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F ihd oo 1 hy : wn 4 aan @ uF eng 6 3 > AChenicalHistoryof 3M 7.1033 - 1990 2 EE ARAN 3 2if gg eae ay i ? | glia SEL oe 1 7k| = oa =LZ = 2 ) NNeieflf M MaaccKKaayy ) | ------------------------------ Exhibit 1365 State of Minnesota v. 3M Co., Court File No. 27-CV-10-28862 1365.0001 AA CChheemmicicaall HHiissttoorryy ooff 33MM | 11993333-- 11999900 NNeeiill MMaaccKKaayy Pied Published by The hemi, i& Ae rfc Grn The 3M Chemical, Film & Allied Products Group hn mpi The Bureau of Engraving, Inc. Minneapolis, Minnesota 11999911 ! | Coven 0m Copyright 1991 3M i I III 1565.0002 1365.0002 ETarsoe3acsosp SftncoyepniSsow Enclosed is a copy of the newly published hardcover book "A Chemical History of 3M 1n93N3 1990". easton 0 Thi.~; book is authored by Neil MacKay, a ow i ra aor former 3Mer. It offers an intriguing firey buck ne kcticg be_ journey back in time introducing the people who lived through the early years Ee of this Division. ns ston ots a st same This story offers not just some "dry history", but instead, some great insight Ty 2 oe np vt into why and how things happened when PySoy they did. It includes some extraordinary memories and recollections by those who Coe mooie of a PEF. built the firm foundations of the PCPD. Z, f on sor Gil Foster Ohisn Vs Present Division Vice President Table of Contents Table of Contents Crp Jo Simon" Suit ' Chapter 1 Grr? The Scand PRD. o Chapter 2 Comers The Ranch Laboratory i Chapter Chapter 3 4 Chapter 4 Gropp A Cota Year 5 Chapter 5 Gropr 6 lp Vane, Found " Chapter 6 Crore 1+ A Grup1 Formed = Chapter 7 Grapes Too Remarkable Akioemens 69 Chapter 8 Grapes Pith, Hope sod Dislaion 19 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Gra 1 Selig Hangs 5 Chapter 11 Gop 12 White, Whi nd Ballons 105 Chapter Chapter Chapter 1312 13 Char 14 Pio Plants = Chapter 14 Cropr 15 Dera Acquiion 180 Chapter 15 Chap 16 A Remarable Tam Around 142 Chapter Chapter Chapter 1716 17 Chair 18 Decade of Charing i Chapter 18 Gprr 10 Th Paper Ch 1 Chapter 19 Gp 20 Mandar Exohes ji Chapter 20 Clot 2 Engen Re 2 Chapter 21 Copte 22 The Pendulum Swings on Chapter 22 Crowe 21 *A Sens of Excitement m C!lapter 2?, Char 28 Toy nd Tomrrow 5 Chapter 24 Joe Simons' Stuff 1 The Second Ph.D. 6 The Research Laboratory "The Simons Connection 13 221 The Simons Connection A Critical Year 32 Help Wanted, Found 44 A Group is Formed 57 Two Remarkable Achievements 69 Faith, Hope and Dissolution 79 The Turning Point 89 Selling Hangtags 97 A Big Seore Whips, Whistles A Big Score and Balloons ns105 115 Pilot Plants 123 A Bittersweet Acquisition 133 The Long Wait 14s A Remarkable Turn Around 142 The Long Wait 148 A Decade of Churning 156 The Paper Chase 166 Manufacturing Evolves 175 Engineering's Role 182 The Pendulum Swings 190 "A Sense of Excitement" 199 Today and Tomorrow 205 Arpendi nd1 Appendix I and II ii0 1365.0003 1365.0003 om i on" =Ieg..aSNia. i 23iEt Pree Preface EA Ams ty You should know why this book was written. First, it is the story of a good 3M business developed over fifty aera years. During that time, a great many smart people lived with the Smit tt TEER risk, aggravation, uncertainly and hard work which bought the business to its current condition. Those people deserve credit for their contributions. One purpose of this book is to record that small amount of history PRES Ce PLT pyridines (a that written records, old photos and memory will allow. Undoubtedly, pl Jui Eemany of the most important contributions and contributors have gone E" ii eT,Se unremembered and unrecorded, but not unappreciated--to all of those RO hn FO EH en pioneers who built the first fifty years of 3M's chemical business, this book is meant to be a remembrance and a sincere public recognition of their efforts. ENE It is particularly unfortunate that for practical reasons of time and memes HEERre cost, this story could not be expanded to include the contributions of those who built the business outside the United States. Many of IRE {iii ET the names would be the same, but there would certainly be many new ones as well. 3M's chemical business today derives half of its CG EEE me Eu, Co: Als 14 Lt Americ revenue from OUS markets, so the efforts and successes of those involved in Asia, Europe, Canada, Africa and Latin America are fo Soa iisll Coen unrecorcled here, but certainly not unrecognized or unappreciated. The second purpose of this book is to serve as an enabler for the (eri cr future of the business, Make no mistake, a clear understanding of the past is a significant enabler for the future. It is no accident that this is not a story of chemistry. It is clearly CET i ohne not a story of molecules, compounds, good science or technology. It is a story of people. This business was built by human beings who cao 23235 ere oh in ot ad ey on hl on 200 more often than not had to rely on and invest their faith, vision and oe $4358 ed prhe o: er lt yn i)C!'~ll~d .iUdglllCnt. The opporltmity I'~r failure mi~y have been the a Cer. RHEE Ee adi single most powerful driving force behind the development of the. business. Mistakes were made and failures were abundant, but there x 3a td=n is no evidence hcrc of fear of failure or mistakes. Those setbacks and difficulties seem to have been accepted and integrated as part y TT fli: inh of the education of the business. po fig Ehime, William L. McKnight, who provided the foundation for 3M's business p~inciples, w~s one of the early sponsors of the chemical `Saati 32cd pecerbuen xtant mite te opportunity at 3M. His early stated vision of empowerment may very g = FEa38 Rie bnrer i is Dn nm well have been written with this business in mind: i~D 1s65.0004 1365.0004 em ere y rsdn "As our business grows, it becomes increasingly necessary to delegate responsibility and to encourage people to exercise EHLERSE RE their initiative. This requires considerable tolerance. ET pe Ah "Those people to whom we delegate authority and respon- sibility, if we use good people, are going to want to do their BE ER ET remem jobs in their own way. These are characteristics we want, and rteam a, emste people should be encouraged as long as their way conforms to x I Cc our general pattern of operations. re m CIIOT TIIE 8RFrEpELre "Mistakes will be made, but if a person is essentially right, the mistakes made are not as serious in the long run as the EE rg EA E EEs Cs Li e mistakes management will make if it is dictatorial and under- takes to tell those under its authority exactly how they must do their job. BR "Management that is destructively critical when mistakes are made kills initiative, and it is essential that we have many peo- Se RE eae ple with initiative if we are to continue to grow." as TO rT CE -- William L. McKnight Je Sy SERRE SE To all of those people involved today in this enterprise, who have SEREE ESI RATE the opportunity and responsibility to shape its next fifty years, there EEE EE are some very valuable lessons here. FERENCE ie, ROS RA This book has two audiences--those who wrote the past and those ESEIUEATI Sie who will write the future. The former will read it with a sense of Pipes eit SE er pride in accomplishment. The latter will read it with a sense of quesaE Ee tion about 3M luck, about the personality of the business, about plain re hard work, about determination to succeed and permission to fail. Ea See Mr. McKnight would likely have agreed that these things are the root i HE nn of the business. wlee! 4% EgEaL| E E E n E i e C tora Vicc-Presideat M. C. Harnetty Vice-President Introduction A few words of background might be of value to some readers. Chemicals fall into two broad classes--commodity and specialty chemicals. Commodity chemicals--acids, sodas, solvents and the like--are produced in mountainous quantities by many companies all over the world. They are economically priced at a few cents to five dollars a pound and are sold by the truckload and carload. Most carry no brand name because they are so much alike. Most are raw materials or intermediates used to manufacture an endless variety of products. Despite the low prices per pound the sheer volume of commodity chemicals results in a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry. Specialty chemicals are very different. They are produced in relatively low volumes and sell at higher prices, as much as twenty to fifty dollars a pound or more. Many are designated by brand names and are manufactured for specific uses. Fluorochemistry is a broad science within the spectrum of specialty chemicals. In turn, 3M's specialty chemical business consists of only a narrow band within the science of fluorochemistry. 3M's best known specialty chemical product is ScotchgardTM protector, an anti-stain, anti-soiling treatment for carpets, furniture fabrics and other materials. Other 3M fluorochemical products are not as widely known because they are not consumer items and are sold chiefly to industry and government. 3M entered the fluorochemical business when the technology was new and exciting. In the decades that followed, 3M developed its fluorochemistry from a laboratory phenomenon to a broad range of products sold throughout the world. This book recounts the history of that development and the development of other chemicals which Chenticals. 'Film anti Allied Industrial Chemical are sold as products or used by 3M divisions to produce man.y Proda~:Is Group Products Division products. hh G. D. Foster LoVice-Presldent rine F.T. Vikingstad RaVice-President Protective Chemical Specialty Adhesives Products Division & Chemicals Division i 1365.0005 d }; A : ii. gt Dedication Dedication iho te consheme nd orn son Without the contributions of the men and women who lived it, this aSp Tc Ot or hmmiasatttioioornyn ctthoheeuyyldppnrroootvviihddaeevdde wbweeeerrnee wnnoortitttaaevvnaa.iilTlaahbbelleeanffrerocomdmotaaennsyyanootdthhoeerrthsseooruurirnccefesos.r.noe ban et chon ter Many of those contributors also read sections and chapters in provey ray cy gress or the completed manuscript to verify accuracy and readability. Bmhere re as ae sod That does not mean, however, that the author can be absolved from re i oe hts the responsibility for the credibility or readability of what is printed pp on these pages. 0 ions of crmrepple rein conic, te When recollections of two or more people were in conflict, the Be pe a author chose what appeared to be the most plausible version or melded two or more versions into one. Memories become tarnished after er SaaSrm a ah thirty or forty years, so parts of this report may conflict with your pati own recollections. em an worn tthe meri To all those men and women and to all the rest who were involved i he ng in fluorochemicals at 3M, including researchers, sales and marketing blir dt ae] personnel, administrators and staff, this book is dedicated. Special re ov thanks to the following: AAc, Cou es, Hoh Be, Br Bob Adams, Art Ahlbrecht, Charlie Bentz, Hugh Bryce, Bob Burod LETA Cee Do ford, Lou Cove, Gil Foster, Dick Guenthner, Doug Hall, Lyle Hals, mc mio edi WH Coed Cliff Hanson, Mike Harnetty, Jim Hendricks, Wil Hirsch, Carlene Ft, Ce Fk Koots ,gh. Dare Si Holt, CliffJaps, Frank Kuettel, Les Krogh, Don LaZerte, Sid Leahy, At ST ei St Ps Bill Leder, Ted Lucas, Bill Lundquist, Paul Novotny, Bill Paterson, on Sen, Dk Gar Rel Boren . Bill Pearlson, Bill Petersen, Dick Raths, Gayle Rengel, Jim Rogers, Do nan. ck rg om Sorts Bi town Duanc Sanderson, Jack Sargent, Tom Savereide, Bill Skown, Joe SE n FaSN er DaeS SeAAS So SEIn Fk Selden, Patsy Sherman, Dave Shryer, AI Smith, Sam Smith, Frank Vikingstad, Larry Wagner, Don Wardrop, Stan Zaluda, Lamar Zollingcr. "Nihon han0kBisll Person, echoes ad frte author Additional thanks to Bill Pearlson, technical editor for the author ro Bes of hr es hos ed cor and Gayle Rengle, both of whom spent hours reading and correcta rs ing this manuscript. Neil MacKay 1365.0006 1365.0006 1 { eo NNOOTTIICCEE Fntcsbons a ot barns 0 ou arose Fluorocarbons are not harmful to our atmosphere. mcsto ck or con pres orforbons The chemicals that attack our ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons archos or CFCs. 3 oe ot price chorion. 3M does not produce chlorofluorocarbons. g` --_ 11336655..00000077 a -- | :: i4i Po Po i OO cunrren | CHAPTER othe tc 19TJo3eoo0 cemdSScaiSirmyimm1o0onnsn9s'b'sy0'SoStftu0AunSfttuffi3ca iiss In the late '1930s and early 1940s a body of American scientists E pm E (knowingly or unknowingly, depending on their need to know) were TEER working to create the first atom bomb. To accomplish that, they had CR an E to discover a method of separating uranium-235, which is the fisE RE R sionable variety, from ordinary uranium-238. One suggestion was to handle the uranium as uranium hexafluoride vapor, a highly cor- a rosive, poisonous material. ( RE E reeE E ee Easier said than done. As a matter of fact, it was impossible. No one knew how to do EL AEE SRE it, but all agreed that if it could be done, the job not only would be Ene Herculean, but extremely hazardous. And, if and when uranium hexEET Re afluoride vapor was produc6d, additional questions would have to SRR be answered. How could fluorine be stored? What super materials would have to be invented to manufacture storage tanks, pipes, pumps, E PE ET valves, gaskets and even lubricants that would not burst into flames, T explode or corrode on contact with fluorine? How could they ship E E na the vapor from one factory to another? How could they protect the R people who would handle the vapor? PPEEstm Those were just a few of many questions that had to be answered by scientists in the Manhattan Project, the code name for the A-bomb development program. EER Columbia University in New York City, where an atom smasher had been installed in the basement of the Physics building, was head- SE E EE quarters, but thousands of scientists also were participating in univerErm sities and government installations across the United States. Scieni tists at the University of California, the University of Chicago, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Purdue and Cornell also were conducting theoret- 12650008 1365.0008 yr --_ esteeee 2 Ffoocksaiasmi. hCeoHmpaanyvrecshceamriccharls cwomhpanhieelsp.edwGeroeepronedtby rthhodCsoofnptroespa1ror3ipBneggaRoccheimoisctormapoeudndSsoawrerse. Haidsvawnocrekd ical studies. Company researchers who helped Were employed by Netra ad og iswe or, Wang. ceo htt wih or de fovndton or Hooker and the Harshaw chemical companies. Government super- Tox Karan. and Aluragorta, New Mevk, nd Ook Ripe. oe Comercaofthee caomipoounns of cabo. Hoe 32 vised production and testing facilities were at Hartford, Washington, Los Alamos and Alamagordo, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge, T| TRafereiewar soofmtoee rsa adda 3, cling Caihei.nsiOteRfnmadte he sd Morcarbons Tennessee. After the war, some of those researchers landed at 3M, including Lf swc ho ehe Prochemil Pres. Lye Ful rere omarpire spl hedngs preFceee dEendi several who joined the Fluorochemical Project. Lyle Hzls, a retired ned Fomtlin soe vnc lie shou Cor nn county by amber of acer groups. 3Mer, was enjoined from telling anyone, even close relatives, about RiearaiolymeenteorvCrryheosraaGdunigchnwdYdonsntCAruunmfwrbhie,et cio3 2sad3 wyorrnc0 ar ching ys ssnfhorth heldeevnlcoipmaoenptnmrinrw: his employment or employer during two years at Columbia, where he was one of several thousand men and women working for the NoranPe,Boog dod a he Coloniecar con. my ict ed A roe, who eerSwart dk Manhattan Project. Buildings on and near the Columbia campus com- rd ehofcity oe prws oved0t foo igh: developed be marlacuring proces for + prised the hub of activity until the project was moved to the football Caf he OnofCs hg rovorocrbon hve workin for Gee Motors Dero. stadium at the University of Chicago. ouiegManhhtin ros sewn rigss ending ra ihDafoe eepe lc hich vs Although the Manhattan Project scientists were gingerly treading sc eo hy 0 havesome fain hs ol hu Gon 7 Lie Dont developed mir product raed new ground, they did have some fluorine history to fall back on. A Tol fri toe compoundsts rsrm bgin Fron 1% Dubos prod 1 wily wed 5 3 coo for The study of organic fluorine compounds dates almost from the begin- Te nt dena eierors. loin snfroad lis kgesing 1 ning of organic chemistry. Fiorocheric are componts of orn ad ay fa somber Sead mae Fluorochemicals are componds of fluorine and any of a number ofahr det. ori ove of t's omponmecss Dolo critsspolymere tery rade nam of other elements. Fluorine is one of nature's commonest elements, oe shana than caper. hdr mes or shun on edTutor Comemporuies st. G. Farben 1 Germany 34 the more abundant than copper, a hundred times more abundant than Ke refipoe 1 umd oarck.wid tlre. Come win Horanne. iodine, One of the places it is found is in fluorspar, a rock used before oakof Hy Roma Emit smi on Gosina swer arin orn chemise in nds the founding of the Holy Roman Empire as a flux for smelting iron 7d to prary Sere of Commerc oie ay a0 comps orcs, Pils Peleg Comoro 15d 10 and the primary source of commercial fluorine today. Piso, hc co be here fon he 0 by ing clu op yngc hgh ve. Fan pled Fluorine, which can be liberated from the rock by using sulfuric spp sa hog Mariegu.Thias t fm in which Sve scent spits. acid, appears as a hydrogen fluoride gas. That is the form in which 44 Foobrnoageln odVcooiidncsomwmeircsioamleteifngorsci 8 rad eon 14 SionTenwnorSkisng nCopen(.vm pUrnoidved),vdPrfoofascaJboonh. iAn it usually is handlcd commercially before it is separalcd from its hydrogen and combined with something else. HAcRme oeran IPrpogrr eomirs wdil Mn. boanrdianglfiacneer ienarigehstciegntpkonnwcfomfposor Haine er was 1 As the Manhattan Project scientists well knew, handling fluorine ond 8 rit oo os cine, os ages ess creme compote owerblipnogt. rcs oa, hghy is a m~ior problem. In its pure, uncontrolled state--fortunately never 4 Crow oman. The procs yeion ga wh ar sel water 350 Pri ompnds endedohgs oo temperate. Fur found in.nature~it is one of the most active, most dangerous elements known to man. The greenish-yellow gas will burn steel, water and En an: whch ne 3 rcknne--th is helt. Berm, i rch rp Toeiecompowaubny ddi:ct even asbestos, which earned it a nickname~the wildest hellcat. SCnominwiwiktih scecronlcosrpMusas ae ily hen FSiomon miincteHoeriinoof crn nis born bot Strangely, its wildness contributes to fluorine's unique stability when it is combined with certain compounds. F8uahechfennitn Heedm ooeana, whoaeeadeyegares aogo.rin18e56,ibhy Sienro e hthcst onurdmmdakreo coorntcoo.mple ohragcbas,satbwy ok It was first isolated more than a hundred years ago, in 1886, by French chemist Henri Moissan, who reacted gaseous fluorine with EMaodrTor eie form,omabekte ede10ewinosrNtoheol :PreHe wa ar 1f0ehyepooflexploasions an cs sscated ih dct carbon tetrachloride to make a reactive fluorocarbon. He was near- i i "There ly killed There thefor the mtr stood ul ser his effort, but lived to matter stood until after ihewin the urn ofthe entry a Nobel Prize. turn of the century wwhheenn 3 methods of preparing organic fluorine compounds were advanced by the contributions of a Belgian chemist named Swarts. His work on the replacement of chlorine with fluorine laid the foundation for the commercialization, of the compounds of carbon, chlorine and fluorine. German scientist Otto Ruff made the first liquid fluorocarbons at room temperature. His published findings preceded more extensive efforts in this country by a number of academic groups. The mid-1930s were exciting years for the development of fluorine chemistry as academic research and industrial development grew rapidly. A scientist named A! Henne, who had been Swarts' student in Belgium," developed the manufacturing process for a chlorofluorocarbon while working for General Motors in Detroit, GM arranged with DuPont to manufacture its product which was nam- ed Freon 12TM. Later DuPont developed a similar product named Freon 22TM- DuPont's product is widely used as a coolant for refrigerators, a blowing agent for foamed plastics, a degreasing sol- vent and more. DuPont chemists also polymerized tetrafluoroethylene trade nam- ed TeflonTM- Contemporaries at I. G. Farben in Germany did the same with chlorotrifluoroethylene. Other scientists also were pursuing fluorine chemistry in industry and campus laboratories. Phillips Petroleum Corporation used it to develop a system that produced high octane gasoline. Farben patented several successful applications. At Penn State College (now University), Professor Joseph A, Simons, working independently, produced liquid fluorocarbons, in- cluding high boiling point compounds. Pre-war rcscarchcrs knew that the more fluorine there was in an organic compound, the lower its boiling point. Because or that, highly fluorinated compounds tended to be gases at room temperature. Fur- thermore, all research on organo-fluorine compounds was by direct fluorination or exchange reaction. Simons used direct fluorination of carbon in his laboratory, but believed that he could make more complex fluorocarbons by run- ning fluo._rination under milder conditions. If nothing else, that would avoid the possibility of explosions and fires associated with direct Wilh that in fluorination. With that in mmiinn,d, tthhee pprrooffeessssoorr ddiirreecctteedd hhiiss sstuudedntsetonststtuuddsyy gi | 11336655..00000099 So. Ts 4 velco vis ey tc eiCa,boWss ppipos 1rsoomveerment rpcessbweeMd asptracrboscTircsidc the effects of various heavy metals on the reaction. His supposition roi Cr, Reh SE RCIA epeeri epihdySeebre proved to be correct. Research showed that catalysts, particularly ise ma ht pada rey 8 Shonen Horta mercury, modified the reaction. Simons and his crew produced--in NS Ee ae. small amounts--liquids made only of carbon and fluorine that boilerr cove cyte ln re deed vss, he he ro ed at 100C and higher. 4 SIRO cohoshmeamohaeng comCorpsi eofrhd Only an ounce or two of the colorless liquid fluorocarbon had been ay mew rg 1 eons Duk ely posed Freon made in Simons' laboratory by the time Manhattan Project scien{mame Smt Tl lt Ssh pe aes ok ore tists found out about it. A minute quality was supplied for testing by the atomic scientists at Columbia University, It was enough to a a en ws be ber wy verify the Penn State professor's claims. The A-scientists were elated chm ago has Coc cy eg mc co ou by oomf to have found what they referred to as "Joe's Stuff.'" a bp, gn wad, Homi ris ick fy 15, Fe ad That enthusiastic reaction in the laboratory at Columbia can only owns Sach et 0 ng Be hh cd be imagined more than 50 years later, but there was a tempering facnmi, orn nck ae Tt od mo tor. Simons' output was a liquid and the atom scientists also needed i ier aot nt pig Shr wn 5 in solids and gases. However, they believed that problem could be solvee ET fo a td codb ep ed. By the Spring of 1942 the work had gone so well it was taken fo pcor iyFs eh Sms toprct from the Columbia laboratory and given to several industrial firms . npg mason bnerrome, emp,Foes po a rr for production. 5 TREE ding dre ore Te che we 0 A major obstacle in producing an atom bomb had been overcome. 000 to his concern that the process used to produce his fluorochemical for the government (a process the Manhattan Project continued to use) was very dangerous. It required reacting highly explosive fluorine gas directly or indirectly with a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon to produce fluorocarbons. An alternative method required two steps, which made the process expensive when producing Compounds consisting of more than two carbon atoms. (DuPont successfully produced Freon refrigerating/air conditioning gases containing one and two carbon atoms with the two step process.) Simons was sure he could find a better way. He began by reviewing an experiment carried out by one of his graduate students, Howard Frances, back in 1936, Frances had dissolved acetic acid in liquid hydrogen fluoride, then subjected the solution to an electric current. That electrolysis produced several products, but the most important achievement was that the hydrogen atoms attached to carbon had been replaced by fluorine. So, in 1942, bolstered by Frances' results, Simons set out to perfect the electrofluorochemicalprocess. Frances had proved that fluorocarbons could be made by applying direct current. The chore was to Ce eonvce tHyeshoneersb. slr,r trrovoe abit apm ichod idre Joe Simons was a complex man~ He has been described as brilliant, DE iitag for vnor os er 3p eV Spr fb prejudiced, loyal, humorless, friendly, abrasive, stubborn, arrogant at eo rn mend fos rh and egotistical. He also was a man of ideas and an extraordinary ee Sens Sat Ee mins ad oe cs eons em hen wkd researcher, and the best teacher I ever met, one man attested. ee Cy roy ee ok Son me ah So 3d He was a good friend to the graduate .~tudents who worked for him, but oulsiders were adversaries. Consequently, nearly everyone in- refine that proven concept. Simons pursuit of a successful experiment which had lain dormant tbr seven years was another .step that led to 3M's support of the professor's research. Those experiments and the patents developed from them would link Simons' name with 3M for all time. om an se ricoepdi troduced to Simons had the same initial reaction--completely negative. ee io oo bs or 0 Simons" personal problems included the fact that he was short in a dh1 nl spar hr, re stature and concerned about it. In an effort to appear taller, he wore oe do wi hats with high crowns and shoes with lifts. i Sans very. in pforc ygoa: It was Simons' personality, including a penchant for trying to con- Lt pe od Sp oe th trol people, that worked against him in his attempts to sell his Fs hve cre mo fluorochemical research achievements before 3M came into the pic- eben fo cay ture. Simons" brashness also prevented him from participating in the po rood pa 1 a 1 a Manhattan Project. After he had helped the war effort with his et ie emi ers research, he was invited to join the fluorochemical research studies. tno on oe pt ed fm Co He would on one condition: that the project be moved from Colum- Le i | biaS`Soot.o, SSPiiemmnononnSss tasstttaeay.yeeHddisoonnsuaagttgPPeseetninonnSStwtaaiatces,, rddeeejevvcoottteiidnn.gg ttiimmeeaannddefefffoorrtt 0 0 0 I 0 0 13650010 1365.0010 rtcHeArTER ] FEorTgomigr aireaB,T Sr te. netneDa tT s t t, ni,ieen0sa5 CHAPTER 2 orolseeThbrer tSeSepccooynnOdtdPrPhi hS,PDhg.D,.nsweurne Si B E B ECeaIteA s T yaeeWt,TG Fyop,hdaNBtb ewe eeeSdtaBt theeered To set the stage for the meeting of 3M and Simons, we return to St.Paul to a sunny Monday morning in June 1936 when Dr. James FI Se Eh reetpais CT Ce EAST S SCe ar HHyenydirickkss aavrriiveeedd vtoo bbeegign hNies ffiirst jjoobb,. He had ridden a streetcar to the 3M location on the East Side after nO pe RMS lee Shredny arriving from Chicago by train the previous afternoon. As the bright yellow streetcar rolled eastward, Hendricks paused on the sidewalk Sa Yo vp ly isy eh ed 3 0to atakkeeiinntthheesscccennee.. AAsshhoorrtt bblloocckk aawwaayy pprrooitrauddiinnggaabboovvee tthhee llooww iphone store fronts on East Seventh Street were the tops of the buildings that housed 3M's offices, laboratories and manufacturing facilities. A by 31, Hisdestinywas bEeeoNfaandl of sntists nd ck uStmages Wi MEKnight se vp s acl to determine so BHiensdrhickiswwaas tehesseetcoandvmaannwwiitlh a doctor'sddeepgorese ltoosbte1hired VE ao emi by 3M. His destiny was to be one of a handful of scientists and techni- Tas ER cians who helped organize 3M's central research laboratory in 1937. RE EE AE : That laboratory, the great-grandfather of today's 3M Corporate Research Laboratory, was vital to 3M's acquisition of Simons' patents 1 bE "The fit ste forward from ht pint was en nthe sbeives eight years later. ES ay Se See BBuutt,, oonntthhaatt ssuunnnyy MMoonnddaayymmoromrniinnggmmoroeretthhaann hhaallf afa cceennttuurryyaaggoo,, rene faci shel ati ter Ton Hendricks had no inkling of his future. He was content with the thought of beginning his first job after completing his graduate studies iqR athe Uns iversity of lootsIdryS s vanish tha ouldt wand soaking 14 walet without at the. University of Illinois. hibevy Tale Pal ry Cine 3 llecefofHtmtpeepraa.swsttaIalanktethmhdirredtehe-ebe--sisstotohcorokry.yrwtwhhbiehlottitceueksrtsnttoueucdcFtccaooouoqeoufnffitefiecrrecA-aelvaebs-nmoluarlaeal,toobcrnryooebs-brussuietaildolddtraiiynnondggwrootouyoanrdntehehnede corner. In mid-block, he turned to enter a small one-story wooden a a Ten Baha le a hshk er s structure that Employees housed ccaalllleedd 3M's iitt tthhee RSSwaunibtibtaaerrryyCFFeaamrrmemnt DDaanaiidrryyTBaBupiuelildLdiainnbggobrbaeetcocaraiuuessse.e 3M--then formally called Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Comm ay iy mpeatteri, S Limp mSE hi ey ve Company and informally "the Mining"--had purchased the struc- faced south, a stone's throw west of Forest Street. Opposite was a broom factory, which would be bought and razed by 3M a few years later to allow construction of a two-story administration building (Building 21) in 1939 plus the much larger office Building 42 in 1951. Those structures would house 3M offices and international head, quarters until the Maplewood campus Building 220 was built and occupied in the early 1960s. The white stucco building Hendricks had passed at the corner was Building 2 which faced Fauquier Avenue with Building 1 nestled behind it. The latter, two stories high and faced with yellow brick, was constructed in 1911, making it the oldest 3M building in St. Paul. Building 2 had followed in 1919. Both are still in use, occupied by departments of the 3M Industrial Abrasives Division. aann Baabburrilaadssiiinvvgeess15ffa,uccttthooerryyd,,aiwwryaa,sswbbauuisilltdt eoomnnottlhihsaahttesdsittieen t1h9a3t7saanmde that same Byuea_ri.lding year. 20, But, in 1936, Buildings 1,2, 14 (built in 1929) and the dairy struc- ture on the north side of Fauquier Avenue formed 3M's administrative tateenssdttsslaaanbnoddsrasitiommrpypllereoeewxxp.peIernriitmmheoensntetssloaobanoprprarotooddruiueccstt,ssmaanennddraranawdwmwmaotametreeirniaalclssonuudssueecddttetodo make tapes, rubber cement and other adhesives, coated abrasives and "m3i3nMMerahhlaas.ddbbeeeennopoepraetriantging llaboaratobriesoooffrssoorrtatssssiitnncceeo119911r66wwihheenneSSaalsleess Manager William L. McKnight set up a facility to determine standards for 3M sandpaper. Itwas a testing facility more than a laboratory, but noteworthy as a distant forebear of 3M's specialty chemical businesses. tteessTtt hllaeabbfooirrrsaatttoosrrtyyepiinnfo11r99w2211arwwdhhfeeronnmw wothro katerpsr obbienegtgkaawnnade sdeetvavekr eleloonpps iiinnnggthaaebbaeebtttreearrsivvvaarer-s- nish to bond minerals to backings in making sandpaper, Those ef- forts would result in a technological triumph in the coated abra.sives industry--a varnish that could withstand soaking in water without sttioioofnnter aanyy.i,ngsste t.iillllItiimwms ppaosorrtntaaaannmittvettodooddd3aaoMyyn t15oW0.ttePhhtoeuer,dIIrnnydd3TuuMMssttrrwsiaaaalnltdtAAhpbibarrrptaaeyss-rii,fvvoeetuhssreyDnDeiaivvrrieisssvoiiooodln.u..When Hendricks arrived in St. Paul, 3M was thirty-four ye)ars old. TMMihinennnceeossmoottpaaa,,nttyoo wmmiaisnneefoccuoonrrduuennddduuinrmnthtteoobsbueemssmoolleddr oinf in b1u9l0k2 bulk tino to TmawnoufHacatrubroerrss., manufacturers of abr~i~ive grinding wheels. By 1905, 3M had moved from Two Harbors, a few miles south to Duluth. In January 1906, by then in ture seven years before from a St. Paul milk company. The building the business of making sandpaper, 3M recorded its first sale, a two- 0 0 0 0 1365.0011  9 m ER A-- L T --o--rl E 0) T ef eS -- dollar order from the South Bend Toy Company. The mining operation was abandoned after it was learned that the Er 3 i substance being dug from the earth near Two Harbors was not cor- {EERE LANEY | El ee iIE N(a eGAY hVIR a Fa ug A 7} i a! undum, but low grade anorthosite unfit for abrasives. 3M not only lost sales and had to Contend with returned goods, but had to buy mineral to make its own sandpaper as well. See In 1907, the fledgling firm hired as an assistant bookkeeper a young man named William Lester McKnight. Soon the new-assoisteant was Es i advanced to cost accountant, 3M's first. Two years later, an office mS anagE er wasE needed for the Chicago Sales Branch and he was given that job. EERtI e E In 1910, 3M was relocated to St. Paul because the man who had the most money invested, Lucius P. Ordway (3M's President from 1906 until 1909), wanted the company to be nearby so he could keep an eye on it. Eleven years later, in October 1921, Mr. McKnight, by then Vice- | ai EaRklIEEaRYE e4i07SfisLy E1I. NER H; n i 5s President of the company, hired a man who would become 3M's fifth president and who would have impact on the Flurochemicai Project commen a quarter-century later. He xvas Richard P. Carlton, who before his --ooeonmmn early death in June 1953, became known as the father of 3M research. He began at 3M with the title Factory Engineer, but quickly moved Enna toward directing the various laboratories. Another distinction was his engineering degree from the University of Minnesota which made REi RE him the first 3M technician with a degree from an accredited college. When the waterproof sandpaper project got under way, Francis oe pr pn G. Okic, a Philadelphian who had invented and patented the pro- cess, came to St. Paul. Okie was an inventor, not a scientist, so in 1928 3M hired Dr. Barney Oakes from paint manufacturer Sherwin- /NE5 A boN0 e EEen To nyyer wll i reement Williams m w~rk on new formulalion.s. O~kes. who h~d the distinc- tion of being 3M's first Ph.D., was involved with 3M's chemical industry, among other things, for many years until his retirement in 1959. fo Riu if 0 0 0 0 i WEAN k hs 3 Ft ) Opposite: Eastside St. Paul location shows (from right) Buildings 2, 14 and 20 along Fauquier Avenue and the back of Building 21 on east side of the street. Parking lot behind Building 21 was site for-Building 42 in 1951. At left, across Mendota Street, tape SE plant Building 24 is under construction, East Seventh Street angles HE EEPEE R from left to right in foreground. Forest Street is at right. 1365.0012 II Le 0 9%. I0 m ermMtyyGp d mc et ger re 3 ok i WLMgEH Tsea p en Another pioneer in 3M specialty chemicals was Joseph Kugler who ren nT: net began in 1927 in the abrasives area where one of his first assignments eT Ee a was to design a mineral storage building. He got into chemicals by ra oo ara joining the waterproof sandpaper laboratory project in the early 1930s. : a. 2 Rue We can assume that 3M's first water- ; Br my proof sandpaper.was made with purchased RO oirve Chel orae 3 F HS `rwweaasssinmsma,kabkiuintngwg eiittkss nooowwwnnthvvaaatrrnnsioissohh.n. thOOeaakckeoesms,,ipiannny3a ty te ni letter dated February 2, 1933, referred to Ee as "the several weeks of January that we have | . Siri ra been operating our new varnish plant." PR Velie That would indicate that chemical manufac- 1 i TL aa turing at 3M dates from that year. | Re poriemmul inf Ce Dr. William E. Lundquist (who joined A Tons 3M in 1942 and retired in 1977) recalled Sr iE R tas n png, SREHT,SEETSeSees Barney Oakes stories that iri the 1920s 3M made varnish in pots over open fires in Building ! 1 at spite LR the Old East Side plant location*. As could be imagined, that pro- aur Aer cess was dangerous and varnish fires EE eerie EIS flared up frequently. TR estes Another addition to the chemical b.usiness y eee < i Eh Ct in the late 1920s or early 1930s was Walter Eilers, who was hired from Minnesota : uit Conpony (Bow Valipar) in Mi. y to his prea Paint Company (now Valspar) in Min- neapolis to operate the varnish department. ST ee J In 1935, chemical manufactt~ring at 3M BoE vcard ret eee took another slop forward into research distinct from varnish-making or similar | EEEERELCS rire A c~tmpounding. It began with General } DES my Motors' interest in the development of a William Lundquist re 0 Le a re ST source for waterproof abrasive discs. GM Sh iegeeey e ESI needed to wet sand the lead filler used to patch gaps between fenders ee te ar Hey quifly and bodies after the cars came off the assembly line. The excess lead needed to be sanded away for appearance sake, but dry sanding created clouds of toxic dust that flew everywhere. ekred ot prim. His sativaownh IM cl {0 develop phenolic resinbinderwhich was secomplishedinshor GM issued an appeal to all abrasive manufacturers; at 3M Kugler was assigned to that problem. His first solution was what 3M called 35 Oil, which was a slightly reacted phenol-formaldehyde resin in water. Because there was no better equipment, 35 Oil was for- mulated in a small open glazed box referred to as the "horse trough." The mixture was stirred with a canoe pad- dle wielded mostly by Howard Brinker, who would become 3M's phenolic expert in PPlrarooteddruucyciiennaggrs. rreessiinnss uunnddeerr tthhoossee cciirr-- cumstances was disagreeable, to put it mildly, so Kugler passed a complaint along to management. In a letter dated June 12, 1935, on the subject of Mixing Equipment for No. 35 Oil, Kugler indicated that the complaint had been satisfied. The letter, ad- Joe Kugler dressed to a E. M. Johnson, who was in charge of the Engineering Department, with copies to Carlton, Oaks and Lloyd Hatch, is reproduced here: "I would appreciate having you order the 200 gallon Pfaudler glass lined mixer for No. 35 Oil as soon as possible. With the com- ing warm weather the fume condition is becoming almost unbearable. The present horse trough and handling equipment affords little or no protection. To supply both Wausau and Copley* this equipment is being used to practically its full capacity. Mr. Carlton is favorable to this purchase. "I would like to see the general layout plan for this installation before the auxiliary equipment is ordered. J. H. Kugler" That acquisition allowed the horse trough to be retired after about six months of duty. Lundquist believes Kugler's mixer was a two hundred gallon glasslined kettle which was in Building 1 l when Lundquist arrived in 1942. "That two hundred-gallon kettle together with a forty-gallon glass- lined kettle were the only heated and cooled kettles at 3M when I joiL'neudLndtquhueidsctoaaamilsupooasniiayidd,s"tthhthaaett saaalltithdho.ouugghh NNoo.. 3355 OOiillmmigighhtthhaavveebbeeeenn an an original solution for General Motors' problem, "It was also necessary to develop a phenolic resin binder which was accomplished in short *Much of the early hislory cited was rec~rded by Lundquist from di~ussions with Kugler in the mid-1940~. *The resin also was being used as a primer on roofing granules at 3M manufacturing facilities in Wausau, Wisconsin, and Coptey, Ohio. 20 0 0 i0 i - eed 13850013 1365.0013 12 adr" ts li "Fr stl cops order." Lundquist's notes also said that "For most of the compoundBa en ed ing work, direct fired~, open varnish kettles were used from perhaps a; 1923 until we moved to Chemolite in 1948, and even for a while thereafter." ohnesugh peisnpdprtReDig The horse trough operation developed into a separate Resin Depart- me OR ea ant of emt Fon ment around 1936. "l~hat marked the separation of chemicals from re ee anit Sic abrasives and planted~ the seed for the independent chemical operapissin tion of the 1950s. tri ei -.te ie a oc The first thing Hendricks did when he walked into the Rubber Ce- yn 530 vik son ot Gres ment laboratory in 1936 was to seek out his new boss, Grant Mer- who ave i i ry uo ie cily Fi eps rill, who gave his new employee a tour of the facility. First stop was ne oe rs pe tara the room containing the cement and tape laboratories. 3 swhavi llr seed hrwin do lt gm Silof "I saw heavy steel tables stacked high with tin plate cans full of cocimc abn onic etabe mele 4 LTO bat wei sed fo. or ie Savers of exoerimental adhesives," Hendricks recalled years later. "It was quite a departure from the lab that I was used to at the University of rai Tomy WIloliwnso.i.s....At ffirest Iththoouugghhtt thhaatt tthhee rreessecarrcchh iinn rreoclaaimmeedd ruulbbbere'r cements was just mixing things together and noting the results. However, I learned letter, as I becameTmaonresSeoxypeiroietnecse)d, tBhaat fthetre nig Yo lo BE was an art to compounding. You had to know raw materials, their pi, Be pin er erikoov properties, physical properties, chemical properties, and so on, raw et ier ke ssf oi, materials such as reclaimed rubber, resins, solvents and oxidants, Taper ts i : dispersing agents and so forth." i wt bem wri, Whe In August 1936, six weeks after he began working, 3M's adhesive Bomar tig wis cones boty mets, operations including the Rubber Cement Laboratory were moved to dima Tome Detroit, Michigan, to be near the automotive industry. That move i tonpi aus hoe not only accomplished the obvious, but became a pilot study of how Ea oe pits wba aod 3M business units could operate independently without day-to-day | pmymeeDmOIUIILIL supervision by top management*. That experience might have inA Ho CDm n CD fluenced the formation of the Central Manufacturing Division (CMD) 1 LOITIATTINSEGY 1 are, and seven other divisions in 1948, a structure 3M has followed ever since. ,:|! so 1 DREAMS *la 1990, living in retiremerlt in White Bear L~ke, Minnesota, Hendrieks recalled .that in 1936-37, 3M management people including Mr. McKnight and Carlton visited Detroit i et ST pnt ek regularly--usually monthly--to review the business and the product development work in the laboratory. The department heads also went to St. Paul for meetings. CHAPTER 33 || CHAPTER J A The RReess seeaarrcchh LaboL: arbaortaotroryy--~~ |i||| In 1937, 31q,l established its first pure research laboratory. It would BE | be the nursery where the fluorochemical research project would be placed and begin to grow eight years later. EeGee Resch Dep a wis nd.wes icy | The General Research Department, as it was named, was distinctly en fopost ent rots S| ediffesrentt frboamyvtbahreiploruosdiduicvtisismiophnrsoovveeemrtednhtelaybeoarrsa.toTrhieesnwehwichlahbaodrabteoerny 1 dite ekg ov chloeGg boron `wewasatsasdbdeldeisdihciecadatteebddyttvooaddreieovvueelsloodppiivinnisggionpneeswwtotveeeccrhhnthonelooygeliaeorss;gd.diTiivvhieisessiinoo;ennwllaalbbaoobrroaatrtoaortrioieresys. a Tr | wAAnnereeexxdaaemmdppilcleeatwewadasstotthhfeeinTTdaaipnpegeDDmivievitihssoiioodnns ollaafbbioomrraapttrooorrvyyinww gheicxh hiswwtainai sgsoropgrc rgaoandniuih zczetesdd. a moet coe frSec makin as a product improvement center for ScotchTM masking tape, deere1 rt developed in 1925 and Scotch cellophane tape, which was in vented in 1930. DIFaJaNr,.SSoegber,, n1, rpucn Dr. Harry N. Stephens, an organic em aeUnrofeMatecoyn, chemist at the University of Minnesota, Shoscomlio0, sbi who had been a consultant to 3M, was hired ne bsGe) Resch Dope to organize the General Research Depart- ele hr Heck rm Der ment. He hired Hendricks from Detroit, een La then went outside to hire Dr. L. Wallace Sans Em Cod Comell and Dr. William Sohl. Cornell and Shecsbmiehnbie Sohl were the fourth and fifth Ph.Ds hired bSsytteepp3hhMeenn,ssB ..joBina ying19,9O0a, kx e3sM, wHwoeounuldlddr1iccekmsrpalonyyd in 00ma vom : more than 1,000 men and women with doc- ore egrfnchesSt. tarealone, WATTStephens torate degrees in the St. Paul area alone. Harry Stephens OB En he mp Se Gilbert Gehrenbeck, a Chemical Engineer, completed Stephens' aCoordpae i ods eae sc03, roster. Gehrenbeck, a UofM graduate and a 3M employee since 1928, Td pas revercohm cecal pes with Snens whi he had pursued research on electrical tapes with Stephens while the i | 0 0 0 0 13650014 1365.0014 = eo [I 14 te var ve latter was at the UoflVl. gu smtCutop msm guahatle The vision of Mr. McKnight and Carlton was borne out when the nn Se TC Re research department began to shape the future of 3M. The DT i. Laboratory's impact on the new fluorochemical technology alone, eT ve na vento when it arrived in the mid-forties, was outstanding. ppbv, SA The establishment of two other 3M departments within six years Cn ona 0 oy th after the organization of General Research in 193,7 not only was adEe TIE fy ditional evidence that the company was determined to develop new technologies, but provided a system for developing 3M Ete a how Fo fluorochemicals into marketable products. A New Products Departir pear ieowkery nvSR ment (NPD) was formed in 1940 under the leadership of Joseph C. es Duke, but a few months later, he turned the department over to Bert aT Tub Wo S. Cross, who would be 3M's President in the 1960s. NPD was a ee i rel responsible for turning General Research accomplishments into salable Cov te Fok) products. In 1943, a Product Fabrication Laboratory (the Profab lab) Gs Tay pc oop was set up to develop manufacturing processes for new products developed by R ES-- NPD. P-l 15 ener Dr. Sesh suofCdt Rech had been employed. Dr. Stephens liked the sound of Central Research do ok hit and adopted it for his laboratory in the 1940s. hat ws dtrom The General Research Department's first home was a modest room fe eat Er as fanart Boo fifty feet long and twenty feet wide in the basement of Building 2. aly amet Sek om Directly behind it, separated only by a partition of shelving, was the i vielebotn ppd ri Tape Laboratory in the basement of Building I. That proximity allowet Re se ote op Lra ed General Research scientists to use the Tape Laboratory's equipSp, OSA ment, which was a decided advantage. Off-setting that were the cur- tains of dust that streamed down on desks, files, floors and person- ts of os os hn nel whenever a jumbo roll of coated abrasives was accidentally dropye Hp Epa ped in the slitting department on the first floor. a ori atheny "The labor.atory," Hendricks said, "consisted primarily of heavy se Sb We bd oe Somes a on steel tables. We had some homemade mixing equipment, tape en aean i So ey spreaders, coating equipment, a reaction vessel and drying and heating Cc. The Bl ta ib i Ste Fos equipment. The tape lab had rubber mills, with Baker-Perkins exdr hun a SH perimental mixers, churns and other ordinary equipment that you find in a laboratory." a ae mot er. Gs Reseach pedo eb In 1938, its second year, General Research escaped to the baseoi eh hts Se ment of Building 14, which had been built west of Building 2 in 1929, enee eb as be There were no dust clouds,_ but another problem confronted the re- ;& I I(.c BAS fOSo LkA RiJ b 2:3 ooxf (VE BaSR Se (5.4 searchers. The drying ovens for No. 5 maker which manufactured abrasives was on the first floor. So, while a the new quarters provided more space and Fp Eom better facilities, the atmosphere, even with air conditioning, was stifling. Almost every <> a day the thcrmomelcr in the laboratory d/ E egsihtL niglh iee diee rcgistcrcd eighty to eighty five dcgrccs a A ccbeeeiiclliainnuggs.e. of the heal . r.'