonellosis, andvWeil's disease), can be a tremendous economic drain. As 'general principle, in the community the destruction of food, crops, merchandise, 'pVbperty by rats is of a large enough magnitude to justify suppressive measlllpllpih if rats were not responsible for human disease. Rats, by their destruc- Except for the food and other industries dealing with products that may served v^s||'aQd pollution of food, have gained the unenvied fame of being the worst ITiSSas food for insects, the problem of controlling these pests is dependent largely | |jnm^|an ;pest in civilization. Davis (1950)80 estimated about one rat per 35 upon good housekeeping. The more general problem of control of arthropods and | lrii'New York City and about one rat per 20 people in Baltimore. As arthropod-borne disease cannot be accomplished on a restricted scale as in a single \| ointed_ qut by Davis, the regulatory factors in any problem of species manage- industrial establishment, but must be a community-wide or regional undertaking || canwbe classed in three main groups: (I) environment--which includes of considerable magnitude. It should be understood, of course, that whenever an ; ffl^ity.of food and protective shelter; (2) predation--which includes animals industry is located in an infested area it should cooperate with the agency effectuat eed-upon the species, trapping, poisoning, and disease; and (S) competition ing control. Mptfor a limited supply of environmental necessities. Although such insects as flies and roaches are of lesser health importance Sjmtr.pl of the rodent population should be based primarily on a change of their number and prevalence are a good general index of the "sanitation" practiced J n^giunental conditions so that the rodents are deprived of food and shelter. in the establishment. Of direct interest is the proof obtained of the relationship! J|j|||B|4s.accomplished, the rodent population will be reduced by competition between fly prevalence and the infections, diseases, and deaths caused by the| ^g||th|mselves. Since the reproductive rate of Norway rats (they reproduce bacillary dysentery organism.87 Field studies showed that bacillary dysentery wagj ^ng^Mlseasons of the year, with a maximum in both spring and fall occurring materially reduced in a community when effective fly control measures wei! ;my.,ureas) is on the average of 20 rats per year, it is evident that should the undertaken. ------ TKFmosrdirSct'tH"etlrod_of"dealiiTg-with"an-insect-infestation-problem-ii j^jronmental conditions be favorable, killing procedures will be of little effect in J ^RAtba-populatiomand-maintaining it at aiow level,81 eliminate breeding places. Wherever garbage, rubbish, or other organic matter ib| allowed to accumulate and become exposed to insects, it produces ideal conditions! for their development. In the food-handling areas nourishment is available angl harborage,provided in cracks, crevices, voids, and other unused spaces. The more common insect invaders are the roaches (German cockroac Blatella germanica, American cockroach Periplaneta americana, Australian cock| roach Periplaneta australame, Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis, brown bSTndbffl cockroach Sujiella miielie'ciilium) and flies, of which 90 to 95 per cent are houseflies* Musca domestica and blowflies Phoenicia.28 C. RATPROOFING (BUILDING OUT THE RAT) ^^feofing is a term applied to procedures for controlling.the portals of a s*,ruoture' Rata) being extremely cautious, nocturnal mammals, j^^a^,^p.enings through which to enter a building. Only when they are I^^^P^speril will they venture away from normal 'pathways. The points of of rats that must be guarded against,An particular, are any pipes, unused stacks and flues, ventilators, and hatches. * ^^Kj^g|ding8 should be designed and constructed.,to-be ratproof. Founda- Sfiptiny^us ,and extend not less than 1,8.. inpl)eg,.b,elpiKjthe'grpund _s^||.^d|ial'^s'ba'flush With'the under suriace 'bT'th'lrflb6f'above;Floor raav'be classified'as':',(/V'contact poisons, aiid (4)'respiratory poisons (fumigants).8 insecticides, stomach imbedded in the wall and the space between the j oists filled in and jjfec!*** *ke flr level, and all construction materials .should be as ^^^is'-J.osible.aii In industry, the most frequent shelters foi' fats- are areas " D. ITLind^^TBrlltew^rM^''jrWt'tT^ffect'';oTfly'''c6atrsroii diarrheal diseases a,n area of moderate morbidity, V. S. Pub. Health Repls., 68, 381 (1963). "M. E. Parker, "Safe and Effective Insect Control," Food-Plant Sanitation. McGraw| Hill, New York, 1948, Ch. 9. " A. E. Michelbncher and D. P. Furman, Control of household insects and related pes Calif. Agr. Extension Service Circ. 172. College of Agriculture, University of Califomg Berkeley, 1951. ^^^ngrth^oa-feteriai-the-lunch-rooms,-and other eating-areaspalthough no jt\i j Dawn, Perspective on rat control, V. S. Pub. Health Repts., 67, 888 (Sept., 1952). ... -Davis, "Control of Rats and Other Rodents," in K. F. Maxcy,"Preventive Me'di- 8th ed-> Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1966, Ch. 8. ,, *veeKftS'_r.'(g)jiC'Disease; Prevention and Control. Communicable Disease Center, U. S. Public ..W Atlanta, Ga., 1949. H,..,