~tliating throngh Nlhc Projccts pursued at that time in the Laboratory were hardly esoteric. Nor. were lhe scientists carrying ottl pure research. Hendricks developed a waterproof adhesive TThhee L 1.ubaoralbocyo iinn11r 993377.a. BBiit llllSSooohhliir xsaattlyleefftt,, HHeennddrriicckksshhoollddssffiillee. tS The General Rcscarch Department name. originated by Carlton, was accepted at 3M, but after Bill Lundquist and Cort Agre joined ' the organization they referred to it as Central Research. That was Be Rn he bs wie DuPont's name for its research laboratory, where Lundquist and Agre Mr. McKnight tk~r beer bottle labels. Bcfi~re mechanical rlcfii-gigactraitioonn wwaass wwiiddee--sspprreeaadd., hboultlcdd beececr aunndd soofftt ddrriinnkkss ,slolddiinn taverns, drug stores and other retail spots were cooled with ice. Soak- ing in ice water caused labels to slip from beer bottles, so Hendricks formulated a water-resistant adhesive. The program flopped because he could not make the new adhesive compatible with the automatic 0 0 0 Eo L -- . 0 13650015 1365.0015 InI e - d 16 labeling machines of the day. Other problems that kept the staff busy during those first years included improving adhesives for 3M's tape products, glass bead studies and searching for a coating to make it easier to unwind masking tape from rolls. Two more moves were to be made before the Department found a permanent home. In 1939, after a year in Building 14, the wm hb t Laboratory was moved to the third floor of Building 2. The research team occupied space vacated by Mr. McKnight and other management people who had moved down the block and across Fauquier FE 22Auvunenntluile 11t9o9445th5.e. new Building 21. The Laboratory remained in Building After he arrived in 1942, Bill Lundquist contrasted 3M's research Se operation with DuPont's experimental station in Wilmington, iBE Delaware. DuPont's staff had a preponderance of researchers with doctor's degrees. Division laboratories at 3M employed men with EE a TE bachelor's degrees or with no advanced education. 3M also was more informal than DuPont, with Mr. McKnight and Carlton personally na and constantly involved with the laboratory programs. Lundquist recalled meetings with management that ended with authorizations Ee being signed before anyone left the room. Ler TE: ype During its firsl eight years, the Central Research Department grew six-fold. Thirty people were employed there in 1942 when the gE, Laboratory was moved upstairs in Building 2. By 1945, when the Laboratory was relocated to the Benz building, sixty-three names TL were on the payroll. Twelve were Ph.Ds, including Director Stephens, Hcndricks, by then in charge of the Colloid Section, and Sohl, head ey of the Organic Section. (Two others on the original team, Gehrenbeck and Cernell, had moved to other jobs in the company.) The other fifty-one laboratory workers were a sixty-forty mix of men and EhCC na women, technicians and secretaries. The relocation of Central Research Department from Building 2 to the Benz building was a m~tior step h~rward for the Laboratory. The Benz building, still occupied today by 3M laboratories, had six fl~ors, so structure, Laboratory a one-time a to wen employees finally had ample elbow room. The liquor warehouse, stands several miles west of thc origin~d 3M phmt site and cast of St. Paul's downtown business A-- EN) (CE 12 5, oy LN Fpayy PO\: AN oy,1 y 2= {4 i TN [ ' g 2 LAR Opposite: Harold Scholberg holds the attention of visitors to an open house at the new CRL in the Benz building .in 1945. 0 0 0 0 I 1365.0016 ww Tw 18 Baariwsa.tThhePfroeicisbasCehenmids rPriodesovDdeivrishieocn rLasbonradtory11990 orart seay necheioclradmrhadveebeps brouonadredoncialyl. Some district. The facility has been modernized over the years and in 1990 ovr her SM orton. Tie en wh ad 34 1 ea 1905 saw the ulin n 3 housed the Protective Chemical Products Division Laboratory and i 1945 J Her felled docs ats he wp loo Ere gh They hd nt sly worked oder Clg several Other 3M laboratories. feBens iwi a ben sword iaborsory eis 2H). ironic, ot ad owed ctr nial rsarch borsoriisn "In 1945," Jim Hendricks recalled decades later, "the top floor bp apes be ad Mr Mr tk gen plese aon mri Compared ih hv cis,oe ect. of the Benz building was the last word in laboratory facilities (at 3M). Lomas me or of St. Pal rou ou nc Hen in deitywas1d ps We had a big open house and Mr. McKnight took great pleasure in Rend imprcionof ne Librtory a. Grand (cy mst er. (bo)Lidar,won came o 3M n 194, resals sam escorting the mayor of St. Paul through our new laboratory." ee ct et ome ers eto mh dnt prty ii ud Tie Hendrick's impression of the Laboratory as a grand facility must dmg 3 md14.Ors wba crto 51 nthe be1 ae ty les i acd andnd a ji have been influenced by the time spent in the monastic basements Fav ict emit of he comer whekey Warhose 1 mel des and sok the lowed Mh nto te ar. The of Buildings 2 and 14. Others who came to 3M in the late 1940s Sy coy. hel hugh be open windows he hh or fac have different memories of the converted whiskey warehouse and Te amay. a programproduced for nap ous on May. ny ain war wearIncdrmoni,closed wi candy factory. 0 545 ma Be ldcm srt pl tbc sh palin, bt thee wee or windows 0 Be that as it may, a program produced for an open house on May "The aca(oifCoananl Recren 0he powiheHigh a ortorywat a sb 4, 1945, made the Benz building seem almost palatial, clings and ea) acesne hasthough he fof he cin or eer6. Krogh, who id 19as S9en0orVie Present "The location (of Central Research) is on the top floor with high tani FaroefTsh Laboruors ben Th ge 4 fo Ruin ind Bete. Somelngs mond the Bent ceilings and easy access to vent hoods through the roof" the section id afoch econ. Techn ppleof cre dare blag I preseatons. Hews armed tha bn arse. on Outstanding Features of This Laboratory began. "The space is tote: The Fesofeva ros designedbe. DVR hove. divided into areas for each section. Technical people of one kind are io of har area" iywas lolord once with tory type winds. kept together. The facilities of the various areas are designed for the Vetta, ands gin 154 "alls 1d clogs (Ow) Te one ad On hn you 04 have 10 ay or 1 wa at 302 functions of that area." Rav hen pied 10 nd pean mesic and rsh se mupeee ckofcikn ycomp, lained ss Ventilation, incandescent lighting and "walls and ceilings (that) pe Tn ve rte. Apa he oscred 5S 1 Tong pre of he romps: have been painted to lend a pleasant atmosphere and furnish adeobec ware te eS frweonc bg pace ht bed siebenches set quate light" were noted. Asphalt tile floors described as "less tiring oe chemi ances eothe est design, Exerc dis: wie rows rei nor snd sou: The Orgs Secon tock than concrete" were noted. rd er sd oriras The A 5. nen ors ah th Calo Section 8 te Soave. "The chemical benches are of the latest design. Experience dichcp or ow ma, impregnated fo sadn lc: of Th Ati Seton wa he it ow. Tao benches were cl tated the drawer and conapartmcnt arrangcmcnts. The bench tops arc, ei oes. Tgccor nh bach den AL yi roOude Pmt re. hc by he Precis Pro except for a few instances, impregnated fine sandstone in place of Tres ot moran, hee the ay les cn 0 Read Mil dy coir prj, Haid Sowers uae the conventional s~apstoncs. Pipcwork in the benches is hiddcn. At hen, Laer. sievepipe willbe iden, Uyols of mary nd Nun Toy ho bend prec led the rt of present this is nol imp~rtanl because the supply lines comc in oar Ach an try oe been enrol prod Peps overhead. Later...all service pipes will be hidden. Utility outlets for ver hd oh ee ote sd wih 5 waves On ve den, onthecat ide ofthe Fh oor, were the on: gas, water, steam and electricity have been generously provided." ay gs mh os a hr ty sees uch br nr amos doarochms cel. A wo hoosad ampere cl Tall vent hoods each vcntcd to thc outsidc and with its own blower, Reschbench lock fg he ne event ofan cent. oper apeimees wae th. lt lant bind SHOE s~ffcty glass in the windows and other safety features such as a board infer cose vee ih sWe AG Spel ametkons hows whey dlvery ks | between each bench to block flying glass in the event of an accident z~s well as to "foster concentration" were in the new building. Special ors wee proved or hp, conta mpersate, oc. at rooms were provided for shop, constant temperature, optical, etEEaCpaa,ad Lmiicrroap.lanwt hwoir,sevice the Cen Research When Chars (Chale) Bens jinsd M's Spec Proc photographic and microplant work. i Laboraad:Depart Laborsios oe os(1h oborgoriyn 193 8smsi8tVrenidh Departert 03Rdec "The Central Library, which services the Central Research Laboratory and the Departmental Laboratories, is located on the fifth ~9 floor. Many technicai and trade periodicals are on display. Some important scientific journals have been bound." The naen who joined 3M in the late 1940s saw the building in a much different light. They had not only worked in modern college laboratories, but had toured other industrial r~search laboratories in the course of job interviews. Compared with those facilities, the Benz building definitely.was not posh. Dr. J. D. (Don) LaZerte, who came to 3M in 1949, recalled steam locomotives noisily shunting boxcars in the nearby railroad yard. The engines not only huffed and puffed and slammed and banged, but they emitted cinders and soot that billowed high into the air~ The ash drifted through the Open windows into the sixth floor fluorocarbon laboratory during warm weather. In colder months, closed windows blocked ash pollution, but there were no storm windows, so the laboratory was an icebox. Dr. Lester C. Krogla, who retired in 1990 as Senior Vice-President for Researchand Development, sometimes mentioned the Benz building in presentations. He was charmed that it began its career as. awhiskey warehouse.- ."(It) was built bf poured concrete with factory-type windows..." he once said. "One thing you did have to say for it was that if you needed tO set up a new piece of equipment, nobody complained about spoiling the appearance of the surroundings." The sixth floor was one big space that held nine benches set in two wide rows running north and south. The Organic Section took tnp the southeast corner with the Colloid Section in the southwest. The .Analytical Section was the first row. Two benches were used by the Iron Oxide Pigment Group, thrcc by the Fluorochemical Proiecl. C~rl Miller's dry copier project, Harold Sch~lberg's surface chemistry and Nelson Taylor"s glass bead project filled the rest o/ that row. One level down, on the east side of the fifth floor, were the one hundred ampere electrochemical cells: A two thousand ampere cell tbr larger experiments was in the pilot plant behind the building in a garage that once house whiskey delivery trucks. When Charles (Charlie) Bentz joined 3M's Special Products Labi~ratory in 1943 it contained a Varnish Department and a Resin g | 0 0 0 0 _ sm-- | 11336655..00001177 i 6% = 2O Depeonnmodrs ed lyme i sin Department. Bentz worked on monomers and polymers* in the Resin NBT enfWrentWhenoerene1v.oFaandbreewo 0s3gs 4 Department for about six months, then was transferred to a small ey a a ts Foc Engr Tot tos CHAPTER 3M plant in Illinois. When he returned to St. Paul, he was assigned otal his To ps. prs om res 4 to a factory in Building !1 as its Process Engineer. That factory manufactured adhesives for tapes, phenolics and varnishes for a E te hsr dematow.ivpe omeoonprgeaosos abrasives, monomers for adhesives, polymers for magnetic tapes and Er - : . a small line of furniture and automotive finishing compounds for out- "Contra Manofacurig Division CMD) wsformedsdhadbail. Th S C side sales. a ry sings 54. OnweseCorser Mangehre c Simons Connection Central Manufacturing Division (CMD) was formed and had built a Eom in or ig rsohgc The Simons Connection a factory near Hastings in 1948. Oakes was General Manager of the division which was responsible for producing resins and chemicals ie n Sct Poedes LaobroarbaexGerriso.rF1 CAoD. chrc Nba cicith Sirs Brgh he compwsp as manufacturing materials for other 3M divisions. Five years later, mi onbmiots PL {LAD oh pr om Se. when:Special Products Laboratory was transferred to CMD, there ft foepce bl Te were four process buildings and a combination warehouse-officea San Prac Liborwory wa don th nk WhoofParnSuee'sCollege of Chmder laboratory at Chemolite. on wae Comat Jtfri The glva pee cp rs sounds Begun in 1945, Special Products Laboratory was located on the herwa ognpamonos Jove ing o oveop sme nie tht wld bier third floor rear of Building 2 in space vacated by Central Research Shiro: belie eg resumen, bi i rte when it moved to the Benz building. There were eight people in the ering oder cst ot Si be. Tt Trot cay arya, as ere ev nd cin. Toy Special Products Laboratory working with acrylate polymers and ry ws ac cones wed mt i my oes 5 monomers trying to discover a replacement for synthetic rubber. That Emr verso oe eae nsfho s bo, vo nh laboratory was an ancestor of the industrial chemical laboratory and Te edOued hc Log sa Paris kin proto rn wofe wer sn, Men similar laboratories that followed. a Ra h Lobos we vd const share co ndsfip ctive come petion 0 04 In 1953, Kugler replaced Oakes at CMD and chose Lundquist as nl os Reveal eamoor wf, roche rotors: es sist bec whi ty scl his Technical Director. (Both Kugler and Lundquist were involved or ym 3 io he Chem Door em er. 3 fe precion sgindoly Sns in early development of 3M's film-making technology and manufacph mtDinWht whl prin J angst luring, which began as a projcct in the Chcmical Divisiol~.) ca hin re eSS Crr iUloighmEobnpmeCee eSrRepoeDothefpedcarv trdemSR:ee onotfpt,Tl rcHarCephoaeewrD,omn eUaed.pnhavnrbo 1ewmya necphtn1eayt5TFe,6mreao3nfaltSnomCneaiupanogs wt,reonsertei,G.uow3effsnarSFSryeacwneecri,S5Dounophweono'es.mst *The building unils ofnlany piastics anti rubbers are carbon-and-hydrogen-containing-molecnles e nt oct oH oreCo Resch known as u~onomcrs. With the help of entalysts, m~mnmers cnn be connecled inlt) long ~llolectil~r SETI EE I Elio: So Sten sn car cr rang fom ca chnins which t~re polymers. F~r example, ethylene is a ruonomer of polyethylene, a polymer. The shape of the molecul:~r chnin helps to determine a pr~lyruer's properties. In a fiber, the I BRIANA SET meio kn ot os oy tl m~dcculcs might lle slraight, giving strcnglh :rod sliffness. In synthetic rubber they are tangled: CHAPTER 3M becam6 associated with Joe Simons through the company's support of another research project at Penn State. In 1942, Central Research Director Stephens arranged with Dean Frank Whitmore of Penn State's College of Chemistry to undertake a project for 3M. The goal was to perfect organo silicone compounds; 3M was trying to develop a silicone rubber that would be impervious to heat as a material for making gaskets for military searchlights. In that early war year, silicones were new and exciting: Today, a half-century later, silicones are used routinely in many homes as spray-on waterproofing treatments for shoes, boots, tents and other materials requiring protection from water or water stains. Modern silicones also are inexpensive and less effective competitors to 3M's fluorochemical protectors; less effective because while they seal against water, they offe.i no protection against oily stains. Stephcns met Dean Whitmore while pursuing a 3M managemcn! mandate to ferret out new technologies being developed on U.S. college campuses. Stephens' link to Penn State was his acquaintance with Dr. Nelson W. Taylor, who was a graduate student at the UofM during Stephens' tenure and by 1942 manager of Penn State's Ceramics Department. Coincidentally, Taylor also knew Simons from their graduate days at the University of Califi)rnia. 3M's Central Research Department, in operation five years, was a beehive ofactivity. However, in the main, 3M scientists were pursuing product development and not pure research. Clearly, the company needed something to fulfill the mission of the Central Research Laboratory. So, Stephens was an eager courier, running from campus to campus seeking at least one infant technology that 3M could stretch them slraight ~md they try Io ct~rl up llgain like rubber bands, providing sp,ringness. 0 0 0 0 O0 | 11336655..00001188  s . 22 a ----hs ns icon moi rgb, he co possess and develop. Besides 3M's interest in a silicone material for gaskets, the com- ear mre mio mala pany was interested in finding a new or improved method of manufacoe cps sx vs peg soe progr co turing silicone compounds and was making some progress on that ous in St. Paul. When Stephens mentioned the possibility of a joint study re is Fo se Wea len it So. on that subject with Penn State, Whitmore referred him to Simons, who shared laboratory space with Whitmore on the top floor of the apace bolang. Simmons had never worked wilh scones, bt Physics building. Simmons had never worked with silicones, but vv pioss agreed to with the financial support of 3M. He assigned a graduate IEEYX T4 y Pern ane roiiai student, Wilbur (Bill) Pearlson, to manage the project. | ps ) h 3) - bon { EE rywy l)r. Harry Stephens, Director, Central Rese~rch l,:dmralot'y, with Nm Mrs. Stephen,,; in 1945. ane ches fob Universiof Calforsis Beil A graduate chemist from the University of California at Berkeley TE Peo ly esd ot bo to 2 28 in 1938, Pearlson eventually journeyed east hoping to earn an ad- iad ice nr Whe. Upon i stl Pan St be: winced degree under Whitmore. Upon his arrival at Penn State, he a oe ow to mim WA. found that the dean did not have a fellowship to offer him. WhiriS, pe oe Iwi more steered the eager student to Simons, who held three fellowships Bl WORM Se for a National Defense Research Council (NDRC) project on radioacDe vaio Lah win tive gases as counter measures to chemical warfare. Each fellowship econ oe ard nd tery The dlrs was for eighteen months at one hundred and twenty five dollars a a row waned month. Pearlson began with Simons in late winter of 1941 and stayed nas om23 prNOR procs, Pan was nocd 1 ios until 1947. In the NDRC project, Pearlson was introduced to fluorine axa chemistry. ' fr Ss Comurcl Chics Dion Libres He retired from 3M's Commercial Chemicals Division Laboratory io hc 3 yas wi company. aac cle in 1985 after 38 years, with the company, retaining clear recollec0 ry Sn tn on i mc tions of Harry Stephens, including a conversation during a dinner meeting one evening near the campus. It began with Pearlson review- I borer fot oe the previosusxmonth. Nothing hd ing the laboratory efforts for the previous six months. Nothing had his Pee i,oad ot dh ot Fe worked, Pearlson said, and added that he and the four other graduate we maa ot of students involved were running out of ideas. eon ie eek, Spin ci pvt vc Before the two men left the restaurant, Stephens came up with twenPe spr hse Pon it. ty ideas which he generated in a process that unnerved Pearlson. First, she i apd moles Stephens uttered a few words on the subject, then lapsed into silence arr To is Toho gs rd Hed that lasted four or five minutes. Then he offered an idea and enlarged i ha reTe on it briefly, then sat thinking in silence again. That long process continued until Pearlson had nervously jotted down the final idea. ia be ecalie. impressed wih ther quay and by th fact He was, he recalled, impressed with their quality and by the fact ee woe ot evry of sing that Stephens was so well-informed about a wide variety of existing hn as industrial processes. Tt by he ses of 1984 a of he as nh The irony is that by the summer of 1944 one of the ideas on the ro Sp i graduate students' original list bore fruit, so Stephens' ideas were ES pare oe Lr never pursued. A patent for the new process was signed and sent b~ck to 3M. Almost simultaneously, the Journal of the Chemical Sl mh Co Sucicty published a six-page report on General Electric's silicone production accomplishments. 'qt set down in detail exactly what we hm3IlMMtloccuuocnn,tt"iinnuPuceeaddrlsti~tssu~ssiilrlieicmcooneneemcbcooennrtetrrdaa.cctt*? with with Dean l)can Whitemore Whitemorc foe for a a ty vii several yc~u's, but with GE's revelation il wns clear thal any valnablc ae i patent coverage was no longer p~ssible. Ihre sch io a 30 aekr Orc buss opis Is there such a thing as 3M luck'/. Or, arc business opportunities Ely ardcry we hecompany G1 ure? so generously scattered that every wide awake company gets its share? 1a at pve 7 ht rr. The hs wre in any event, luck played ~ role in what transpired. The facts were tt Ris S04 eae re of Sn ng ces Co that before 3M became aware of Simons and eventually his elecIfans reh Ie Wolutr d 10 Jc ht trofluorochemical research, the professor had tried to sell hi,~ briny soc] oe compas DuTr 1a2 Wepnlhaowe technology to several other companies. DuPont and Westinghouse LVS e rare et retired 3M execulive eslin~ated the value ol Iller silicone conlract I(~ Penn ~tatc at $5,000 $1(},0(~) :~ year, L i2 L 0 0 0 0 -- I 11336655..00001199 V oe--- t dome prtytbancnoffBelenpnrofws lpy elh t tboonnayh--3S0i'msonssttepnutrs swece htranpsferrred 0c1. dPar, 3M r=e turned him down, partly because of the professor's personality. Bn aU ve espe eycd lg percn "He wouldn't release his patents," Bill Pearlson said years afteret cof. deg etchr Ergon, Ea Kc, wards, "unless DuPont (or Westinghouse) would hire him and give eC Dus N Don Loyd Per ne dso honSe lc him complete control of the product d~velopment." ig Be vas forte rae ve. lei nd Pd edn Fr 1 Hugh Bryce, another retired 3M scientist, recalled that DuPont rn Byer. mt ih. Kak cn coe en was well acquainted with Simons' superdevcloped ego. "He was a weno, "The hey ra i pmolofseg el os i consultant for DuPont for about two years," Bryce said, ,during et rs a on Pest oo pas which time he tried to run their lives. Not just their business lives, LAE Soydscns. Spon Hor but their personal lives as well." ove wi Sr Soe Fe en Spf2 oe ach rg sg Lyle Hals, who also knew Simons, did not remember negative traits. SrST Sis yd ob con i Hais was, however, impressed with Simons' ability t~ figure colTitans Nes Tor he cram hl Uo fe en Sa umns of numbers in his head. He also recalled that Simons was a Tong in15k id Wari mn nd hm glass blower and a proficient plumber. "He scoffed at lab coats," as yng a be acrepo Redr. Hals said, "and never removed his suit coat. He believed a good od vit Sens os on Th che ct sot toms researcher never spilled anything. And, he didn't." a Serer Mpmitl SST ms wanes etFron rl eran So, by 1944, the year after 3M became involved with Simons in ian wok rom fom Sa 101 Pu A ao be hg procs the silicone project, the professor's fluorochemical achievements still BE on oo oj Ses vic ent comcad ra who wl 1 were bridesmaids. Because of GE's findings, the 3M-financed silicone ts coe wots he Pf Po aed vim Herts, ed research project was to be terminated, but Simons, not one to let eo at nt Shean ri RCTS kof rpc ec. nd corporate funds slip through his fingers, convinced 3M to transfer Ei fea Ture, wh ws fe Ps Chants Svan. 8 the balance of its grant to his electrofluorochemical project. pes od ard ie Ft BTLCLC She wedTi to vk i To Simons and graduate student Frances had applied for their first pun epi fr UT SIROTA ion To hs Pr Sn 3 pid he Pic patent on the preparation of organic fluorine compounds by elecics Makinson Boh re ort he tio ons trochemical fluorination in 1941. By .1944, Simons, working with ea si Se ts pe es et cmt Walter Harland, had the research to the point that it attracted 3M's Son Jeia ly Joc pr ce interest. The following year, 3M acquired Simons' patents. Ser i ee ee fr cll ona 3M ws codes ne Be eb "Dr. Stcphens," Jim Hendricks ,said, "really deserves the maj~r rl FN rn, bea Norm 14 wigs 50 arce ity credit for getting 3M into the Fluorochemical Project and pushing ns At oe it through to agreements with Simons and getting it into the SMSot esr Dae ibywi ee i mercial phase." At that time, Central Research Department was busy with several JRdr purofs,rMyoehiltuiraaraECs bintOTL When pn erin is can 540 Sr major projects. Magnetic audio recording tape was under developeco Soo pps tan vs caopd ah fn ht are ch Eh ment. 3M's copying project, which would result in the invention of nih ig Ts eto hs domes 2d hh the first dry copying machine, was under way. So was a project to yon sar, Soo sgh be ome 3 mek dcr nde develop reflective glass beads, the raw material for reflective sheeting or be mo rd: om er aod so 0 cd sk. still popular today for traffic signs on streets, highways and freeways. rie pots, SRL NTIS IE eet ae car, Another important project, which didn't have the pizzaz of recordi BT a ag ing tape, copying machines or reflective signs, led to further perfec- tion of 3M's acrylic polymer tape. Into that arena, fluorochemical 25 technology~3M's first pure research project--was drawn. Soon after Simons' patents were transferred to St. Paul, 3M re- searchers projected that they could have a pilot plant cell in operation within two years. To that end, three Chemical Engineers, Ed Kauck, AI Diesslin and Lloyd Picard, were dispatched to Penn State to learn how to operate one. Diesslin and Picard stayed in Pennsylvania six months. Kauck stayed an entire year. There they learned the fundamentals of operating a cell plus advanced techniques from Pearlson and other graduate students in Simons' laboratory. Dr. Fred Steele of 3M's iron oxide research program was assigned by Stephens ,to be 3M's contact with Penn State. Nelson Taylor, the ceramicist who left the UofM for Penn State, had in 1944 accepted a 3M offer to manage 3M's glass bead chemistry project. By 1947, he was in charge of the new fluorochemical development program, That change came about--at least to some extent-because Stephens wanted to hire Pearlson and transfer the laboratory work from Penn State to St. Paul. As part of the hiring process, Stephens invited Pearlson to recommend the man who would be his boss in the new Project. Pearlson talked with Jim Hendricks, head of the Colloid Section, Bill Sohl, head of the Organic Section, and Taylor, who was in the Physical Chemistry Section*, then told Stephens he would like to work with Taylor. In 1950, Tom Brice left-Penn State and joined the Project at Pearlson's invitation. Both made large contributions to the technology that bec,ame ScotchgardTM protector and other 3M fluorochemical products. The first cell run at 3M was conducted in the Benz building laboratory in November 1946 using a 50 anapere cell built by 3M based on a design obtained from Penn State. When 3M began working with Simons early in the 1940s, Simons' laboratory was equipped with two three-to-six ampere cells. Each was an iron pipe three inches in diameter and ten inches high with a steel rod through the center and a nickel electrode around the rod. The bottoms were sealed and the top caps could be bolted down. * William Wetzel of Ihe Inorgithic Section, who was immersed in iron oxide research, was nt~t considered. He was too busy helping to develop America's first audio tape. i L 0 0 0 0 0 e--n --------------------, I 13650020 1365.0020 wee rT 26 ecelnedwetreontd. roeenrecahrcnovwesrasdhtionons nTbi boif adcshtane!porfoodurcesd in1sihvae0lsytalayqucelsre- The cells were operated by a generator which conveded alternating gro dione len SI OT tote ve Torn Us ens oe current to direct current. A four-ton refrigerator was used to con- dl es 0D a rl Siee hhs dng dense the gases which were produced and alsoto cool the cells to rl inc i: Conant my tt on retard the evaporation of the anhydrous E> hydInro14 f9lu4o5r,itchr5 raeecceidoonnoe.r-hHuFdn.dersed-aammppeerree cceelllls BallZA cccio Simons borerciadc 3 th abaencceaof wateh rbecoo nsid ir n ssrtcanna dcoe.r itit designed in Simons' laboratory and be OE imeisl iit onusohrms Bors cap a fabricated at 3M replaced'the original cells : LT ni at Penn State. Each new cell consisted of et arr epg eek a twelve-by-twelve-inch jacket with a sixEhime Roman Sl Chiat Corny mse U5 by-,six-by-ten-inch electrode pack inside. Tom B|rice {Leua TOaecCe larIos pe TMayckSionskidee mT aopy heh er nmoee scehed ep of Tom Brice That design and those types of materials were used for years to make new cells. In essence, a cell is a steel pot with a cover which can be tightened to make it a pressure vessel. The electrode pack inside coe comet ogrSohclheiCeeperto 3 hiSons a inh crc och.in can be compared roughly with the anode and cathode plates of a ik on cmb dors 190 1 ri vera. Tecama hid storage battery. At the bottom of the cell is a valve where fluorocar- polio ohm po(hetwr on i 200 maar ry bons, which are not soluble and settle to the bottom, can be drawn oe by 2 er prob peli ars iro dived out as clear, colorless liquids. Some of the fluorocarbons produced Ei you cpus of ayy. ht ptt es xo techy are vented with the hydrogen as gases. Eo nS orple yim hi rs pc re Sos apn tbl The cell process begins with organic carbon-hydrogen compounds. a hh le paca cam. rh No ae Fr plaice nar The hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms in a simple miosis oh oad ogBanc pares, ror relatively safe, one-step process, during which the product is comjogo isoSee cn iy pletely fluorinated. No chlorine is involved and all the hydrogen atoms SIRO, in vs Mpc lyBn es. og Ape rancHg hr are replaced. Ee on pogo Cpr ht Pkg Complete fluorination gives 3M products vastly different properem pSCOTS TWEE dt, pt os nd iy Dt tics compared with their organic counterparts. They .'dso are vastly a paket We vtae ad ace cory Son different from chlorofluorocarbons (which are frequently and cr- i Ml it ops ppg wih amerpl Seco roncously referred to as fluorocarbons.) In a l]nal step, the pr~ducl chit Foe Ne in ater, fr fics. cs bran is purified, usually by distillation. Inert fluids are complete in eyof st a eo themselves. Reactive organic prcnlucts arc mixed with other chemic,~ls I 0) SI oy mie sense am amg Sheen. Fee sr ned to make a variety of products. yng. imione den hh raed Foy cons The process is versatile, too. With only minor adjustments a cell a cogs ohn 98 tr of eT can be used to make a wide range of fluorochcmicals simply by changom wt vy em, | Nobiowr or, 0 ht lc in ing the organic feed stock, which is the raw material. In most other ee 13s nk ta Bots Jk co OF methods, each product needs its own processor or at the very least, i TC ay ob wns. Sr so oir mah. 1 oe er co major adjustments are necessary. Capacity of the Simons cell can be expanded easily by adding cells. That versatility is vital when a 27 number of products are produced in relatively small quantities. The biggest advantage, of course is that the electrolytic cell pro- cess does not involve free fluorine. Using anhydrous hydrofluoric acid (HF) as the raw material eliminates the difficult and dangerous t0uosebbuoiiflkdfrcceeellesflaualnnoddriolnotethh.seerCr oeenqqsuueiiqppmumeeennntttlybb,eeoccaarduusisneeaHHryFF,m,wwahtihelirlieeaclcosorrrcraoonssiibvveee,,uccsaeandn in the absence of water be contained in steel and other metals. If the process as explained here appears simple and easy, be assured that it is not. Operating a cell is an art more than a science and what 3M has learned about that art over the decades is a closely guarded secret. During the last half of this century, other companies~Phillips Petroleum and Shell Chemical Company to name two--and the U.S. government hay+ tried and failed. The exception is Rimar Chemicals of Italy, which operates a few cells to produce a limited range of products. While Simons was refining his electrofluorochemical research, in 1942, 3M noted its fortieth anniversary. The company, which started with one product (the annual report stated) "now manufactures many diversified products used throughout the world daily in virtually every phase of everyday life." That hyperbole was exposed immediately by a list of those products and product lines: Scotch tapes, sandblast stencil, No-MarTM tape for protecting surfaces, rubber and resin cements, colored roofing granules, color pigments, flint mineral for abrasives, silica sand, ScotchliteTM reflective materials ("for safety marking of highways and railroad crossings and for commercial adverlising signs"), polishing and rubbing compounds, oil sheet packing and gaskets, protective material for shoes "and many others." Diversification was attributed to research "on a constantly growing scale" beginning with waterproof sandpaper. 3M was operating its headquarters, four factories, thirteen branches and warehouses with three thousand seven hundred employees, including two hundred and eighty salesmen. Twenty-seven hundred stockholders shared the dividends, which increased from twenty cents a share in 1923 to two dollars and forty cents in 1941. As a contribution to the war effort, 3M built a sulfuric acid plant in 1942 on an old roofing granules plant site in Copley, Ohio, to supply gun powder manufacturers. 3M also joined four other corn- 0 i0 0 0 --_-- _ 1365.0021 1365.0021 wy Os29 pe olosNo ooS PtEc trTCoImrEonoRge.re woos dniddoyrsfonsycpuseen fmt panics to form the National Synthetic Rubber Corporation to operate Ee ry cnt si a rd a government-owned synthetic rubber factory in Louisville, Kentucky. wera at oe Yoo Eo That venture was not very profitable becausethe cost of raw materials a ne Es hoi and the selling price of the product were controlled by the federal EB eeor ea Pow. msl government. Operating the plant, however, allowed 3M "to acquire at Ee technical information regarding the manufacture and use of synthetic ky hl ASL mt os ho yn rubber which may be valuable should synthetic rubber play an imPn pre Coe cpt tc portant part in the post-war economy." Inland Rubber Corporation CNBR A eres LTT was acquired by 3M in 1941. Later, that subsidiary's name was changTh es ad yt snk ol ed to Midland Rubber Corporation. Subsequently some of the firm's Fr EON re assets were disposed of by 3M. ee i uot 3M and many other U.S companies suffered from raw material nen ran vn and manpower shortages during the war, but that situation was reversea oh on ease pat ed in the post-war boom years. By 1948, 3M could report that manhose a WE power in Central Research and division laboratories had increased to sp 20 about twenty percent that year. 3M also was operating sixteen faca TE Rt CR Foti tefeel tories (compared with four in 1942) in fifteen cities and warehouses pant sf te Pocri cs or sales offices in eighteen cities. The 1948 report also stated that ep mi iy tb. 3M was in the middle of a twenty million dollar expansion program. vt eT oept tes pL a EL LEC In 1949 two new corporate positions were created. Mr. McKnight nhs om oe vin cnd rooptes Woop became Chairman of the Board, Archibald G. Bush Chairman of the Cl eds ee Executive Committee, and Richard P. Carlton replaced Mr. McKnight eC a RAR ct poe 1 as 3M President. In the previous year, Carlton had been appointed Executive Vice-President of Production, Engineering and Research. i le S153 4 L tadv wl Cs ST hammavepetide, ety dc Sales in 1949 totaled $I 14,925,274 compared with $63,548,337 ar ee soir ei or so in 1945. Profits were $15,398,176 or nearly five times larger than a ep wh. El the prollts reported in 1945. During that same period, the ntuliber Em CO itty mie ok be ate Artin thos of employees grew from 6,795 to 8,759. EE an pa That was the almosphere at 3M when the fluorochemical technology BI CARAS en ie pe dn eo was placcd in Cenlral Research in 1945. When Diesslin returned from training at Penn State, he was ap- em b De B rus ming 8 1m SMUT iynArricr wot y to s wain0 pointed manager of the Pilot Plant. Don Wardrop, a Chemical a am rio Sees at Engineer who had jtfincd 3M and the Project in 1946, became mn, topo tmrditand + Pe ee ws Diesslin's assistant. Wardrop and Roy McKenzie, the Project Engineer, designed and was designed to produce in larger quantities. Simons' technology also could only produce inert fluorocarbons, so 3M's goal was to develop reactive materials while also coming up with new, profitable uses for inert fluids. No one knew how to produce reactive fluorochemicals, but they were certain that it could be done. Even during the early research at Penn State, Simons believed that by their very nature reactive fluorochemicals would be superior repellents of water, oil and other staining liquids. "We knew;" Jim Hendricks said, "that if you replaced the hydrogen with fluorine atoms in organic materials, you were going to get very unusual properties. And, surely something of value would come out of those unusual properties." Furthermore, 3M management often "prea6hed that we want something unique and novel." "The work to develop an inert refrigerant fluid was obvious because 3M's laboratory cells were producing materials which were biologically inert and stable. That program failed, however, because 3M's selling price was too high. Another reason was that 3M's product did not perform as well as those of competitors. 3M also pursued the use of inert fluids as dielectric coolants for transformers and electronic equipment. A small quantity of the liquid could be pumped from a sump in a transformer housing and sprayed over the windings to cool by evaporation. Westinghouse Electric Corporation built two large tranformer_s which used 3M's inert liquid successfully, but 3M still could not produce and sell its fluids at an attractive price. Inert fluids were ahead of their time. Nearly two decades later, in Ihc latc 1960s, they became popular as coolants for electronic devices and equipment. A major obstacle to the reactive fluorocarbon research was the laboratory staff's inability to analyze the solids and gases produced in the cells. The problem was caused in part by the newness of the technology. Another factor was that testing equipment of the type fot,nd in laboratories in later years simply did not exist in the 1940s and 1950s. Some help was obtained from Professor Alfred O. Nier* at lhe UolqVI who ran 3M leslg on the university's new mass spec- a ae i ach es ee supervised the construction of the two-thousand-ampere cell which SE nisPla PanefeMLN, re NST was placed in operation in the Pilot Plant in the spring of 1947. koma on Se Building a cell that size was a decided gamble because Simons had eC Cy he a made only grams of a number of different substances and produced * Nicr supp~rted the Manhattan Projecl through uranium studies anti tests in his laboratory before the war nnd later worked fulhime a! Oak Ridge, Tennessee. developing speclromelcr ~ep~ralions o1' uraniuw~ isotopes, 0 only pounds of the CF gases (CF4, CzF~. C]Fs) that the pilot plant 0 0 I 0 136.0022 1365.0022  e------------3 3O rome, bt hat cold bedoot 3 ginooobsms Aiddbinyeg .0 T2hde.clBothpprooveddcto,afwphtiechoosrabnlheNdeheccohomopounnd'soemeyr trometer, but that could not be done on a regular basis. Adding to env mesma teal mids bhcr. Webln'scperinarkos the analysis problem was the fact that 3M scientists continually broke eedi we ae por fr pecs or or se new ground in chemistry so that available test methods soon bcc~une RIE cxrydy ne mac anew ctlwhich sve bn The mac wok td ver 0 Org Seco Geviop obsolete, on a tsse ar AGA chim. Resarhers 1 hl depurnt bead tO. Mat. "Almost ever~ day we made a new molecule which had never been on the face of the earth before," one participant remarked years after- i. Fd sy ht Schad ond how W. lebees ong and spe i. Dr Thomas. Rl, ward. "We made new compounds, tried to identify what we had and TiEd pee pEepstg ol fd the resertodevkop CDr yDonheHursteyd aprodndAerr. rTe.ycoAlNdDreIducle an0tdethedh1yd ckoueld filed patent applications." ene Torche at ging autre poi Still there were no signs that indicated the research to develop a reactive fluorochemical was getting anywhere~ an pec ar D1 Peon id nt en a. it we nt hysho discovered, whathd comerthesrrvas "It was pretty clear," Bill Pearlson said not long ago, "that we crn ogg ve frwih eK of airwe csoud mk ried cohort ac AL, in bck 394 st weren't going to go very far with the kind of materials we could make. Tpreyihoenk wilh of anhd wueet, hseofrhebMyrboetchtteenwsa--s [hredascd aeiree aunoyrcochlensicals dl befor ccswa che: They showed all the characteristics of the fluorocarbons-- incompatibility with oil and water, thermostability--but there was Ensamen hosSable compa 5 KARO. bt Jt he Face hs Undue no good way of converting those stable compounds into the kind of rare lcs hr culbe commercial, We ped "hook organic molecules that could be commercial. We needed a "hook" ou valor mer plete Es, so we could transform the material into polymerizable molecules, oe a crt fo orga yes the raw materials for organic ~yntheses. Ts he ob | wa ined when | came up fom Pen Sue "That's the job I was assigned when I came up from Penn State osCtetPamiinenet apin in 19081 cad acho toe to St. Paul." Luck intervened again in 1948 to end the search for reactive rach. Ack preshd oe enone romhe ges fluorochemicals. Acidic impurities had to be removed fr0m.the gases Freed nit em cel on iawb sd produced in the pilot plant cell, so an ammonia scrubber was rigged Eecl st yento moeCO adences HF. The ie to the cell's output system to remove CO2 and excess HF. The stanharwe fo hr va bysc e 4 Ko sugested dard charge used for that was butyric acid, but Ed Kauck suggested ing byt ade, hh woud mic he wi3r0 substituting butyric anhydride, which would minimize the water and ThOF)fNihe eKnasnpatiiovofeoex tfdeahtesompenn satioie therefore decrease production oftoxic reactive oxygen Iluorinc (OF.,). After Kauck's suggcstion was adopted, the scrubber--six in- heen ic snd ft Wh cae paged wih poundosf ches in diameter and ten feet high--became plugged with. pounds of Srey md lah foils. When lowed i 0. a soft, grcasy mash of white particles. When allowed to dry. lhe ons cs became gray poder strange substance became a greasy powder. Scndlof DwoevsWt eto nWeae'rsmAunkilidSeocttioantwchherneynif Some of it was sent to Wctzel's Analytical Section where infra- rcd analyst Donald Weiblcn learned that it did not match any ct~n- eoolnptathspsio, vDorsieenmeddtio cuemneihhaPtssrocna,nWseble1n ventional pattern or scale. During a discussion with Pearlson, Weiblen mentioned that the powder seemed to sublime, that is change from 2 iho rng gh a edie id iwh a solid to gas without going through an intermediate liquid state when iced se ghviperprior Tt deci Pen cno et placed under high vapor pressure. That directed Pearlson onto another Tock, Cot he grein ve 30 am track. Could the powder be an amide? i pen ak comtehesnub t 10:3 ire30 0 Experiments were run to convert the substance to a nitrate and an 3~ acid. Both proved out, which established the compound's identity. The cell's production of perfluorsacyl fluorides had been converted to perfluorosacyl amides in the scrubber. Weiblen's experiments also provided him with new patterns in infra-red spectra for.future analysis. The material was turned over to the .Organic Section to develop its chemistry. Researchers in that department headed by Dr. Matthew W. Miller began testing and studying it. Dr. Thomas S. Reid, Dr. Don Husted and Arthur H. Ahlbrecht learned that they could esterify the greasy powder. They could reduce it to alcohol and make acrylates. And, they also discovered, what had come from the scrubber was a fluorinated carboxylic acid. At last, with luck, 3M scientists had produced reactb)e fluorochemicals. There still were many obstacles to hurdle beforesuccess was achieved, but at least the race was underway. 0 0 0 0 1 11336655..00002233 | Eo 0 0 0 0 cuartER CHAPTER 5 mtn oaA wCsrriiiotecicaalyl YeYeaarr Nineteen forty-nine was a critical year. prs, Four years had elapsed since 3M had acquired Simons" process. oma es py, A considerable amount of money had been spent, an array of chemical BT compounds had been developed, but still there were no products-So or sales--to show for all that. A Ee mutton The strain on the exchequer was demonstrated the previous year I NIT when Taylor, in a letter to a scientist he wished to hire, wrote that i money was not available to allow him to make a salary offer. GS The Project also had become a target of sniping by 3M manage=Tr a TI, ment people whose careers were tied to other, less favored product lines. TTwwoo ooccccuurrrreenncceess iinn 11994499 hheellppeedd cchhaanngge tthhaatt gglloooommyy ppiiccttuurree.. AA fn Ie SST, ggoovveerrnnmmeennttccoomntaraccttwwaassoobbttaaiinneedd,, pprroovviiddiinngg oouuttssiuddee mmoonneeyy ffoorr ccoonn.- tinued research. And, an internal meeting cleared the air and breathed a rd i new life into the Prqiect. Both the Air Force contract and the meeting n STIs R cpr edn Caton, were very important to 3M. The meeting held on April 21 was called by President Carlton, TE Min I who had been close to lhe Prqiect from its inception while he was yi dheFogo MEI Vicc-l'rcsidcnt of Research and Manufacturing. Now as President*, i he was approaching another important decision point. He could recom- aee ber, mend thai the company allocale enough money to maintain the cur- mri rent level of research. Hc'could reduce his funding request, which S See ec et ipre odnag oSt MSIY would force a cutback. He could request no money at all and kill me. os an aos. the Project. the latter an unlikely choice given Carlton's, Stephens' E omer SSE and Mr. McKnight's intense interest in fluorocarbon technology. +In 1949. LIt+yd A. Hatch, a 3M Vice-President, replaced President Carlton as c~+ordinalor research and ne~v product development. Hatch hmd been in charge of the Rooling Granules Divisitm. _ 33 Fr Their support was as strong in 1949 as it had been in 1945. pata fo: There may have been another reason that contributed to the selec- a ee eeToso tion of the meeting date. The grumbling among the nonpial na pe ge or fluorochemical management people representing other groups and divisions had increased with each passing [re year. Those men had their own research Erm and development programs that could use le } more corporate funding. Each was aware tle 0 i ary = that his value to 3M was measured by his Eh achievements and that R&D turned ideas Er at ai I into profitable products sooner if more manpower was ,applied. They looked en- a viously at a research venture that didn't ap- e T sS i IE pear to be product oriented, that did not ap- pear to be going anywhere, but which was B entr hn By Coon allowed to continue with an abundance of er manpower supported by company profits. Richard Carlton 3M's annual stockholders meeting was approaching. Those other St Se, Te en management people would-expect Carlton to provide evidence then SFERT eCdE CE that the Project deserved funding for another--its sixth--year. Carlton took a novel approach--and it turned out an ultra-important sPPtrreoopjjee--cctttottoohefflipinnddhioomuuttmwwahhkeeetthhheeirsr dtthheeecyyisiwwoenerr.eeHffeeerrvpviioddl,,ledlluukkkeeewywaaprrmemopoolrer iinn in bthe-e be- twweeeenn.. HHee aasskkeedd tthheemm1t0oddeeffeenndd tthheeiirr ssttaannddss.. W Whhyy ddiidd tthheeyy ffeeecll tthhee Iee eeSdmel Ee way they did'? He extracted a consensus by letting the participants express what they felt had been accomplished and what they still ex- PaSh, fr lt cn i xh pected to achieve. Everyone in the room, from the oldest veteran to those whose oeonme ii C om fan et vi ehe,dseal employment could be measured in weeks or months, was asked to speak. At the end, each was asked to submit written answers to three Toh mont sist questions: Is this project commercially sound? What will be the dete?- Say ha ty meMt mining factors of success or failure? How should 3M proceed to deter- bneeal 7 nstTehionn el pein mine as rapidly as possible the likelihood of the Fluorocarbon Pro- ee at silent 7 ject becoming a financially successful proposition? "The meeting wasn't to decide whether to continue the Project rn Tops gh or to kill it," Hugh Bryce said many years later, "but if the people tert t So L at that meeting hadn't been willing to stake their own careers on their decision, Carlton might have been less supportive than he was." ST I MD Thirty men, including twenty-seven connected with the Project, ---- 1385.0024 1365.0024 " Ts 34 35 cede ei New Fos Dope core phy ie attended the meeting in the New Products Department conference Fr ey ond 3 Caos, room in the Benz building. Their accomplishments arc preserved in epsrod od bates Cotton 1. Dotabea of heNew Prt DinLabor ped the meeting minutes and their reports drafted and submitted to Carlton Sh fidgety fait ued afterward. inherently the most efficient.'" "Is the project fundamentally sound for 3M?" Carlton asked. Dr, J. F. Dowdall, head of the New Products Division Laboratory, replied ~hat most 12entral Research work had been concerned with patent Ha, ot to mt vessel. wos Ss ep ns aU ome At one point in the meeting it was noted that, "!It is not known ee eae vane thom heb ore with certainty at the present time whether 3M has a commercially coverage for the process and products. He said that from now on more consideration would be given to the fimdamentals 0f cell opera- mw, Sai mm ea os valuable fluorocarbon program Or not.'" That observation was over- lion and the commercial aspects of the program. Svan os it Colon an hd is ac ht ve wed whelmed by a wave of enthusiasm and bullishness from Pro.ject Mr. Carlton then asked (the minutes stated) what we would do if peck hats wa participants. ~ a customer requested the production of fluorocarbons in large volume. TATE te,Goat ew Pos D3 Wao eh Lok ec Dr. Charles Walton, General Manager cffthe New Products Depart- Dr. Walton replied that we would use our present knowledge of the yy nine ol bpae ment, opened the discussion. "3M Management has asked for an production of the requested product, figure a selling cost and erect rc Meares hs Sehepa) amb expression of faith in the prqject on the part of tho~e closest to it," the plant to produce it on a contract basis. Such a policy would natural- ey Ls he said. Feta Cato ait st i Cs ed wo pe President Carlton said that management ly presume we know how to produce the product requested. Mr. Carlton asked whether the group has enough confidence in ST a a hte was "firmlY behind the project," but anxTh ioi they s ious to "bring along specific products Starter BE which could be sold." Walton mentioned a ey Cn cr Dr. W. Soland CL owtsod that at that time there was no proof that any samen [Re losing dbp wba one compound was ready for sale. "Results pbs] /, 3: eam am es me have not indicated that we are past the the process to recommend the building of a plant.. ,which might cost as much as a million dollars should (that) reliable prospective customer (be found). Everyone except Dr. W. E. SoN and !2. L. Jewett voted yes on that question. The two dissenters urged caution before making such a large capital investment "where so little is known of the process, IN er La research stage," he concluded. the products and their uses (the minutes noted).." Se tse il i oe Sein a cc Dr. H. M. Scholberg, head of the Elec- Those who voted 'yes' did so with the understanding that the specific SE eq LE trochemical Section, led the defense. He compound or compounds involved would greatly affect their decision. angie | ft votes To fp Behe i expressed bclicf in the anticipated size of oven markt ad cones mM aon Hugs (rot rey Sonora chon the t'luomcarbon market and confidence in Chuck Walton Fri CAPPS oh a A ieps the Project. Others concurred and enlarged on~ the long-range Walton inquired about the advisability of making a small scale installation at Hastings (not the previously considered five hundred thousand dollar scmi-works u.nit) in a large "shell" capable of contain- hed a EE SE PpoNAssiaqbuicleistoitciosnn. ,wwaass riasisce.d. W Waass 33MM rriigghhtt oorr wworonngg iinn ppuutttiinngg "a"sllll ooff usinugggggeties~strtteohdder ttehhxaapttaniittsiwwoonou.ullEddrwbbieen bbBeerttoteewrrnttooo:fa3tdhdded EffnrragaccitntiieooennrasinttiignnggDeaapnndadrtoomtthehenerrt ae ab ot ee oeHe it ko its eggs in one basket, depending on the Simons process when several rec~wery equipment to lhe present pilot plant rather than build a new Jr erie Api Aare ey rd other methods of making fluorocarbons are known'?" Pearlson, whosc inns Eo it coh pl row woul experience with fluorocarbons dated back more than half a decade, Ey i Ret on Sb ed fielded that question. half-a-million dollar semi-works plant at Hastings. Such a plant (the minutes said, indirectly quoting Brown) would give the flexibility necessary to conduct very much needed basic GAIN SENT, og oe te ud ae vs Sm pat aiecpsdepen ak Hc defined two competing processes he felt had some merit: chemical engineering studies of the process and equipment at the two- n E E s ET eR CsE SSter N T esreae E SepTm aAEoy Re poNsberroeeapyenewsti SR eapbimasmeaaI f:e orc i he Simons process with ts ne-sicp operation thes appear to be. fluorides and halogen exchange. Metal fluoride, he said, involves using elemental fluorine, which not only is more expensive than the HF used in the Simons process, but also is extremely hazardous. Both it and the halogen exchange.process also are multii-step processes, compared with the one-step Simons process. Sumrning up, he said the "Simons process with its one-step operation thus appears to be thousand-ampere-cell level before trying to design a semi-works unit at the ten-thousand-ampere-cell level. The minutes concluded with a five-point summary: 1. Thai-we have no current established market for any fluorocarbon material which, has been released so far. 0 0 0 0 ~.n 1265.0025 1365.0025 ee se 00s, | 36 BerEemsemenoadvaiseablenanetl r3 sgpeciie emarsket is viitry f theotmeestiinnhga,tThroeomncabrriesd thoefdOye. rerio 2. That the construction of a semi-w'~rks plant on even a so a te cad of be moderate scale is not advisable until a specific market is nt hc be ii yr ois Semin developed. oratory aod in market development. Ig on fobs he sigh my amet th. 1 woud ike | 3. That the project is still in the research phase in both the laboratory and in market development. 4. That is it not known with certainty at the present time whether ES pw pe sv 3M has a commercially valuable fluorocarbon program, or oy ope iy Tn oe CA 4 4 not. ns TAT EL RS 5. That customers hungry for specific salable products are sorely ton. ton Ben i. Th1 att 1 0 needed. NA\oL, TPSSONILpRAeGR .wRRiS!EEY IE LF e eo L T ethnBbye en eha td bwnecnpalohyean de aalyowueT nweedkosemwehL eren ben.te Those negative statements notwithstanding, the Project gained new 37 vigor from that meeting, The enthusiasm of the overwhelming maiority of the men in that room carried the day. Pearlson's recollection was that Carlton said near the end of the meeting, "Look, I'm going to have to make a recommendation for next year and I'm going t have to sign my name to it. I would like each of you to project the future of this program. Make your recommendation and sign your name to it." And, they did. "There were two votes for dropping back to perhaps a two-orthree- man program until we could find a product that could be sold and from the profits we could build up the research--the standard 3M pattern," Pearlson said. "The rest of us felt we had a bear by the tail and the only way we were going to survive was going full bore until we could develop the thing to where it would stand on its own feet." Hugh Bryce had been employed only two weeks when he made his remarks. "I was impressed with the enthusiasm shown by almost everyone," Brycc recalled forty years later. "And, I was struck by the fact that there wasn't a businessman in the bunch. I simply said that I was a new employee who was interested in fluorochemistry, so when Dr. Pearlson offered me a job, I took it. I said I hadn't been here long enough to do much myself, but that in that short period of time I've WTREy CF gh ie pe Sr, Mk sae fd been very impressed with the people in the program. Because of that, I said, it's bound to be successful." I believe, Bryce added, that "'Mr. McKnight wanted to find out if we wcrc genuine." And, Bryce noted, the Fluorochemical Pro- jccl was the Ih'sl pure research I3rqiect in the history of 3M. "In cvcry ~thcr case (Wetordry sandpaper and dry photo copying for exampie) there was a product involved. In the fluorochcmical project we { - i Ry hme didI~'t have a p~~dttcl at Ihal lime." Mr. McKnight's stance, Pcarlson remembers, w~s that "if any NXE i pct ~cchnical man was willing to bcl his carccr on a pr~iect, that pro.icct I ET i will slay alivc.'" Tht' applicali~u~ ol'lhat rule can als~ hc dry ct~pying process prqiect, which was going on in Central Research at that timc, and other succcssful pro.iects at 3M during the last Mast Hagoe (ef)and Joc Hoetinger run Z5Theat tech Don Lider, who rtrd in 1987 Technical Director of o- Marshall Hague (left) and Joe Hoettinger run ZST heat strength ' an wa i tests on au early KeI-FTM polymer in the Benz building Si el laboratory in 1961. half-ccntnry. Don LaXcrte, who retired in 1987 as Technical Director of In- dustrial Chemical Products Division~ was a newcomer in the meeting, having arrived only the month before. :0 0 0 - --- 0 135.0028 1365.0026 -~0% 38 te rete cds "cur otaty He remembered being excited about the "new horizon" offered by a cn rt fluorochemical technology as well as being impressed by his new er TI to de + ne on colleagues. "I had joined what looked like a remarkable team," LaZerte said. tg. ie,to he "piv idl It is interesting to note, Bryce added, that the "positive individuals meh nro that day became the bulwark of the Project, while those who were less enthusiastic or the two who voted against the Project left the company or went to other divisions." ey, st he etd Robert I. Coulter, 3M patent attorney, attended the meeting and et Fo ns eid filed answers to Carlton's questions. In that response, he espoused i teeecohsoapoen oss releasing data and samples in order to stimulate outsiders to help define _ Ir } Phi3 \ ; !] 39 A : o : uses and markets. His wording implied that some insiders felt a need for secrecy. A ---- \ : kd "It seems to me," Coulter wrote, "that the job of developing the whole potential field of end compounds and their uses must inevitably sey ory ets A require the labors of many persons outside the company. Many years Te hewe fbaa SO4NG : will be required and so it seems to me that too much stress should not be placed upon the value of delaying the release of data and Temple nan atea obo th | ouhi hr reg te CX yy samples in an attempt to hog the field. I should think that during the a na po ed Ste and mente rs er nrreeessxeetaasrreccvhherccahhleeymmieicacarasllssthaaetreaa mppirrgiihccete btehaqtuiwteoualdfairr ebtuusminea ssprionfistupopalyrianwg. that would return a profit on raw ee ve Soto Si mopman opal. Thy howfi materials and labor, at least, and provide needed experience. hae do et Beihnhm Ft eae ee fr ape PS Tt fo "I have no doubt that the fluorocarbon chemical field will have Et ea muvee ae els ae inte become quite important twenty years from now...Yet no one can safe- hn SmeEe T nn ly assume that some major demand will not arise within the next cou- TE michy Ei. moi Je me Sac sod ple of years, perhaps based on some use that no one has yet dreamed of. Thtlt is why I think it is so important that Ihcrc be no ttnduc dclay Lurtgyfk ate raie aLTpSiPek na y on ay bSpT d mT l snmpeehe in disseminating information and making samples available, not for just a few compounds but for as many as possible." Coulter also noted that the importance of patent "coverage" on Phat rally ldamit id Set icin trot ren able the extensions of the primary field "has been over-stressed by some.'" em SE py e IT A nSDloan eea e. || Profits are not made from patents, but are made "on the sale of pro- ducts and the bigger the market the better." He said it was to 3M's hie ater "ultimate advantage to have many other persons working in the field ST edO AOR e pt Cope Drs merits | and to be stimulated in part by the idea that they may get patents." "An overly aggressive policy on filing patent applications may only pt needy we IC mi i | serve to discourage others from doing work on use development...In nn ade ngn eb onde te Toke Aetna Bry | the tape field it has not been company policy to attempt...to patent * ee n ee e TE A oe. Eo oaae coi | all tape uses, but rather to quickly disseminate all ideas on uses for. Lloyd Downs removes a eurethane foam oom sample from ccuorriing oven. tape and to encourage others to develop uses." Joseph Selden's written comments are interesting. They show him as a fence-sitter, neither for nor against the Project. That from the man who was to be given credit for many fluorochemical marketing and sales achievements in the following decade. The Project was "a gamble" ~Uld "speculative," he wrote. "Since so nluch ltloney and energy have already been expended, it would seem inadvisable to drop the fluorocarbon project abruptly...but expenditures...should rmt he prolonged unduly..." "We were capable of producing refrigerant gases in salable quarttitles," Don Wardrop explained years later, "so we were confident wc could m~tnul'acture fluorocarbons in reasonably large quantities, tOO." (A list ef Central Research Department employees concerned with the Fluorochemical Project and dated April 21, 1949, contained twenty-three n~mes. They were: Harry Stephens, Director; James O. Hcndricks and Nelson W. Taylor, Assistant Directors. Polymer Section: Frank A. Bovey, Leader; Joseph F. Abere. Catalytic iEo 0 0 0 0 ee 128.0027 1365.0027 + ee a 4~ Sectioonn:: WW. . HH.. ((BBiillll)PPeeaarrilssoonn,,LLeaeaddeerr;; HHuugghhGG.. BBrryyccee., LLyylleJeJ.. HHalasl.s., Des Lien ew. be pa Seco: Lard SSDccohhnooabllbdeerrgL,,aLLZeeeaarddteeer,r;; LEEeddwwwisaardrFA.dA..BKKeaeaoruc.ckkA., nAAwasliyssitisictaaaenlttLSLeeeacadtdioern;:RR.H.EaE.r.oDDldrruuMmm-. ee Sea oii. Mik, Loser, hams S mond. Organic Section: Matthew W. Miller, Leader; Thomas S. FLEoADRoia:nsWa.rioR.eTnhte g PnSteosve sAs.DoDl Reid, D. R. Husted, J. L. Rendall. Pilot Plant Section: A: R. Diesslin, LLaaZZeretrete,. HHee iinntteerrvviieewweedd wwiitthh 33MM iinn 11994488 wwhhilie aatttteennddiinngg NNoortrthh-- em Unive gran cha, Evan, Tins. A ho 5 wddeeensmtterssnuuggUggneesisvtteeerddsitttyhhaagttraLLdauaZaZeteertilsecchoiinonvvl,eessEttiivggaaanttseetoMMni,inInnlnleienssoooittsaa. A fellow MMiinniinngg stu- aanndd Compt ose shoe ions Manufacturing Company as a possible employer, but he dismissed e iswheH ns terbae don curpesorLsumZe sdnd the. suggestion. He was notinterested in working for a mining com- GGLueutathdhreriiree;,,DDDoinivvaiilssdiiooJn.n WEEnangrgidnirneoeepre.:r;ThRR.r.eeRR.e.ngMMicncKeKeenresznilzieise,te, dAAwCCeA&reSSDoDDniiavvliidssiioRonn. Ep Er Bm Sn NoE n nda a Engineer; Erwin P. Brown, Engineering Division. New Products Be ane wee. Bont Labrie Hes: Emm dere Soren Scns Fk mk Division personnel were J. F. Dowdall, Laboratory Head; G. M. ieCneet ames M. es Toepn Sedo, and as Ide, Clifford L. Jewett, James M. Rogers, Joseph W. Seldon, and Wi Sot. retin ereasrsaged int. Fal where NonTals ld William E. Sohl, Marketing. henehmag ws Aber, Bovey. Brn, Bc LAA et Re ac sah Ch on Sh The men at the meeting were Abere, Beer, Bovey, Brown, Bryce, Di i a, Con Ti MES ed, LZ lr el ca Ws ie bck hogs bot Diesslin, Dowdall, Drummond, Guthrie, Hals, Hendricks, Husted, Beh: Kash, Lape, eke, ier Feion ii lde, Jewett, Kauck, LaZerte, McKenzie, Miller, Pearlson, R. W. Rich Re, Rose chor. Sol, Tor Wan. Vasko UFO ks be he Late en Tar Perlich, Reid, Rogers, Scholberg, Sohl, Taylor, Walton, Wardrop nie CL ek, Ves Petro rr Pe So ase wo aSin and Weiblen. Cyril P, Pesek, Vice-President of Engineering & Proeh nid. = perties, also attended. Tn, iecceponsofPsa Puch, ld crs co All of them, with the exceptions of Pesek and Perlich, filed answers Cor sei, ins todo tre roe work soe wsceutnt to the questions. Selden and Rendall as well as Coulter also submitRpg) Ta ms of sn aden mond oS. Poh ase ted statements. (See Appendix I.) ements Te a3oon hrodd x on mgof Inyo, sy sp te cs I In the early 1940s, 3M's ability to attract top flight researchers ac cn ecommerce eld adwsdeny encofomm, On i was limited because the company did not have a carrot, an exciting To bors toda Ob hs Tokhte 8 5. Btnwe mt mmb CT new technology, to dangle before job-seekers. That changed in 1945, RR pian of Bohol ren hot ht or On rr ons be wd ge Hav with the beginning of fluorochemical research. tt ok ron, chen 169 Ptle Oeens be wold ge ud a Financing u scientific payroll, also a problcm, changed in 1949 vib em keh. Th Al Fo vpn gh ig es 08 Ses hc fro with the government research contract. The Air Force wanted an oila ee ey oot SS a" resistant synthetic elastomer (rubber) that would be stable at high Evens TEAR tTc hs Gola ied reife gap temperatures and flcxiblc at low ones.* The dollars received from {htcot, wich aid th oly 950, hs bn rgsicn. on wil ie cet of Wer, Canada: Ta cou `tbbhuuattt oocnnoeent33raMMct,eexwxcehcciuuctthiivvleeascetessdtiiimimnaatttoeodtdheiittemmairiglgyhhtt19hh5aa0vvsee, bbheeaeesnnbeaaeqqnuuafarortrtegerrotooteffnaa, i ry ado cto pr) ee degre ge ag: Som ound lf wong wih million dollars a year based on his recollection that it supported eon ery pooh. amy een pan cf Coal sens 25,pon] on mrt ping ih fifteen to thirty people, a twenty percent expansion of the Central Rear von or fe i Saf my ern eh me hed Research work force. eo ht coms Hone by Weng of Sg A A cn ofmyein, bso Be 3M's dependence on that Contract is illustrated by the hiring of men Een hagas ok i oe bel * M. W. Kellogg's chemical division, which was purchased by 3M in 1957. obtained n similar I eh rane, lh do ve 90nd conlrllCl from lhe Air I;orce as an add-on Io a COrllrllttl i! had obtained earlier frmu the Quarterme hen sna rt Sep rc, To 111aslcr Corp~. pbbyayny33,M M'b'usst ttwaabhblleeen ooauu3ttMooffrecccuurrruiiooitsseiirttyya..rrHiHveeedwwoaanss ciiannmccllpiinunesed,d. LttoaowZwaearrrtdde ssstiiollipiccpooenndee research, until he was told about 3M's fluorochemical project. And, he learned that 3M despite its apparently descriptive name, was not a mining company after all. An interview was arranged in St. Paul where Nelson Taylor told LaZerte before he left to catch his train back to Chicago that 3M wanted to hire fiim. He would be contacted, Taylor added, but after the days turnedto weeks and then months, LaZerte wrote to Taylor in the fall of I948. In his return messiage~ Taylor said there was no money available, but ifLaZerte would be patient the situation might change. LaZerte had to finish his graduate work, so he was content to wait. Finally, in March 1949, after 3M obtained the Air Force contract, Taylor made an offer and LaZerte moved to St. Paul. LaZerte remembers Taylor as a man who did not fit the common image of a. scientist. "Nelson Taylor was not a calm, deliberate manager," LaZerte recalled, "and was definitely a non-c0nformist. On hot days=the Benz building was not air-conditioned--Nelson occasionally worked without shirt or tie. On rare occasions he would gargle liquid air, a very dangerous practice. Despite those idiosyncrasies, he led us through some trying times and deserves.much credit for our initial successes." LaZcrtc is a quiet, soft-six)ken man who s6mctimes still pronounces wo""rDDdusurrwiinnitggh mmthyye hhaiicrrciinengngtiinonttfeerW rvviieeeswwte,,rNnNeeCllssaoonnnadssaaaii,ddhttihshiningnasgtIisvIerreecaaolliuizzneetddryll.aatteerr were designed to get me angry. Soon I found myself arguing with him, wondering all along what effect it would have on my possible future with 3M. At the end of my interview, he told me he iiked people who had some fire inside and said he would hire me." LaZerte'~s first trip to 3M for that interview was an adventure itself. "I rode the train to St. Paul--the method of travel in 1948--and when I stood outside the Union depot 1 saw., as I recall, that I was 0 0 0 0 O0 11336655..00002288 feet ee FCT | 42 ie nekof Ba pthSe, Rc os in on - in the two hundred blbck of East Fourth Street. I knew that 3M's ressvas nh ie hares blockoftS Suet 20 Cl W. Hrs, heist eins, graded oro Ste address was in the nine hundred block of East Seventh Street, so I D hed up e acSnevaensanddd rooewaal nh.rsPolMs aotrSeeearwhroer VGiiFveraneoof nSdCcDd. ScUkS1ag1e58oiecdr.d19h%, SaemkSd h50c0a3e picked up my suitcase and started to walk there." More than an hour later, he arrived at Sew~nth and Arcade on St. Paul's East Side where Bot ef oko nny whthe as fos ou TST Lex Krogh ben workin fom in 195 ar vers he got his first look at the company where he was to live out his a ine 24 4s emi career. Ti le Dr. Steph 3 pir. dest man." who sr ve He recalled Dr. Steiphens as a "quiet, modest man," who after lin wih he ometsrome neh deed ito ert talking with the newcomer at some length directed him to the streeteg vtof Pye Avr he Svs car and to the Benz building west of Payne Avenue north of Seventh Street. Rnther rorywa tt Hard Shoe.re collage Another memory was that Harold Scholberg, a future colleague, edLaem oe for des ht Even, whe wc invited LaZerte home' for dinner that evening, which touched the yong visor young visitor. or rh i 1949, mon kel ccofshe A Force con: Others hired in 1949, most likely because of the Air Force cona dl De. Ren. Ades Hugh Be. Dati 00) tract, included Dr. Robert M. Adams, Hugh Bryce, Davis (Dave) Syed Willan Pec, Ads tien 985 3M 1Vice Shryer and William Petersen. Adams retired in 1985 as 3M's VicePrien of Retr a Delon. Byes id in 1983 36 President of Research and Development. Bryce retired in 1982 as SaifVie PrefsorCeonnl Reser. Shor, ih alors Staff Vice-President for Central Research. Shryer, with a bachelor's re chem snpinerin. wae hr 1 he New Predicts degree in chemical enlgineering, was hired into the New Products Diadened rom CPD retfn iOctnobe 98, Pore Division and retired frOm ICPD marketing in October 1989. Petersen Riera DinterofCommerc Chicas whbeeirnl was Marketing Director of Commercial Chemicals when he retired i 40, in the mid-1980s. Tvs ers edbyCos Resch fn 99wereClild fs. Three others hired by Central Research in 1949 were Clifford Japs, ames Ania 1nd Aled Sm, Jassnd Swi 1 gaat Harvey Anderson and Alfred Smith. Japs and Smith had graduated freLo wiring dees ht ae ps sid ih from the UofM with engineering degrees that June. Japs stayed with Cm Reseachfor igh scrad ered nemi 1980: 5 Central Research for eighteen years and retired in the mid-1980s as Vian Dito fCCD. Sith er shot oi ae Manufacturing Director of CCD. Smith retired about that same time Tacha DiofeInstl Species Dib. as Technical Director of Industrial Specialties Division. ng mi hs cory 19508 adependmede ocr ane Hirings into the early 1950s also depended to s~nae exlent on tbc i Fare coral Sherinepr in 1952. Puy ser. . Air Force contract. A Ichemist hired part-time in 1952, Patsy Sheri dhaner pbs hr or the rt Sern ps man, discovered the polymer that became the first Scotchgard proin csrnN gecty chi pret Fly. tector, the brightest stair in 3M's specialty chemical products galaxy. "Or: he Bl Loni (194arsed ac, Landis oy Others, like Bill Lundquist (1942) arrived earlier. Lundquist stayed onan: Techn DecoofCearl Mansacurn Divs on to become Technical Director of Central Manufacturing Division Sn me ne Cre Divo: Chr ev cans Sh 1963 and laler the Chemical iDivision. Charles Bentz began at 3M in 1943 Sr rr orysven ear or rome SylCmts Ok and retired forty-seven iyears later from the Specialty Chemicals DiviSo DonWarr.cher in ih 1 vias heysci sion. Don Wardrop, a c,areer man with 3M who was closely associated 5h Chemical plo lane Sho srved in 983 Tar, 3 pled with chemical pilot plants, also arrived in 1943. Taylor, as noted i Char. ned SN 198, Peston 1947 ad Brice In 19%. earlier, joined 3M in,1944, Pearlson in 1947 and Brice in 1950. 43 Clifford W. Hanson, a chemical engineer, graduated from Iowa State University and joined 3M in 1948. He retired inthe mid-1980s as Vice-President of SCD. Jack Sargent joined in 1950. Sam Smith came in 1951. Les Krogh began working fulltime in 1952 after several stints as a summer employee. i - 0 0 0 0 -- --| 3136655..00002299 cunrrenf6 EdoebtetyAetetidgp eSro he mr5m e ee wpeee HevA ee ne soaiA CHAPTER Tr d HHeleplp E WWanatnetedd,,3 FFoouunndd e eopnoTam rontfCgeehannlk.T t hvreesienAhgosni asaas eoCeorormm vnaeaRsntheSse NSosTPhoSers gerBoiAesTa SCoDtuaS.remrrbpyWhehsteton The 1950s were development years. TT h ftoindoenlfprroducit lee wverse dmavdeps t eo oof in AgRToPracch m. Sol ve sgn0 The first industrial product sales were made. bee Td 3 eed he Ac oTyn, yt led he fp lh i on Duisprodonts RSWEy od gesst ti SH eiog why Scotchgard ~'ain and stain repeller was developed. Other products for industry and government--some still being sold todaypwere formulated and transferred to the marketplace. i en to Fs Ps Spot SE err, "We genio a ood wld And, in the final year Of the decade, the Project turned a profit rfor sthe fSirdst tiimee. le mem fr x henseI 09 VEL drBt o wre hk a I3MMTdhedceiedecdgirdoeudntdtoowggooorkppuubfoblriliccthwowistiethhacitthssietteevccehhnmonleoognlyot.sgyw.FaFsoorlratihtdrherieen,e 1yy9ee4aa9rrss,w, h3eM3nM ins advinoving vy wirhroorm csunt fee seer i a:vo kn samen shows ce snlcpus scientists had been coming up with one inert compound after another. ea al St wh ly, Segobs ey off Lorin rem:to PFaatsentt aspppliacatniosns haaddbboeoennsseenntsteo W Wesahshininggttoonn.. BBiut., tthhaatwwaass sahboouutt md i Soi paren Soyo oe Ty pn" all. The problem was that while 3M had a wonderful new technology, a ie bg cts pied.1930, 0 Bloar,gpd 3M wth no one concerned knew where to apply it. The need was for applicaTgwl vce hd We briogy mio aly bosamd dey tion information. To get it, 3M would have to involve scientists in SLT in Mei ow Tp rte yr Um E l atsbdth 4 le olhcr companies. They would have to be told about 3M's technology met ov eae ke impor oi ufo wind 3 md prccong btn to stimulate them to begin lhinking about ways to incorporate fluorochcmicals into new and existing products or manufacturing etm ol proved ob. gaa be SEES, Dart antert bony i oppeiraotionns bino dthlesir qcoumppeadniiees. As it turned out, going public proved to be a great idea, but the i wl ce ps ret tS I Sl pprorpoospal,owwasasstanolott ssuppoporretesd uuanaamniimmoouussllyy aatt 33MM.. TThhee pprroo-p-uubblilccityy f~ctiou believed that outsiders would create products and markets. ismp br rg ATI Poy te Seal ey ve cary hol OpponeIndtes ffeeareadred tthioesse tohtheerr ccoommppaanrieess wwaoeuld obtaitno wsavmjlpeless,, develop applications and patent them, stealing what rightfully belonged ee StesTd rome Bp Coahiry vers bongbcwpoundfryyan to 3M. Those negative thinkers had not accepted Robert Coulter's Soe 1s sept (ow eo 9mcg. Pate TtorMah DuPont secede pret vie advice to management following the April 1949 meeting. Patent atry Com wo Remeron, "For he it ine dy aso ot torney Coulter had written that, "Patents do not of themselves bring ot 1 rs Pe ak mops EE on ccm. in profits that 3M is interested in. Profits are made on sales of prCxlucts 45 and the bigger the market the better." Fortunately, the activists won the debate. And, the resulting publici- ty generated sales. The first public announcement, however, was made not by 3M, but by Penn State. In 1949, while 3M was debating going public, Simons--over 3M's objections~sent graduate student Tom Brice to present six papers at an American Chemical Society (ACS) meeting in Portland, Oregon. In the audience was 3M's Bill Sohi, by that time out of Central Research and in the New Products Department with responsibility for finding applications for fluorochemicals. When Brice finished, half the audience surrounded Sohl, eager to learn more about 3M's capabilities. Their interest was so emphatic that on the following morni'ng, NPD General Manager Walton took over personal control of marketing fluorochemicals. Sohl was reassigned to maT"rThkheeetninneegxxttvyyaeepaaorr,r, ctthhoeeatPPinrrogojjeepccrttojjdoouiincnteesdd. tthhee ppaappeerr ttrraaiill wwiitthh PPeeaarrllssoonn aass. one of the presenters. "We gave seminars at any company that would gcchihvaaennccuees tiwwmeeeg,g"ootht ewwsaeeid.pper"eeWsseeennttaeecddceoopuuterrd ssinttaavbbillteaetiommnaasttefeorriirasAlksCs----Ssshthooouwwriisnn. ggEttvhheeeriiyrr un1i0qouexloiw tdemaoprertreadtiuurcetoiflonuni.ditIy',dtehneidrmloywprseusrefancteatteinosnisoonm,etthheiirngstabliilkie-: ty to oxidation or reduction. I'd end my presentation something like ttthhhies:ppo'oNsssosiibwbiil,liiyttioieeuss kttnhhoeeywy oosffoffmeerretffhooirrngssooallbvvoiinungtgthpperrsooebblulenemumsssuttahhlaacttohhmaavpveeoubbneedeesnn--iiannl--l tractable up to now. So, do you have any proble~ns?" DuPont did. In 1950, the Delaware giant approached 3M with an emulsifier for a polymerization its laboratory team had developed, but was unable to compound. Having heard about 3M carboxylic acids, DuPont wondered if 3M could produce a compound based on `bDbuuuttPssouunggtg'gseesfsotcerdnd~tuthhlaaa.tt ADDfuutPeProonsnttut dttyrry,y taahnne Pawllrtoiecjrerncmaattttiievvae:mccdaaerrbcboiodxxeyydlliiicct caaoccukidl)d wwnioittthh, fPPloounnotrt'i'snesscc(iiieennnstttiiessattdss woweferrtheeerreehllyuudcctrtaoangnt,et.nTTDhhueePyyowwneterrweecaecnretetrtdaa)iinnontthhtaahtteooennnlldyy. tthDheetiri-rr `tnfoobrtmbeeumlmaaadcdoeeueeldccoonmnooemmeitciactlhalleyliy.r, ntthheeeeyydgsg,aavbveue3t3MbM'ec'ssauaary.steryt.hTTehhiereyycollmikpeidotuthhnkeedrerecesosuuludtlltsds and still were buying the compound forty years later. The effect on 3M when DuPont accepted its product was understandable elation. "For the first time we had a customer out there who was going to buy the materials today, and next week, and optimistically, next year. We were in business!" Pearlson exclaim- 0 0 0 0 III IIII 0 11336655..00003300 " -- EE a 46 4a spech years ara i" Oe samba lock ws the ber of recep ed in a speech years afterward. 3 on ftpredator shou cnperce,The stasis nt. The yield on that product was about fifteen percent. The rest was oe Tuc fo WD er wt 2 ke i. Tho by-products rough he ong dhcession, Mr. McKnight st in sks il inert fluids for which there was no known use. Those by-products ree Sed he yard st Chamol, ToH sfore 36a Gr 48 aps ofth wall cok echad four oye. Then e 00k were stored in the yard at Chemolite. Three or four years later an cnn asfondo oypO eS PE ly ga, ES AE compliment ft es comite application was found and the by-products became pr~fitable mainly Fu Sh cos ad ee een,ofSpi rgb ve ll kd very oasis." besi snd ped 05 because all the costs had been written off against the original proion, That wae boars ly. hecomet, sepope Tar ad edo. duction. That was a bonanza! her resone male rcslehneway, oo. "Many hr ieproving commerce ae, i dhe There were some notable failures along the way, too. "Many hunreo eed nn cs some et)" LS KIogh iy tl th ox hdr thauand dor wet big sed to dreds of trials resulted in no success (in some quests)," Les Krogh on Ore amp 58. ved arc ahh HIEVk. ppt ge tt cn aadmin es src once said. One example, in 1950, involved a team which while workon foc Geoped tee tered NECOPCT, LEAN yer ofte pnt. lv we out 10 FE he eqn ing on surfactants developed a mixture that seemed to have commera poss. i ion cared and th mecing was our cial possibilities. Skint be nice," oe rscarcher sid, clring 0 he Rope, hge ene. ese a eo Talor waearmoross. "Wouldn't it be nice," on( researcher said, referring to the Brayough. if ve Goud rn Jo on and woud Gs reinI rfc hen Quins wat ad Seg 10 breakthrough, "if we could treat a paint can and it would drain Clea They mac wish come te by cooing he ror Of hs wre, His dosed Gemini tombe 3 ses clean?" They made that wish come true by coating the interior of 2cn porn tm np OAS, TRH ys it a be Soman i ope a clean can~ pouring paint into it, then pouring it out again. The can drained clean without a trace of residue. Aer i. McKnight vas ld shout th "breakhrugh" he ugh Bryce esl a porctt ldfn 951. Ore or After Mr. McKnight was told about the "breakthrough" he Chaligedhe ams provethrel, Anhcinwascouedsn inf Tio BOGE Dok manogemen wie 10 To oe challenged the team to prove the result. Another can was coated and ld wih inn par deonion or INA Chames They oles nd Ber 3 port 0 flr rope. Bes ot 9 filled with paint to prepare a demonstration for 3M's chairman. They in Wo air he mew moray and performed hit ec hs iran 4 Liyd Heh 0d Wai, assembled in his office the next morning and performed their omanoni dk. Hone,whi ep ns gored om "Tn komwet: Byes sd. demonstration t~n his desk. However, when the paint was poured from ered ca, rend ofcoma ov i,t Fide ck 0 i 1 ins av cnooh is 1 ie 03. the treated can, instead of coming out clean, paint residue stuck to {Re iande bom says ce, Ni. MeRoight was at ies. | redo BA Pern ho ot. the sides and bottom as it always does. "Mr. McKnight was not impre Beason sd eee. Adon] hts prov tha pre so ee omeveryon he pressed." Pearlson said needlessly. Additional studies proved that hE here ce hd caved ie piover. Inrtng Tene vp wih mos the tvs ht the chemical lincr had dissolved into the paint overnight, dissipating IW ft. C dr cm bch vite dow 0 thie. its effectiveness. "Ti leo Dot. were, mnt have chesrd Me. Mekrigh \ nine nd cord To dss fl The sale to DuPont, however, must have cheered Mr. McKnight ie he Bee Fornche el 6hosigy had aver iver io Tee ond areas uaiue. no because his bclicf in fluorochemical tcchnology had ncvcr wavered one dk hl, Rogers sumed 3 ty on ee Hamble Hud, pera, or. even it~ the darkest pcriods. Rogers recounted a story/tom a presenoon 0s Excl Cone in we 1969 or cary 1550 feseplleatosd hrs ov. lation to 3M's Executive Committee in late 1949 or early 1950 on ets or esl aprpeofoseiuroend howard dlr: I cryin amir wn" a rcqucstf~r a spccial appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars ih Pct. Mr Sg, Boh. Colon ad he omice eh1 Bee's presen ay hav rll l'or the Project. Mr. McKnight, Bush, Carlton and other committee nab mtwih Tor, Baio ad ves ahr cond eh Bee 2 owig parsrah i Ws 1951 n~cmbcrs met with Taylor, Pearlson and several others in the second Tor corns oom In heaGuanrs, (atding 21) on Fauquier nau cpr: THchm rpconeslomake ofrbk floor conference room in -headquarters (Building 21) on Fauquier Rome Cobotions of Swirly ach awed proc ch a Avenue. mein id morn," Ros er yrs ml, Theilcaosous ncn "The meeting lasted all afternoon," Rogers remembered years ervard Thee wee fof qoion ard th amar GUNL SES ANgh pera of erie, eese hom Hermes afterward. "There were a lot of questions and the answers didn't lye mrs hen Ti roe we to my mt no seem to satisfy thc committee members. I thought the Project was 47 dead." One stumbling block was the number of.research people in the Prqiect: ninety-nine. Through the longdiscussion, Mr. McKnight sat in silence until the hands of the wall clock reached four forty-five. Then he took charge, beginning with a compliment for his committee. "You've all asked very good questions," he said and paused. "Ob- viously," he continued, "these people":-Taylor and the rest--"don't have any promising commercial outlets at the moment., but I'd like to say that the one hundred thousand dollars we're being asked to appropriate might amount to one hundred million dollars in the seven- teenth year of the patent*. I believe we ought tO grant the request." His motion carried and the meeting was adjourned. Rogers, like LaZerte, recalled that Nelson Taylor was a major force in preserving the. Project when questions were raised concerning its value or its future. "His dogged determination to make it a success always was apparent at the semi-annual review meetings," Rogers said: Hugh Bryce recalled an important meeting held in 1951. One morn- ing Taylor told Bryce that management wanted to review ac- complishments and hear a rep.ort on future prospects. Bryce was to present that information to Lloyd Hatch and Walton. "'I didn't know what to do," Bryce said. '!I didn't have enough ideas to take to a meeting. I turned to Bill Pearlson, who suggested I solicit ideas from everyone in the lab..l ended up with more than two hun- d~rcd ideas which I wrote down on threeby-five-inch index cards." The ideas fell into five broad areas: unique non- Hugh Bryce flammable liquids, supersurfactants, surf face repellents and elastomers for "virtual- ly everything under the sun." Bryce's presentation may have resulted in the following paragraph in 3M's 1951 annual report: "This (chemical) group continues to make major basic contributions of entirely, new Unrelated products, such as Fluorochemicals. These versatile new.carbon compounds each containiug a high percentage ofl fluorine, serve as Chemical intermediates *Mr. McKtfighl was t~verly oplillJislic in that instance. 0 0 0 0 tt eee th 11336655..00003311 i _ Te 48 einte mamta ttepo iin entiwo, SdAe Byh ohrsomoend civntceBrtw seo cGg for use in the manufacture of other products giving greater weather resistance, greater heat and chemical stability, unusual optical pro- rs, rehor erhc cov, ered i FS dmyaraics mmoorv.inOgvbis mloesr.iodoefsShoets, rwallvdecrorataions.pnaimepelatare perties, greater surface activity, increased fire resistance and greater fungus resistance. Among products that may eventually be affected ai r ein aEf coun.e Fboagcgon ente,ds, PORTaIS: ET Fim wassorn sthe wralllotoenthe cay owoe,oa whch tad are resins and coatings, pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, solvents, as bn mp ie asa cm Sue ee, eh refrigerants, fire-extinguishing compounds, surface-treating agents, dielectrics, hydraulic fluids, coolants and lubricants. Fluorochemicals ne hota hay Lom sdfog i he Lig scouts ae oy give the company its first basic position within the chemical industry TE er hea bec pei vem pereme en and should permit greater diversification of the company's product Jtolrmbdiatia bod dum line." Cutan, sik by mi-d foe, rset Prog nm enviho emo Sens Soot oo Carlton, stricken by a terminal illness, resigned as President in ob Pe Seb l | : May 1953. The gloom in the Project not only was caused by the scientat Catone a aon oh ht rs mn tists' feelings for Carlton, but by concern over who might replace oo pi soo lh a ry him. Could a new man possess Ihe same fervor for research, the same Eminem ir 3 belief in the Project? Eventually, after a period during which Mr. BaaFs m don eis 9 Mg McKnight assumed the job temporarily, Herbert P. Buetow became hnivee rpeiy ody . Bt vs my cn, os onHER 9) 3M's sixth president. during his stay which caused a problem because there were no empty offices. Each year someone had to vacate his office for a few days, removing his files, folders, photos, wall decorations, nameplate and so on. On the morning of Simons' arrival, a nameplate prepared for him was on the wall outside the empty room. The professor routinely drove up in a hired limousine which had whisked him from the Ambassador hotel near Summit Avenue. Both lirno and lodgings irked the Benz building occupants because they knew who was picking up the tab. Simons did, however, provide a bit of comedy by appearing in his high crowned hat and elevator shoes. The 3Mers also got perverse gratification fro,m knowing that Simons earned little or no royalties for many years. That worried the laboratory. Buetow was not a scientist. Nor was he an engineer. He had a financial background, had served as 3M's fol alepiib pasiviraiid . 3 b Controller (1935). Treasurer (1939) and Executive Vice-President hol Fasc i 00, Wo oct ent ed ps in Charge of Finance (since 1949). Would the Project survive without tnt champ n rate) he fr pores siren SCEEST : a research champion as President? The fears proved unfounded, however, and the Project continued. Corveyppioes Prseee AH x COml~llfiuls by other 3M pcol~le ~mtsidc tile Project persisled over sma tn TIGR '% the money spcnt on tluorochcmical research. "'That's not Io say that wc didn't get c~opcration from other divisions and groups," Rogers tw Gor Hy, Not Hog [or Em said. An cxamplc was when Charles Mt~rphy, Markcting Manager a Sn no of te Re hss pe of the abrasives divisi~n, lined up a series of calls for Rogers and hn On, who wie to Bac pric hems ve EN a. Maynard.Olson, who wanted to discuss protective chemicals with Er a eent 0 poe oO pet~plc in the leather industry. "We got in to see cvcryonc we wanted eve weapon Rehts ecm a E and we were well received." Rogers said, "because of the abrasive ios potion Jo Sons Ge ith Rcd P. Carton ad Simons 1 division's reputation." mere Aig ces nh i dy 100 Chins 0 An in,cresting sidelight to events in the late 1940s and early 1950s a OS bo ron dey smi cps of ar was employee reaction to the annual appearance in lhe Benz building oFPkior lpSom WsJey SoPu .vt 05 em Sea hn vp f on of Professor Joseph Simons. His yearly visits to St. Paul were a ni nso specified in his contract to allow him to audit the program and col- lect his royalties. He was promised office space in the Benz building Joe Simons (left) with Richard P. Carlton and a Simons cell at Chemolile, 1951. In 1951 Tom Reid developed a chromium complex of carboxylic acid that caused fabrics to shed oil as well as water. It was an exciting development. At last, 3M had a stain-resisting product that 0 0 0 iEo. . 0 1365.0032 1365.0032 F eels. $e ---------------- 5~ workedashe escarhdhpreedrictsed i would, An wa x: Ou marketing man wed 10 come round every Monday mor worked as the researchers had predicted it would. And, it was inexpense compared with carboylic cd. Bt le 50 many new. ingendekdn, Plas, can ou ive0s whe chrome pensive compared with carboxylic acid. But, like so many new evo, there was arin shoncomin Thechrome com: ie Peon cme yer er developments, there was a glaring shortcoming: The chrome comlxvas res. coorhotsly TanseTedwhen hechomscom. Jo plen was green, a color that readily transferred when the chrome comPls was applic to fabric plex was applied to fabrics. rene ape ookbecthan ren dyed bc opps 1953.2second scsi 3M orochemicl protwaspro- Green-dyed paper looked better than green-dyed fabric, so paper Sampies wEr adhe he che rn. wa demomarc acl: AliughisproductKing 0d10 DuPont yon he rots samples were used when the chrome complex was dcmonstratcd to Walton, Ase meting proce th Ben: bldgconereoce Tek ccs, his nwprodcurcetdmoreof an rac SW. Du: Walton, As the meeting proceeded in the Benz buillding conference oom: he echicias glo 0 etn hi bso ty Po ver a applcanion ue, Sun be ok room, the technicians struggled to retain their enthusiasm after they tha Walon wasnoimpress. Wha he ly Spoke. bn sy thsctomer. Th ne podeapeed up the frstmarket saw that Walton was not impressed. When he finally spoke, he said {oosSsipbers. "Even is green. He sid he gveas e iy ora 3 spciahy chemical rods. to Stephens: "Everything is green." He said it like green was a dirty "The new produ ss begat wih publicplsthe nie of word. don know.Chock, he cc onthe ro ape docs tock 3 echaical man crployd by the Udi Corporion, Det, "I don't know, Chuck, the green on the brown paper doesn't look {00 bad, Siphens counere. fe sa a 3 mam he Ke at Mihgan. Wi S's hl, Uy developed he produ phen: too bad," Stephens countered. He said that a man he knew at Marathon Paper Company igh be residi ug the proect on, which i uencd under the nae Zero Mist Th prot Marathon Paper Company might be interested in using the product oss paps packer materi gan ree and ar i vas pti by 30. to seal paper packaging materials against grease and similar banc. The Walon cme up witha conc Dan River MLS. "A foam Bankerstblivdby IMs soca pps acid mi substances. Then Walton came up with a contact at Dan River Mills. Somancrc quant of chen comps o Marandosonme. 20dspay ha1 1h ast hd cap fom chroscm rksdor Someone carted a quantity of chrome complex to Marathon and some`onmaea rinsgetoDus River. Th e's representa wee nga pling, Udy supledchemicals othe pang ry one made a pilgrimage to Dan River. The latter's representatives were ken by te monet llc of he prodect--oml hey eZ boo taken by the demonstrated effectiveness of the product--until they leaned pric. Twodolas 3 pound!Thatwas (0 much 1 ay ead ht eu inroh was generabtedy prsess- learned its price. Two dollars a pound! That was too much to pay or eng port on arsonmade In Dero Arvin,be au igof eres for treating paper! Lire sppved chrome compe to he summer scones of5 Eyed oak questions. On man, wh ober fc hecher eh LaZerte applied chrome complex to the summer slipcovers of a chai and soi in hi ing roo. The a cepted he ora 00 prchedPaani tly. dontvant my competlrs chair and sofa in his living room. The fabric accepted the spray-on iui readialy rdacepay. 1 moto wdork wl uid km hit makin ou, butoe Be hat 1 etn oki. liquid readily and dried acceptably. It seemed to work well until the Cohers wre remo he a, us he lowing prin ah Fr eon yar. hesad. HS indmusccas rey Bros, covers were removed that fall, but the following spring when B~rars Laerc remus te ron wis sors. so sa tha thy Uli' Rescarch Ditctor, and reqs 3 et spi b~ra LaZerlc rcmovcd thcm from winter storage, slhc saw that they were spond wih gly brown poche. Quel. he lhoncd ow large a sample do you want Pearion asked were spotted with ugly brown splotches. Quickly, she telephoned bet on Fhoeocheemreicpeanslivse: Wd otwan 0hn ut pics. her husband. Lane ook bis ites complain in ste. n foc, he iisiod yh rand, te quanttht verreseemed ope. Pron. LaZcrtc took his wifc's complaint in stride, in fact, he irritated by socring chang he act Was the snshina in Highland id her by seeming to change the sub.ject. Was the sun shining in Highland Tork th 5. Pa arc where the Lazercs wed? hesed, Mr ibaa coupe ram. Dr Bow replied, ink Ler Pilrk, thc St. Paul area where the LaZcrtes lived? he asked. Mrs. Linehentopo hr hd spares nonsour uc. Sowwh or aie wkd work. 11 had engrams, | vl un : L~Zcrtc began to protest her husband's apparent non sequitur qucstio heconvinced hr 1 hangth sieveosn th lth program i lion, but he convinced her to hang the slipcovers on the clothesline thc aig. In fw hors the sot were go. Be ofBri owsrny, Peatondidnt know scl which in the sunlight. In a few hours the spots were gone. We had recognized that feature a 4 proin.~ Lazer a cos to Deri, All Brown Fd 0d himwes ht pro "'We had recognized that feature as a problem," LaZerte said, "Tha why {know i todo. Oxidation had cd te Spo. chbea slabld e and stabi chrome acid Parson dics "That's why I knew what to do. Oxidation had caused the spots, wich the mn Beached ou none afcanon Jat vith Jim Rogers. who lke Person knew that Mle, Reid which the sun bleached out in one afternoon." hcgeencolor was 4 mare vein proven. 0d ANE ad 3 oto hing in bens" ee Abartory. The green color was a more vexing problem. "Our marketing man used to come around every Monday morning to say on bended knee, 'Please, can't you give us a white chrome comp~ x. Pearlson claimed years later. In 1953, a second successful 3M fluorochemical product was produced. Although the product being sold to DuPont was the Project's first success, this new product created more of an impact at 3M. DuPont had never made its application public, so it couldn't be sold to any other customer. The new product opened up the first market for a 3M specialty chemical product. The new prod.uct also began with publicity plus the initiative of a technical man employed by the Udylite Corportion, Detroit, Michigan. With 3M's help, Udylite developed the product application, which it patented under the name Zero Mist.TM The product itself was patented by 3M. A foam blanket stablized by 3M's surfactant suppressed acid mist and spray that in the past had escaped from chromic acid tanks during metal plating. Udylite supplied chemicals to the plating industry and added Zero Mist to its product line. The lead that resulted in that product was generated by a presentation Pearlson made in Detroit. Afterwards, the usual, ring of listeners stayed to ask questions. One man, who loitered after the others left, approached Pearlson almost furtively. "I don't want my competitors to know what I'm talking about, but you've got what I've been looking for for ten years," he said. He introduced himself as Henry Brown, Udylitc's Research Director, and requested a test sample. "How large a sample do you want?" Pearlson asked. Fluorochemicals were expensive: 3M did not want to hand out s:~mples by thc pound, the quantity that everyone seemed to expect, Pearlson. said. "Ill had a couple ofgrams," Dr. Brown replied, "I think I could show whether or not it would work. If I had ten grams, 1 could run a program." Because of Brown's secrecy, Pearlson did not know exactly which sample to send to Detroit. All Brown had told him was that the product had tobe soluble and stable in chromic acid. Pearlson discussed that with Jim Rogers, who like Pearlson knew that Miller, Reid and Ahlbrecht "had a lot of things in bottles" in their laboratory. 0 0 0 0 1 11336655..00003333  e o 52 ie-- mt-- ee --e _ "In that assortment were things that would be stable in chromic se Le = Ud acid," Rogers said years afterward. "1 said to Bill, 'Let's send him TR Ce E rs = something, anything, and let him evaluate it."' uero SY ? Within two weeks, 3M received a five-page handwritten letter prais- ing the acid as the most remarkable product since sliced bread. SREEESIOIDLI EES Ener Udylite, Brown wrote, would pay almost any price for production THT eh Li quantities of the product. He also confided in 3M, explaining thai he had added 3M's acid to a plating bath of hot, concentrated sulfuric ee tn snd a it Bot TT Be and chromic acid. In untreated baths, he added, gas bubbles rose B IE- 2-- to the surface, burst and created a vicious mist that wafted everywhere. Srp de In some plating shops the mi,~t even meandered through open winSTEINCn SIE | foreree dows and chewed lacquer from parked cars. Some plants spent more money buying and maintaining ventilation equipment required to make T PE CE r Esaeathes, es the plant livable than was spent on the power used for plating. RT -- Brown said his experiments had led him to believe that 3M's SmaI fluorochemical acid could withstand the acids in the tank. His supEe ET Ey position was correct. In fact, a fluorochemical was Brown's only chance for success because they were the only known organic com- Be yIo ee pounds not affected by the oxidizing conditions of plating tanks. As usual, it was too early to toss hats in the air. Success never J Pa rs | was instantaneous. Rogers made a-once-month sales calls on Udylite for a year-and-a-half during which time a dozen tests of various 3M rre r E TL pornonl poroOdnnuecptpsorowwbeleeremrcwonadsutchtayetdew. hiliee tthheeaacciiddwwoorrkkeedd welwell, it evapoiraetedd StEep ey A rapidly. Udylite, despite Brown's assertion about paying any amount a er of money for the product, could not afford to keep replacing it. 3M Rr ee researchers had to develop somcthing less volatile to prevent il from A ; dissipating. Several compounds were tried without success. At a dead Geese JR end, the 3M rcscarchcrs reviewed what they had already tried. Risa me Sulfonic acids arc essentially non-volatile, but 3M had not made them. ee Ee tor] Why not try the impossible again? The result: perfluorosulfonic acid. aannd"Isstttawayyaeesdd btthheeearruee.t.ifTTuhhle,e"yyhPhacaaddrlttshhoeeniirrrfefomoaamemmbbblealrneakde.nt,"bkbIutuettwttthheene,yytsiisntlilltlhhehaabddattthoo Sr ICNIEIENE a writs use too much of it to make it practical. We set out to sulfonate TA cthylbcnzcne, but couldn't wait for the necessary equipment to be TE installed, so in winter in Minnesota we did our sulfonating in a fiftyT Sint eMbalhndyy, ep te h pe gallon drum in a tent at Chemolite. We had some really earnest pro- cess engineers who really worked hard. And, we were successful | SSETe a ST and had a customer who wanted our product." I0~ I~[DIAT~LY | P~re~ase ~rder date~ ~-~l-g3 records t~e Project's ~rst s~le ~ a pPrroodduucctt wwiitthh a2 kknnoowwnn aapppplliiccaattiioonn.. In usc, 3M ~s fluorochemical gormed a yellow foam blanket which prevented most of the mist and spray from escaping ~rom the tanks. The blanket provided up to a seventy percent reducdon in chemical waste, which improved working conditions and eliminated the need to wash exhaust f~ns and plating equipmem so often. The ~rst producdon order was obtained on September 21, 1953, 0 0 0 0 ------ -| [-- 1365.0034 o_o = 54 by sk foc of Bers wo fo 0Dit nh comps tnt cmis wi. ee by a task force of 3Mers who flew to Detroit in the company's TrFdreitairssoaf nSes.TLhoesWreooyc.oOmaekses, Topor and Rocgoerw., vTihey: tol iCoolm.iing getniesAconGneHd Sokcdeoriucnvetrsmaurteo,f Lodestar airplane. The group consisted of President Buetow, Vicehind nord fr irc hored poods o wey dolar 3 or: canete gnc in load ap. FC 101 3 pat mrt President of Sales Lou Weyand, Oakes, Taylor and Rogers. They obtained an order for thirteen hundred pounds at twenty dollars a red fr bon feof wey ss hoa dlrs. UI rachael le as ound wid splcatio Aus Bas pound for a bottom line of twenty six thousand dollars. Udylite reidha on hared poundbse Gelerd medal i th Re Gergen oi a or shipboud doves, quested that one hundred pounds be delivered immediately with the ionoetd, oRoegerosnad,e peodcg1i00s15.3eocntg.reTh0tavkase up wi5th5a FAorEcsheemivcssronbbderccaormpionsgospmoenfosasssioncs rest delivered in one hundred-pound quantities on request. "That was a good thing," Rogers said, "because it took us a long time to make fpr) any el mar1i0 aey. brand Toor uer IF that material." When Buon anthe ters erred fom Det yd the Gol wit peat above $50Ffo me ta Toeha When Buetow and the others returned from Detroit they told the Laon sal the pice hey hd sd te pdt o Ue. ed re wi og 5 dimeatoa abn oul wih Laboratory staff that the price they had sold the product to Udylite one nd 1a piece o ake po Gerrasuch anyst rics sodol was one-third less than the minimum price needed to make a profit. Ttreeinio4n ose he Hnarory crow: whl els To whch dhe or swell obs yh and ml ob. That revelation did not faze the laboratory crew; while the travelers ere i tr, th aborsory workers hd ond 3 way ube i had smal ene fmt ventdw ay uk were in Detroit, the laboratory workers had found a way to double Th ikof slr sci on he ell.Wihe els ar was in. 4 cont be proces andar, bos machinery, the yield of the sulfonic acid from the cell. While the sales team was Cg to prison i he ry hd eed ular il, exuded. kanes and senior by th s3ion Sf cutting the price one third, the laboratory had reduced manufacturig cos Ty prc. bo cui ages he ar mar rl ing costs fifty percent. ort +193 eles mecing tt i cost 3M ce hn wo To proper made 14 god fo makin el, ss, hs nd Taylor told a 1956 sales meeting that it cost 3M more than two ume sand dolls to deel ta rou for Ui. Hoe xc for he stantin and srr ines. coud a be hundred thousand dollars to develop that product for Udylite. How sa ho ch Yt st pele Torpracti comandi5nsgsssormt 7 8 pn much of that was fact and how much was sales meeting hyperbole Ip ne ayi t1o9s50easne c3Bi oof3scotmswiar.cedon hemae. ingopeorpoenfso. cochenical ute coud eeda.ra rl is impossible to assess a third of a century later. In the early 1950s, another fluorochemical was placed on the market ith sen ses, Taoeseatc se (tof 3 grog 0 be of noe Sn ek drs hd prov ot seca Ht AY with some success. Trifluoroacetic acid, the first of a group to be Be py be id emesdr dr:e donsvn produced, was an intermediate used principally as a solvent in the ep of dys. pram es nd Pi ce Tr he. Bes. he rc was corsa her th preparation of dyes, pharmaceuticals, resins and plastics. PetnaGyeTanhh 1r9e9rparcoicneganndehsiech awsobsllrardlhicchd ofrota oer en ' Those carly products were produced in the semi-works plant which had been discussed at the 1949 meeting and which was built and placed epeioinn 151. The cel wa. Spl of proce foro in operation in 1951. The cell was capable of producing fluorohemi ttand rer, which allowed Wo spl p: 1 th 1950s 3 orchard dered ws ct up st chcmicals in ton lots and larger, which allowed 3M to supply prori qua cman COME hl own pL Ch udee he Sopl er Stacy Krwesl, whohd en spects with quantities of compounds they could test in their own pilot oo sot hy. egetcome he Bens bln. Loans Wager shaban plant or'semi-works facility. rst epo lantaproducing antes prodoct 420 OneCeh nh Gegarin 1 1957.va prodioSpe. In 1954, 3M's semi-works plant began producing another product te vgn (od roo kn ve nd pod Karoit 0 195 her he grond he that served an unspectacular, but important (and unfi)rtunatcly low od C10 wa Tuo Ebenfore, oc. Duhrnamegyor. he paivncdt3.Folwhe volume) industrial need. FC-101 was a fluid for sight glasses on fi~rccroaniTsfuch.4hsgeChomgpres ioperraetorts iaoctheDktUhe 0un3: 1i 01c58,anStehewfGouorrtmhafnocramoef BtSu.inPs41. rom Jersey City feed lubricators. A sight glass is a transparent gauge built into a ain da cle min tofbarn. When Chemica Divison become the Chemis! Divi' ft Ofc machine such as an air compressor so operators can check the quanvost ie ion ove puncd Ming, Wagnr, wh replaced Gorap, hi bl he pniion of tity of oil being fed to an inaccesible moving part or bearing. When | comes ofthe 0 ett oi es nthe Oe Naotmhe Cehemsis, Fm30d AldProGdrosnp the glass is filled with FC-101, drops of the lubricant move upward along a wire in the center of the glass because oil is lighter than the 55 tluorocarbon and cannot mix with it, either. Traditionally, sight glasses contained a glycerine-water mixture, but oils containing detergent additives broke down the resistance of the mixture, causing the glass to cloud up. FC-101, a typical inert fluorochemical, also has found wide application in industrial gauges that use detergent oil and for shipboard devices. In 1955, 3M's scientists and manufacturing personnel also came up with a fluorochemical rubber compound that was to position the company in industrial markets to stay. 3M brand fluoro-rubber 1F4 could withstand temperatures above 3500 F for more than five hundred hours without losing its dimensional stability. It could withstand deteriorative agents such as synthetic lubricants and hydraulic fluids which disintegrate or swell other synthetic and natural rubbers. It had unusual resistance to most solvents and was easy to work with. IF4 could also be processed on standard rubber machinery, molded, extruded, vulcanized and strengthened by the addition of carbon black and curing agents in the same manner as natural rubber. Its properties made 1F4 good for making seals, hoses, tubes and gaskets for the automotive and aircraft industries. It could also be used for protective coatings and as a substitute for metal type in printing operations. The hope that fluorochemical rubber could be used as a raw material for automobile and truck tires didn't prove out because its ability to withstand severe temperatures and deteriorative situations was not needed for tires. Besides, the price was considerably higher than the pricc ~t' natural rubber. In the 1950s, a fluorochemical order dep~rtmenl was sel up at Chcmolitc under the supervision of Stanley Karwoski, who had been in quality control in the Benz building. Lawrence Wagner who began as an Order Clerk in the department in 1957, was promoted to Supervisor and replaced Karwoski in 1958 after the latter joined the sales force. During that same year. the department moved to St. Paul where it was located on the fourth floor of Building 42. Also in_1958, Steve Gorman came to St. Paul from Jersey City Chemical Division to become the Chemical Division's first Office Manager. Wagner, who replaced Gorman, has held the position of Office Manager for the Chemicals, Film and Allied Products Group 0 0 0 0 1 11336655..00003355 e2 e. 56 jI--e on ee ni ms for many years. [| MER meen nT Not long ago, Wagner found in the file an order dated January hCa i em e apo La 4, 1956, from California Research Corporation, Richmond, Califorsheer CL Chi, nia, requesting three pounds of FC-26 at fifty dollars a pound. Later that month, Shell Oil Company in Emeryville, California, bought E ERICAe She a half pound of FC-26 for twenty five dollars. There were twenty i a er two other fluorochemical sales that year. The largest order was twenty Ccbe ld CFD, pounds of FC-26 for twelve hundred dollars (the price had been raised ST ten dollars a pound in April.) The product is still being sold by ICPD. Se Re ee In September 1957, Richard Raths started as a mail room clerk et CR er in the new Central Research Laboratory building on the present-day ESTER campus. At the time only the laboratory (Building 20 I) and one divi- sion laboratory (Building 207) were on the site. In 1990, Raths was voGerBn bl 5 rds the head of the Order De'partment in Building 223 that handles all 3M wsepecialty chemical sales. | 0 0 0 0 -- cnarTER 1 C HAPTER7 oeAAPGrroaGusprTGooouuppp IIssIe$r FFooAFrormrm1m.e1e95dd wh ay A Chemical Products Group was formed April !, 1955, with Barney ee J. Oakes, Genet:al Manager of Hastings Chemical Division, as Group ETE isons oi Ce i Vice-President. te pel ffooIrrtmmeeenddcomiinnpas11s99e44d88,,fouIIrrrvvdiiinnvggiltsooionn,n, s-sa-Hccqqauusiitrrieneddgs iannd in 1C9o5l3o,r 1953, &anAd cid2 , and a bnoethw new ened BUC, ty cos Membr Ot Fluorochemical Division. De ee mt Hastings Chemical Division, originally Central Manufacturing Divi- ee ne Kop Fred sion, produced materials for other 3M divisions to use in manufac- turing and also sought outside customers*. Joe Kugler replaced hL e,CaMe E coer Oakes as Hastings' General Manager. er or be Rint Color & Acid Division was an acid plant in Copley, Ohio, built ed Bo hint in 1942. It produced oxides as color pigments for the Roofing CodA Ce Cor Granules and the Adhesives and Coatings Divisions as well as sulfuric Sd ers sa, ER Ce acid and pigments sold outside. Originally it was the Color and Cero on Coe an Chemical Division and as recently as 1953 the Color and Sulfuric yn Be DT ae Acid Division. In 1952, the Division's first General Manager, R. i eh Sh ti F. Sheahan, had been replaced by Arthur K. Telfer. Teller, who ee Cal T DT A Ss o cr pvea,ri wPoonutldGhreaasdeltlhi einCh1e9m39icawlhDenivi3sMionsient 1u9p60it,shfaidrsbt eceonlohrirepdrofjreocmt. Duein Cn i heropes Irvington Chemical Division, a part of the Irvington Varnish'& Co ims. Toei Insulator Company in Irvington, New Jersey, was composed of two Sl,Bd be Ce ee eh sections, Electrical Products and Chemical Products, The chemical a Be Ct section polymerized liquid obtained from cashew nut shells as a raw ta.ace Wut material for brake linings. Robert Jones, whose father had sold Irvee Bbws ,ort ington to 3M, was the Division's General Manager. The fotrrth business unit, the Fluorochemical Division, was formed tr pe *Jim Rogers said permission had to be sought from Ha.~tings' inlernal customers before the Division was allowed to sell outside the company. 136.003 1365.0036 6 os 58 wine Gro on Ape1 wie , NcoTnoer WeesdOvoiftfohse t ch.o pAeornd hstaris.oBy 5aw46i.beHvugshTDyiRaMrS aDsice with the Group on April i with Nelson Taylor, head of the Pe ti Wow sa bn sh, ol Sonn SMord ens on. Aer Fluorochemical Project, appointed General Manager. The Division rod et ie NewPros Dopo. wi Condy, 1 hy Ft Ne sep consolidated all research, production, marketing and sales of 3M Tye ib.cs, 8 wo ese een hoch an, Pbe Gl reve Ty ps oh es fluorochemical products formerly in the New Products Department. a va ot or us 1 gn. MoE Teh re aor Cc Wao, rags After 27 years with 3M, Oakes, 62, was nearing retirement so the i Se wi wm Evie ib Nw Pots Dearwhoh,dpred Sno 1 vice-presidency was an honor more than an assignment. Managetn Cr Sn Sar shruss ny terof ama. The wy hd ro ah cer rnent of the Group was handled by Joe Selden, who was given the es bests Bi ok Oy Goh, hs i nyvs i hs cor odd title (for 3M) of Assistant General Manager. Selden, who was ni ok wo cs oes when RR PcDeprcoolan 150. Josh General Manager of the New Products Department, took the Group Kanne Ou, Se ee Pics dni, vi pes job with the understanding that he would replace Oakes when the UTIL comer to or th companys cally Sat, en 5 us Marge vay esd for semi veteran retired. timo ses wi Ble safer lok Br Cro. nadned Selden was no newcomer to 3M or the company's specialty ec, les wa hii, By O50 0e {xe oe 15 paced Dues PD. Teno Dpuat chemical business. He arrived in 1946 with eight years of business Tolear osng data Crt ok ot premio ros elec in experience including production, sales and marketing. By 1953, he hes nh ae salt cri roe ora ten GreHaeof was Manager of the ThermofaxTM copying PrN SE products project and helped launch it in the New Products Department. Nl concer Tob br Mkhat dln5 mam hs He was described by a former co-worker 0 [ U rE hb ey aRh e r ss ot ee pl t as "a young bright and entrepreneurial EF Sasa oe mt mo pe re le M cri wi guy" in his mid-thirties in 1953. Another amy a hs hr i i, Fo said, "Joe Selden was one of the most Rents pote Beak mets ron ecm eon rh astute men in the organization tbr seeing i pss nD chad Fv ees business opportunities. He really pushed us J dtc rks, ed 1 10 is ho omen or 05 sc on into the marketplace." Decades later, when told those remarks, oie srs ayN me oTeom Dioig oSrshieye. ekSerie rowspps ron Joe Selden Selden smiled and said. "Maybe il because I was the only guy in the prog, ram wh hd amy arketin experienc aakn, Sn cad gIVk aet iwiehuicmaniac,omoptt, eSocoepdstwpedawret who had any marketing experience at all." woe WAS bem Shale. or hp ipo th 0 bmn A native of New Jersey, but reared in Michigan, Selden earned es Cryer og Rarer Cony chan: Sn cd an yr heh ht cops gt wo an industrial engineering degree from Penn State in 1938. He was eC i pn Ac hd wih ee Who ar, ot te wee a tr~inee a a Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company plant in Jackson, x sdk. an Sl. fc, be. the hemos comin pact progr Michigan, and I~ter was transferred to the engineering department ant pobaion wi ry Ged oneay to ect0sis Come 1 in Akron. Ohio. In 1940, he joined sales and marketing, but when me eoPod Spero Coys ge ens (CN) pre 15 al. Pave he mchre's the U.S. entered World War II, Goodyear got into war production ee orwool oilr ie. Goi. vy clap CA wd ph 6on so Selden became Assistant Production Superintendent in a Goodyear loswee poli, Fly mache That wa ot co an. Thr a100s, aircraft plant in Phoenix, Arizona. Later he worked at a similar fac- row Cop Ah The ami wee hot sve ohn poke, ot ass tory in Ohio, where planning and scheduling were a part of his job. In peacetime 1945 he Was assigned to Goodyear's new Chemic~d | Din wh ath aos er Chl fh RS. Slogco nghforthe poet fa 36 x ga. 1: te Division, which marketed various rubber chemicals to the rubber, 59 plastics and paper industries. By 1946, he was District Sales Manager in Chicago. Among his customers were Hugh Tierney, Richard Drew and others at 3M in St. Paul. Soon, 3M offered Selden a job. After eight years with Goodyear, he had itchy feet. He accepted. Upon his arrival in St, Paul, he discovered fly specks on his career plan, To his surprise, his boss was Dr. Charles Walton, Manager of the New Products Department, who had preceded Selden to 3M only by a matter of months. The two men had known each other at Goodyear, where their relationship was less then cordial. The New Products Department had been established in 1940. Joseph Duke, S~les Manager in the Philadelphia district, was placed in charge, but when a Sales Manager was needed for the abrasive business, Duke transferred to that job. Bert-Cross, who had joined 3M in the late 1920s, replaced Duke in NPD. Then the Department died after Cross took its most promising product, reflective sheeting, and left to begin his move toward becoming General Manager of a new Reflective Products Division in 1948. NPD was resurrected in 1946 by Mr. McKnight, who hired Walton as its manager after setling up safeguards to prevent the Department from foundering again because of the success of a single product. Another surprise for Selden was that while 3M provided him with regular paychecks there was no specific job for him at 3M. For six months, he,moseyed around the company looking for a niche to fill. Carl Miller s dry copier project-in NPD looked most inviting. Selden joined it and tried to drum up customers for 3M's new copying nmchine, which could copy typcd or handwritten sheets ~1" paper by burning words into a flimsy, heat-sensitive brown paper developed by 3M. It was unique because competitive copiers used wet technologies requiring liquid chemicals, but, despite that apparent advantage, customers didn't leap on the 3M bandwagon. Selden said many years afterwards that the copier project would have bccn sold with relief to the highest biddc~, but there were no bidders. In fact, he said, the Thermofax copying products program was nearly dead on the day two representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) appeared in St. Paul. Prove the machine's capability, they challenged, and the CIA would purchase fifty of them. Fifty machines! There was not one on hand. There was no paper, either. The visitors were not advised of those problems, but were stalled long enough for the project team to get busy again. In a matter 0 0 0 0 1365.0037 1365.0037 we or Ta 6O | ofOmomRs botEseSrgeSwerIcLi tain0 i Seg kel onit-- Piri nh of months bo~h shortages were rectified. men he mon, pos ho Fin On a Labor Day weekend, Miller and Selden boarded a train to rw ooo th hick be mre nt. [J Washington with a copying machine and enough paper to allow two ET be saa1 po, cow end presentations to be made to the agency. Selden's account of what hwy mt | orm nid bs happened is not unique in the annals of 3M projects. ve Eo as wer cant She NUIT hoger ot (1a ie Pree of esearch hich go oye The huge presentation room was filling rapidly and hardly any of mater ima | Soon ot His pri 3 the several hundred chairs were vacant when Miller whispered that the Thermofax copier Would not operate. "Keep talking," he told SBlITwhEen ect pn,ST el S hed eSaRLS|| p Re e Sie ald 32 Selden when the meeting began. Selden talked in detail about the i a | gro Ron Con iY wonderful technology that soon would be demonstrated. Then, after Miller signaled that the copier was working, additional patter was eae rf otre hr en oh i, Mek 0 needed to fill the time required for the machine to produce each copy. Epon ee Despite the problems, the presentatioh was a success. So was the DE cs aie | Borosto shoateopmreons | Lire oe a`aafnntdedrntthoheeonpprsroeosggsrriaoamnm. wNwaaosst l'so,sanavgveedad.f.terward, the CIA ordered fifty machines I Shpste sly isl ut | id Wh fo oti That experience might have helped Selden solidify his belief that T le TR SB TITT || oni lestvss woek p ibn us his future was not copying machines, although removing himself from the program proved difficult. President Buctow told Cross to take sesh wi. | aotiomite ohn hen a. Sn the revived copying woject into his division. Cross agreed, but inTOR OMT CIE aminsi st CON om 0 sisted that Selden be part of the deal. Selden solved that by groomoer mamas te es sooak eahy cmH e evs ing Ray Herzog, who became Selden's replacement before the move was made*. e Tefe ep e NPD cae Water 0oe5.5 We whr ey arat bBolned xeok Coye That left Selden freeto accept the top job in NPD because Walton Emi foe. ehonan bo ors is soho had left to be General Manager of Adhesives, Coatings and Sealers De mete chs. eat Boe rah Bi Poo Division. At that time:, 1953, Lloyd Hatch, Vice-President of the Et A atl si ard mt se iy General Staff, had, among other things, the responsibility for CenEe herve soca os a ec. tral Research Lahorat~ry and New Product l)evelopntent. After cord Bp sr 5 a yey ep apmen. Mok io Walton left NPD, Hatc~h assumed personal control of fluorochcmical research, which had gained Department status in 1951. ED ae hsRaech,id bMoorshBStkeoktot0orpsanbein hn teondb That situation prevailed when Selden joined N PD. "I'o his sorrow, BE a re wtpeoreny Selden soon learned that it was not a pleasant workplace. Hatch had ee woe bo fe sn little faith in the future of fluorochemicals so was at odds with Nelson nn a cy doy. Sci i Ros ae Sr So ah sin Taylor, Manager of Ithc Fluorochcmical Department. The two em: Scpw, 0tSsomman ns Soe oat ons smd bickered about business almost every day, Selden said. Hatch's negative attitude also caused problems for Stephens, D v E at Wr FD. SBRoomce rpsJyl cls onss emncoolcdwhgy Director of Central Re'catch, and Selden, General Manager of NPD, wenn I ARS dong deni Cr Tare er! *Herzog w~ts nn Itpl ptlpil. He succeeded Cross its Vice-President after the Duplicating Pro- ducts Division wits formed. Later hc was ~t Group Vice-President, 3M President and Chairman and Chief Executive Oflqtcer. 6~ because both men reported to him. Soon after Selden's arrival Hatch told Stephens that he would recommend that fluorochemical research be abandoned. Stephens, who had been close to Mr. McKnight for more. than fifteen years, not only blocked Hatch's recommendation, but got himself promoted to Vice-President of Research which got him out from under Hatch's jurisdiction. The promotion announcement, written by Mr. McKnight, said that Stephens would report to President Carlton. Stephcns also asked Mr. McKnight if remove Selden (tom Hatch's supervision, anwoothtiaacmhnnnowouuansnccededod.n.eTT,hhaeeltthtwwoouoagachcittiohonensschefffafenecgcretiivvweelalyys L1l0o7y%d HHaetchh distanced Hatch from fluorochemicals. Selden's contacts with fluorochemicals began in his first years at 3M when be made several business trips with Bill Pearlson to discuss fluorochemicals with refrigeration equipment manufacturers, Selden and Pearlson also visited the UofM in 1947 and 1948 in attempts to interest university researchers to study fluorochemicals. Selden did not attend the historic April 21, 1949, meeting--he was away on 3M business--but he filed a report to answer Carlton's questions. His written remarks indicated that he rode the fence on the future of fluorochemicals. Forty years later, Selden explained that he did not at that time know enough about the Project to take a stand. Men associated wilh Iluorochcmical marketing anti the laboratory in Scldcn's era said he must be given much of the credit for the early successes of 3M's specialty chemical development. Men close to him praised Selden not only for his marketing ability, but for his knack for placing people in the right jobs. He also fostered teamwork between htboratory, sales and marketing--not always an easy task--which contributed to the success of his organization. Jim Rogers recalled that during the Scotchgard rain and stain repeller development period, Selden suggested that a yard of treated fabric be professionally dry cleaned. That, he said, would help to determine the 3M product's effectiveness when combined with dry cl`eWWahnhieennngtthhceehceclmlootitchhawlesaa.ss rreettuurrnneeddffrroommtthheecclleeaanneerrss aannddtteesstteeddaaffeewwddaayyss 0 0 0 0 -- ee------------ a O0 1365.0038 1365.0038 La renee r-- r ------------ 62 lor. c's plcbddispel. nine schpod od chor dgrce in chemist nd. V. Tysssnd RV. Curtis laler, 'the fabric's repeilency had disappeared. In time, research proved i oeacheea od mt wid cut. Not hd een herd te mc caicrs Th sven manJ 1. Thomo, wat that the fluorochemical had not washed out. Nor had it been altered oy ami. Ind, dec sd Chri ear who had bn in Hsing Spel Prods by dry cleaning. Instead, a detergent used i in pecs rn tr Libor. in the cleaning process to remove water- Loi po embed Fis coin TeGor kt Adar in Rigsind Has in Cll while soluble spots had deposited a film coating ie chem Whe sper ot 1h hrs tre signed fo Cini, New York, Paes on the 3M chemical. While it appeared that fo Eiri wa mg ind or spol in Deo nd Lo Ang. the fabric was being staiqed or spotted in iy nin en. ce nes 2nd cs iar, when eed 3M in 199, star 3 ces n Cen dry cleaning tests, those stains and spots Suny vet hedged eso. Un Reach Polymer Seton. He ft ns rhea or wt actually were on the detergent residue. UnBia Guo at nd, Bower. Tema Fort New rants Depa rasmeemeh ecw til that discovery was made, however, ! Say aramid rchwe rd vay enaric grounedr esd nc dot fluorochemical research was directed away 1 om cling or reed ry ann {om tet sey wertodevelngoclp On hecai , .,, ~ ~ a coed on pov Gee mri Send. Adon bevel om econ so \ cbls pdaAdams enionne 1p0 psorpprroodgsr nc ong rR ene wwaas frreeeisfoer bpoandnce1989 2013.res 3 pen Bob Adams from clothing that required dry cleaning and was concentrated on providing grease resistance to paper products. "Selden helped that program in the long rn by tha Ft dy clesning on + Regrs SAO tin 3 ech demoniration Kor IM mmr NY run by that first dry cleaning test," Rogers said, "but at the mo- Toth ae he abort nd a res. Inte few iy Mckigh. ih pty. rds Buco. Ve Bee bet ment he made the laboratory mad as hornets. In the few day,s re- ete tt rf dy Coa. hh prog back Cn ober tend. Soh Rogearns ke to an New quired to have that material dry cleaned, he set the program back Tn. Pods hema le rari a Years ir: Ada eels two years." ie i ere may thins done at tye igert was 4 ples wih ow ft den There also were many things done out- id Laborer. One na he forma. Red prepares 0Refine rubs Divion. Ttpgm ves side the Laboratory. One was the forma- Tools Grp a rain ops {che fon, but Adams" presenan resid rer, tion of a Group sales organization compos- tev Shmen ome don. ecily Cron. by thon Vick Practof he Gaps Pros ed of seven salesmen from three divisions. Four wrt fon vigion wo ron loc. ALI Ades real wih le ember Four were from Irvington, two from Taree ac nd oo om Hatiogs me fluorochemical sales and one from Hastings em Bn. The ne epson tgs, eo, was mgrese vy Ads alc nd gins. Nox Chemical Divisi~n. The new organization CHT ots ade by the Gro. og run] wh Rogers wes teri dl am. es s~dd all Ilrt}thlclS Inatle hy Ihc Gr~ul3. Thon Ade a yi Hal cane fiom che Mame. Byseein hes. Ada bec RI oa Bob Adams and Lylc Hals camc from oechimial, Sive 198. he previont Rel Sl Reqvesemain fo cemcal procs flnorochcmicals. Since 1954, the previous jpg mpgay vi Sx MonaerRogers chives oat mt 0 3M, wher be year, whcq hc was namcd F,aslcrn Rcoe Ss Represaine. Footer unl rte no te 190 A scone of Univer gion Sales Representative, Fluorochemi- Lyle ltals atc. dome ho te hacd a he IE branch offic in 1Fins 1340with bch er nchm. Joel c~l Products, Adams had been based at the 3M branch office in Sin omy his bec Eonar to Cheon, Arca Caml wher syed msyas. HF pt wat Ridgcficld, New Jersey. Hals had been transferred to the Cleveland, oer 195 from i How Prods le ion 1 predict deepen Sond, Commit.Loews Ohin, br~nch earlier in 1955 from his New Products sales position Pa wi he had rhe fo Ropers sven eld Ads ihe F's ndsril Chemis Divito in New York Ci in St. Paul, where he had worked for Rogers even before Adams Comea bs He et Chuck Waton abteJoeie the Commercial Chemical came on board. Nhe Co cen ad echcl ders, Adoma ad aoc. Delopnnt Associa, ih ek 10 nlp member co All the Group salesmen had technical degrees. Adams had a doc- coat chemin ogo, Mak had 3 ars in chemi. Fs eric rr pods. Waker, Snes of he torate in chemical engineering. Hais had a master's in chemistry. 3 ion Aion. Geriven sni oy E Broun. Soon. semed tot Fer vas ot creo ns scm Of the four from Irvington, Anthony P. Genovese and Ray E. Brown 63 had bachelor degrees in chemistry and E. V. Tyne and R. V. Curtis were chemical engineers, T,he seventh man, J. M. Thompson, was a chemical engineer who had been in Hastings-' Special Products Laboratory. . The Group kept Adams in, Ridgefield and Hals ih Cleveland while the others were assigned tO Cincinnati, New York, Philadelphia, Dciroit and Los Angeles. Adams, when he joined 3M in 1949, started as a chemist in Central Research's Polymer Section. He got into marketing for two reasons. First, New Products Department management believed that men with technical backgrounds were needed if meaningful dialogues (and subsequent sales) were to develop during calls on the scientific community. Sec6nd, Adams believed from observation that sales ex- perience was a requisite for advancement at 3M. Adams was offered the sales position in 1953 as a result of a presen- tation at a technical demonstration for 3M management. Mr. McKnight, with newly-elected President Buetow, Vice-President Bert Cross and others attended. So did Rogers and Hals, the two-man New Products chemical sales-marketing team. Years later, Adams recalled that day. His assignment was a polymer with a low refractive index he had prepared for Reflective Products Division. That program never reached fruition, but Adams' presentation impressed his listeners, e,spccially Cross, by then Vice-President of the ~raphic Products Group. -At least," Adams recalled with a smile, "he remembered my name. "" Rogers, too, was impressed by Adams' "style and lightness." Not I~ng aflcrward when Rogers was authorized to ~dd a man, he ap- proached Adams. By accepting the job, Adams became 3M's first fiekl S~des Representative fi~r chemical products. Sales Manager Rogers chose a roundabout route to 3M, where he stayed until he retired in the late 1970s. A graduate of the Universi- ty of Illinois in 1940 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry, he joined American Cyanamid, where he stayed nine years. His first post was in new products development in Stamford, Connecticut. Later he was with the firm's Industrial Chemicals Division in New York City. He met Chuck Walton after he joined the Commercial Chemical Development Association, which was set up to help member com- panies get started marketing new products. Walton. an officer of the association, sensed that Rogers was not interested in a scientific 0 0 0 i0 11336655..00003399 So 64 I ST RSELIiw LVR pe 7 IPCaONlS iNN N RAR[ECOhM 8 J a EME 1 bo a I7 Te65 tt i tpt from St. Paul (and later Cleveland.) The emulsifier produced for Du- pont was bought through its plant in Parkersburg, West Virginia, which also was Hals' account. That product could not be sold rn elsewhere because 3M did not know how it was being used. (Long afterward, 3M learned lhat it was used in making Teflon products.) NatoDont aWi Dobe, Adams called on DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware, and firms like ATE Union Carbide, Celanese, Shell Oil and International Paper head- quartered in New York City. He recited his fluor~hemical technology story over and over again, trying to find people who might have an enn idea or two for using an inert liquid, a surfactant, a polymer (rub- hi one momar pres ber) or paper sizing in some manufacturing process. O senwe t bsecommdehtee "Our biggest problem was that we couldn't accommodate them nono al our price," Adams said, concealing a hard fact with pleasant words. 3M's products were too cxpeusive for most companies to even consider testing. Adams was offering a fluorinated rubber at many dollars nemeamnim a pound to companies that were buying natural rubber for forty-five cents. Other products in Adams' sample case were priced as much ache br dol8 lousnd repressed as twelve hundred dollars a pound. EES tren "The people we sold product,~ to--or to whom we tried to sell them--were always aticr us lo lower our prices. And, to produce products for specific applications," Adams said. Hals mentioned another problem. He had to make calls on every kEOe Clr 0 TckoHm ACBR Z Technicians Ed Glaze (left) and ,lack Hanson in the CRI~ tent company he drove past because it was impossible to qualify a prospect without going in and asking questions. nt a a "I'd find someone willing to talk to me," Hals said. "Then I'd reach inh+ my bag and l+ull out s<>mcthin+g." It n+ligl+t I+c a wetting ;.Igcul. ()r. an acid, Scotchgard repeller, a paint additive t'rom Kellogg, +t protective coating, a cashew resin. "Anything to get started with SCSe OTRO the hope of gelling the prospcct Io imagine a possible application." pilot plant at Chenmlitc, circa 1950. 3M's annual report for 1955 included a brief report that the. career and eventually offered him a marketing job in St. Paul. Fluorochcmical Division "is now marketing these unique chemicals in the chrome plating industry+` and that it had '+developed new ap- plications for treating paper and textiles and is test marketing a new It must have been difficult for Adams to fight discouragement after hc and his family were settled in the East. Not only was he isolated from 3M headquarters, but he had nothing to sell and did not know who to sell it to. The division's one best-selling product, the mist t Ft tie ett Ar I Lt suppressing foam used by chrome platers, was being sold exclusively by Udylite Corporation. And, the account was serviced by Hals fluorinated synthetic rubber." Hals, a native of Rush City, Minnesota, earned a chemistry degree from Macalester College in St. Paul. With a recommendation from ~ chemistry professor, he obtained a job with the Manhattan Project at Columbia University in New York City. He worked two years in the fluorocarbon laboratory researching direct fluorination of hydro- 0 0 0 iPo. ae - 0 0 1385.0040 1365.0040 semen ------ ?gm meee ree. $ 66 67 Caan oi nd orc fo se ih rim esac Colo 18 Act nd Tinton Divisions were prof. And, carbon oils and lubricants for use with uranium hexafluoride. etn 1547 1043. Vii sendin Fen Seo cl tnCem sl erptrio Between 1947 and 1949, while attending Penn State on a scholar- Color and Acid and lrvington Divisions were profitable. And, Hastings Chemical would have been profitable except for bookkeeping i ls word wihJo Senn Me Gra 3 oesdete pss. i. sproiabe FrecheDido sbi ship, Hals worked with Joe Simons. He earned a master's degree a pu Shay beloe Neto Too mid hm 0 SNE a of he prof of the cher divisions. in organic chemistry before Nelson Taylor hired him for 3M's Fame Poet "on ay | 1957.Dr. Jo W.Coefainedt34aasAvscirte Fluorochemical Project. ic be boh r in 19501 prcrhdelprist der Dior of Corl Riser Deparment. Copebaner, Avi Hals left the laboratory in 1950 to pursue market deyelopment under in Rages nd sap yours or Me wet dre so Dri of Research a Klos ce 199, ws lcd in hg Jim Rogers and stayed five years before he was transferred tO CAOEh ve epsn 155 He became Ata 5 hoch Scion,FoyerSct snd Orr Pers Cleveland, Ohio, as a Sales Representative in 'I 955. He became Area Se Nira fore Cham Drs in 196 a ws rae te Grou i Cea Resa He bad cred Mi Fh 5 Sales Manager for the Chemical Division in 1961: and was transferedo New Yorkin 136, 198.hewa de sean Mktg Unery of Hs n 1934 snd worked for Soca Yocom OF red to New York in 1966. In 1984, he was made Sales and Marketing ras Cora Manag fo be Cheicd, Fimsnd lid Company, Rein:Ho CompsnadGenrryd nine & FimCor. Manager, Contract Manufacturing, for the Chemicals, Film and Allied Produ Grp rao fre Jonig Kehogs. Products Group. He id 0 Ramey. Ne Jr, fn 1985 wre be argon To te cay 19601 Copnase paced Dr. Carl ._ Bares as He retired to Ramsey, New Jersey, in 1985 where he organized Breil Mads Copan. VHRR panssecmoefor DitofCcorhl Reafrshe ecreh rom, Bas Biomedical Models Company, which imports anatomical models for To miata chivprac schol and ers. Came to SN in de 19500 ad paced Sap hes 1 ren sale to medical and chiropractic schools and others. ' adjustments. But, the unprofitable Fluorochemical Division absorbed most of the profits of the other divisions. On May 1, !957, Dr. John W. Copenhaver joined 3M as Associate Director of Central Research Department, Copenhaver, Associate Director of Research at Kellogg since 1949, was placed in charge of the Fluorochemical Section, Polymer Section and Organic Preparations Group in Central Research. He had earned his Ph.D. at the University of Illinois in 1934 and worked for Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Rohm & Haas Company and General Aniline & Film Corporation before j6ining Kellogg. In the early 1960s Copenhaver replaced Dr, Carl E. Barnes as Director of Central Research after the latter resigned from 3M. Barnes came to 3M in the 1950s and replaced Stephens after he retired. sr progres, Doo Holwhotad abackgronnsi es In another progression, Doug Hall, who had a background in tex- inh, re 1950 te Grogs ft Merchandirg. tile finishes, was hired in 1956 as the Group's first Merchandising Niugr Fall, 8 uve ew Yorker, bod works he re Manager. Hall, a native New Yorker, had worked in the textile in- uy seven var dustry eleven years. HE coma in 3M began in 1953 when Hugh Bye aiden His contact with 3M began in 1953 when Hugh Bryce called on Pcie Ml New Yok Cay todrs Ss prsccive rst Pacific Mills in New York City to demonstrate 3M's protective treat- me fortes Tl, howaeSp ofPceMil r Texte ment for textiles. Hall, who was the Supervisor of Pacific Mills Textile Fines epimoep rrls wre, MASE, Finishes Department, set up a mill trial in Lawrence, Massachusetts, nd rn Bron Viens. Thedeclopnetperiod contro and later in Brookneal, Virginia. The development period cofitinued eo 1950 i pin Paci Mls came ctor: Dating into 1956 at which point Pacific Mills became a customer. During {Bee hr yee, HlBeaksce) wih Adon, Seca thosc three ycars, Hall bcc~nue acquainted.with Adams, Selden and Bet, oh hed or Bre i NPD' koran. Ae Br Bill Petersen, who worked for Bryce in NPD's laboratory. After Bur- Kington ties ough Pil ls 1955 Hallbecame ifeo lington Industries bought Pacific Mills in 1955, Hall became ripe for in. In 19hE 5sp8i nis 1 Aus we rccrniting. In 1956 he accepted an offer and in August moved to St. Fil hire he shred Rogen office oa te fit Hoo of Boldin. Paul where hc shared Rogers' office on the first floor of Building 21 Fair Aven for 3 few mnths 21 on Fauquier Avenue for a few months. Lee nat yr, Ad ster cho hearin: Late in that same year, Adams was transferred back to headquarters to bee Ste Manesfor te Floorcare DARIO. ATS. to become Sales Manager lor the Fluorochemieal Division. And. igh merewert oy ow Gro sleespoted sound although there were only a few Group salesmen spotted around the Uke Sts, amar ayerofsis ager a Sobel United States, another layer of sales management was established. Frat Woah. hshd ec wih Irion, was gn ew sb Frank Woznak, who had been with lrvington, was given a new job E{oratotWegiinonReagioen, MToorealnadwRarorr tbcalm Sl3 MGraotuepr ! thre wre too mary managers andnot enough sales dollars. The as Eastern Region Sales Manager and Rogers became Sales Manager for the Western Region. The result was not atypical in the Group-there were too many managers and not enough sales dollars. The 0 0 0 0 1 11336655..00004411 ! "- oNi. Pa. & Bla i iE 252 corre cHAPTER 8 eos = a. Co 135 NESe) TLEEE Sr ma 15] Nol [ FRaE TTwoo RReemmaarrkkaabbllee AAcchhiieevveemmeennttss "One of the truths of science is that most big discoveries are not designed. They are accidental. If discoveries could be made by predic- R E L S E R tions, 3M and everyone else could hire a few computer operators and fire the rest of us." Patsy Sherman said that years ago in an interview then laughed to temper her remark. TOILEnaT nt Invention or discovery is a process of trial and error. Some research- ers say luck or serendipity play roles. The work also requires the ability to glean successful segments from a series of experimental a) GNC .-- C2RaN FHS ih: Ai BfEhE failures. The promising segments are saved, the rest discarded. Knowledge and experience also must be applied if a researcher is Se tr he to steer a successful course. Events that led to the development of Scotchgard rain and stain repeller were no exceptions. HR SA TL Take, for example, that spring day in 1953, when a chemist in Ihe Polymer Section of Central Research, preparing to run a test on i mc iam d vonof hem and ir e wm 0 a viscosity sample, spilled some of the liquid. Her frown turned to chagrin, then anger when she noticed that a few drops had splashed C3 2 sige ie onto her when the dod oan same new tennis shoes. Joan Mullin dried fluorochemical elastomer stedsors was even more resisted efforts rr distrcs,';ed to remove BLC3 AE Nii en eteeringcos tt cd ete spl it wi~h soap and water, alcohol or other solvents. A year later, the remaining elastomer that had not been spilled began to point the way to success in the search for a stain and water repeller. iN wh5, Se Eieit It also prepared a place in the Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame ey for een prodcoms and carved a niche in 3M history for a twenty-three-year-old chemist named Patsy._Shennan. Sherman had prepared the sample that splashed helt he onto the shoe, an incident which has been popularized as the point of discovery of Scotchgard repeller. Sherman's work in the develop- g Be EERE pe atrr so meat of Scotchgard repeller went much deeper than that happy acci- :0 0 0 -- 0 1ses002 1365.0042 nn7O en i was ve by 1954 st partssme dito 3 dent, but it was tree that by 1954 that particular sample directed 3M {eieirhes away fom mgto rcs researchers away from trying to eradicate ie rn fro he com comple and the green from the chrome complex and ed hm. toward yaar Tht pointed them toward polymers. That ame in rion fa 0sss te change in direction led the scientists quite only 3 Paeschmcn x. Td I rapidly to a fluorochemical latex liquid RH tame he aefor espe which became the base for the repeller in 9%.1956. Shirin, who wes reed in Mis Sherman, who was reared in Minsoi a Sidr ee in neapolis, earned bar.helot degrees in Chem Grd marutics in 1952 1 chemistry and mathematics in 1952 at Gles Adsphos Coleg i St. Pr. Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnis Jobs veresite hea 0 ty Sherman Minnesota. Jobs were scarce, so when 3M alee hers tepoy. fusion she offered her a temporary position she Patsy Sherman pags 0h ss yh i accepted and was assigned to a research project funded by the Air Focarson of heorigi 159 oma The srderamd. Force, an extension of the original 1949 contract. The understand- wi ht he he contac at trina, Shermans Copor. ing was that when the contract was terminated, Sherman's employ- men ed i to. A Ct i ne Ar ore was oul ck ment would end, too. At that time the Air Force was still seeking mit hes old and 0 ol and rR a synthetic rubber that could stand up to jet fuel and temperature exTr, Shem ork onht EX pc, SenspyFA, tremes. Sherman's work on that latex product, identified as poly FBA, ov TS Tr ver io WA evry Geeoped 1 was 3M's first venture into what eventually developed into Fira forochaomers FluorelTM fluoroelastomers. Cee Ramwaan anne omerver Mellin kd Dr. George Rathmann was an interested observer as Mullin failed {ares pyr He dgped svc coon svaches ta he to remove the polymer. He dipped several cotton swatches into the Femipyc ape hed thesth snemeiope nd remaining polymer sample, tucked the swatches in an envelope and oo th ysesd fsNe Frat Labormary The look it to Hugh Bryce. head of the New Products Laboralory. The Ienackous ra, Raion ld Bryce, igh be vai 1315 lcnacious material, Rathmann told Bryce. might have value ira test Co deed in st re 7c be drpped he could be devised to measure it. Bryce agrccd as hc dmppcd lhc Colo i i ek arr envelope in his desk drawer. "he Suches fm th cneops by uioched nil Bil Pcscn The swatches in the envelope lay untouched until Bill Pctersen eric rom mary se, eerie, Chemis apnes 50 returned from military service. Petersen, a chemical engineer and brto of te Une of Wisco, ood OM and Conta a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, joined 3M and Central RE in 1999 To year ir he Ak Fore rc him for Rcscarch in 1949. Two years later the Air Force recalled him for ey Kore, He edn 193 in Bryce Pot Deviop duty in Korea. He returned in 1953 to join Bryce's Product Develop- ren Depa. which PtrGerdss 4 anoof lge ment Department, which Pctcrscn described as "a handful of guys een iirc prot HC each working on a different product development project." His col- enpos were Mayon Oh, Jo Eran (tt repaidby ck leagues were Maynard Olson, John Ernlund (later replaced by Jack eres Goose Babe. Nora Opp, Jd Vem Wee Hessburg), George Blake, Murray Olyphant, Jr., and Vern Wel- ger schingcr. Tm7~ Pac's igmentvas ecttsh ,ps trld 0 Ue Peter~sen's assignment was surfactants, the type later sold to Udylite Comoro. n 954 he ws reigned oh 0 tment Cnrporation. In 1954 he was reassigned to research into treatments TI ess Erman, wi vasrencnin cromiomcon for textiles because Ernlund, who was researching chromium comht ok: plex treatments, had dropped textiles to concentrate on paper. (Later, od paper earn wa orab Hes paper and paperboard research was pursued by Hessburg and Gayle Rico Scochbnprorco pdt whe sl a Rcngcl which led to ScotchbanTM protector products which still are REE dhpar mdr ty) being sold to the paper industry today.) Whe Ptcrsn tu10 resdis, yc and ie te melo When Petersen turned to textiles, Bryce handed him the envelope comin Ruane sachet lh 0 Egon ht Pecnen containing Rathmann's swatches with the suggestion that Petersen a mth 1 rau en.Ptr 504d afr ro develop a method to evaluate them. Petersen did so and after runecan te te residsamples ol Bryce ht thepoles ning tests on the latex-treated samples, told Bryce that the polymer ed promi 3 durable oil md er relentsfo showed promise, as a durable oil and water repellent treatment for Con Hor. With tha th arrow Pong 10 Sc was rey cotton fabrics. With that, the arrow pointing to success was ready orebow Fetes,sha, ed, vnd n decorations eased for the bow. Feathers, shaft, head, varnish and decorations included Sora rn, pA) al, Bn ra Sherman's formulation, the spilled sample, Rathmann's swatches, Byes ni of he and Pars a devlopmen nd Brycc's retention of them and Petersen's test development and exon evaluation. Pete'scst dtswaspsdtoCent Resch with reqs Petersen's test data was passed to Central Research with a request for sido] srechemcl pyar 0 va. In reports for additional fluorochemical polymers to evaluate. In response, Tccachrs he Organ Seton began pein ronomere researchers in the Organic Section began producing monomers--the roa malo pyranfe PoScyion mep edorco raw materials for polymer--and the Polymer Section began producing hme. Tho ware sot 0 wthyNPD Lsmorory or tsi. polymers. Those were sent to the NPD Laboratory for testing. For yea 3 scien ad own ht iden ewer wa For years 3M scientists had known that hidden somewhere was ky sack hecommercial poovf cvoicet, An. ~ key to unlock the commercial potential of fluorochemicals. And, ey speci an sieve i 1nd wae pels a arcs igh they suspected an effective oil and water repeller for fabrics might Iain Dt cha doe, The sunt vas uscd pry 00 lic bchind that locked door. Their suspicion was based partly on eh no how gods wtso suas bn. 19481 Dr. research into how liquids wet solid surfaces begun in 1948 by Dr. Wika Ziman a th Unie Sen Noval Rescarch Laborwry, William Zisman at the United States Naval Research Laboratory: Vmongc lhe st yZipried eb 3M's samples among all those tested by Zisman imparted the greatest stn ote pred of normal quis. resistance Io the spread of normal liquids. each wde siad by veGhciwhviceh s bndet: 3M research was directed by live objectives which had been identieb abe enor ca. Thongooetinswer deve fied by a prCxtuct development .team. Those objectives were to develop coi h(1)t wo par con i nd weer replies a coating that (1) would impart functional oil and water repellency 0c, (3) mad cvSt lw conenrl0Kipocnostt to fabrics, (2) would be effective at low concentrations to keep costs 12, (5)noukb rable._sle 1 wisn wes, wash oF in line, (3[t-would be durable--able to withstand wear, washing or hyka6nougbe spl wa ich watheconn dry cleaning, (4) could be applied in water, which was the common SH th tee nd ap ns, 4 5) woud 21 vehicle in both textile and paper industries, and (5) would not ira- 0 0 0 0 -- ~ - -- 11336655..00004433 72 2 --e-- -- se _n'73 rt nadiee sor fko0 dinof rl. BE wpsaty oe Sl part an undesirable feel or look to fabrics. and durability." Prior to that time, the cycle required two work Rempel Poly FBA applied to fabrics showed promising oil repellency, but mtnf 2 R ri its water repellency was marginal at best. Clearly, 3M needed a new weeks, but the excitement generated by the continuing progress caused everyone in both laboratories to work harder and faster than ever EE mn ~meopegremreniot Segway et fluorochemical, most likely a polymer, which would meet most if waa pieces ost omy wen,Ob not all five criteria. With poly FBA as a starting point, Sherman and ~ before. Hundreds of samples were evaluated. Some were too sticky. Others foSfoarrmeeuvveaallluuSaamttiiiotohnn, ooSnnheffraambbrriaiccnss.'s. sTTuoopdedroovittshhoaatr,t,, btthehegeyaynnnmeeeeaddkeeiddng.pnoeewtwhemmroopnneorolyvmemreesrr,ss. "dhruitediktoea oprownodeerfftheacttifvlaekncesdseaagsailiyn.sStowmateehr.adWeixtcheloletnhet roisl armeppleellse,nctyhe, but little or no effectiveness against water. With other samples, the OPmi RSoasyiGn enmiErDr eThoms 3 Fel emmd sSbl ch prin poeie ne Ar | `wweeTrrheeepprOreeprapgraeardneidc wwSaeascstihhoeenaaddieneddbCbRyyLDwrDr..heMreMaatttthhteheewmw oWWVn..omMeiMrlilslleerasr.*n.d FFpooouulryrmmmeeernns mreavneyrsewowlasd trhuaev.eSbteilelnotphreorhsibaiftfievcetleydetxhpeenssoifvten.essIt owfafsabnroitcesa. sAyntdo, | many would have been prohibitively expensive. It was not easy to iter ne runs cope, Bor Hed, dl find nme between ropesand ccnony | provided the fluorochemical chemistry: Dr. Thomas S. Reid, a: beat i ls aog pri" Sherman discoverer of the chrome complex, Dr. Donald Husted, and their find a balance between properties and economy. "It was a frustrating period," Sherman oo of be Cen Tned Sees ey assistants, George Smith and Arthur Ahlbrecht. Miller, Reid, Smith said years afterward. "Sometimes it seem- and Ahlbrecht were destined to become members of the Carlton ovemo otpeli chweasAsBDsC. n 198, bereed x Suen Society**. a ie Ss rah ol One of the most prolific chemists was Ahlbrecht. In 1989, he related Ee amor woh oc 3x ple ol how the tempo of the research accelerated in 1955 and 1956 as the Laboratory workers created countless new monomers which were osSerna wT: oy. i ey pete oe converted to polymers by Sherman and Smith~ In NPD's Laboratory, imdi eanTope o a, ny, o TmiSembbrin slewuSoe Petersen, Chauncey Martin, Mel Vietor and Tom Berger were busy et ne Wiig ho,fies mtr developing and refining test methods and evaluation procedures to NeeNdvevweerer wgeorinegnet1vo0erbbeegoaainbblgleetottoobeccoosmmubcbicinenseesfttuhhlee. desired properties in a product that could be priced at what people could afford." Those projected high production Costs were a difficult barrier. To leap it, Sher- man and Smith had to invent a new emulsion polymerization process, a major ~ ,~ YES=: ~ screen the ever-increasingm`nmoounnmtthhbeiirnns - RAh)pegsiook of new samples. In one exciting 1955, Ahlbrecht prepared.more tthhaann a4 ddoutzecnh didfifFerreeantt eaccrlyslpaetess.. "TTookkeeeeppppaacc,e, tthhee aanvaallyytuiccaall sseeccttiioonn pgeroce- Poll ER vided overnight feedback which normally eh uid heck. ANrectdalwilh ny required a week. Ahibrecht dealt with tiny &: onsen gramsvas3BPS alllt~unls----Ill granls was a lypical Be es monomer batch--which were delivered bberecaakustheroituw gh. oInnotu htbatleelnmduwd listiohnt,hewcahteemr-- Art Albrecht bcoicefaacallan---u-wwsineaaerssittwwmmaitoixxeuereld-ddsnowwoliiuttbhtblalheeaonrsdsgmmawaanlliillthqqstuuhoaalennvciteihtntyeytmi-nwhichAthrteAfuholrborcehcchrmt ical et ne ns of an inert water-soluble organic solvent in which the fluorochemical monomer was somewhat soluble. With that, water became a carrier, EU Fly ot ment omer wel Throthutchl PersSE bul slill fitiy t~r more naonomers wenl through the cycle before Sher- dS ver ec one, Sh per hm. man and Smith were able to settle on one. Smith, a polymer chemist, SnpoeSn es bk od w~s the visionary. Sherman proved Smith's ideas while contributing | Miller eOrpe bwiounldcmaakelcdadefnstPneencsob'cdweon Sreepftebreerd o1t9h5e6C,hherriteh FDirviitoenllLyabooraftcoiryv.eBpyrthoattiew,ashn1: M Maitt mMiller " `oppvooellyrymnmeiegrrihiztzaattitiooonn..SBBhyyerttmhheaennneewxattntmd rorSunminnigt.h, thhfeeoyyr wWWhehreeennbetthihneeg oreevslaulleutsatwewedreerien Panemtnecorsussennce'esdd,,arethae.* ppt chat apple, group would make adjustments based on them and prepare another batch of samples. ii fr of aT vow A EE esbden te Ve "Within twenty four hours of making a monomer, we would know wp wan" AMBP Si meosf oo wae eplncy at A how good it was," Ahlbrecht said, "in terms of oil or water repellency ey SH eboney deseofo it wecesl1960 prod vs *Between 1954 and 1962. Miller was Technical Director of whal is ttxlay the Industrial Abrasives TEESETeTo ta epmens poe ins nad Divi.sion. Then he returned to CRL a,g A,~s~ciate Director where he slayed until he retired. CE STII on eb MARS pt hh i dH ~'~3M founded Ihe Carlton Sociely in 1964 to recognize outstanding ctmtributions tn the com- p~my's scientific anti technical pr~gress. More than 150 men and women have been honored. ideTTahhseeofffiirhrssetrSSoccwoottncc.hhggaarrdd raaiinn aanndd ssttaaiinn rreeppeelllleerr wwaass aanmnoouuancceedd iinn.. ddSeeevvpeetleloomppbeeeddr tnm1i9lli5l6,1199b66u00,t, thwwehhiiccfihhrstwwataosstaaallffytteerrefSSfemmciittlihvheaannpddrodSSuhhcectrrmmwaaanns hhnaaoddt dtrraendssfeorfreedxptoertihmeeCnthaelmpicraolduDctivsishioadn Lbeaebnormaatoder.y. By"Wtehagtottimleu,ckhyu.n"- dreds of experimental products had been made. "'We got lucky," Sam Smith said. "The number of combinations you can put together is infinite." The laboratory designation for that successful 1960 product was FC-208, which was a segmented copolymer with a non-fluorinated naonomer. At last, 3M had a product which imparted both good oil 0 0 0 0 1365.00 1365.0044 -- 74 |be [7 pE pt MherdeT midiiyiegihem--sd --75 ineffective. It also was learned that formulations that changed the feel of a fabric were unacceptable to fabric manufacturers. JFR rIoA Ey:LiEEHSphROE rerYmGan,o--O baE&r otlfE R o_ yrLC dN| |ap= s|Emdr st {rel, EfP JiCporeR1saii01tpcrrP9,ei6iero6bh m a7aue eon.twanSSsbitmdasepi ppirmptwrt n maner nisiitnshmt haeyanRardet dgoen epcrliba iSseat0eiieoe.iutnptodovferccnb:dc.r s eoeehabnaQsp8mutpdyeeictuoe prsd orroilraesrttcbnoowirprl rs odi soepniss oaCesromocoor iomsentosonaendns.ydr Patsy Sherman, inventor of Scotchgard ra~t and stain repeller, Sn So her pe Soke rE hey te huge vs rin,pri with Sam Smith in 1972. Smith, Sherman's supervisor, worked Ti br prove ri dn par 950 A et ba vo wd a So with her to improve rain and stain repeller in .the 1950s. ante pl" y ol i fw de Wheld: on go er pict ii bb e oe woe and water rcpcllcncy to all fi~brics. It was durable ~when washed or ry amd a somindonyRalf expr (ube HSS van, 0 ea mt in om Tr po dry cleaned and contained only half the expensive fluorine required os mors. cr Sack wis eh By red Seo li ng Coder in previous formulations. The latter bottleneck was broken by the frees eatenoR svde ba ok fact that FC-208 was a copolymcr with an inexpensive, c~mmercially folripi, i a ea a vo oo available monomer. tnd rors np ty re Today's-Scotchgard protector is not just one product, but a family ao op es Tono% HE Lorry in Wading opr he comes of products tailored for specific application. The realization that one iene oywootrhe sh. m2 pr Ee es ee product would not serve every need was learned through experience. ie rae ho onc n pot pn e eh In 1956, for example, the first commercial stain-resistant product a ty Te ios rt ws af on i nd worked well on wool fabrics, but was ineffective on cottons. Another re rs vo tb og dn, el oiot wadedcls Seid Ser fact learned through experience was that the repellers had to work Eero mo pin et Shanes hari They evs pind Soule apt in harmony with a variety of finishing agents manufacturers used . a Hr Hep a eeref SFr0en 1965 to impart softness or body to their fabrics. Unless 3M's products t Tp eal ot er 1 re va eo rg (Eo were compatible, they would fall out of dispersion and be rendered In 1966-67, Sherman and Smith collaborated again to develop a product technology that was even more demanding and more astounding than the development of the rain and stain repeller. Bill Petersen called it "'The most brilliant piece of chemistry that came out of the Scotchgard repeller program." Brilliant indeed! It created a revolu- tion in the textile industry. The new development came about because permanent press fabrics, which are highly finished blends of cotton and polyester fibers, were discovered and popularized in the 1960s. The fabrics were and still are easy to care for so they gained immediate consumer acceptance lbr shirts, blouses, pants and other apparel. Quite different from other fabrics, permanent press materials require more synthetic fibers and larger quantities of resins and finishing chemicals. That created problems. Permanent press materials tended to attract oil-borne stains and would not release them during laundering. At first that appeared to be an excellent opportunity for 3M, but to their dismay, the Chemical Division researchers could not find a fluorochemical finish that would ,solve the problem. They also learned that the challenge was daunting, if not impossible. A successful product would have to ward off oily stains, but when and if stains occurred, the product would have to allow them tt~ be washed out during laundering. Repelling oily substances was no problem; 3M products had been doing that for years, That, however, worked against Scotchgard repeller during laundering; Iluorochcnficals simply could not go against their nature. They could not release stains into water. It was-an axiom which could not be changed. Harris Laboratory in Washington supported the conventional wisdom. Its scientists had proved in a series of tests between 1962 and 1965 that an oil-stained garment which had been treated with ~ fluorochcmical finish could not be washed clean. Smith and Sherman disagreed with Harris. They even pointed to a possible way to ~nlve the stain release problem in a report to management in 1965. That report also signaled an end to the two scientists' repeller collaboration, but as it turned out the parting was only temporary. 0 0 0 0 1365.0045 1365.0045 6m 7~ Inerepon, Sy pertpdiepoovlepps ot moiugs cLsa drSroroes ohfyHsselkd. ometrrltdseohhen In the report, Smith theorized that a possible path to success might Irdrephoni and olcophepic in ae and hydrophilic in weer Srran ed 10 1 an experimen hat proved er hry. be the design of a "flip-flop" or dual action polymer that would be tty Bs segs. 0i froehon bollecpiet dios 4 hydrophobic and oleophobic in air and .hydrophilic in water. ie ks or woes | pod 30 Sova fr ae phon. 8 05 Fluorochemicals are by nature hydrophobic and oleophobic; they will nso sa i sn cou | cam cor 10 commerclesion ofSond ul a not mix with water or oil. Cotton is hydrophilic; it soaks up water eoeewis ml | rotsRh ten For is. wo 3 fk Sts | like a sponge and readily releases oil stains in a detergent solution. neSn onc ony ee Dongs, | nthe epee | Scientific discussions between the two researchers were terminated ag pore sp | "ihm dood in ums ot hy ys, Sok | in 1966 when Sherman went on maternity leave~ During her absence, Ll vers | nckped hyo bon mes moves 1 Smith turned to a new venture, that of creating polymers as raw nr te pre manly ope Sara sok re Boe materials for structural adhesives. That new research appeared to A TT or | myo eS have severed the partnership permanently. or ee sgh | mmole oeahsfa i es 1 D3 nd When Sherman returned to work, she resumed research on fiuorochemical formulations. And, in her free time, she thought about Re lgd,h aFprloSgar,s || om 119070WSnhTSoo.c5fSreI, re tAfr possible solutions to the stain release challenge. Eventually she reachor wsso trans marr When | Af ed a dead end. The problem she wrestled with can be explained non- et wack, Ue. ree whi ges hawt shod | Sh vas indicted itheCalonSociety in 1960 In May 1974 scientifically by using a greasy frying pan as an example. When the be eet oe Sm ame an (Hugh 190) wn Pet pan is dipped in water, the grease, which is lighter than water, should et ry vr om toni float to the surface. Instead it stays put because the grease has a lower HC ipo wag is AnbeBei,NewYork Sihca los ere surface energy than water. uaa | incr fCo oy Cot ow York 1348 ds as A way had to be found to put a hydrophobic (water-hating) polymer arwo aye fort Shem bata erinnpn chiar rom veUiersey of Michigan i 94. | together with a hydrophilic (water-loving) polymer. It was not lX)ssible ream os | 1st ws ih tf re Combi Api to simply mix them. Neither would stand for that. Sherman had to is | Macon. wherein, Or A Baie, hn 53J 3J. find a way to put them together in one super molecule, to find a ht ie 50h loocvrnre a FOrSts hvdrophilic substrate that could be married to bread-and-batter i From oe Sad I Fn cy: He woes th Fy, Sta nd oe fluorine chemistry. To accomplish that, she would have to develop es ani deat cn ct ony ir, Ahh tent ad Soh ce om Sh an entirely new class of fluorochcmicals. Even testing Ihe concept id opiae elcd rur SUIE CIE ms pir, 1 190, Sw dg t+ oth would require a significant departure from existing technology. ey Aa)Catal Racin on ci Corporat Ski) hbh eBhd Try as she might, Patsy Sherman could not solve the enigma. We cholewss 5 pion ao Techn Dc. He os bt wi rcnlcmber that the apple fell nn Isaac Newton's head. Anti, Carl M tiler ah Sermons pi JW Pin Ting Comer wre 18 was reputed to have developed 3M dry copying technology because eyos enw abe IIR Str ed he Arc Chi Soci Creve he saw a solar-heated leaf in the snow. Sherman's inspiration was fro memankic rived icp ck SOE enbrBc oeSAR far less memorable. It arrived quite prosaically one aftcrnoon while EB a ih bh enod 0ot rof cm hore. bf oh 01 she was reading in the Benz building library. In an article on an pte, ob ae fn Treg sos or ore unrelated subject, Sherman spotted what she thought might be the mpi. Laarlfnpmt o Lope nS other half of the molecule that could be chemically adapted to proEe anh Sead oTAM rd oype is vide her novel composition. Luck or serendipity led Sherman to that article. And, Dame Fortune continued to beam on her. She learned A + bksaoocomts1roRLwhApton 10Coen SAS.H TSr R that the author of the article, which had been written eight years earlier, still was at 3M as a polymer researcher in CRL. And, to 77 cxtend Sherman's lucky streak, John Erickson told her that he still had several ounces of his solid material. Sherman used it .to run an experiment that proved her theory. A research team, headed by Smith, was organized to develop her product and lay the groundwork for a patent application. In 1967, the team effort led to the commercialization of Scotchgard dual action Stain ReleaseTMtreatment for fabrics. It was an instant success in the marketplace*. Sherman developed sixteen patents over thirty years. Smith developed thirty-one based on polymers and novel methods of synthesizing polymers. Together, Sherman and Smith share thirteen patents on fluorochemical polymers or polymerization processes. Sherman holds three other patents filed between the late 1950s and the late 1970s. Smith holds three other fluorochemicai patents, one shared with William Schultz, a chemist, and two with Arthur Ahlbrecht**. Smith was inducted into the Carlton Society in 1969. In May 1974 Sherman became the first and (through 1990) only woman member of that organization. A native of the Bronx, New York, Smith earned a bachelors degree in chemistry from City College in New York in 1948 and a masters degree in organic chemistry from the University of Michigan in 1949. His first job was with the Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin, where his boss, Dr. AI Borders, left in 1950 to join 3M. Smith followed a year later and was assigned to the Polymer Section headed by Frank Bovcy. He worked with Patsy Sherman and Joe Abere. Abere le0 soon afterward andSmith replaced him as Sherman's supervisor. In 1967, Smith was designated as a Research Asmcime (now called Corpor~tte Scientist), which is the highest scientific position at 3M, equal to Technical Director. He has been with* 3M's l~ilm Technology Center since 1982. In 1988, Smith earned the American Chemical Society Creative Invention award for his contributions to the Scotchgard protector program and for two other areas of technology. He is the only 3M *F.arlicr in the 1(~6(|s. Deering-Millikcn developed it stain release product, VisaTM , but kept it it propriclary secret for use on its own product.s. **Belween 1048 and 1956, Ahlbrecht co-authored a dozen pntents with Dr, Donakl Husted alld a dozen more wilh others in CRI.. In 1'956. he joined Ihe ~brasives lab~ratory :rod was Ihc division's lcchnical Director from 1964 to 198"). He rctlred in 1~88 ~ts Qmdily Director of the lndustri~fl Abrasives Division. 0 0 0 --- I 0 11336655..00004466 ee eee 78 crs eve in gi aor scientist ever to win that honor. emSRfe nce lCilltDiocno gLt en 9 Sherman became a Senior Researcli Specialist, 3M's second highest ESE an 8 ak 7 Se wb Comes. CHAPTER technical rank, in 1967 while in the Chemical Division Laboratory, Devoe Ngan leet 9 where she worked from 1957 until 1973. She was Commercial Products Development Manager in Chemical Rennes Donn va 95, whet | Resources Division until 1982, when she me Sto assumed her present administrative posi- tao Teme Doce Faith. H d Dissolut tion as Manager of Technical Development Cr mabke and Pa Trt aith, Hope and Dissolution for the corporation. A md o y Faith, Hope and Dissolution Dr. Thomas J. Brice and Paul Trott shared the important discovery that show- 3 by unr 3,105, 0 fo rs th Ceri ed by changing the class of feed materials i in he Ss cll nov cli foCr cae ho tsGo,ne apr Ou 1d in the Simons cell a new class of Torben cmd priecd Tho a tkSo bis Cr to Teh Forum fluorochemicals could b~ produced. Those Som SoSW i Sa rtelo abrol gsotssaodrbb eevhoTen 3Lf S olyi Unenaoeervrstyradc Oneer Sam Smith fluorocarbon sulfonic .acids became the es~;ential building blocks for the development of Scotchgard protector products. In 150. baceced te Coto Seocik nToirrity 4.Tooe ryeed ee tri udtedpraedomi hcheemris 1969, Brice was inducted into the Carlton Society for his joint in- aoe fCr op ovh Ds pptcdrcs Oke Thy es or. vention of fluorocarbon sulfonic acids and for training and guiding TE co cols wk ogo 32opt cotJe rox oseh kdwth young chemists in research. A native of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Brice graduated summa cure laude from Coe College before earning his aeer i FSeeStSeeo rfr iDyR earCoisher on I NS Sn d~x:torate from Penn State. He retired in 1985 ag a Corporate ScienNehI oScFSe heCiitmaaepobeniareeksgap mtnare3mortttb5iwurAhrlnaCnes corpwnecloelDsdCeoiyiosvoh,hDimsimOO.oiinteeafeownotknFyot.s,hsae:nns,neCbrlhbeHcm)NelatseoDnoocpensoeeiidteinkorrmOfen1neoo9iei,t5.wHa0osdt.aesihmcocvelfat oa.ertaroodsthnDfonoonde ioov0frmoPee0opehhn5oskdeef | tist in the Life Sciences Sector after thirty five years with 3M. cHAPTER On September 2, 1955, only a few months after the Chemical Products Group came into existence, General Manager Oakes had an opportunity to talk about his Group to 3M's Technical Forum. A written record of that meeting, dated six weeks later on November 7 and signed only with the initials "de," indirectly quoted Oakes. The information below was taken from that report. The four divisions were interested predominantly in chemical products as opposed to fabricated products, Oakes said. They were formed into a Group to facilitate 3M's growth into the chemical field with the Divisions the home for 3M chemical products. Emphasis would be on growth and profits and continued service to other divisions, he said. The Color and Acid Division at Copley, Ohio, suffered from the problems of any isolated operation. It was difficult to coordinate the Division's work with that of the other Divisions, particularly to obtain the benefits from association with people engaged in fundamental research and new product work. No change from the basic pattern was being considered, Oakes said, but some re-evaluation of products might be needed to improve the growth of the Division. The Irvington Chemical Division, concerned with products derived from cashew nut shell liquid, had developed a wide variety of new products with potential applications in new fields. It all began in the mid-1930s after a research chemist, Dr. Mortimer Harvey, who worked for National Biscuit Company, began investigating various nuts as sources olZproteins and oils. Harvey was intrigued by cashew nuts and made a thorough study, of them. Next page: 3M's Copley, Ohio, plant in 1950. -- " 0 0 0 0 1365.0047 1365.0047 o eo _.o, LI 8O 81 Cashew nuts were, Cakes said, native to Brazil and Mozambique, ARUBA it although they occurred elsewhere in limited quantities. The trees grow i wild in jungles, stand fifty feet tall and have umbrella-shaped leaves. i lb fp, The seed pod on each tree is shaped somewhat like a lima bean and EemmmisbEe is suspended from the fruit which is similar to a persimmon. When ripe, the fruit and seed pod fall to the ground, where they are Hi Say EE harvested. The fruit, crushed and fermented, becomes a base for an E EE alcoholic beverage. The seed pod containing the cashew nut is a i ar \ Raf gle] spongy, porous shell with liquid comprising a third of its weight. H i i R E, poh ny At that time, the pods were boiled in a kettle over an open fire io al whan EmEmEmRT RE release the liquid, which let the pods float to the surface so they could HWiEa Ll SggANlggr27 !Ae] be removed and dried. Then, the brittle pods were cracked to harvest the nuts. Eid cri hie ete chrt heelln io The liquid remaining in the pot--the cashew nut shell liquid or res CNSL--drew Harvey's attention. It must be handled carefully; in EEE contact with skin it reacts much worse than poison ivy. Harvey's interest may have been aroused by the fact that while it was a waste material with no known use_it was highly reactive. Ee His experiments showed that CNSL had properties similar to LLANE EN nt ye phenolic resins, which at the time were popular raw materials for Wp a 8 vsal i el making BakeliteTM and other thermo-setting plastics. What made Eee CNSL plastics different was that when they were subjected to high Wvaade Aa | temperatures they became soft arid sticky instead of hard and brittle. nt off | ges)d Dosm Harvey tested his find against known uses for phenolic materials, iiseieine hut struck out every time. Paint made with CNSL could cause "poison fi JA eC ivy" lilt t'lllllllt'l, Molded arliclcs gilvc llcople who haudlcd lhcui a poison ivy reaction, too. Somehow Harvey found a practical applicalion--brakc linings for automobiles. He learned that CNSL ETRE ( nlixcd wilh asbestos I'ihcrs and other ingredicilts cotild be n~olded GE nT i~to an efl~ctivc brake lining. Heat applied over time is a foe of brake LER AR IR linings. CNSL hclpcd linings stay soft and sticky instclid of bccomeR iiig hard m~d britlle. CNSL also made brakes operate without squcakIEE ing or chattering, which really interested automobile manufacturers. iEESI Harvey had left National Biscuil Company and was self-employed BE ir er whcrl hc rtiadc conlacl with lrvington Varnish and Insulator Com- iC pany, which took him and CNSL under its wing. He was provided ` N with a laboratory and severaltechniciansto work on applications for Te L4 REL Bn E S nema the eleclrical industry. The manufacture of resins for the brake linT ing industry was begun and within a few years fifteen percent of 0 0 0 - 0 O0 J. 1365.0048 OO NN 82 ye grt Us mysil ei Db ll gly every brake lining made in the United States was Harvey's material. erin ad Haney wh ne reining tant it ok 3M acquired CNSL and Ha.rvey with lrvington. eras,oer ese ve oud CHL, ra vs rofSMh procs. Unfortunately, other uses were never found for CNSL, nor was et ht se ro ves non ter 195 a ss meting hk ser fst quae cess it possible, because of their nature to grow the trees in plantations. AS Sh loom ohwroice CcAr. wer 1,rOlne mlsrriees tcetroccoa> But, in 1955, there still was hope for new products and Oakes told his audience that the Division's growth would be helped by the con- ion pit psa bray sion, New Js. ah xh tren,He ced thevoof uy come struction of a pilot plant and laboratory in Irvington, New Jersey. IN vigor sot Coley herewet Telesccd be Dit. St hic division hd ad ty Serol tong At lrvington as at Copley there were difficulties caused by the Divi- Soe 0 Fa Coe aes no pn me in rl He a ho sion's isolation from St. Paul. Oakes wanted to maintain lrvington m npn ett omet aa. cThokpoppy aTame wr, bd, iyo, pep in th: foe din as its own unit, but to integrate it into 3M's technical groups to allow Irvington to benefit from those contacts. To do that, an Irvington atva is TobFon solness bors representative was invited to the Technical Forum monthly meetings am ht coe wi ei SP in i he Grn' en len wer xed os two and during that visit to confer with technical people in St. Paul. hemi Do ols ve procs i ah Mn tan 0nooos 150 The Fluorochemical Division, Oakes said, had several products nto iin, bo I OLE, Oa nd ttTo ony 1 The Grog aa Jot os in regular production, two surfactants, in particular. One was a mist es br pa i bs mocmsg + oe eo frelon Scien asc suppressant used in chrome plating (Udylite), the other an emulsifier Ed wveathendc.urFeesoorkbeWpepils 1"Tc5 aSccarnd lDsicrovnasnd h4t glcsm,ethpoeria in a specific polymerization (DuPont). Products for the paper field and the textile field had not reached commercial status, but were ap- i ea Geyeon Gro a ey proaching it, he said. io So Totcotsion nd kn ve i of fm 330 aft seh, Eh ut gs He also noted that confusion had risen over the use of the term a Hotes Blk sp Chm vm vaginosis or Gh PySo "pilot plant." The Hastings Division operation at Chemolitc was ion wi cl pT cog te een not a production unit, but to call it a pilot plant put it in a category eet bm. Cis Toes sh ect ttyseven eof n hcl that had so many definitions that it confused top management. Oakes em tok a em a Sp un SB said he preferred the term "semi-works plant." enoe Dn, hak ls plcli: Sel as drs, Fo Chem Dron pros Ho Hastings Chemical Division, he said, served a well-established funcon ah peat ss 1 io Be pre0f cl wh rao vi: tion of supplying chemicals to other operating divisions for their end a Cer ari oe sg mie products. In addition, it was preparing several products for sale outLe con tte cl, ecoh oho Wh side the company. He ores i he gryofxh dsm wad be Dohmorehanion es Pa mhtca In the Group, Oakcs said the integrity of each division would be ae yl Wonk owing ete vor core. Coy Pd i st maintained and each would be responsible for its own growth and eh Br oS hts te development. As the divisions grew, he said there was the possibility onan or too ct.Rl Tepe ad tte Forchicl of salesmen handling primilrily thc products ofjust one divisiun, but bet on aioe a, Dior poo inabta oe bf sd ml that luxury did not seem feasible at the time. Selden, who spoke later, i eons sar Wan, bh apa rear. He el. pray pt said the Group sales force plan, the status quo, was set for five years. Ses ot etoy Frahccsomo Goan) aos od et po fr Sop Thc Group, Oakcs said, might grow by purchasing other chemical Ri "piaig rss ey eb. Behe c~mpanies. ie ansionperio, Osh ie rl fers esl 58. tp ofani, whch sr In the question period, Oakes said the ratio of internal to external btTbypete CoahhCoy.aTphlywani,heSa00, e Coh ofcu dfias.dewveleoBpmeen rry hess Pon 5 sales was about fifty percent in each category. There was, he said, no question that external sales would increase rapidly, but added 83 that the Hastings Division had to maintain its responsibility to provide products for internal use, which was important in the successful growth of 3M products. Earlier in 1955, at a sales meeting held after first quarter results were in, Oakes told sales representatives and others in the Group that manufacturing standards must be raised because "you can cash in on that" with customers. He stressed the value of quality control and said that while two divisions had had quality control for a long time, the other two were just getting started. He did not name those divisions. There were, he said, sixty-five people in the four division laboratories. Selden said the Group's ten salesmen were expected to sell two million eight hundred thousand dollars worth of products in 1956 and twenty-five million by 1960. The Group lagged five point two percent below forecast for the first quarter, Selden added. He also discussed sales costs and what salesmen were expected to spend and earn in their territories. An average call, based on a Group survey, he said, cost the Group four dollars and seventy cents at a sales rate of six dollars an hour. Each man was expected to average seven hundred and fifty dollars in sales for each call, "a pretty good average," Selden said. The survey also indicated that forty-seven percent of the sales calls were for fluorochemical products which produced twenty-eight percent of the sales dollars. Irvington Chemical Division products were presented on thirty-eight percent of the calls which resulted in seventyone percent of the sales. Hastings products got exposure on twelve percent of the calls, but generated only one percent of the sales. When products of more than one division were prescnted in a call, that call was credited to all divisions concerned. Copley products were not sold by that sales force. At that sales meeting, Nelson Taylor said that the Fluorochemical Division's goal was "uninhibited research for uninhibited markets," but did not explain his remark. He also said, "We probably spent two hundrcd thousand dollars to find the right product for Udylite application" adding that it was "a very nice business." Besides, he said, that proWl]Jet led to perfluorosulfonic acid, which was "important f~r much of our future development." Go~)d profits, he said, were generated by the sales to DuPont as 0 0 0 0 | 1365.0049 1365.0049 wu = 84 well ac Up, He prodied one milion dlrs in 55 66 picaby Jun inohanrdlecdoseeotrwo millioncollars arth well as Udylite. He predicted one million dollars in sales for F hemaEro,I ty nc rLEeReraEn T gsE2.LpEaver eng fluorochemicai products that year. Bob Jones, General Manager of lrvington, talked about cashew nut shell liquid research. The liquid's heat stability led lrvington from salionoeba ibg na,c, Pwi LSIrCtURC every dy oO rd 1959 he Grvasipn paint manufacturing into the brake lining business, with the first pati i a Ce pas Sd Dears iti, ero edt ent obtained in 1956. "We are permanently entrenched" in the brake lining business, Jones said, calling it "our first honest-to-goodness mteots gonC Do UR U1 o gC Die on, os t Snosn eSmaendbd product." He also pointed out that lrvington Division bought fifty percent of the world supply of cashew nut shell liquid e'very year. i TL A BE SL SI lie said space was "tight" at lrvington and that the plant was psd oe eae Vi otpa understaffed. SUED keer faonCowpiet HenwintGn RE3Go 0A16: Grou kmewS onnof venLtinog 5gncaamreogof. Sam Baumann who spoke for Copley said it was one of fifteen sulfuric plants in Ohio. There also were fifteen in Georgia and fif- Garon sam WHOM Pte Gaon eso. Che a enorme teen in Illinois. Copley's production was sold within a one-hundredet ay, 1 1 0 or pion of: Kote Comp ahaih mile radius of the plant, typical of the industry. The acid sold for ed otic3 ven pert Prt ST a ho on mo o be od a penny a pound and generated a twenty percent profit. eran he oir Ir bt o Ost cn a Se The Division was the world's largest producer of synthetic De ton id The "YH Cay md pen. Sen srt, wsmiedo chromium oxides and it also produced synthetic iron oxides. The me Wrong wh OA to e D se oe WA a eh former were used as a pigment for 3M roofing granules and for paint ema Patent Tow ls. Cae rd Ak Don 0 inion ChE Dv and concrete. The latter were a pigment in manufacturing floor tiles. 5a mfR\ 7Yusxl;rni iS:) 8) eeshLt ie EiHIER3R. 7])r T2S RRErFsIryaLtBhl vy i t h era n.rn rhea mtec.d ,HGShceaertoesprt nenayneysihPpsetoeF wsrtoatsvenosoe eosmgedhwiros.dthyties5edi.n Manager AI I)eisslin (right) hnlds the interest ol' visitors to the Chemolite pilot plant. They are (front row, from left) Joe Simons, Hd Corn, bd Bwy e whann1. iTcokrr aandd Ie 0 1. ect msg, fo ci) iis Richard Carlton, Archibald Bush, William L. McKnight and Harry Stephens and (back row, from lef0 Nelson Taylor and Chane Walton. >Chon Ta te ns: viThissoaenyty mmiyde 3 1 Charles Walton. bln af uf ons nh SE mers eh eB Baumann said millions of pounds of iron oxides in twelve different hes Anh ried, Co) Dv: Tarof Coto & A ote Ratas Ls shades were produced in the first quarter. And, if required, Copley mim ole 300 Ratt ey hy Che re eho oe could manufacture millions of tons of chromium oxide in a year. . i ob Dena hc Ta mh anne 54 A spokesman for Division Engineering told the meeting that the rad dvs oe Seti i Com nm Ari staff of eight engineers assigned to the Group would be increased 85 to ten by June I in order to handle close to two million dollars worth of project authorizations, including a new polymer building at Hastings, a warehouse at Copley and "fluorochemical expansion." On the very day that Oakes xetired in 1959, the Group was disbanded and its Divisions were compressed into one business organization, a new Chemical Division. That drastic action was recommended by Selden, who was to have succeeded Oakes as Group VicePresident, but instead became:General Manager of the Chemical Division. (He was made Vice-President a year later.) Decades later Selden discussed his action. The earnings of the Group did not warrant "five ofeverything"--five general managers, five technical directors and so ion. (The fifth division was the chemical operation of M. W. Kellogg Company which had been added to the Group in 1957.) It was a case of consolidate now or have it forced on me later on," Selden sai,d. The Group's financial problem, Selden asserted, was misleading because of 3M's accounting System. While it appeared that only the Color and Acid Division and,the Irvington Chemical Division were making money, Selden said that Hastings, accounting reports to the contrary, was profitable, too. IOnly the Fluorochemical Division had not yet turned a profit at that time. The system that altered Hastings' picture was that while 3M divisions were to buy Hastings' chemical pr~xluction at free market price.s, Ihal was nol th~nc, luslcatl, Seklcn said, Iho acc~untiug departmcnl, "was able t~ decide al lhc cnd of each ycar h~w much prolit, if any, Ha.stings was to make.'" His recollection was that Group sales wcrc bclwccn thirty-five ~rtd fifty million dollars a year, "certainly less than one hundred million dollars." When the ax fcll, five general managers, five technical directors and five sales managers lost tlheir jobs. The general managers were Nelson Taylor, then in his si:xties, who reluctantly accepted 3M's retirement offer and moved to Mexico; Bob Jones of the lrvington Division; TeJfer of Color & Acid; Kugler of Hastings and Louis Rubin of the Jersey City Chemical Division (Kellogg). Jones took his demotion in stride, but his father who had sold lrvington to 3M and was a major 3M stockholder, raised Cain, Selden said. Arthur 0 0 0 0 0 1365.0080 1365.0050 OL v -- 86 onseedltans amen owt nd pci rcsbe a, Borette ss Jones's complaints had no effect on 3M management, however, and frrsiSniiognemnsfMcEhiLniIoNn, ttn ed eildRsSnedt DoihgeasCoti Ehht Selden's decision was allowed to stand. That draconian solution to the Group problem resulted in a need a onto Ammrse GXarvi Rach sovcemen i hy ilCe ad to staff a new division. General Manager Selden appointed Bob Adams as Technical Director, Commercial Chemicals, the position Adams LISI CTO had filled since 1958 for the Fluorochemical Division. Bill LundEB Cot. optog melo ooo quist was appointed Technical Director, Internal Chemicals. ComTNT nel idk Te wy n mercial chemicals included all products sold outside 3M. Internal ptr eae ren Se chemicals covered products formerly handled by Hastings Chemical Division. et siamese: Other appointments were: TCI, per, Porch He Stef Chic Diva 560an edo Nw Dr. Hugh Bryce to Development Manager, Fluorochemicals. He ie Peak Devcloert and APPR Frcs Divi. He ws epee by Are Toor omyMm had been in charge of the Product Development and Applications ST om Dn Tm Coty i en Laboratory of the Fluorochemica!s Division. ice Dome Eh re ser or Dr. Frank Honn, formerly of Kellogg, became Development Heisei Dre oe oo ott sot in, Manager, KeI-FTM brand products. He had been Technical Director ee Ca Seni Bitsse 50 tm 0 165 1 of the Jersey City Chemical Division since 1957. me i ix ringotn mt Pe Nt Dr. AI Reynolds became Development Manager for resin products, 8 We chsfDoone hh N jreae ieiadipoocyyiToone He had been Sales Manager of the Hastings Chemical Division, which nt Et mr ova products. he joined in 1955. His new responsibility was for commercial resin TM products including 3M, CardoliteTM, FTM and Cardosol products. Bn. 0 Pen vas mate Sprit, Frinton es along yn Dr. W. H. (Bill) Pearlson was made Supervisor, Fluorination a po oreoRoanPe SE ts Research and Development, responsible for fluorination processes. os Co Row a Cr Pcarlson, at one time a Section Leader in Central Research, most fvtiayineg teenas r Fo, Domes Lowry: BCa n uotte Fo recently lind been Supervisor, Process Development Laboratory, Fluorochcmicals Division. I DOE. ee, Puts Ps Bi roms tab Eo. Dr. Don LaZertc became Supervisor, Ftuorochcmicals Process De be ovo os, os no vi Se ws Development Section, rcsponsiblc tot conamcrcial products. Since EE T eTI rmese SidartScison ape ts i joining 3.M in 1949, LaZerte had been in the Catalytic Section, Central Research, and later in the Process Development Section, cs Dn, NPD. 04 ne rt -- Fhtorochcmicals l)cpartmcnt, NPI). In 1954, he became Group een sin, set Peon A ---- Supervisor, Process Department Section, headed by Pearlson. Er ME CEi a Cot mh So Ca Re D. A. Stivers was made Supervisor, Rubber Compounding and oD.Sis wn le Si,Ra COI a ed, Ch Sr ok, Sa ngs Services Laboratory. Stivers had joined 3M in 1956 after several years I nr ir my. Ee A impoad Fb S54 be con as a compounder in the rubber industry. re BL cept, Sen a ery Dt ge ea E. J. Grajec became Supervisor, Textile Products Development, CS Te Rote mai Era ero os ore a responsible for application development and technical service. He | ei Repescmtne or 400 1h ington Din: wos Pes Horo og 0 had joined 3M in 1958 as a Technical Service Representative for 87 flt~orochemical textile products in the East. Before that he v~as Assistant Director of Research and Development for Collins and Aikman and had worked three years as a chemist with Geigy Chemical Company. A Central Research announcement said that Clifford C. Japs had been promoted to Supervisor in the Process Section responsible for preparing pilot plant quantities of polymers and scaling up polymers produced in his section. The announcement was by A1 Frye, Section leader. Selden left the Chemical Division in 1960 and returned to the New Products Division. He was replaced by Art Teller, former Plant Manager at Copley and later Group Production Manager. Selden, as Vice-President and General Manager of NPD, replaced John Pear- son, who transferred to another division. Selden resigned from 3M in 1968 to become President of the Industrial and Marine Divisions (I 3 companies) of North American Rockwell in Pittsburgh. Three 1%. oyofefCaCrrrsaanlnaeetCeCarrahrriereiwerr,a,sTTuPulrlaesas,i,dOOeknkltlaaahhnoodmmaCa,,habbiuuriimllddaeenrr of large trucks, including ready-mix vehicles and mobile crane carriers. After three years ai Crane Carrier, Selden went to Sands Measurement, a Dallas, Texas, maker of electronic scales, some capable Erwin Brown of weighing moving railroad cars, From 1976 until he retired, Selden was selfemployed as a new product consultant in Tucson, Arizona. In the early Fifties, Kugler, General Manufacturing Manager of the Central Manufacturing Division, (which became Hastings Chemical Division in 1955), got 3M started in the polyester film business. A film project authorized in February 1954 in the Internal Chemicals section of the Chemical Division became a Film Departmcnt in 1961, Erwin W. Brown, former Manager of Electrical Products in the Irvington Division, was Project Manager reporting to 0 0 0 0 1365.0081 1365.0051 u ~ 88 SAb Sh ----e--e A -- KChhuegmleeirc. arIlnsaa1nnn9dd62iBB,rrtoochwwennFabibelmeglgaaDnnsepreaprtomrteirepotinngntgtwtooasTTseelpfeearr.aTltTehdhefefrffoiinnemaallIrnisttceeprp.inainnl that evolution was the creation of the Film & Allied Products Divi- ET sion on May 31, 1963. Today it is the Specialty Film Division of EE Hr ARE Ll en the Chemicals, Film & Allied Products Group. em Kugler, who began at 1976 at the age of 73. 3M in 1927, retired in 1965. He died in J rpg 10 iTThhtee TTuurrnneiirnngg PPooiinntt At a sales meeting in 1966, Bill Petersen* talked about the marketing J challenges of the 1950s to an audience which included young men A EP er and women newcomers to the stain repeller program. "There were no tests by which to evaluate our products," Petersen R mye de ee said. "There were no yardsticks of performance or economics. And, Bre there were no guidelines as to what fabrics they should--or shouldn't--go on. REEsmint ts fsep epiese "The first sales calls were made in 1954. Imagine the reaction to our intreductory offer--fifty dollars a pound! Fortunately, a few brave i SeRE ns souls in the industry were intrigued by what.they saw and agreed to work with us, so by February 1955 we were ready for our first nah slam oe tw mill trial." en tnste ptt That began in late 1954 when Selden met in New York with marketing people representing Deering-Milliken Company. They ex- ET i SlTs pressed interest in seeing what 3M's experimental textile protector ER product could do on their new fifty-five percent wool-forty-five per- cent DacronTM blend fabric. To run a tesl, they would need twenty BR ereE: gallons of FX-401 and need it quickly; the fabric was ready for pro-. EAE duction and that schedule could not be changed. Twenty gallons was a monstrous quantity. Selden estimated it would piney Brite require six weeks or more to produce it, but he kept that informaEE tion to himself. He said he had to consult his boss before making 5E etse aefomrm a decision. pednpi ny There are managers who believe that given an incentive their employees can do anything. Oakes also was desperate to get the rain and stain repeller show on the road. After talking with Selden, he *Petersen left the laboratory in 1968 Io become General S;des and Marketing Manager after Teller became the Chemical Divisi~m General Manager. 0 0 0 0 | Il 1365.0052 o_o -- er ----n. 3 9O 91 {ekephroneeddDetriinnygMFielalrey,h(19n5 dcaleleie.denOaackksisid.isDolfcr. eStSofWthee rveoinasometfoowr,fahtofthie FiXoOhecpuradaae," rPieete telephoned Deering-Milliken, then called Selden back into his office. out of the freezing zone for fear of ruining the product," Petersen wi st il ero, Suh Cagia rio wd 08 hs ood Soa 3h be wees "I agreed to their February (1955) deadline," Oakes said. Delivery Seen ped ht lmaoo i tes. The prof ccove: LevigChemo a5 bm. ova Surdy. thy beaded ward was to be at a mill in Pendleton, South Carolina.' oem mir owt Si, Pal ond Penditon 4s lows 00 (pre black ha ry Sf sevays asd our Selden relayed that information to his team. The p~'oblem of coverreve he of prods wen Filo of| cwnls. Te int co bandied nd fy miles weroe ing the thirteen hundred miles between St. Paul an,d Pendleton ran meio reese verd Nways." Bice recall, By Saturday ght, afer dr. a distant second to the challenge of producing twenty gallons of FX-401. Until that moment, 3M had made only one-liter-size kDechnt19h54WPbeodosciyon PwooeldioSnarpmostingrgiWhncootmopneetJn fryoupgehd CheawiagWoniisn , stehveiyceerseio1nwewsitlehrn bKeedntba.y. wThheerne batches in the laboratory. Production planning began at once in owns nih I byeld oud rbdfe burs se burconiming December 1954. Production would start in January !to be completed lewa on masof ory sed pt pa Eek yey cary Sonny mori. in late February. The margin for error was thin a~ tinfoil, but the ls coms v3 soit orPen0 Bee. Cen1 ward vt ot go der te Apacs He vs schedule was based on the best estimates of laborato~ and pilot plant: mi ol oo probe 0 Sth id EJCog 93Tou shows ahd go Be The lesser consideration was allowing time for Petersen and Bryce, Cima in 3 sion wagon inca Dot. Ban Thc we an 30 orcnn who were assigned to the mill trial, to cart the product to South iy ewpeople aedsos pos oto oud hm, kad te oom uh f Kos. Carolina in a station wagon. Only a few people talked about the possi- Mbiedwweae.sTtaertnvFnebuianygisn ,tbhtUpvpoesr I" bioerpeTheomcornseicphwoPtriwiothnosuthuticnhoToo rekd pio e 1d ble weather in February in the Upper Midwest. That was an .intangible, but it was rTiedydtoonbte mhaorl.d bssjhoerdcoer cseow *1 SaWiE Gnigdh ge 10 scp. nnd, we sper he est cf the ight likely to be harsh. Ice-slicked or snoweo en ming 0. met 5 il ting et 10 or rl The ls we exe ll drifted roads would be a major obstacle to naive Epil toward he eadof the week. Bryce sid two men rushing to meet a mill trial tf igs in. Bob Burd' "Aho he ml i vs scesl, Dering Milken decks deadline. ey wi pl a cin me pe era hor bee But, first things first. Bob Burford's Apeincdcpr he ten wi menace ati of spin Toorchemins sony responsibility was pilot plant production. Whe 1007. Moried sd te fr of ei thd 20 Ned prec cit apa ue An experienced operator, he had been with 3M since 1947. Married and the father of a, Hafod as, tht nc ACHE Ba Borford uring tae period of oe 950,14 abcontd ll two, Burford was, at tirol time, attending ot. of yh mt. Bt rtrd ci Mile pa in Lawrence, Mauschusce, nd Danie the UofM. In nccd of money, he weal joboad Wo, Foy av hom midnight fo 8 ane Vii. nth cou of ths rs. 3 enol Scochand hunting and 3M hired him. Every day from midni!'ght to 8 a.n~. hc nd eh on apse ts dct cl fr he rfc ele nes for bh arc am) wie spd by aba and auothcr man operated the electrochemical cell: for the Project. tm ee (000 egret on dy eck, Ths conc rk 10Doug ll ing Pac Later he was on the four to midnight shift. In June 1949 he gr~duated a dirs in chem et core 30s i Merchandising Magerlo Such) with a de~ree in chemistry. cnrtdTsocrkeownmeotwhetdpypsmbd igBhthtoill lfouFlr Groocygnarllsoengloays.s FiSeI ingpon came in 195. Pees sid Tatyea mai Burford's crew worked day and night to fill four five-gallon glass carboys. The last one was topped by nightfall on a F~ciday, three days oe ini sat Sou Colin A rs. Prand Sommer of the sal ad wae ple Th he before the Monday deadline in South Carolina. At last, Petersen and Pipeweerad ot otgn te cpedon. Te women er vrdhcvr sn Bryce were ready to set out on their expedition. The two men reCram te sry yas ter From ht pin on, as nooner sity ashal proble, counted the story years later. said. "We would have flown, but the FX-401 could have frozen in the cargo hold. If it froze, it would coagulate and be useless.'" Leaving Chemolite at 5 a.m. on a Saturday, they headed toward Iowa on a two-lane blacktop in that era before freeways laced our countryside. "The first one hundred and fifty miles were on icecovered highways," Bryce recalled. By Saturday night, after driv- ing through Cairo, Illinois, they were in western Kentucky, where they parked the wagon in a service station with a heated bay. Then they rented a room and grabbed a few hours sleep before continuing ~heir odyssey early Sunday morning. "Selden had warned us not to go over the Appalachians. He was afraid we'd get caught in a mountain snowstorm and go into a ditch," Bryce said. "But, Bill and I knew we didn't have time to go far enough south to go around them, so we risked the mountains south of Knox- ville." The mountain trip went without a hitch. The tired pair and their precious cargo reached Pendleton about ten o'clock--bedtime-Sunday night. "We didn't get to sleep. Instead, we spent the rest of the night getting set to run our mill trial. Those trials went extremely well especially toward the end of the week," Bryce said. Although the mill trial was successful, Deering-Milliken decided against using 3M's product. The trial had its merit, however, because it demonstrated the feasibility of applying fluorochemicals using the padding method* and 3M gained experience in scaling up a mill run. l)uring Ihal sumc period of the 1950s, 3M also conducted mill trials ~t Pacitic Mills plants in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and Danville. Virginia. In the course of those trials, 3M developed Scotchgard rcpcllcr finishes for both worsted and woolens applied by exhaustion in a (lye beck. That contact resulted in Doug Hall leaving Pacific" Mills to become 3M's first Merchandising Manager for Scotchgard repeller. The turning point came in 1955, Petersen said. That year marked the commercialization of the first oil and water repellent finish the Wor.ld had ever seen. "From that point on, it was no longer strictly a technical problem. DinFeaceenwoih spioi , wakts opnyossoepmhaokfeiPnRgOGTemea,riHOnBe) oil.shiment o eT ad esc erectt aeh | emowagon 13headedseh.Wedim | dae opunt ne were TAE acts Sm onoto "Faced with a typical, almost impossible marketinlg deadline, Hugh Bryce and I loaded the world's only supply of FXI-401 in a rented station wagon and headed south. We didn't dare st6p until we were *In padding, a fabric is passed through a tank of (in this case) fluoroehemical, then through squeeze rolls to remove the excess. In another tnethod kn(~wn as exhaustion, fabric is circulated in a t~mk called a dye beck until all the fluorochemical is abs~rbcd into the fabric. 0 0 0 0 11336655.00008533 92 et TEEf3Al rer aiL fi" M se EN 8 i N hn idi] 34 { {-- --i = ws -- 3- PEE4RD3 KE=EJLC 3 | | | 93 and pobscter-worsid lends. 3M lshd develaopproedudct for and polyester-worsted blends. 3M also had developed a product for ising sbeisery bre treating upholstery fabrics. Tr Th sok i he vchardee coon re nd In 1959, 3M took aim at the wash-and-wear cotton market and rnd aay mo son eal oon introduced "the radically new concept of commercially applying nil ome Face ToToh fluorochcmicals from solvents," Petersen said. That led to a whole ime kee new family of solvent-based Scotchgard repellers. Nene Heensand A few years earlier, in the mid-1950s, a new application was found dono bi ms for the chrome complex. It enabled the manufacturer of Hush PupBe to rane mans oi, Te piesTM leisure shoes to overcome a major marketing problem. The ee ehThe on res story has been told from two viewpoints. The sales version featured eres cain, the 1 Sls Ripeseain n Detl wh James McFadden, the 3M Sales Representative in Detroit, who was described as very industrious and very curious. os tape It began with Jim Rogers, the Sales Manager, and a colleague driv- nguty hMsegn Rint oS. PoRo Wting ing sixty miles down the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Red Wing E Eos FoCL ompe A Ven to call on S. D. Foote Company, a shoe manufacturer. When McFad- i >~ den found out about that, he headed for Wolverine, a shoe manufacturer in Rockford, Michigan. one soe a ey fxd he te 190 Con Wolvcrine ev~Ived from a tannery founded in the late 19th Cen- tury by a German immigrant whose talent was tanning cordovan nA leather (horsehide) for work shoes and gloves. At its peak, the tan- Pe nU1oapet.iteCdo-lairlyoda -puE blicly lS ot7flei rN s Bi Seeen cTa i PShmaroyinL eepkodtvMeeikricsdoatorsetedO nupdsoioSy bSoca inmirtenod fhSpeameb saoiptSm3 s he eS e Unsophisticated early day publicity phot features Bill Petersen n 0 sud ee aon Br and fabric. Cutline says "Oil and grease stains on permanent FFr ermeanFeeat e be erm i | nels is Te ie hp press trousers now can be released after normal home laundry.~' To rs os Chee on shambel ebeses. Pelersen was Textile Products Manager in the Chemical Division Pongo...come od ky cl mi Laboratory a! the time. es og In fact, figuring out ways to sell these products (which were never pee ny | my i cp de cheap) was about as tough a job as making them," Pctersen said. Be or Amn The first treated fabrics were worsted,.; and woolens, but by 1956, fr ncry after ctthhmeepcehv~ooylleutdtiootwnnoooffhuttrniudccrkkessd aapnneddoptarlacec,ttoobrusst ddtheeeplpefitriemdcifttesllroaowwn emmvaairlteidraiaa,yls. In the late 1950s, Adolph Kraus, a grandson of the founder, set out to revitalize the company, which could tan cowhide, sheepskin ,'and other hides, but could not compete with the giants in the industry. As luck would have it, ~nc day an invcnlor walked in wilh a n~achinc hc said would replace hand skinning of pigs. Skinning was an art. One slip and the knife would pierce the fragile .';ki~ and il was ilnpossiblc to ski~ the han~s al all. A skinner was Ibrtunatc to wind up with three or four square feet of pigskin. Thc inventor provcd that his machine could skin a pig, hams and all in half thc linlc il look a skinner. The machine also produced skins from six to tcn feet square, well above the hand-skinning average. Adolph obtained an exclusive license to build and sell Ihe machines, hut he and his customers s~on realized that while they could machine- skin pigs fa~Ler and easier than ever before, the skins were no better than then machinelcss competitor's. And, there still was only one basic use--dress gloves--because untreated pigskin stretches and is an improved version of 3M's product was being applied on worsteds ruined by exposure to water. Adolph hired a chemist to solve that i0 0 0 0 2 13650084 1365.0054 ul 5 T, 94 Era NOE Tar problem, but a variety of waterproofing products he tested were unacne dre ps mete ete ceptable because they made the pigskins stiff as boards. A Tih he m esfo anb acceplbl re esentcor me, be neocery E Hagh BrycemaR king contacR t with Fone.tS e Red Wing E shoe ranula: While the quest for an acceptable treatment continued, the tannery acquired a German process and began manufacturing pigskin leisure Cm eR Ee shoes. The shoes were inexpensive and because the leather was sueded Spm it Be Stobe TEh Ser to mask the blemishes, attractive. At first sales boomed, but then mE Se complaints began piling up. Purchasers learned to their regret that once exposed to rain or snow their shoes were ruined. Into that crisis Sr stepped Jim McFadden with his story about a 3M wonder product. Ey rt It protected leather against the elements and did not make it boardLL rib like in the process. His story was documented by testing, and after Ei te i ee he Adolph bought 3M's product his pigskin shoes were rescued and were Se " ee To Te te Sh still being sold in 1991. 95 3M specialty chemical history. In any event, the laboratory version has Maynard Olson of the Fluorochemical Division Laboratory and Hugh Bryce making contact with Foote, the Red.Wing shoe manufacturer, in 1955 or 1956. Trials proved that the 3M treatment would make leather repel both water and oil, but still Foote was not convinced, so no sales resulted. With that knowledge, however, Olson and others involved knew that they could help Wolverine after contact was made. First trials proved that the chrome complex would repel water when applied to pigskin, but the sticker was that Wolverine would have to change its manufacturing processes in order to use 3M's product. Furthermore, the tiny holes left in the skin when the hair was removed were not sealed, so moisture could penetrate the leather. Buffing to produce the suede also tore skin fibers, which caused the chrome complex to lose oil repellency. Some shoe colors were affected more adversely than others, too. Olson and Chemist John Lamb of Wolverine worked together for three or four years | JJuusstt bbPruusshhtthheemmofofff.. mebmenefntotrddeeetshisegyniastoegdlvaneassdaFFtCthC-e-2e23p33dr3o,,bwl_hewmihcisch.hwTwahases aasoliilqquuutiiioddininnwppaaarsrttaAAtwaaonn-ddpaaaprpotowtwrdedeaetr-r in part B. During the development years, 3M was in competition with Penn- walt Corporation, which had a product similar to the chrome com- plex and was trying to sell it to Wolverine. Refined versions of FC-233 are still used on Hush Puppies shoes today. : Te `TThheeyy''rreewwaateterr--rreeppeelllleennttaannddssoiolilresistant || becausethey'retreatedwithSCOtEGArd zm anther Adolph appellation. was prodecing fc howsand doze of because they're treated with~cot.i.t..h...g...a...r..d.. b per coe mmer E REE R i y rr petty An early 3M advertisement for Scotchgard leather protector and fp noob ps EEel wd dS tlush Puppies pigskin shoes. 3M's product saved Hush Puppies op hy Po from disaster by protecting them from terminal damage from ree rain, snow and mud. % "Theothr version ofthe same story icarly ifferen. Which he 3M cngloyment offiocn ths ir floor ofBun4g, The other vcrsion of the same story is entirely different, Which is correct or where the versions might blend is lost in the mist of (Adolph prodnced the name Hush Puppies from deep fried cornmeal dough balls which cowboys squatting around their campfires ie dogon supposedly tossed to their dogs to keep them from howling. He also coined ~he slogan "To quiet your barking dogs" and soon Wolverine, another Adolph appcllati(~n, was producing ten thousand dozens of pairs of shoes per week.) Maynard Olson spent thirty-one years at 3M, all in specialty chemicals, after he was hired by chance in 1951. Olson was raised in West Salem, Wisconsin~ and obtained a chemistry degree from the state university. His first job offer came from Linde Air Products in Buffalo, New York. While considering that offer, a friend invited Olson to ride with him to St. Paul where the friend had an interview with Minnesota Mining andManufacturing Company. In the 3M employment office on the first floor of Building 42, Olson's chum suggested that Olson might as well fill out an employ- 0 0 0 0 J 1365.0055 -_-- 96 i mmeenntt aappppliliccaattiioonn,, ttoooo..HHeeddiiddaannddssoooonn wwaass iinntteerrvviieewweedd bbyy HHuugghh | FTmtSn ST | { Bryce, who made Olson a job offer a few days later. RE nie ""b"ebTceahuecsyeaowoufeftsrtehheeerreaaralplpiyiddeeaexgxpeparantnossiihooinrneoofcfhtethhmeeiMsfltuus,oo"rroOcolhsceohmneiscamaildiaarcyreeaeaaalrsss..l""atHHeere., CHAPTER FRI accepted the offer and was still in the CCD Laboratory when he retired Cy hid in 1982. Olson's friend, Robert Bowman, was also hired. He had re . a long career at 3M, beginning in CRL and ending with retirement. aa After FC-233 had proved itself, Olson visited tanneries al'! over a Selling Hangtags the United States trying to find another customer, but ran into cons- EE Te n T Selling Hangtags tant problems. The product's best feature was its dry-cleanability besides its repellency. Its shortcoming was its high price. TT In the 1970s, Olson helped develop FC-100, an additive for tanks oh hie ime in the electrowinning process used to obtain copper from copper ore. The history of Scotchgard protector also was being written in the field by men like Bob Peiffer, James McAndrew and Joseph Tischio FC-100 was the copper industry version of FC-95, the Udylite pro- I rire duct, and in fact was developed after it was learned that FC-95 did ar Nem not work with copper. The benefits of the copper electrowinning proPINTER S un rES a he Sr cess compared with smelting were more efficiency and less pollution. in the New York sales office. McAndrew had been selling for Goodyear for eight years and liv- ing in St. Paul when he became enamored of 3M and Scotchgard repeller in 1959. He applied for a job and Sales Manager Doug Hall hired him in January 1960. He was sent to New York where Lanne J he en the Scotchgard repeller sales team and 3M's Hartford City Paper dl i hr Company operations were tenants of 3M's International Division in Ly its office at 99 Park Avenue. rumen ms Peiffer was the field Sales Supervisor in Manhattan. With him were a RSE ey wy, Yotnce Sales Representatives Richard Engebretsen and Tischio, who was imal Tn Sales Correspondent. Tischio joined the team the same week MeAnBir drew arrived in the city. LL "We were ~mmteurs in the textile business," McAndrew recallfT cd, "which was good because we didn't know what we couldn't do." es He and other salesmen even sold hangtags, those merchandizing tags He Fobirhayupety that are attached to treated furniture in showrooms around the world. Fn Hangtags are produced by the millions and have been give-away items" ry eh for more than a quarter of a century, but in the early 1960s the New ea York neophytes considered hangtags salable merchandise. es el During one memorable afternoon, McAndrew spent hours tryng ee dai win to convince Lou Ganze of Rain or Shine, a manufacturer of women's Dl rainwear, to buy fifty dollars worth of hangtags. At the day's end, Le Ganz took _M_cAndrew to dinner at lhe expensive Four Seasons i Ss restaurant, then told McAndrew to be back in the Rain and Shine | r F RE nr eT office early the following morning. "We picked up where we'd left off the previous day," McAndrew said. "Ganz didn't want to pay 0 0 0 0 I J 1365.0056 wo, 98 ty ls ru. kh beet Fv bt co ct eo uh Ss Mgrs have te ic fifty dollars for our tags, although he must have paid two hundred J re dollars for our dinner the night before. Anyway, I finally convinced ema? pena, opto fr: him and he bought the tags." ee 1 sith iscpt. ee en ne 0 Another recollection of the naivete of the sales organization conEw ras Ere cerned attempts to sell Scotchgard repeller in spray cans with a egofht ketch ns ek mr by che, minimum order of eighty cases. iyo btn. os lh Re be 05h i, There were better days, too. Ingenuity is one facet of smart selli eke hoe to hon Ee ra ea 55Aro teh ing. McAndrew followed that rule after ,lerome Kandell of Kandell B Bl Katto ory epson an Fabrics, a slip cover manufacturer, refused to buy Scotchgard repeller e apne, ae mms J ml To Bhs 55 because he was certain in his own mind that his biggest customer, STr IESTO pera ol omSe sh 16 Macy's, would not want to pay for it. So, McAndrew made a sales Ee vbr call on Macy's. on. ed oyu, Kl crs es oe or i SL "Do you know," he told Macy's buyer, "that Kandell refuses to sro AT I Ld amen Ne: ey CL give you a fantastic product?" McAndrew demonstrated his product Ce To eis 0 and convinced the buyer. Macy's buyer called Kandell and said that oo avon es Br a STS a A ey mE Slo le from that point on Macy's slipcovers must be treated with 3M's FR ne ee mers 8 repeller. Eig .C. rey wrth ce ck. As SA maton o Cracking J. C. Penney was much more difficult. A typical sales i hon rt TieSont Touthi 1 ofc call on Penney buyers, even with an appointment, inevitably resulted Sl MEST ee or col on Collet in long waits. "When l'd inquire after waiting perhaps an hour-andET Mrs ra Rem nt i,He AAT a-half, the secretary might tell me the buyer had left for the day,'" ets oi Coma es ors ot mtan McAndrew said. Frustrated, he finally made an appointment to meet Ll bl emi esas with Penney's president in his office on Thirty-Fourth Street. lB oe Soi "What do my buyers think of it?" the president asked after the ho eo ed gon beg of pct thf salesman had demonstrated Scotchgard protector's effectiveness. adr bis et eo ot Bp on Po McAndrcw told him he had no idea because he could not get in to a Bie. Mons Com rs Mt Mis see one of them. "I can't buy anything," the president explained. Heb ros Re eh mn oh a. "That mnst be done through them." He dictated a memo to his buyers aan Bm on wi ern nd Bm a Porat Soe requesting them to provide him wilh information on Scotchgard pre ihn s hc do} Se rcpcllcr. chr sig, "Prysos en mpee Eh mn ti "After that," McAndrew said, smiling, "Penney's buyers began iat ie I te ES Ha Cri Son lclcphoning inc." ee cn st hmm tr Go et Joe Tischo is an anachronism~a professional salesman and a 3Met Priv apr mirismpegor Si pet Cate SLORY lbr more than thirty-five years in an era when many sales people Ee a oy Tobeioepim oun ores oan Poni. view selling as a stepping-stone job. Although he is only fifty-nine aay tame setsfSri a fr dee years old, Tischio is the last old-time Scotchgard rain and stain repeller ar altars Vis oe Foe cre Std ah Cpe geeky salesman still in harness. With his long service, Tischio could retire a on sb SERRA SR Cpr i de tomorrow, but has no intention of doing so. ee et ty, rots, Ea en of Ct There are some things that bother him. In recent years, for instance, 99 he has been working with Sales Managers who are quite different from the men Tischio knew three decades ago. Despite that irritant, his enthusiasm and interest in customers ~nd in representing his product are still strong. So, he plans, to keep on working, at least for the time being. Some people mentioned in this book were hired by chance, but Yischio really joined 3M by mistake in 1955. Almost from birth, he was destined for the grocery business. Ten members of his family, including his father and his uncle Joe, were or had been A&P grocery store managers when Joe graduated from high school in 1949. Automatically, Tischio joined the family trade and by 1955, back from service in Kbrea, was making one hundred thirty-seven dollars a week as a store manager in Newark, New Jersey. ("I had been trained by my uncle Joe and my store ran like a clock.") The ambitious employee wanted to attend night school college under the GI Bill, but A&P refused his request to be transferred to a day job in A&P's home office. Tischios are store managers, he was told. A&P management simply could not imagine him in an office job. So, Tischio looked elsewhere for a compatible job. College aptitude tests indicated he was suited fog accounting or sales. He left A&P and became an Accounts Payable Clerk for Irvington Varnish and Insulator Company in Newark. lrvington had four divisions-electrical, plastics, cashew nut shell oils and chemicals. Tischio was assigned to chemicals. He was quite surprised when he got his first paycheck which indicaied hc was working for a division of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. "Who's that?" he asked a co-worker. "None or" my friends would believe I was working for a large corp~ration. ! wasn't the corporate type," Tischio recalled not long ago. "I wouldn't have taken the job had I known. I always considered mysel(an entrepreneur." But, he stuck with the job because by then he had enrolled in night school at Seton Hall University in South Orange. He earned a business degree there in 1962. On the job at Irvington in 1959 while in Production Planning, Tischio attracted the attention of Supervisor Bob Peiffer in the New York sales office. Peiffer, taken by Tischio's outgoing personality, orfeted him a job as Sales Correspondent, the training desk for salesmen. At that time, the New York office consisted of Peiffer (later field Sales Manager) and Sales Representatives Richard Engebretsen 0 0 0 0 % I 1365.00 1365.0057 100 ad More. shot ea re i ow dsrT | and McAndrew, who had been there only a few days when Tischio WRITE eo, || A aw arrived. Engebretsen was also new, a replacement for Robert Small, o%y 101 ep min | (or who had lost his sight as a result of a skiing accident, Aside from part-time help from an industrial chemicals salesman in Chicago, Ed Rasmussen, the New York staff was the national sales AR ceamLaEi l ol i ot n ai organization for Scotchgard repeller in 1960. Sales effort was con- centrated in the apparel industry with its billions of yards of fabric, but Tischio's training consisted of making calls in the home furnishing industry where the output was measured "only" in millions of yards. The focus began to change in 1961 when Tischio sold more product to curtain and drapery makers than the other members of the SE a RR New York team sold to the apparel field. And, the following year, Tischio became a fulltime salesman. rob SI McAndrew was made New York Sales Manager in 1963 after Peifpe f~r, by then Regional Sales Manager, returned to St, Paul to be Comee. Fets vos mercial Sales Manager for Scotchgard protector. Peiffer replaced `Doug Hall, whohad gon 10another 3Mdivision. In 1965. Tischio. Doug Hall, who had gone to another 3M division. In 1965, Tischio ee was advanced to Supervisor in New York. Major changes took place in 1968. The Chemical Division I LR, PLE reorganized with sales managers assigned to industries instead of being responsible for all markets. McAndrew became Sales Manager, er Me ms ose, Carpets. Tischio was made Sales Manager, Home Furnishings. Joe Diehl became Sales Manager, Apparel. A wa a fo es he capt sry : McAndrew was also responsible for sales to the carpet industry oT Coa ah He yo out of the High Point, North Carolina, branch~ He finally transferr- ed there in 1972 to be closer to that market. (His prcdcccss~rs in ee rm 22 High P~inl were Ed Gill and Paul Duqttcsnc.) After spending six lo ) ?7 | Ht N VRE AEWpfr \TM a N ] | SY re SP ri years i~ High Poinl, McAndrew moved his base to the new Sales and Tt'chnical Service ~fficc in Chaltan(~oga, Tennessee. The estahlishmcn! of the office in Chattanooga was vital to the success if, Chun Manin code demon nthe Schr <~f 3M's carpet stain repeller business because the carpet industry was, and still is conccntratcd just across thc statc line around Dalton, ei 18 ee Tome Fe ensa BoEoe Georgia. fied TRI culrbaiibmodubibind McAndrew retired in 1988. Chauncey Martin conduct!~ a demonstration in the Scotchgard repeller laboratory in 1957 for (from left) Sales Representatives Dave Towler, Fred Troester, Fran Ruggles and Cliff Travls. In 1964, Frank Wozniak, Sales Manager for Irvington Varnish, Was a great salesman,'" Tischio said. "There was something magical became General Sales Manager of the Chemical Division. In a about him whcn he was with a customer. Even today, customers still reorganization of 196. he was sired to New York 0b Na. 33 ten. done Wasik wom Tichio wil eer forget Joe Tischio. *Frank dida't kpow much abou the produst, but he reorganization of 1968, he was transferred to New York to be National Accounts Supervisor, where he became mentor and friend of Joe Tischio. "F~rank didn't know much about the produ~:t, but he ask about him." And, one Wozniak axiom Tischio will never forget is, "Thc customer is always right." 0 0 0 i0 O0 135.0088 1365.0058 102 hw Tol ig gc ily, ed virsceoedstoy fe The work Tischio did for 3M during his long career was not just te training for some other job at 3M. "The way I look at it, 3M is the on Se ed horse and I'm the jockey," he said. "3M has the power, but I've IA ITI EEN el ie oe He ah se gs nt got the feel of the marketplace in my hands, One is no good without the other. My job is not a function, like washing my hands or eating ET A ee dinner. I don't leave the office at the end of the day and forget about it. Sales are an integral part of my life." EE te ws mr i In 1990, there were one sales manager and five sales represeni Be L e RE =, FR tatives in the New York sales office. Three representatives work for 103 Unfortunately, repeated washings caused the 3M treatment to lose its effectiveness and eventually Spring Mills stopped buying from 3M. "But, you know something," Tischio said, "Nick is now president of the Bed, Bath and Linen Association and runs a consulting business, Milos Marketing. He still talks about finding a permanent stain release product .for sheets." John Stanaway, Sales Manager, Apparel. The other two report to John Riley, Sales Manager, Home Furnishings, in High Point. Charles Le ee [Er Hill in Chattanooga is Sales Manager, Carpet. Together with Ron Kiel, National Sales Manager, who is in St. Paul, Stanaway, Riley torts qT and Hill supervise Scotchgard protector sales for the entire country, oI eg) | iy Since 1987, Tischio has had the title of Merchandising Sales Manager in New York. Ar cer mn vom ns cv sss GAS Apparently every man or woman who has ever sold Scotchgard protector had made at least one major miscue while demonstrating rok che the product. Tischio and McAndrew made a sales call in the 1960s ELEC at a dcparlment store in Boston. During the discussion, Tischio reachPA reset fie Fb pind [RSx ed over the buyer's desk and sprayed Scotchgard protector on the ThRSiH brs ac man's necktie. After the tie was dry, Tischio tipped a drop of salad oil from a demonstration bottle onto the fabric. As advertised, the oil beaded up nicely on the treated surface, then it rolled down the length of the tie and plopped onto the buyer's trousers. - RaAT AShe Bi Cd uipdut fsey dimion. "Dammit!" the man exclaimed. "You've saved a two dollar nccklic anti ruinctl my sixty dollar slacks!" Tischio paid for tile dry cleaning. le oT en Ts roe ao oe he 9 Golf supplemented salesmanship in at least one instance. McAndrcw had a problem obtaining an order from a division vice-president at nln ber (hh ASCRCART ert re Tete mar Ve dC ach wh Spring M ills, a major producer of fabrics. After McAndrcw Icarncd that the man had attended Seton Hall with Joe Tisdhio, he enlisted i i co Ln ea TL his colleague in the campaign. oe. Meare ss. 1 cll and cll en ta gy ad can't er pe ibeh wr vee eto "Joe," McAndrcw said, "I call and call on that guy and can't i ou 0 A Bn ey eo get him to sign. You knew him when you were students at Seton oe vo bn om 70 Bh eng gman To Hall. How about getting together with him someday to see if you farbataet; ep ari can soften him up?" oe Nek hin chon nd iy T yo do hen ROS "I knew Nick Milos in school and still know him today," Tishio t dT n IE as i tor vet eto, Cc Mach vo dor said. "1 played golf with him and we got all of his business, 5 Sob explains the operoaftaSiimoonns cel for newspaper Bill Sold explains lhe operation of a Simons cell for newspaper reporters at an open house in the 1940s. A favorite Tischio story concerns Vice-President Cecil March, who at the time was in charge of the Group. It seems that March won a door prize, a golf putter, at a sales meeting in St, Paul. "We weren't suppose to leave the hotel where we were meeting--to keep us out of trouble--but, another salesman and I sneaked out near the end of the evening program and went looking for a dance floor," Tischio said. He is an excellent dancer and once helped support his family by t~ching dancing in an extension class for Newark Public Schools. Scotchgard stain and release treatment applied to Spring Mills sheets." "Just before we left the meeting, Cec March won the door prize. iP- o 0 0 0 0 --- . 135.0080 1365.0059 w--th caf he meting, bend ht he pts ve ald of At the end of the meeting, he insisted that the putter be raffled off Lhe Ct a ht ws Coen. vsove of again. Unfortunately for me, my ticket was chosen. I was gone. of Ei SE id re Fe course, and Wozniak found out where I'd-been. If ]he hadn't been lo i ig sso ilo epte such a good friend..." 3M set up a unique licensing system for mills to regulate the application and quality of finishes of materials using its products. Per- a eeor: formance standards, tests and test procedures, a perf0~mance monilorny aean og wr1 ire TS ing system and an identification program were to become patterns or compos 1 low i for competitors to follow later on. rr cuarTER 0 WWhinhsI.ippss,, WWhihsti1lssettslleess aanndand BBaallllolooonnss ye 1950, 3Mhddecsorgpcnsrd Aeris ad By the 1950s, 3M had developed a large central Advertising (and lcky) Deptnk nthbp for Bin 1. Toe dpa publicity) Department on the top floor of Building 42. The depart- eiCheeigesnn. Foe ow. ment, directed by Charles Moosbrugger and his assistant, Roger How, id ore Bansmen meni eren included more than seventy men and women--division contact men, oe cory wen i sem ns sd creative people, copy writers, artists, division publicists and clerical workers. Ro Gort and St Preof Moore's ull Advrising Ross Garrett and Stan Prater of Moosbrugger's Staff Advertising mista noe ath Be chron Gro. S06 Ros Roe | organization worked with the chemical Group. So did Russ Roth, imp so Fk Ka, aed FkThs a division publicist, and artist Frank Kuettel, assisied by Frank Thorn- RCL reo he An Benet nS Aerts burg, who was in charge of the Art Department in Staff Advertis- og Wir i. Crop he ing. With their help, the Group tackled the J of mie prods, hc 1 ht FY imecaried only job of_ naming Hs time carried only laboratory products, laboratory Wemification which at that identification . mer One of he adares ard numbers. One of the first trade names and Eales sto the castle symbol identified with it was born LLC in 1955. RES cot ans were omit sod A series of names were considered and a discarded bclbrc Scotchguard was settle on. Then 4s appt 00 Then the "u" was dropped to spell it QU 55h. he cu dete wih Scotchgard. The castle developed with it QW Sr Sg open A symbolized the strength of the product. At Fra Kote Bt kn amor wi sete, Frank Kuettel first, a knight in armor was suggested, but u Kuk! bn Trans posed The Kuettel and Thornburg protested. The Tsemodbecub ed 00 mh UE figure would be cumbersome and use too much space in future adver- a orsh de i ch em oe tisements. Knights also had become tedious through overuse by other pus companies. .% RE rw hts of hches eee he ye vs eid Kuettel drew hundreds of sketches before the symbol was accepted. 0 i0 0 0 eelmisao esessreteegei 0 1365.0080 1365.0060 Got--itlyhtieadsccoonhta StEdiI, eyo ShpT pl rolte a os Originally it had a plaid crosshatch interior, but that was discarded. Temi he met, See mLAA CL The final red and black castle symbol charmed trade magazine editors, oil Te amt ts who reproduced it in their publications from.publicity photos mailed eh Topi eT SSE rn a hc oh by Roth. That particular "free" publicity caused a great stir in the ms med er romans Division, which did not have much money for advertising. Publicity nie had to be relied upon to carry most of the promotion load. Sg hs he Smet Dia van a hay The Scotchgard name was a "grabber" because it linked 3M's odo aepCE beclus me honored Scotch trade name with the repeller's protective feature. meats Sos a marketed Ste brad 3sfo le Span The sis ied te water and of However, it generated a blast from Jack Borden, the Tape Division's He a TE cn rc demon General Manager. His division had marketed Scotch brand tapes for meMey pe Se Te so many years that they believed they owned the name. He did not Ee UB of st berg rcs efi use that argument, however, but hid his proprietary feelings behind tg tt Sno an expressed fear that if Scotchgard repeller failed as a product it HE nn SRI would reflect unfavorably on his entire Scotch brand line. That ap- peal did not carry with management and the protective product donned or the name which was destined to become respected and widely known, aT AISNE on Doe of fps brn ac one of the leaders in 3M's long line of respected brand names. oS m:pSi T as em Ph & =- The development of the demonstration bottle began with Doug Hall. One day the Merchandising Manager walked into the office he shared ho, Neary i en . with Jim Rogers. He was carrying a glass laboratory tube eighteen bookie NEN STII inches long and an inch-and-one-half in diameter sealed with a glass _ 107 mediately how Scotchgard repeller performs." It was a great merchandising idea, he told Hall. Rogers, at his desk, nodded in agreement, then presented Hall with a sheepish grin after Weyand left. Hall's merchandising tool has been replicated thousands of times in the last fifty years. It still is a quick, easy and economical way to demonstrate Scotchgard protector. The credit for its creation goes to Bob Adams and Tom Brice, who filled that first cylinder Hall noticed during a visit to the laboratory. Hall's first question was, "Can the liquids be colored to make their separation more apparent?" The scientists tinted the water and oil. That essentially is the way Scotchgard protector demonstration bottles are made today. In 1956, Ross Garrett of Staff Advertising presented the first advertising program at a Group meeting and mentioned that Start Prater had been assigned to the account, too. In his presentation, Garrett stopper. Inside were three layers of liquids, red, green and colorless. Hall shook the bottle. The liquids swirled together in a multi-colored mixture. He set the glass on Rogers' desk, and in a few moments the mixture settled into three distinct layers again. The colorless li- i aus quid :it tile I~ollonl, Hall explained, was Scotchgard reptile,-. The green in the middle was colored water. The red on top was tinted salad oil. Pt do erie?" he sid, Rogen du ot hare Mallsen "'lsu't thal terrific?" hc said. Rogcrs did not share Hall's en- Sp ape wt Srp thusiasm, even after Hall explained his "sure-fire" demonstration idea. It was, he said, a quick, easy, economical way to show how SEN. tl[Ba {BE Scotchgard repeller rc.iccts both oil and water. It made the invi.~iblc ee vee prio action of the product visible to everyone. Two weeks later, Lou Weyand, Executive Vice-President of the Tape Gr(~up, borrowed HaWs oversized bottle and took it to New Trg te Wor ats Schad rc cman bt og re York for a mccting with security analysts. When he returned, Weyand " TITREEIrg Tok nd re i oa vnHd a was very complimentary to Hall. z RET Nos te co ere oe pros hens. "When 1 shook that bottle," Weyand said, "after explaining its contents, then let it settle again, everyone in that room knew ira- Early Scoi~hgard protector demonstration kit containing three vials and three swatches. Sophisticated versions still are in use as a quick, easy way to prove the product's effectiveness. 0 0 0 i0 1365.0081 1365.0061 -~ ow 108 erredtothe copy weerspeprocaesssoopfeccloiohns || 1o0i1e9C0o3m0iciDsico,dReadhafs a rpiihoa KctwDaesipa. referred to the staff copy writers as "'producers," a public relations an Ce i, | nl Commins Gt S03 oe Reon Sou) kind of appellation no doubt designed to add a touch of class to the ening 18wr ahbr. | CH ok, nh od Sh 1 1956, vis Pers cry 1 operation when making first contacts with a new 3M business unit. mail | olorn oma te Chemcal Doin, In Ted Lucas joined 3M and staffadvertising in 1956 to write adver- whampenn, 11. wi CPD' Ser MikesCormaComnin tising copy and produce advertising and merchandising materials for i pcs well rpgsrr br ote emi, 30 several divisions. He arranged for printing brochures and merchansi os, On vid One tay in be Chemica Divine Sls dising pieces as well as preparing advertisements for coated abrasives, pressure-sensitive tapes, chemicals and other products. One vivid to ratty ow wSee laorci re fto. Ee h nuiBonny durtedsrmsegnd ln g wr memory tidbit retained by Lucas was that Scotchgard stain release soginiy ed te poets raion4 oh hp rs mts originally carried the unwieldy name Scotchgard dual-action fabric mec at Wowk in 1956, Gur pred he FgTht etal ce ofcatet d aver. protector. a EEEESA STII, Dips, oth ak hd netepein svt At a sales meeting at Wonewok* in 1956, Garrett presented the eb saps od uma df ins We ok She hl ck Mg ren Group advertising program. Scotchgard paper size treatment was to be introduced in a brief campaign in the Paper Trade Journal and aime oe To vs ay os and rd on ra re cre ec ne h~dustrial Packaging. The former was read by manufacturers and isowsiosebnyi4cpainypo. 1F0rnbteisnewaFelh.i,nesShotgmnu:rKateAisohdeass converters, the latter by consumers of heavy duty packaging pro- ducts. Direct mail advertising asing advertising reprints and a reply wvsot eh as Ao, ted apo ah 09 tol hi brs Pre hs card as self-mailers would support the three-m6nth media campaign, rie a ve ee tec ah ree bc 15 Tey va ave fo ht ye of Garrett said. Later, he continued, "when we get the green light" ing pun inane pi the advertising department would run one rt hdp ob da Ho remeron o& s Adu MIA) sve advertisement in Rubber Age to introduce Fir cms ng ery ee pecs se ln here or Fluorel elastomers. Teo it iting ont odnts Noo Bran oy In the 1950s, the staff advertising r coesnoonops | Waa nt TOUS he ri od up hc (oh organization began to disintegrate as groups ke) Ee Ty | Stee TO chose to operate their own advertising ee St Co} | nee Reem th Ponte Hat Chagoo. departments. For example, Ber~ Cross' REM it Cry Nive | io AIS a fn cpt pci qed 5 ve se Graphic Products Group Advertising = DemCoe e Sat ige Coca Mcrae Mor Department headed by George Sandell was np Nil read Sct rils mad 2 ot th thriving in 1954. ro t" on n DeinCep hvie cDaiidntiPnAo9c00btoiAdG || SSo1hiCrh hagfrTe 0span nAda nn 1d0 hfeera vCkiDr n lomAeercnsiac Ted Lncas The Chemical Division Advertising Department was organized in 1960. As work demands grew, Manager Prater hired el Las, Mat Howard ok De om Sl AR, | wh sho Tver. Poets ul se Ted Lucas, Matt Howard and Fred Detloff from Staff Advertising. ht i ening |. elton rl. 5be terme She is 1 vote After some time, Detloff moved to another division's advertising a AR oan eh compar Bot Loco oped |e. Anahe Foe ws hat es 0 shown noes department and Howard left the company, but Lucas stayed in ae, Ft Novos ah pbk Howard 11 | 1rosects sh Fe. Ch onccago s chemicals until he retired. Paul Novolny, who replaced Howard in RR TEP hers Mateos Commons Mang | band srmr chk ch rd Gah wih one. 1962. was ICPD advertising Marketing Communications Manager lcsea ee cemmest i Mos rRgE oecc procs mcd vy oe diy in 1991. *A 3M mceling center f(~r customers and 3M groups near ~ark Rapids. Minnesota. !09 In 1960, 3M's artists continued as a staff group with Kuettel assigned to the Chemical Division. Roth was assimilated into a new Department of Communications (later 3M's Public Relations Department.) Carlene Holt, who joined 3M in 1956, was Prater's secretary in staff advertising and followed him into the Chemfcal Division. In 1991, she was PCPD's Senior Marketing Communications Coordinator. On her first day in the Chemical Division, secretaries in the Sales and Marketing Departments stacked scores of sales leads on Holt's desk. Each inquiry not only required assessment (and culling if warranted), but the prospect's information had to be typed on a multipage form. That seemed formidable to secretaries not trained in advertising processes, so the task had been set aside awaiting the advent of someone like Holt. She tackled the stack as her first assignment and after a long drought more than one hundred lead cards were mailed to salesmen in the field. In the beginning, advertising and sales promotion budgets were thin. A shoe manufacturer in Milwaukee requested a supply of labels to apply to his shoe boxes. Prater refused the request because no -money was available for that type of promotion. Holt remembered that MacManus Johns & Adams (MJA) advertising agency used its employees as models in .advertising illustrations to avoid paying talent fees. Most of the promotion money available was allocated to the fiirniture and carpet markets (where the industry still congregates each year.) The Division leased a permanent office-showroom in the Furniture Mart in Chicago fi~r years before 3M's interest in carpet protection required a move to the Chicago Merchandise Mart. Models dressed as Scots in tartan kilts manned 3M's ten-foot booth at the Chicago Furniture Mart and later in Dallas, Atlanta_and. elsewhere after 3M expanded to those cities. Demonstrating Scotchgard repeller on treatexl and un|reated fabrics and carpet samples was the best way to show its effectiveness. Prospects couldn't see it, feel it or smell it, so the term "'Invisible Shield" was in vogue for a time. Another problem was that uses had to be shown on other firms' products--sofas, carpets and the like. Choosing one customer's brand over another still is a choice which must be dealt with in advertising 3M's product today. New products, especially products introduced twenty-five and thirty 0 0 0 0 11336655..00006822 . . 110 years ago, thrive on outlandish promotions. The men who publicized ESSERE RE | Scotchgard repeller contributed some of their 6wn. The "Spotless y seg ok ra ond Look" featured a mechanical leopard displayed at trade shows for mill operators and retailers. Scotty girls wearing tartan outfits dumped Ee omic nd acrid hh fp aa tn dons dirt on carpet samples and vacuumed them up again to demonstrate set Fare road cps, nme hos. rd how dirt could not harm protected .carpets. In time, those treated i er) nr Std areas on samples were formed in S-shapes (for. Scotchgard socombeaitt on co repeller), castle-shapes or (for use by mills) in the form of a mill eben: logo. And, when the models complained about the dirt and dust con- taminating their clothing and their skin, the advertising geniuses came up with a portable booth on wheels. It was a box six feet high with a PlexiglassTM window, Opposite the transparent plastic were hourhigh bole with cae and lovesof a ckpocctve shoulder high holes with sleeves and gloves of a black protective Ae pa aa om material attached. A model would insert her hands through the holes and into the gloves to spread the dirt, then pickup a small vacuum re ol eho an ne 1 hk he dy. Tohon clcancr inside the booth and use it to whisk the dirt awaY. The box a rr was a bright idea, butit didn't last long because models had an aver- rE ve src snc pl sion to working it. . In a more ambitious move to attract attention to Scotchgard repeller, LELucas hired the pipe band and Scottish dancers from Macalester Col- nS, p te Chf ,Tet lege in St. Paul and flew them to Chicago. The thirty young men and women attracted a lot of attention in the hallways of the Fur- Tn ETey:ceomplied ht hey elsromosttofotphseyusceneces niture Mart, but their performances also generated enmity with ex- BitLAhiiiklilei Siliin lil i 111 iinly1s1t at ii Nal Jit { Cl py 11 hel 11 hi 2 0Sllill | IEEr ii 3i i" _ il -lil elall Coy f BE a | gi i IE hibitors. They complained that they lost most of their audiences whenever the pipes began to skirl. iyoS te +} El Mcctmnical leopards, demonstration boxes, Scottish pipers and oe Chemie Divo bt IeaghoctIM. Adverisns [1 dancers were f~llowcd by more eye-catching and car-tingling events, lo Tho poi rae hs hh spt wi ai HCI lnpromotionpersonel referred hema whips. whistles and not only in the Chemical Division but throughout 3M. Advertising- sales promotion personnel referred to lhem as "whips, whistles and balloons." That encompassing phrase has bcen adopted with admira- el prea e RT = si Opl'~site pare: "Set off, if you will, on a voyage of discovery in lhe Sem ery) realm of your own imagination. The versatility and variety of H~ TU ER El ' | REY wo 3M Chemical Products invite you to explore their potential in your field," reads the not-too-well-written lead of this 1959 advertis- Tonio coTnterol maitrilas atid,dkaatlosand mhoerT. a"E,xplcoorer: El Ls3 ; : ment. At right is a list--plastics, elastomers, textile finishes, cor- a ahms rises rosion control materials, acids, alkalines and more. "Explore them~write for detailed data now" is the call to action for readers of Scientific American magazine. 0 0 0 0 2 A-- _-------- 165.0063 1365.0063 > % . | !12 113 mein ecg ee | tion over the years by 3Mers in other functions who understand and believe in the efficacy' of promotions. Detra~:tors call promotions a waste of profits. They are in the minority, however, and whips, 2 c [ ] whistles and balloons: are still fixtures at 3M and other companies sees J des; iF CIE today, The development of stain release treatment and the spray can served as brand ne~v merchandising springboards. One stain release Sermonsiconioefd3TopperaatceabTM. pon wilh coer, =J ~~ demonstration kit consisted of a TupperwareTM cake pan with cover, Tic. The Horwas scined ontth hoop 4 few drop of g CE Wg a package of cold water laundry soap, a six-inch embroidery hoop, a vial of salad oil, an eye dropper, a face tissue and pieces of treated fabric. The fabric was stretched over the hoop and a few drops of oil applied. Then, hoop and fabric were submerged in the soapy water. Presto! The oil stain lifted and rose to the surface. Nearly five thou- sand kits were assembled and distributed in one two-year period, Lucas said. He laughed as he remembered that he had bought the oa reeed Tupperware pans probably retired wilhfrom: with he money she made." a housewife-saleswoman the money she made," he addod in the 3M area. he added. "She Embroidery hoops :also were part of a spray can demonstration kit, Untreated fabric was stretched over the hoop, then half the fabric LER Si was treated from a can. After the repeller dried, drops of oil were applied to each surface. It beaded up on one and soaked into the other. AE RE All merchandising ideas were not fruitful. One example was a hat ei Ets promotion for the spray can thousands of shapeless felt hats ahin the which wee fied 1960s. The were offered roc rte Division bought to grocery stores as a self-liquidating item for spray can customers. The floppy wide a Industrial Chemicals trade show booth with Scotty girl at Chicago ee ts show in 1961. Sign at left rear reads: 3M Brand Paper Chemical FC303 solves major packaging problems. KelF plastic film FC-803 solves major packaging problems. KeI-F plastic film display is at right rear. brimmed hats, each with a sewn-on emblem of a National Football fancy of football fans or anyone else. The failed Film Flam hats League team, were heralded as Fun Hats--one size fits all, shapes became humorous giveaway items at 3M parties and other internal to the wearer's fancy, a three dollar value for one dollar and seventy events for years. five cents by mail witlh a proof of purchase. A proinotion package sent to grocers was shaped like an over-sized football. "Take the ball and...RUN WITH IT!" exclaimed the headline. Inside the pro- Kugler, General Manager of Hastings Chemical Division from motion folder, grocers wcre promised "PROFIT PUNCH in your 1955-57 and then General Manufacturing-Manager, Internal laundry supplies section!" Other copy blocks carried additional Chemicals, was in 1962 appointed General Manufacturing Manager messages including one that said that ten million football fans would of the Chemical Division. see a full page Scotchgard repeller advertisement in Life magazine. Also in 1962, Adams became the Division's Technical Director. Network and local TV~and Arthur Godrey's CBS radio network show Bryce was Adams' assistant for commercial chemicals and Lund- also carried 3M's advertising for the promotion period. quist for internal chemicals. Cliflbrd W. Hanson was Division Pro- i ccaarrMrriiaeenddyaagnnroeeggcaeatrtiisvveedaidauucnraaotoofnfihhbiiblllllebbiillalltyy thhhaeabbeiedrreddaaa.sshhAeernryyd,., dthied did hnoatts gwrahbicthhe. not grab the duction Manager. Charlie Bentz was appointed Manager, Process i0 0 0 aioe . 0 -- 1365.0064 Eene gnd rie hcne Pigforbt e Divison2n 4 AI isin smn eer Engineering and Production Planning for the Division and AI Diesslin Frtonn aro3mCchDooiinws lt in 975, LesKroghwas warren 13 Plant Manager at Chemolite. When the Chemical Division was split in 1973, Les Krogh was poreCer er er Conrcil Chmics Dik c appointed General Manager of the new Commercial Chemicals DiviTCD) 3 on amicc rt i act. sion (CCD), a non-manufacturing sales oriented business unit. Hanor TERnDesa Gomr a NaotooertigCsemChielrDsk i son was appointed General Manager of the new Chemical Resources oil ny ier CRD amr ens A Big Score Division (CRD), which assumed the role Hastings Chemical Divi- sion had held fourteen years earlier. CRD manufactured chemicals Sohotns fo lb dondna | in its four plants for internal sales to other 3M divisions and manufac- 7 oe hor, A Big Score 1 tured fluorochemical products for CCD. In 1973, CCD also began operating its own laboratory under its sew Technica DienDon Laer, ho ad be Marat, vey expert tssliding)asecting programofhe new Technical Director Don LaZerte, who had been Manager, Be mo Deven ot 8 Gril verlag rico ro Fluorochemicals Research and Development for the Chemical Dien el War Imei ol pet he ais ciee esocote DiAvpispiooinn.ted Technical Dict of CRD was Dr. Thoms J. Appointed Technical Director of CRD was Dr. Thomas J. Savereide, who had been Technical Manager, Internal Chemicals in heuCnshciocneDsisounrebdiernol wre hoseofRor eprreecdtsooadfbryby S0M.. ccoon thhe DDiiovnon7e add oonll the Chemical Division laboratory. an CRD. fw Toh lend, ohh bowedron be copter il Other changes announced simultaneously were those of Robert L. Ahlness to Manufacturing Manager for CRD from Technical espeDraeCo,met CohetCmhicealhDLiovirnya Hoche 1er,t1J5,0FuJenL,IM 0QE OL PCR Cf Manager, Internal Chemicals in the Chemical Division, and Hugh Bryce to Executive Director, Central Research Laboratnry. Bryce den Tech Directffoer Checal Divanid wssohni ras amon Bl Tca ous e conv an x had been Technical Director of the Chemical Division and was Chairman cf the SM Techical Core. chido be onShard pels ho at il man of the 3M Technical Council. ahe 1n 960s er in wh Poete sr ldl te Age of Fis. Seiy retbses aw tedav tlT rodspgleSne Soschhemrhaoe etlan plnrrsndAabnes The 1960s ushered in what Peterscn called the Age of Finishes. nents so dn Ey com ei: 1h og essvcd f bores, em tosk for Until then, 3M had done little or no promotion, used product idenEr Tn) ennai tification infrequently and had no quality control function. In the oni hope [mb co MT Be Be vot mio of decade of the 1960s, 3M set out to change all that, undertaking the Herculean task of educating mill operators, finishers, cutters, retailers S50 Comers fo hi ed x0 only fo Sai TRH. 56 yn cth in pct: Sli re quofiSchsprd and consumers to their need not only for stain repellency, but eile scorn: lt ml wt cay Sp of Sr specitically for Scotchgard repellers. st oonhpcorrheedDIbePre,reTonrse,ve"eWerofepwallling etoEeMLpy ped tes "Talk about pioneering," Bill Pclcrsen said. "We were walking esc arom Es | eefrancs trails no one had ever walked before. There were no oil repellent finishes on the market and hence no references to them in anyone's These, We wre wrilenbogk." FRB GIRGENGI ME cin a vg ibe ci cs hat me. To litcraturc. Wc were writing the book." Programs conce.ivcd and exfnepdunsnedcsybyaes vmesocoapednbysComcpostteioi sY WT,1 cepll teht, miUlAhdA1epB i rsg d cto clorchoineg ecutcd in those early years were copied by competitors years later. One promotion tool--the three-phase demonstration bottle--still is | ing aired effectively today. being utilized effectively today. A very expensive (but self-liquidating) marketing program of the Es meoge trehe aos ep early 1960s was a bold venture that moved huge quantities of Scotchgard repeller into the market chain. It was wrapped in a media campaign that featured the nation's top mills and their key customers in expensive magazine advertisements prepared and paid for by 3M. It cost the Division one and one-half million dollars, which it borrowed from the corporation, but repeller sales made up that cost and much, much more. By the end of the second year, Selden said, "We had repaid all of the costs of the fluorochcmical program and costs of the Project back to 1945." It was among the all-time mzrketing coups ever conceived and executed at 3M because it got Sc.otchgard i'epeller into major mills, the headwaters of the stream flowing to the marketplace. At the same time, the advertisements publicized Scotchgard repeller and its benefits to readers of consumer magazines. That made it appear that 3M's advertising was aimed at homemakers, to convince them to ask for Scotchgard repeller when they bought clothes for their families. That was a residual benefit, but the actual goal was to get the nation's biggest textile mills to buy and apply 3M's product to millions of yards of cloth in production. Selling large quantities of Scotchgard repeller to the lop mills was the necessary first step of several required to get consumers to buy treated fabrics. It would have done little good to stimulate shoppers to request3M's product when they were buying shirts, blouses, trousers and dresses unless treated clothing was available in retail stores at that time. To accomplish that, mills had to be suppl~,ing treated cloth to clothing manufacturers who in turn were supplying retail outlets, all in advance 0 0 0 ee | 0 11336655..00006855 o_o Te 116 117 ooffddeemmaanndd.. SShhooppppeerrss' rreeqquueessttssffoorr ttrreeaatteeddaarrttiicclleess wwoouuldld.,ooffccoouursrsee., eat mar Sor eventually persuade retailers to sell treated articles of clothing. But, ee ian: if the secondary goal of the program was achieved, 3M's media advere DEe ELE oc cY i | tisements would stimulate retailers to have in stock merchandise that i 2 sE=td LI&-e~AF || had been treated with Scotchgard repeller simultaneously with consumer demand. rg tc ers ten. | (12 And, mills, clothing manufacturers and retailers had to be conHIRE | fe vinced in advance that consumers wanted treated clothing. arht lh) SOE co The program was conceived by Roy Mordaunt, a Division Conopt sie, Roy emi Bk Con \ I troller turned marketing man, with the help of Prater and the Diviee rs sr fs 2 sion's advertising agency, MacManus John and Adams (MJA). As Pod od esa 12 ps ih Barings Wilh wer, <<) planned and executed, key prospects such as Burlington Mills were BE Ee ait tes hon promised exposure in 3M's Scotchgard repeller advertising at no cost ree aps : if the mills would buy and apply 3M's product. Despite the sizable SE E commitment required by each mill, 3M's free advertising proposal tv ma Se bs attracted them. An additional hook was an offer to identify the mill's Keycomo--WhitSco. orcumple nthe shUSMSI | go show personaly Aribur Godive, Wired promote key customers--White Stag, for example-- in the advertisements as the g dt tr tie | O Con E ihur ns well. Selden was taken with Mordaunt when the latter was the Division's Ce ine | (i the `Chica Dion's Comal Dorn Comptroller because of "his unusual perception for getting the job hese Dori Moma, ndCoWit AdoSon done." So, Selden offered Mordaunt a job that quickly progressed enon Shs. mm oh ep erg into his becoming Manager of the Division's Commercial Developa Be 8 i at mages vs ment (marketing) Department. atow ck gyri | ne eh sat ot i 4msg os Mordaunt's plan required figuring how much Scotchgard repeller LETS | EinLe e ) had to be sold to make the proposed two million dollars (the original Pe on ae Ty | pear les Camis rind proposed spending level) advertising campaign profitable. Then, hc proralcd that amount against the names of the industry's seven lop Tn TE a lr DA, nlills and set out to sell the program. nos wach pr igri rt | Behe co ie ee at In a New York hotel suite he held separate meetings with the presiat a | elm ee Sh enoe dent and merchandising manager of each mill. In one week he obEI SAT | Lee tained total commitments from every one of them. At those meetings, Bo pane v1 | ot Bk i peti eyof MJA presented what was an eye-popping program for the era. It inMpa Re | pie gy oe cluded visuals of advertisements slated for publication in Life and rr lr Salles | Sado vert aprons, crt other consumer magazines, plus projections that millions of hi Fk 1%, eo ha housewives would read the advertisements and so on. he od re mn ne a pcs. Th | ett Se MJA had a vital interest in making the program a success. The ay on SE ES, | pe ere en pa advertising agency had invested its time and money in the creative oN nmy e Cp ometshBeororgiB:e || "Sehln irkotT os SoioaDrbe93 materials, which the Division promised to pay for after obtaining Radio show personality Arthur Godfrey, hired to promote Seotehgard spray cans poses in the late 1960s with Roy Mordaunt (left), the Chemical Division's Commercial Development (Marketing) Manager, and Charles Willey, Advertising Manager. money was the next step in the program. Selden and Mordaunt found out that selling 3M management was more difficult than selling Burlington, J. P. Stevens and the other mills. Two days of discussion elapsed before the Committee approved lhc Divisi~n's request and only after cutting it to one and one-half million dollars. Furthermore, approval was delayed until Joe Duke, Lou Weyand and several others on the Committee had telephoned the board chairman of several mills to verily their support of their presidents' actions. That despite the fact that Mordaunt had showed" letters from the president and merchandising manager of each mill spelling out their commitment to buy a specified quantity of Scotchgard repeller over two years. To call the result a success would be an understatement. "We sold tons and tons of" our product," Selden said. So as not to risk going to the well too often, after that major score the Division settled back into more conservative advertising programs. Telfer made some significant changes in the 1960s, starting in 1962. its money from the 3M Management Committee. Borrowing the Bob Adams became Technical Director. Hu~h Bryce was made ii 0 0 0 0 - - 165.0068 1365.0066 pnsiaI n TeiAlnDineTr,oCiomtmee Drcic:Ce heenle , nedrBrii Lecine. oolemRogetCwoeee barsuRgenfero.m poLbaomreT tsoNr hbwechow mJe Pdrodhie Assistant Technical Director, Commercial Chemicals, and Bill LundOe utaiming rumen ero. ll wre alg marltog ions in 1 quist became Assistant Technical Director, Internal Chemicals. Mae. alCel. a an aia Prdoc Dvo n 1980: Nod, wi 0d Joe Kugler, General Manufacturing A ert Manet Mase wind ho Lasor0saioirnyg 197. Oe Manager, Internal Chemicals, was advancah apna More. oe Compare Dveopnat ed to General Manufacturing Manager. Gayle Rengel were brought from the Laboratory to become Product Supervisors. Cove and Rengel, plus James Noel, who joined the department later on, still were handling marketing functions in the Industrial Chemical Products Division in 1990. Noel, who joined 3M in 1961, switched from Laboratory to marketing in 1974. Others rte Encino Ba re 90wes Der " Charlic Bentz was appointed Managcr, who joined the Commercial Development | Tra ea A Dist bie Pl Doe Se ay Backd Soret Process Engineering and Production Plan- Department in the 1960s were Don Norton, one on ian som. wes Cou [EL 8 ning, and AI Diesslin became Plant Dave Shryer, Ray Brown and Jack Sargent. Se at Worn, omer Saks ve Ss Manger nos Amps, [EC Manager at Chemolite. In 1971, William Scown, West Coast Minaslo gion Varn nn te rs rawr ivi: [IAN ~:! In 1964, Frank Wozniak, former Sales Area Sales Manager in Los Angeles, am br ann Ties ber To vas ar he comme [MAN Manager for Irvington Varnish and In- returned t0 St. Paul to become Marketing tr haves ponte caCheri ProdsDinas om. JIRA NF sulator Company, by then in field sales Manager. Two years later, the Commer- rte Co er oat wi 1 oer var ie Noo is BE BENS management for 3M, was appointed cial Chemical Products Division was form- i Ce Fog Mapes, Soefo doiClic ros E55 RAV Art Teller General Sales Manager. Mordaunt, whose title had been General Planning Manager, yo 0. Tales kn poeok sn He etm Un pn game Compare opr Maer Rogers who. had besos 75 \ end became Commercial Development Department Manager. re Din. Nie AFH. ' Four years later, in 1968, Teifer made an appointment that restruc- Sb, Bil Pen, Techical Mager he rive oe th ch 1981 nwsb resid 0380 tured the Division. mt hywasped te revo wild os oti, Buns Devoe Voge He rd 195 In September, Bill Petcrsen, Technical Manager of the protective ET en St nd Hein Migr Pen 1d en be eso. aes oe va ged he hry chemical laboratory, was appointed to the previously unfilled posi- min 5 groh Bran. i Prt Coon. i sepato uc Saran. tion of General Sales and Marketing Manager. Petersen had been rt mate vi he moe Sch of ve ew sey Cont) bores { running the program from the laboratory, ot a rh Divine ged hen Perc a1 Scokhend proces ory in 96, but the promotion made him the number Hons oma md Hort. heen E ees Tbr Mam oy Chaney Han, 418 two man in the Division. It leap-frogged orsign TN Tob at oh Bray Soe sce 193 him over Wozniak and Mordaunt, the men Bios radu Geren Sales et Sram. Manso: Ar Fo em ge. responsible for selling und marketing the Hinoae Wooonnaekra ow a oe ign Teholop Une s Hoge Division's products. General Sales. ; Yor ake ons 3 pew pono of No Ed fr cae fom 195 at 199. enbe rnd Manager Wozniak soon transferred to New ot Acmms Momgh ru en io Sapiro heTeh Serve oyu York to take over a new position of Na- mgr of acing cin. 1 eum oS Po in 196 ti~mal Accounts Manager. Mordaunt, wi noe icing bn 973 MgrTele nd Lesher manager of marketing functions, left 3M i Outer. Prccn made charges Tt Pes Comer Mth. so nce sain spd Pech, Mar in 1971. Fa Pd i Regerethren oes wi Dae Vay. tn Rhu Cota. Joh In October, Petcrscn made changes. Bill Pelersen bcm: Nanas Wi amChr Arata ede dquo Lie on, Lo Core Robert Peiffer and Jim Rogers were given Re es Loins Tre fo preci comicls EN comma eager doar Manes. Cove. new titles. Peiffer, Commercial Sales Manager, became National Sales Bere nd Ss Maar can Rona Sues Mas eo . Managcr, Textiles and Leather Trades for protective chemicals. H se te marco dpm, Lo Cove nd 4s ep 0 os Ha India Trodes ee Sete wik Hoots Rogers, Industrial Sales Manager, became National Sales Manager, Industrial Trades. Pctcrsen also enlarged the marketing department. Lou Cove and ed and Scown was made National Sales Manager for Industrial Chemical Products. He replaced Rogers, who had become Manager of a new project involving Light Bill Skown Water AFFF. Skown held that job until 1981, when he was reassigned to a new position, Business Development Manager. He retired in 1985, In that same period, James Johnson was assigned to the laboratory in High Point, North Carolina. He reported to Joseph Spearman, Supervisor of the new Quality Control laboratory. When Petersen left the Scotchgard protector laboratory in 1968, he was replaced as Technical Manager by Chauncey Martin, who .itfincd 3 M in 1954 and had been the laboratory Supervisor since 1963. A native of Sargeant, Minnesota, Martin held a chemical engineer- ing degree from Michigan Technological University in Houghton. He worked t'~r Petcrsen from 1954 until 1959, then he transferred Io High Point as Supervisor of the Technical Service laboratory un-, til he returned to St. Paul in 1963. Martin joincd marketing in 1973 as Manager, Textile and Leather (Commercial) Markets, and once again reported to Petersen. Marfin's sole employee was Donald Velky,* but Richard Galash, John Miller and Charles Annfield joined the department later on. Lou Cove was Martin's counterpart as Manager, Industrial Markets. Cove, ~' A Sales Rcprcscntaliv, Textile and Leather Trades. in Lo~ Angeleg, Velky transferred to SI. Paul in March, 1969, Io be a Product Coordinalor. He was made Sales Manager of Scotchban pr~lector products in 1983 and Business Manager in 1986. 0 i0 0 0 ee -- eet 11336655..00006877 _ 120 ton Art fn i sos Ton Galash and Armfield still were in the chemical business in Protec- hm Pt Bt BT rn tive Chemical Products Division in 1990. Td SolVoe COLIN Between 1979 and 1982, Martin was CCD's Product Manager in prem ne Tro lpr Rl Antwerp, Belgium. When he returned to St. Paul he joined the In- dustrial Electronic Sector Laboratory as Marketing Manager, New ete wPareTosldsefpeulrilc'ettsrsi'snDctereortpaalhalreatamsCteeosdnmutmtu.aetnrieticlihdhaeel rrCeehttieirrmeeiddcaiinnls1199D77i3v3,i, sttihhoeenyyeaenaadrrtththheee Division CDheivmiiscioanl was split into the Commercial Chemicals Division and the Chemical pas Resources Division. 121 mS Veco, Teds Se rr was Senior Vice-President, Technology Services, for the corporaatiTeyT RedeSDen fo 570 tion. In 1983, he became the first honorary member of the Carlton society and also served on 3M's Board of Directors from 1970 until aM et e Dc Cokon beTne s in 1986. He died in December 1988. ta Die Te Bryce, after serving as the Chemical Division's Technical Direc- tssotyaryeferddotmthheer1ree9a6as6sV,Vircieceteu--PrPnrreeesdsiidtdoeennCttRaanLnddSiSnutaf1f9ff7VV3iicaesc-PEerxe-esciPduetrinvteeunnDsitiillirhehecdertoeeretr.tinirrHeetded. iinn 11998822.. Les Gol Manga CED wt tate Les Krogh, General Manager of CCD, was a Nebraskan who had Ein ply rp earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1945 and a RemSh L So Uns master's degree in organic chemistry in 1948 from the University Vo mes ob of Nebraska then transferred to the UofM to earn his Ph.D in organic chemistry. During that period, he worked summers at 3M until he E [eas t ey Etda: was hired as a Senior Chemist in Central Research in 1952. In 1954, rancBhr he switched to the abrasives laboratory, where he became Manager ie Bio Cor. of Research and Development. In 1964 he returned to CRL as Director of the Chemical Research laboratory and later became Director, Cor- Ee eC t a SAn3 porate Technical Planning and Coordination. In 1969-70, he was [Err Xe General Manager, New Business Ventures Division (the renamed pet a Ca New Products Division), then returned to CRL as Executive Director. Soon after his appointment as General ome e TtTtar Manager of CCD, Krogh was made a Vice- President. He left CCD in March 1981 to Neh ns become Vice-President, Research and as an oman Development. Industrial and Consumer pa Sector. In October 1982 he was appointed ta 3 Bae Vice-President, Research and DevelopTT, he mt ment, for the corporation. He retired in To1990 as Senior Vice-President, R&D. os oh ei Dion Adsms le0 the Chemical Division in WI SL 1966 to be Technical Director of 3M's In- ' Vere rn, Beeash MAmYyS CCHlAifTf MHaannssoonn vtpeorcinnattdeidonGGaelenneDeriravalilsiMMoanan.naaIgngeerr1,,96NN8eewwhe BBwuusasisioneaespss.s- i VPPrerensteiudrseensitoDdoffievRRiAsn&iDotD.n.. BFertowmeeJnunte961998a1ndunt1i9l81hi,sArdeatmirsemwenats From June 1981 until his retirement 3inM1'9s85V. ichee-. in 1985, he 0 0 0 0 _--- | . [ O0 1365.0088 1365.0068 SL122 ER a8 _ SiV STEHEYL. 34 curren 4 i bi A i30 a Ty PPiilloott PPllaannttss Products evolve. They may start with a concept that is researched SR ET EA L and developed in a laboratory, but laboratory success alone does not assure that a product can be manufactured successfully. That should be proved before factory expenses are incurred. ie [hE 3 S To obtain that necessary manufacturing data at reasonable cost, r companies conduct small production runs in mini-factories called pilot planls. There, production capabilities can be proved using small quanfl RS 2 Eetities of materials, which saves time and money compared with trial runs in manufacturing plants. There is a safety [~ctor, loo. Experienced engineer~ and technicians recognize risks and motlit~ processes i IBH = po 7 Po es Ss if required so li~ctory scale-ups can be made safely later on. In the final analysis, lhster, less expensive runs in pilot plants can assure FEB ITER. J success fk~r full-scale production. Fluorochemical product manufacRL luring Iblh~wcd Ihal Irack beginning in the 1940s. In May 1946, the year after Simons' patents were acquired, Pro- 1 +i il A eo kee end OR Sp jcct Engineer Roy McKcnzic designed and Chemical Engineer Don Wartlr<+p thal~cd specifications tbr a twt+-lhousand-anlpcre cell. That Do REY A cell, a giant compared with the cells in the Laboratory, would bc Ce housed in the Bcnz building garage, the first lluorochcmical pilot SANE SRE l Cell construction contracts were signed that fall+ Remodeling the n garage was hcgun, which included rcmoving the overhead doors no Opposile: Looking north toward the Benz building in 1954. Pilot ALE Wi! dE plant is beNnd it and white shed at right was Duplicating Produels Division pilol planl (Building 44). Employees' cars flank Ihe 3M buildings on two streets. i8 -- 0 0 0 0 III 13650068 1365.0069 ws !24 loner requirefor rucks wallg ns HF 50AmD CORTES qust nd cin espn ot 3 lf ion ers longer required for trucks, walling in an HF room with concrete and Fron oe pc Experc pan font fou yeofaaprrosg be ens olding partitioning office space. Dri, rey med rom ing Pon S33 pa Ln and cy ers. AI Diesslin, recently returned from training at Penn State, was ap- PELE Rm ay on ISod LA ei LS pointed Pilot Plant Manager. Ed Kauck became Assistant Manager. ition and on Aeon were i mcs OR arte 1 honda roecolae slo procs Wardrop and Bob Anderson were shift bosses. Others assigned to toh ded Ln Choy, Jn Sms Ted Ha Rn te fon rr Pr the plant included Lorne McCluskey, Jim Smith, Ted Haas, Ralph Sean DSC Ks sd len Couch Th WE, Ce mr cd be gpl mp rg saugh Swonger, Don Snyder, Carl Klaus and Glenn Church. The latter, Riedveiyna oi re, eed mort tn for ears SSE CTSlXP SE St hired as a seventeen year old trainee, retired more than forty years ei. het 1 Spl, Chemis Don, | ants allow erations ni vr tlsorsemi orks: later as a Production Planner in the Specialty Chemicals Division. TE ISIE i een an Srpe The new cell, at the time, of course, the largest Simons cell in vor, begpain he Somer ren 157 Int Toofprc pcs 5 as scot 9 the world, begau operating in the converted garage in 1947. "In two Se cad he rng pada ueCol SIH PORE aonBy 159, T+ chr rs wp years we expanded the range of products we could and did produce," Vireas a. Th plot ok FEB for 0 rte 1 rman hy Wardrop said years later. "The pilot plant a tly by and Sometimes vas BEI: chars mi hese eh ple vee wo was usually busy and sometimes it was Ton he eve mone 0 ror os mde il, To. Ot vue on of how frantic" as the shift crews worked to pro- te or ns |} pratt es e pemlsho duce sample quantities for internal use. Ee ivermace oon [ape remit he Bes biti, HE wi dere ik Later, samples also were made for outside compan Travasiosrv NETIC iar tdpound ond. Tahat nged aChasnce companies on request. "That was slow go- or mimes ok ser oescore [RSS te pahs af RF fnon i dere esd pro ing. Sometimes it took a year for a comTS enn sn pe & fn ks ten 0 ar ed srl or oy. Ech HE i pany's researchers to evaluate our proprecioermate] eve y hean aeh htme ok Snes mde ducts," Wardrop said. i prt sop wa gr ser my Pilot plant usage was so great that after clon ean. Amos gts cbr ge vi thr hevay n ict currvas only two years, a movement was begun to ep i sen C0 Dn ardap pito d Th mor err a he Bs pao replace it with a semi-works plant on the progeny ea His Whar to esos any cl ss ot 3M property near Hastings. Whether to Don Wardop ear fe en he Ai 10, SeTethantare Gl, build the expensive new plant was one of the topics ut the April 19, oa. mec Thebes bldg pat oid 0 ope, March 195) 1949, meeting. "To rk para bd Rue 3 pS prt 3048 0dpans wr rts co at rnd and ld The semi-works plant--a bridge between a pilot plant and a lctain iywes ec ih PO ET OKO, | CL LLL pre With tr pt pa rks movefdo nmntffacturing facility--was necessary if the Prqicct were to grow, ght ht pn st se foci pods 1K Chwa ht tli i ns Pare Mags although at that point not a single fluorochemical product had been nny trig ve opal BS te 35 ee DWn e 0t Bp sold. 3M property near Hastings was the logical plant site because Ea id ursbd compl hat GRBs O SCH ete Foto Soin Wd wer East Skle residents had complained about discharges of solvents in- Ee fh sn am ccc Ea Sve t,o, PL t~ the air from the main plant complex on East Seventh Street. meebo betam pb orem. RTSI ry vas end 2 te Cel Relocating the pilot plant would eliminate any possible future com- Ee ohare are Br ig KDe erm, as Fbrerica Pio Prt In 1953, plaints frotn other businesses near the Benz building. Conroersa iin 0 00 mo APD an No Fas Dv Construction of the semi-works plant was begun in 1950 and com- ted i Sepenber1951 Silt:wilh he SOSVCON TEX its Foch! Pot Pat. Notlongs ht, changed pleted in September 1951. Simultaneous with the construction, a new EET cp vee ad. When ote eo. sp ap ah 195 He oept cell and other equipment were fabricated. When completed, the one- i Sorbkbob deged Budi 13 xSmed SEBOUSNS 43 Farias Explrimiral Prodan Depatnen. Lot story brick building designated as Building 15 enclosed six thousand 125 square feet and including equipment cost 3M half-a-million dollars. Expertise gained from four years of operating the Benz building plant helped get the semi-works plant producing quickly. In operation, the new facility was light years removed from the old plant. Its ten-thousand-ampere electrolytic cell made it possible to produce fluorochemicals in commercial quantities of one ton and larger. Prospective customers could be supplied compounds in large enough quantities to allow evaluations in their own pilot plants or semi-works operations. The large capacity also allowed immediate production to begin when the first order was received from DuPont in 1952. The list of products produced and subsequent sales continued to expand each year.'By 1959, 3M's fluorochemical business was profitable for the first time in its fourteen-year history. Besides the changes inside the semi-works plant, there were two major ones made outside, too. One answered the question of how to handle anhydrous hydrofluoric acid (HF), the raw material of 3M fluorochemicals. At the Benz building, HF was delivered by truck in two hundred pound steel cylinders. That was changed at Chemolite to purchases of HF in one ton cylinders that resembled horizontal propane tanks seen on farms and in small towns today. Each HF delivery was a filled tank and the truck that made that delivery hauled away the empty tank. The other change was to alter the way in which direct current was supplied to the cell. The motor generator at the Benz plant was too small to power the ten-thousand-ampere cell, so a rectifier was inslallcd to change allcrnating current to direcl current, The Benz building plant continued to operate, but in March 1953 the plant's two-thousand-ampere cell was removed and installed in the senti-works plant. With that, the pilot plant workers moved to Chemolite, where Diesslin had been semi-works Plant Manager since 1951. Kauck, who had replaced Diesslin as Manager at the Benz pilot plant, became Production Supervisor and Wardrop was made Engineering Supervisor. The semi-works plant originally was identified as the Central Research Department, Hasting Fluorochemicai Pilot Plant. In 1953, it was transf.e_rred to NPD and renamed the New Products Division, Hastings Fluorochemical Pilot Plant. Not long after that, it changed hands again. A report in March 1955 identified the semi-works plant as the Fluorochemical Experimental Production Department. Less 0 0 0 0 0 11336655..00007700 "0m 126 ha et ir. May 1958 vs Fcc! Pc than a year later, in May 1956, it was the Fluorochemical Producer i aem DneFt n on arsionBRTep eh | i tion and Pilot Plant DePartment, then in January 1957, it was the ee ev lbe hon s he ihe Tg Fluorochemical DivisiOn Fluorochemical Production Department. mo oe tp he meme IRN meen 1932 and 195. - Those name changeslreflect the evolution of the semi-works plant from an oversized pilot plant into a full-scale manufacturing plant between 1952 and 1957. niet Fai ds CecEge bo CR 0 Wardrop, a native of Pennsylvania and a Chemical Engineer who Phos Hriad ptepr ser TTT | came to 3M in January 1943, after graduating at the top of his class seein een RCTECRE Na at Penn State, was recruited by Dr. Stephens, who offered Wardrop Semimmseseniaen inn EER 5 less money than he could have gotten elsewhere. He took the 3M e ohss ofMoms. in RN % IE job because of the "novelty of being away from home" and the atLS toekof Ban3: wr es ig 3 E tractiveness of the state of Minnesota. His first assignment was the acrylic acid project onl the top floor of Building 2, where he also anny obey A per] designed laboratory equipment. His 3M career was interrupted by me tt wie iy fo pip San gd Army service from February 1944 until May 1946 when he returned to become involved with McKenzie in planning the first pilot plant. heDp erwoaetShsewsnooof netos Wdonrdby4 f 2 e Pa SR "Upon my return after an absence of two years, I was struck by a tk inn pra ng th te" 0 TL So RR the general air of optimism about the company," Wardrop said. "1 was certain that 3M was going to do great things in the future." One eepe try 156 An, ot change was more people in the laboratory than in 1944. And, most pees hv hilo dio important, Simons' technology had been obtained during his absence. i sy re ee aS Things moved swiftly after the semi-works plant was placed in operation. Less than two years later, work was begun on a second hens anpee cel ihvn paictiony Mach 1 ten-thousand-ampere cell, which was in production by March 1954. Ea es Wado a ans Bon 1 fom : v That additional capacity, Wardrop said, changed Building 15 from ea | . . a large pilot plant lo the world's largest Simons' process chemical eS IT I | eee Ho] plant, although il was very small compared with production facilities To woh goat of Seb ri J. si EL) today. The new cell and those that followed were needed mainly to ens 1958. ecm mani op ovo morte Fi ee kccp up with growth of Sc~tchgard rcpcllcr sales. Ire | 2h A -- By September 1954, construclion was under way on two more ten- thousand-ampere cells.~ And, a lwenty-thousand-gallon storage tank CiaT dWm nor | SA ol : was installed to allow ordering HF in railroad cars. In December OEpTps TpeWoirnview rtc, nhoroenast)est HUDIRidV s BT Opposite: (Top) Winter view of tent, snow-free because of heat o heavveeneedldfo beeairnlgy vpinpeysers(ooolmB)uCilnilo1r6dJBaapckartootmhe)lvoaws 1b:s E Goreiah Ee hebTRa | Lemperature coaingsystem owside CRLstendpioplant. Tent loss from inside operatinns. Hay-filled trench (fi~regronnd) may have held heating pipes. (Bottom) Clifford ,laps at the low temperature cooling System outside CRL's tent pilot plant. Tent t top 5 ! was used fiw nearly two years until Building 16 (background) was Be bs eae 127 a 3 ii0 0 0 0 ready for occupancy.. -- H 1365.0071 1365.0071 --- Tw129 128 eetIoEn t STEtees ceorneys Cn m Ekh it t1h9e54t,wtohenfeiwrstcetalnlskwcearrewains dopeelirvaetireond.and by the following February the two new cells were in operation. frroeeqrquuiniirrteeedrdnttaool cffihinneiimsshhictthahlees.ppIrrtooaddluusccottiiwooannsoofifnSvScocolovtteccdhhggwaairrtdhd rtheepeprloscaefsseirngistveapss repeller after it was processed in a Simons cell in the semi- SE I BE Sin Growth continued. By August 1957, five new ten-thousand-ampere works plant. In 1962, a two-thousand- SET Sin cells were operating in a large addition constructed on the north side tn SL tec cote Bh hr hothafaBnnuddilooduuibnblglee1tt5hh.eeTcchaaaptapmciaetyaconotifftthttwawytooniyyneeeaarlrassrgbbeeeffcoorerele.ls. were in place, more ara St En A month later, a ten-thousand-ampere cell of a different configur- ampere cell BBuuiillddiinngg1166.. wAAttastthhbaattuippltooiinantnt dtthheeinspptllaaalnnltetdwwaasins. capable of working on innovative process- ing techniques for protective chemicals. SE fr, ation was installed in an experiment that didn't pan out, Simons cells Japs and Smith had graduated as RT Se EN J were (and are today) upright cylinders four to five feet high. The engineers from the UofM in 1949. Japs SEA I RG een experimental cell was square, an effort to learn whether cell con- stayed with CRL eighteen years and retired ne SER struction costs could be reduced by adopting a shape that was easier in the late 1980s as Manufacturing Director A-- SEA to build. of Commercial Chemicals Division. Smith TTT Coma Ei Die Additional manpower was needed not only because of the increasing Cliff Japs retired in the 1980s as Technical Director HE Sr i A A number of cells, but because the process required attention around of Industrial Specialties Division. Some cots 8 CL i ba ei the clock every day seven days a week. Shs SRE in the early 1950s, CRL's research facilities c,onsisted of space tr epa ety meresof Bin. 30 Mplewood carpusn 953.55. Skphens bi newpit pat x of Buikln7g, a Hastings Division facility af Chemolite. At Eventually, ataenerw Central Research Laboratorywasbuilt on 1 on the sixth floor of the Benz building and a small room on the fourth floor of Building 7, a Hastings Division facility at Chemolite. At Br ee rl that time, a tent was set up as a safety measure east of Building 7. Erm Ere Be AT RL There CRL employees made polymers from vinyl chloride and butaSRG BT Se A RI diene, both volatile chemicals, for the Tape Division. The tent had fiberboard sides, a canvas roof and concrete floor. Inside, stood a pi gn Hot WHAT. irc ads cn Oe 07 0 wey gallon he lvaged om the Bn building pit plant. im, twenty-gallon kettle salvaged from the Benz building pilot plant, a pare small office space and a distilling area. Because 'the chemicals had pl Eh LA d Te ry Std to be isolated from possible sparks, the office telelphone was housed others hired by CRL at Chemolite during that period were Jack Hanson, Erwin Korn and Willis Olson. Eventually, after a new Central Research Laboratory was built on 3M's Maplewood campus in 1953-55, Stephens built a new pilot plant there, too. Japs was Pilot Plant Manager and reported to AI Frye, an Associate Director of CRL. That pilot plant, enlarged over the years to include another division's pilot plant, was still being operated in 1991. Dr. Wilfried Hirsch arrived at Chemolite in October 1957 to be a Process Engineer with John Thorpe and Robert J. Olsen. In 1990, hath Hirsch and Olsen were in the SA&CD laboratory. When Hirsch Pi A, Tl in a box on a pole fifty feet away. Steam for heat was piped i'ron~ pw tonto ev ST ft ho TE Building 7. i gs hts Silo ih The tent facility was operated around the clock: five days a week ow ib 1950wnsconpoonds Se. Tat contractions more than debi he rgnal eof `afsoiaird mtthhoaarttetthhtheeeamenumlausyilsfeiiafiere.rrsCsoollilfddf tJoapDsuaPndonA1tI0mSamkitehT, ewfhloonwporrokdeudcttshewraes, to DuPont to make Teflon products was el vie in Hy. galo dro and cars pes pan aborsory. developed in the tent. (Even in the middle 1950s, some compounds arrived, Bob Libey was Pilot Plant Manager, reporting to Bill Lund- quist, Technical Director of internal chemicals. Building 16 had been enlarged lo `wveerree aadtdoedd itthoorctthehebeeacaysast baenynddthasanetddtiaamnmeoo.ffLffiiaccteeerww,iitnnhggebbufuoliukltrttthoo atnhhedevnfoiosfttrhthboaannydds. west. That construction also more than doubled the original size of the plant laboratory. Ce pe Fy me ed 1 eo, i irc cs, were mixed outside using fifty-gallon drums andl canoe paddles to TET ean WE avRCoiRdLLc''osnnneceewwnptpraiiltotiot pnplslaannottfdddeesasiingggnnaeatrteoeudasassfBuuBmiulieldsdi.i)nngg 16wasstated 16 was started in in 1951 1951 "S` lonmlberS monaelwiwtoyo ouwulladdsr pphthhooenne ewefofrrrdoon mmaStStt.th.PePapauiulllotttoospalasknkit,iffwWweielccoHouuilrlsddchhheelrlpepcttahhlleeemmd... We'd say, 'Sure, come on down.' When they arrived we'd take a Ep i Ha a Rd and placed in operation a year later. The building which was shared few notes and often as not the visiting customer would stick around ia ree PERSE with Hastings Chemical Division, contained a small office, a small to help do -the job." i e TA H ETE IRE yao BP SmsteCotto51mit i coect laboratory and a maintenance area, plus two bays. Bay one was oc- The world has changed since those informal days. To work with cupied by CRL, bay two by Hastings. Duriqg its first ten years, Building 16 was primarily a scale-up the Process Development Center in 1991 required completing two 0 0 0 5 -- . | 0 185.0072 1365.0072 owe te ere eree---- 130 om nder formn , hSaAving a RpreodvucsccodoepruabBeercnspicoeder srnadh pplta,ddrowdoacned CcormpsutcorfiCzhdemdicraliDoihkEirgEnncfroicniggDdeuprtg order forms, having a product code number on the order and i rms she (P15) mah Hed ow, eden ml consirction of i planas Corda ad Aner. establishing an SA&CD laboratory contract. Before a pilot plant run raed cher desdpion fh pect equi. The te. cae Asc was Fichin up ier evi, be cold 20 can be made, a Product Information Sheet (PIS) must be filled out. wan Vio Fatape hen xpom epac Lit for several months. So for tht grid te pict park A detailed chemical description of the product is required. The rePaces iho manager Techn Superior Nik cs was he quester also is given a pilot plant Visitor's Package which explains ac of soe cheicas in syhosin pew products sis Jane tw a, ot Ure va ery tle (0 do. Hic seid policies. rit or banat by 1 4 by Berar ad hse ae Ecokin tobe he a. And, when we L103 ind, The use of some chemicals in synthesizing new products also is re Ones chm rae workplace mooring. Av,sl ofers ve cle Bl Lond" restricted or banned by 3M and by law. Benzene and phosgene are ht Srp 0b TARTS ha tb PIO (0 10. Hine esac Abies. Asis Plant Manage Hirsch two. Other chemicals require workplace monitoring. And, still others GhprboynSMcS nor Hygine Depart 1s nl fT. tn erry.Whenhe oanyedsea that are suspected to be damaging to humans must be approved (or a aor chong ors hc sears oo Hat chemicals kro memorandum Dp, they walked scons he sre 0 Ue disapproved) by 3M's Industrial Hygiene Department. (otis on er boro) cmt PORE portal Fauey Mion ii to wheel" hel. "Thre were 13 Another major change from thirty years ago is that chemicals els Samp. he cms, tbe propery potas, ek alk dro gras. ot os snd everytwCheeorle (hazardous or non-harzardous) cannot be transported in personal Sd hipped through he warchouse by pp Cr ich ec. er me wal ckhom he ctor fT, vehicles. Samples, like drums, must be properly packaged, labeled Ah Rotso qs ok someof cans vetthycars had ad bors kn omysocks. It ass ot nhsummer and shipped through the warehouse by approved carrier. 1060, Dass a aso to Duct to be Prodochon 1 he plo pad offic, Hii ele, that had he Process And, that's just a quick look at some of the changes over the years. Supine Chic DSS oricing Ba. Lar Esgcer ah hard spaceoffenworked ins hsaes rmos In 1960, Libey was transferred to Decatur to be Production Superintendent of the Chemical Division's manufacturing plant. Later tFiniMoenarrotIis vMarwas pCaoserlNo.w eAetdtelLeivsynwaars "vEavwraylkoingeoiens3 rwiolm asocmteoaneA wolddsoundn 0aelrn.a ssAomcen yryd he became the first Plant Manager at Cordova. After that, Libey was Coriows, Tiss. a SS pout Shin ck 830 wedbepers when Plant Manager of 3M's Antwerp plant. Now retired, he lives near Af iby LfChemo,bowas epoced sans by Rebeca i he ofc. Cordova, Illinois. Abin. Pc Enger botben id 198 and signed To arg Mii eur ht the Fl wobays were sided After Libey left Chemolite, he was replaced as manager by Rober~ hemGso A tiof Micalibecame aches toBaling 16. Te hyvas bl rhanr teshr beause Ahiness, a Project Engineer who had been hired in 1955 and assigned me egr om Cof 50: he spent ve yrs Minh rconnnded and Chie Bez n Factory Adminstian to the chemical Group. A native of Minneapolis, he earned a chemical Ee ih Pie Che Compo and rd Sidicoe a Fy1theless, The vac Boke engineering degree from the UofM in 1950, then spent five years in Nowy elon pig WM. ir apa 37d th a for he comsocinofBing, as a Process Engineer with Phillips Chemical Company and served in the Navy bcforc joining 3M. iwondceiEnocrMhaenpiist oplranhterCrhem9ic6a0l1Di1v96a6nwhHeen 0hmitnega1e 1d98r0s workexcl with Borchers 1 fot Ahlness was in charge of the pilc~t plant from 1960 to 1966 when en Jo onl STS whens wes spol Mamaactuiog sew plat vas ngmore ornate Porochiical he w:l~ made Engineering Mam~gcr fi~r the Chcmical Division. He NanfaorsenCon Reorss vison, (14 ana ork to 1905 akon copyin er chemo Ter held that job until 1973, when hc was appointed Manufacturing ieshe wtchong io ofan Dado 1078) pfx opin. cyl primes and moromers or dese, Manager for the new Chemical Rcsources Division, (3M's ManufacRe Abies became Decoof Momtocrng Tachlogy myer ln fo hs Fim Poet 3d smn projects sccoaied turing Manager title was changed to Manufacturing Director in 1974.) othe Diva oy hn cl Secaly hems Dion amd wid of the buics of the ple plan In 1986, Ahlness became Director of Manufacturing Technology 1G i Ap 1900. He pers 4 cml fim in Mendota T1576. Hirsch at Chote 00 othe boron in 1. Pa. for the Division (by then called Specialty Chemicals Division) and Highs. Nimes. a Duns Senders replace ha pt plan mages. retired in April 1990. He operates a consulting firm in Mendota Abi Sache a 3M inode doin he is cell thst was ToS: Pol. Hr vs sed fo raking extn cry pro Heights, Minnesota. Ta es HF ch sym. cen mor compact hy `nokd work cr, Ahh sets Ahlness's credits at 3M include designing the first cell that was i he smirk lon. eso Wied eigtnh Doctor Finnwibok shins quent. Soon, Bowbeesrwic,h- installed in Building 16 in 1962 and the first multi-cell system in- stalled in the semi-works plant. He also helped design the Decatur 131 plant, introduced computerized drafting to the Engineering Department and was in charge of Chemical Division Engineering during the design and construction of the plants at Cordova and Antwerp. Because Ahlness was finishing up other activities, he could not replace Libey for several months, so for that period the pilot plant was without a manager. Technician Supervisor Nick Moes was the number two man, but there was ~ery little to do, Hirsch said. "Everyone knew his jobs," he said. "And, when we got in a bind, we called Bill Lundquist." In 1966, Hirsch replaced Ahlness. As Pilot Plant Manager, Hirsch had a small office, but no secretary. When he or anyone needed a letter or memora,ndum typed, they walked across the street to the Factory Administration office to "wheedle" help. "There were no sidewalks and no grass, just loose sand everywhere at Chemolite," Hirsch recalled. "Every time I walked back from the factory office, I had sand burs sticking to my socks.'" It was so hot in the summer in the pilot plant office, Hirsch recalled, that he and the Process Engineer who shared space often worked shirtless in the afternoons. "Every once in a while someone would sound an alert. A secretary was walking over from Factory Administration to deliver some typed material. We all put our shirts back on so we'd be presentable when she came into the office." It was during Hirsch's tenure that the final two bays were added to Building 16. The fifth bay was built larger than the others because Hirsch recommended and Charlie Bentz in Factory Administration agreed to extend the last bay to the railroad tracks. The tracks blocked further expansion and set the stage for the construction of Building 70 in thc late 1980s. Building 16 did not work exclusively with fluorochemicals. In fact, the new plant was doing more non-fluorochemical than fluorochemical work. By the mid-1960s, work on copying paper chemistry for Ther-" mofax copiers, acrylate polymers and monomers for adhesives, polyester fihns for the Film Project and similar projects accounted for two-thirds of the business of the pilot plant. In 1976, Hirsch left Chemolite to go into the laboratory in St. Paul and Duanc Sanderson replaced him as pilot plant manager. In St. Paul, Hirsch was assigned to making existing factory processes more compact so they would Work faster, which increased production without additional equipment. Soon, however, he switch- 0 0 0 0 - - eeee-- 1 11336655..00007733 ne em me | rr emrres-------- 132 storia Comic icy rosinSeeC519. rn. ed to producing Chemical Safety Information Sheets (CSIS), forerun- Tay Bhs rn aD ed ners to the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDA) required by the ei pan federal government. EE Er, ppm ishaieeen 1 AP TER 13 Sanderson managed the pilot plant until 1984 when he was replaced Ce Bim By 0, Daon r3 lof by Glenn Damerell, By 1990, Damerell not only was in charge of io mac rs Ds OP Co Building 16, but also supervised a new Process Development Center, ax ! Building 70. The Center was conceived in the 1980s after it became clear that ing 16 a igSep pot ok Building 16 was becoming a product development plant and that prodsMedora Moose iret oq changes were required to regain the Division's responsibility for pro- ST o oe ie : an sLegs ee A Biitftieerrsswweet AcquAciqsuistitoinon cess development. The Process.Development Center, housed in a state-of-the-art facility, began operating in 1989. Timor creFre Dork Cont ks 03 rooknd 15 hCe ry che ai The Simons cell in the Process Development Center looks very much like cells did years ago, but it is only a distant cousin to earlier im rss eon ch Jno Keg Comey:befo me fr cells. A retired Division employee referring to that cell said, "We it ingson we ere haddoa efor, Diviion WP amefo an Boss 4xr cemort put things on it we never had done before." ms esi toe boing Joh dy, Bug 1 Dron We Despite the attention given Building 70 these days, Building 16 tte apens pm yer ena still is bustling. In 1990, it handled more (but different) projects than Suiing oBey oN Dob HW. Rahs Building 70. ui 15 Cremee_peargienmd wstotmatiss BL ORLNT on Building 15 at Chemolite--the original semi-works plant of 1952--is accn5hhoeew"mmiidcacaalfllpuprorooroddccuhtcetiimsooinniccbabaulliulilppddririoonnddggususcscattttiioCoCnnhheembmouliDoleidlliltitfneeingg((.BBuuTiihlldedirniegnsga4sr4.e, fiwveiother 55., 66., 77 aanndd El ee en | 25.) Building 17, which began as Chemolite's warehouse, now is 2a fiflimlm mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg ppllaaent.t. ve Bm hy rs ACD Ctr, | Eh Ey Fen owt | Building 41, built in the early 1970s, is SA&CD's Chemolite ofet f0i5c6c Sbuuiildningg,. HIit jisejloimnecdd too bthc pParonccce,esss DDeevvseilogpummeennst CCoemnteerr and i |||| | Dl pSie a e rwoheeKiepreogrcseiip.neaf olbt oasedB ti eNo,adbcnoSntashegavr yiNdl taeneehyv s,lemi3e rgimlmnadshep thc ersdThioarieo1apoga5i nrg3ar.d n8tersA sceteOiMpwlpkn,seti.E RaaptTiSraeeyppe,e tges aATeeTwesrinotsne !|| shares thc Center's front lobby. A jarring note sounded in 1957 when the Group purchased a division of M. W. Kellogg Company; the discord reverberated for years. Two retired 3Mers who were involved with the Jersey City Chemical Division--3M's name for its new business--still exhibited rancor more than thirty years later. By January 1950 major fluorinated elastomer research was being pursued only by three companies--3M, DuPont and M. W. Kellogg. siTsiohonen linantataeccrl,luuassttNeerrewooffbYbuuoiirllkddiiennngggssiininneJeJererirnssgeeyyfCiiCrtmiyty,,,oNNpeeerwwaJteeJdersrsaeeycy.h.IeItmt ppicrraooldduducciveeiddKKele-FITM-FtThMetrhmeormploapslatsiticcssuussiinngg aa fflluaoorroocchheemmiiccaall tteecchhnnoollooggyy KKeelllloogggg. 1 rhreeassdeeaaprruccrhhcahalalsssoeowdwafasrsobmebeiitnnhggeppufeurdrsseuuraeelddbgbyoyvePPreennnmnnsesynyltlv.vaaSnnoiiama eSSaalfltltuMMoaraonnacfuhaefacmctitucurar--i rtinriigcc,,CW Woemesstptiainnnggyhh, ooLuusisneedaean,nddGGeGenneencrearrlaalCl hEEellmeeccittcrraiiclc, iiFnnirttehhseetoUUnnnei,itteeSddprSSattgaatuteeess..ElIIemmc.-- perial Chemical Industries and several other firms were doing the same overseas. None was a major player in the game. DuP~mt was fir!! into the markel in 1943 with a thermoplastic resin sold under the Teflon trade name. The product gained rapid recogni-" tion and popularity with homemakers who could fry meat without adding oil or fat to a frying pan factory-coated with Teflon. lnduslrial applications included gaskets, diaphragms, seals, anti-friction bearings, armored hoses, high temperature electrical tapes and wire insulation as well as anti-sticking coatings. Kellogg's_product had been developed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where Kellogg designed and built a gigantic diffusion plant for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) dt~ring the war. Keliogg's management was impressed with the plastic pipes, valves, storage -- - 0 0 0 0 = I 1365.0074 1365.0074 Ieeeeeseemmeeeeeeeeen: sia us 135 134 tanks and other components made with the product which were used ~o handle and store corrosive chemicals in the AEC's gaseous diffu- ; x 08 Y ui aSdEERH)N9 ? ACEI TR An BE I J, \ 3 ry | gsiniobdnusptrryincbeeecscsa.uTsehoeofyfttchhopeurpldorodsdeuueccat'ssfueetxuscrpeeprtfioooranailtl ichnheethmmeiicpaaolsictnweaerrtnpeslsassatainecdds carb aRmireet thermal stability. At the war~s end, Kellogg obtained the rights to the fluorocarbon resin and bcgan to develop applications. In 1947, four years after the appearance of Teflon resin, Kellogg introduced KeI-F thermoplastic resin. KeI-F plastics and elastomers found customers in the chemical, electrical and electronic industries and in medicine and nt nk surgery. It was used as wire insulation and where mechanical strength, toughness, form stability, clarity and resistance to liquid oxygen and eed water wipor were required. (An identical product to the first KeI-F plastic was made and marketed by Union Carbide & Carbon's Bakelite Ie over Division in 1947 under the Fluorothene~~ brand name.) Kellogg's chemical division produced a number of products under thc KcI-F brand including plastic resins, dispersions, polymer oils, Sm nm waxes, greases and printing inks. It also manufactured acids sold as raw materials for other products. At first, the viscosity of KeI-F clastomcrs was so high that they wa ROS IR TRANG CL Yr CNN ME ERR PI EEE wcrc almost impossible to process, but years later after compound- ing modifications, they became more suitable for handling. Some uses were for O-rings, electrical connectors, tubing and hoses, especially those requiring resistance to liquid oxygen. Kel-F plastics tbund application in nose cones of thermal-seeking rockets and as t'OIIII~(HIelIlS I~)l" pr()ximity fuses in artillery shells, bnt Ih:ll business on Eh declined with the cnd of the Korean War. ffor a time in the mid-1950s 3M was. indirectly, Kellogg's largest customer because KcI-F thcr- Lu ~~plastic resin wa~ used hy a firm in Chicago Io make wide hell pal~cr Iraaspt~rts Ik~r 'l'hcrm~ffax copying machines. LL ee In thal cru, 3M also entered the specialty elastomer market with RE 1 VEN _ W 04 5 % 1 F4 (or lh~ly FI]A) rubber. Its primary use was Ibr aircraft ()-rings, but it w:~s also lurncd into printing press rollers and fuel line hoses. ee oma ener | A poor balance of acid, steam and heat resistance prevented 1 F4 from api: TheM1, . KelCompany's compebenb,c Opposile: The M. W. Kellogg Company's complex in the late n 1% NNR 0 g0 0 0 ET 1950s consisted of five buildings housing the firm's chemical operalions, plus others occupied by segmenls of the engineering division. The large Imildings housed the bulk polmerization operalions. --- a 1385.0075 1365.0075 S iienybro0cBa.nS cGeo,rbeotCfrsovh, esns3 KgOiRgChit ptpu ei Sedi,whoawssBAsesaonfgMaangterifhoenCoehstelmwifcearl achieving broad acceptance, but at least it was a beginning. (ore ro ht 930 via eho rk. chwt wsetc Co Bach,Dior In the early 1950s, Dr. George Crawford, then a Kellogg chemist ra onsen tncor ih ow ISTat Corn Reso, ad rn Haren, 3 Vie rsdn of (who retired from 3M in the late 1980s) was part of a task force worken erGre epee sah hw become AI) TR, Foc. Sen i. Dr. Dames had bi Dir of Cnr ing to invent a solvent-resistant elastomer with a low glass transition Ts homie Cop wo Montr achSoy ct 1951 wn YtPi HaySeger temperature (the temperature at which it would become brittle.) The work, funded by the Army Quartermaster Corps, was known at bRce oes By 50 or Ke Fos Sv. re Kellogg as the Arctic Rubber contract. By 1954, four KeI-F products 7eT5 e ghcea, sreAheFoaoeoAtTGe: D Rte schCO Reo woP s peiceA nh egtsr ins by Bcg h nln were being produced, some the result of the Arctic Rubber ~research. i In 1955, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base became a co-sponsor with IGN Core nda me Teer NES pa fo hr Soman 3 DuPont Ras wa Cuca ht the QM Corps and a new requirement--high temperature ervey mas add apo ar prchil nd evan Nr squre serviceability--was added. I Slr coat fined by th Al Fors f WrightFarin Glog, Dc, mos tha on handed teny fo of thr A similar contract funded by the Air Force at Wright-Patterson wa hd by Nbr 190940 953 To rhs 00 ern, wh dd he pc irc, sud ey ver ofc field was held by 3M between 1949 and 1955. That resulted in poly FRA db cone Rp nh Gvclopmat of SORDARS io Ht, 2, 30 eyFo teh Glcrely ug FBA and by coincidence helped in the development of Scotchgard nim rte i em more sme rain and stain repeller. To 56. wr st tt cm, Cro id ht Kgs Niven 1987 Kelog's chercl division, wih fs products. In 1983, writing about that era, Crawford said that Kellogg's ear a hd Se FAN (Taba ae WA) I pt od rang ls Jy Ci vis Fane research team tested 3M's FBA (fluorobutyl acrylate rubber), but hee wae ely Porth pr bt abr RLS wet 10 Ci 0h, 0 cre rer discarded it "since it wasn't really a fluorocarbon polymer, but rather metal me wih Tancrhon HE Al: 1 con tofctao. Kalo. hes was alain Ke phasic a conventional acrylic with fluorocarbon tails." He added: :"I can ht ve er ot I ork oh same come reds and haoftiss maeof ord igh pres recall that we regarded the 3M work with some contempt." hen: wn meroef s0c REIOEE pct tad 10 Teywid ace momans fe pips, cl het ad Then, a woman member of the Kellogg project used that acid to rea de, 0 x2e ae vp in hvee woe or2 0 3 we, in rs 0 make a persulfatc recipe, ran an experiment and came up with a waterSPlpinTyhnecasvep4asree. Cron sh. beck he T peprechiPsteof mevltl]enthweswofrOei ghcdtiosn white liquid. There was disappointment, Crawford said, because the expected milky latex was not there. Tm Cro ios "ec Grow ut bl modcp.Th a pr be S coud "Forttmately,'" Crawford wrote, "we didn't throw it out, but hit wat cont on cam EWA INT= oe +d th 3 aac of oe hoard Gos il with a salt-ackl coagulant and down came this big chunk of robber-Pd Ramet. But 3 posion wmsrpan the first Fluorel fluoroelastomer. Because of its composition, it was ea 0s 271 whch cine 190 ar 7 Tar, chm cine. beHisecareenr pie: referred to as 2/14, which became 2140 later t~n." rs dh wih Kegs BIA CEN) capo of el he s ai 195. mfr)0 . O-rings and scals made with Kcllogg's synthetic rubber were highly ame Epk f a odp or SotcFbottdo?eWyE l1y93 SSd ehiefoCmhSeCDm.cDarrys199e. (h50D19a%)kKexeamgs resislant to heat, gasoline, oil and other enemies that quickly destroy natural robber. That, and similar products were revolutionary in terms en itr ote ope em a, Lor lh lg pt of the chemical and thermal rcsislance prnpcrties fi~r materials with tomer rose eu by cman of Kology's gang din. Two clastomeric properties. bv a od. Dun ccd Vion cons Dogs Rov cand Dl pyran Sperm About that same time, DuPont introduced VitonTM elastomer nie Kot AnCo a Se 0d ng" reste es AOA va ores an which was similar to Kellogg's. An ensuing patent squabble ended ern Pen idet nt enh wo CO tng acy ou hg ed cron pl 33 eo when the Patent Office declared interference between the two comETootean sReeloiehepe.ne oe oor OH PE hs. tnd VePe enxces panies. A cross-licensing agreement made DuPont the patent holder, i om ge fs chemical dso vp fo le and HB TRY ret but granted Kellogg a license. Soon after that Kellogg put its chemical division up for sale and 137 3M bought it. Selden, who was Assistant Manager of the Chemical Group at the time, said he was unaware of the negotiations until after the contract was signed. 3M was represented by Carl Barnes, Director of Central Research, and Irwin Hansen, 3M's ~i.ce-President of Finance, Selden said. Dr. Barnes had been Di.re~:tor of Central Research Laboratory since 1954 when Vice-Presideht Harry Stephens, who was ill, retired. , Kellogg was represented in the negotiations by. Butch Hanford*, whom Selden described as a close friend of Barnes, a friendship dating from their employment at DuPont. Barnes .was convinced that Kellogg's process was practical and he wanted 3M to acquire Keliogg's patents', more than one hundred twenty five of them. Pearlson, who studied the patents later.on, said they were of little value. It was, he said, as if they had been deliberately "fudged" to make them more attractive. In March 1957, Kellogg's chemical division, with its products, patents and manufacturing facilities in Jersey City, was transferrd to 3M. Selden went to Jersey City to try, he said, to create "order out of chaos." Kellogg, he said, was manufacturing Kel-F plastic in "hundreds and hundrods of pipes made of ordinary high pressure steel. They would place monomers in the pipes, seal them and let them work for as long as two weeks, using kerosene and dry ice to keep the pipes cool." Pearlson's recollection was of a big sheet-iron structure where "'hundreds" of individual tubes were being used to polymerize monomers and catalysts. The same process, he said, could have bccn done in a drum with a capacity of one thousand gallons or n~ore. Bill Leder, a chemical engineer, began his career as a parttime employee of Kellogg's chemical division in 1954, transferred to 3M in 1957 and retired from SCD early in 1990. (SCD was renamed" Specialty Adhesives & Chemicals Division in March 1990.) Kellogg's complex, Leder said, consisted of five buildings, plus several others occupied by segments of Kellogg's engineering division. Two buildings housed so-called bulk polymerization operations--the "bomb" pressure cylinders. Another was the monomer manufacturing facility, the fourth a finishing and extruding plant and the of- *Dr. William E. (Butch) Hanford. Vice-President of Research and Chemical Manufacturing ~! Kellogg. wrote a hrief account of the development of KcI-F thcrrnoplatic resin in 1954. Some of Ihal infimnatitm has been used in this chapter. 0 0 0 0 | 11336655..00007766 Cow 138 i Toe 10 scr wh yy. 3 ory lgfre. inecom rice. The fifth ~tmcture was the laboratory, a two-slor~ building shared ih MW. Kellogg pho choral research bai FormaforSldn, bewa del card ine game, M's with M. W. Kellogg engineering',s chemical research facility. Lhd id nh poles actig bigs were sot ipecton cm cao tw bos in ovof the 4 digs Leder said the two polymer manufacturing buildings were about hee hare ft oo +d Pine ok we Ech coman et Sapinegt 0h Kloscheering bigs nto three hundred feet long and two hundred feet wide. Each contained Ties o os geass seventy fc on 3nd fou et dep, Timor as updand ed 1 wkd ll ck vr three or four huge tanks each seventy feet long and four feet deep. cpu. tach tkbl sos bef oe tl Srnh Sen a. In operation, each tank held one hundred or more steel cylinders each he Fe on ar to nie hes amr "kd i ys, or thre hdr iy hss della. Han three feet long and six to twelve inches in diameter. ee aid Keo design and boll 3 age plant for Sk fod red agrod 03 rade. 1 onthe anosad ci. Leder said Kellogg designed and built a large plant for bulk poymaiaion of KALE 1 he cory 1950 epics he sel wn. Kellogg 5c the bors. polymerization of KeI-F in the early 1950s to replace the steel noe wc, tht plat, sch dd ross ori. Wenging ye he rlaorsiy between ss Kellogg over "bombs." However, that plant, which included monomer manufacrig iron rd pron, proche rata prod, he set sven ears. Keloga' veren fn onl Hy turing, distillation and purification, produced unsatisfactory products. Ne perincin poo ree win he Bl pln, elo bss nS epor winen 1 1960 Bly Landrum, wh hod bn After experiencing poor results with the bulk plant, Kellogg began cvciong enue potas fom KLE. oneness sm {eter o Klos ete Rar Pres, Lands cpr vas developing emulsion polymers from KeI-F monomers and moras ncn ahle be we employes, Comma Rare Lavy co-monomers. ei coed is heldegree ince egiceing fom "Aconin0 LandrumKlosmaragenent recommenhde Leder earned his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Columbia Unversy in 1950. He worked on scone products pr. devour of an milion poymeraion paces a soicly Columbia University in 1950. He worked on silicone products proCicer Genera Bis partimWart New Yoh, cnsa ero Ke procs. sd me cess development at General Electric's plant in Waterford, New York, or oor year before ong 10 wank pre Kl + Pe oly Sie st Sct cp ree 1h 2 s wh te for four years before going to work part-time at Kellogg as a Procs Erne for Ka lacs. Dut hot pric, be avio 3 ey nok on htGeog Acco Croeiors I1 cess Engineer for KeI-F plastics. During that period, he obtained a er Gr in spi macs fo Rages eh eka mares fo KF 3140 vy esc deci. master's degree in applied rnathematics from Rutgers. Ie 957 be bere Pros Enns + Iino plant mt. Th day alowed DuPont tie ogicont of st 1 In 1957, he became a Process Engineer at 3M's lrvington plant in Newark, vier workeedn est. Then, 3 Chri be st Sih Tueimer marketby the ime 0 go mn Fabry in Newark, where he worked ten years. Then, at Chemolite he was Prac Ping Seer od 178 lore secs Gl 1955 Pron coumere that 3M 5 nt oe i ow arin. a Production Planning Supervisor until 1974 before he became Global Ping Manger, Forechemio, lor Chol Resouces Div. ele prado Foe 2140 199 55, ohiroe, hd Planning Manager, Fluorochemicals, for Chemical Resources DiviSon iS Fa Sine heh be saved thr pers ss Thnk] prado to put sion in St. Paul. Since then, he served three years as Technical RivagIeF Arty pla: fou yort Ps Fneng. hee were ieeecnsrinKellog pent whohd i Manager of 3 M's Antwerp plant, four years as Process Engineering Maras othe Chnwiud chal plat wd in var os rc candby 3M. jor mbtake, accor 0 Lair, Manager at Ihc Chcmolitc chemical plant and in various other Exception ve in 1 a, Fo 1h xix yc blot el ep spp 13 agemie poso y Jerey Ci. chemical production jobs in St. Paul. For the six years before he Fra Ler vas Terman Malauing Nosagr or SCD SI ofcommmatrooenS. Ft od Slowing Kellesw retired, Lcdcr was International Manufacturing Managcr for SCD date as Devon Marags ot Choma, Fi rn deter Peabon Bug LC. Rin, N's Gener. and later Business Dcvclt~pmcnt Manager for lhe Chemicals, Film md All Pts Gp. Mares in Jeney City. wa 200d nasser: However, Peason and Allicd ,Products Group. Duriisnfgtvio Jy.Cit.y,Seenhd a umnwit Hon aCdihtdiom. LWtabsnoractShoeocrstyei.ovlnosrLsTeaedec"rhpfenorrDAopLlarcm:aioDnr.sdiF1kaetsencOerpHgoaonomieec |i| During his first visit to Jersey City, Selden had a run-in with Hanford ons ec hl rey or shorty SR wre neg nfo,Parson ide, Lino, Jo Sen ai. Con fiml over the fact that no laboratory or laboratory equipment were Theothe merry of bigs ad materi "You dt buy bid nin capt conta Bich. listed on the inventory of buildings and materials. "You didn't buy ha ord si. Hecdteh 1 eld hve 0 py rc hon. By 1960 Bary formeKellogsenvio hd 3, That vas thai," Hanford said. He added that 3M would have to pay three hun0 0 Ty hdorr oh Fy nd pe, coe, non Peon 5b by hott he bt Rog dred and fifty thousand dollars more for that facility and its equipment. i Sic slp. The barry an Sune wre 0 reson Copioosk her owed 10S. Pl bot chs 1 eck oe i he. Selden gulped. The laboratory and equipment were not mentioned 139 in the (~lllrat;l. Fortunately for Selden, he was dealt new cards in the game. 3M's inspection team learned that two boilers in one of the 3M buildings were supplying heat to the Kellogg engineering buildings next door. Hanford was "'surprised and asked if 3M would sell back the boilers," Selden said. "I told him yes, for three hundred fifty thousand dollars," Hanford, red-faced, agreed to a trade, 3M got the laboratory and equipment, Kellogg got the boilers. Wrangling typified the relationship between 3M and Kellogg over the next several years. Kcllogg's version is in Crawford's history and a report written in 1960 by Billy Landrum, who had been the leader of Kellogg's Arctic Rubber Project. Landrum's report was written while he was employed in Central Research Laboratory. According to Landrum, Kellogg's management recommended the development of an emulsion polymerization process as absolutely essential to the success of Kel-F products. But, he added, "3M made only abortive attempts to attract the engineers and chemists who were already working on that development," According to Crawford, 3M lost the potential market for KeI-F 2140 by neglecting its development. That delay allowed DuPont time to gain control of almost all of the fluoroelastomer market by the time 3M got into it in February 1959. Pearlson countered that 3M did not have the raw materials needed to produce Fluorel 2140 in 1957 and, furthermore, had better products to pursue. There also were differences concerning Kellogg personnel who had bccn retained by 3M. Major mistakes, according to Landrum, included inept appointments to management positions in Jersey City, a lack of communications from St. Paul and allowing Kellogg's sales Ibrcc to deteriorate. Pearlson thought L, C. Rubin, 3M's GeneralManager in Jersey City, was a good manager. However, Pearlson admilted, 3M's choice fl~r Technic,'d Director, Dr. Francis J. Honn, who had bcen Section Leader for Applications in the Organic Chernistry Laboratory, was a "plodder." Landrum disliked everyone except Hanlbrd, Pearlson added. Landrum, Joe Selden said, "Contributed nothing except constant bitching." By 1960 igany former Kellogg employees had left 3M. That was caused, in part, Pearlson said, by the fact that the best Kellogg employees never moved to St. Paul, but chose to seek jobs in the 0 0 30 0 SS---- 1 11336655..00007777 rT141 | o E EECF wBAS t E dES A FL pi TE E EP O Sb m ere A E ripeimEEobIrdmeTT meT SE ser mTT rn E EC T SAip p e Ce R ppR oSE e noi neT RroTTT a BlsVa iS AgsIeL i y eE St m m f E tohsmBmr otBont pT a reU T geLmg am ai E o e LameSte W ogtl hrTob tL pImtlT ELm reSnr aCTrEA e eT riOt--ii An bore n onE ea--Tmns TI teET,oTo,d"dTSmNtsS t0Yeyye0|||||| v ||B R C|"MADa ne L[MEl Im g ep eM B ShTMA TP5oEee E erASsasLUiRSkr iIa R IyAk1Er n T eCoE hEpSlTS s e m oneLn eSs L Pae rSEEeI di LaC Ce aeto ene sSatrrS a y A lI aeersR,t coeo e E ro onl ce t litee l yothe te otarip hG cnt e enSKahan g erose tde nd ie rse,esoeettns ||||| i St. Paul; StanZaluda, whowent to the chemicalplant in Decatur. `builds chemical plants.Itisheadquartered inHouston, Texas. East. Leder's view was that "Kellogg's good men weren't sure that 3M was interested in pursuing fluoropolymers." Of sixty-fbur Kellogg people skilled in fluoropolymers less than half expressed interest in 3M. A major irritation to 3M personnel was that Kellogg personnel who came to St. Paul retained the salaries they had been earning in New Jersey. In many cases, those salaries were higher than those being paid in St. Paul. Jim Rogers told an anecdote that pointed up a major difference between Kellogg and 3M. Kellogg was known for its liberal expense account policy. So, when Carmen Gianotta, former Manager of Kellogg's Customer Service Laboratory, made a West Coast trip for 3M, he flew from Jersey City to Los Angeles, drove a rented car to Las Vegas and on to San Francisco, In two weeks, he visited a half-a-dozen accounts. Not long afterward, Barney Oakes met Rogers in the hallway and beckoned the Sales Manager into his office in Building 21. He showed Rogers the less-than-modest expense report filed by Gianotta. What should be done about it, Oakes asked, apparently having forgotten that Gianotta was not Rogers" employee. "Well," Rogers replied, "if he worked for me, l'd fire him." The Customer Service Laboratory for which Gianotta worked, was headed by Joe Kugler. Whether Oakes pursued the matter, Rogers never learned. In a summary to his report in 1960, Landrum wrote that "I do not think that aside from the decisions reached during the first days of Ihc acquisition of thc KeI-F business by 3M lhcre have been decisions which in themselves were catastrophic. There has been, rather, a continuing series of mistakes resulting largely from lack of understanding of the problems attendant in this type of business. The Kel-F business will never grow without intelligent leadership on the part of Management. This leadership cannot be supplied without understanding the products." A list that appears to have been attached to a memo on another subject written by Selden, by then Chemical Division Manager, to Cecil March, Group Vice-President, provided employee counts different from Landrum's. Selden indicated that of twenty-five men employed by 3M in the Jersey City laboratory, sixteen had resigned by Scptcmbcr 1960. Among those who stayed were C. Kronche in St. Paul: Stan Zaluda, who went to the chemical plant in Decatur, Alabama, and Dennis Deehan, who entered military service and then returned to 3M. Deehan was still with the company in field sales in 1990 and Zaluda also was with Industrial Chemical Products Division in St. Paul, Of the Kellogg sales force, Selden wrote, eight men had resigned, leaving only Francis M. Ruggles, who stayed with 3M until he retired. A list of engineers showed three active: R. F. Schaaf (who left in 1960). R. A. Sundback and William B. Leder. (Sundback of the Decatur plant as well as Leder retired early in 1990.) Those lists showed that twenty-seven of forty employees assigned to Jersey City left 3M within three years. Jim Rogers reco,unted an early incident involving a Kei-F elastomer customer. Tennessee Eastman, Kingsport, Tennessee, called Rogers to say that Tennessee Eastman was having a "major problem" with 3M's product, which was used as a binder for detonators produced for atomic bombs. A pickup truck transporting the detonators had blown up. Investigation revealed tiny shards of glass in the elastomer binder. Rogers got firsthand information at Kingsport, then flew to Jersey City where the elastomer was manufactured. "'A plant manager and I talked with every employee in the plant,'" Rogers said. "We finally talked to the man who solved the problem. He had set a Coca Cola bottle on the edge of the vat and it accidentally fell in. "I was awfully happy that man was honest with us.~' Rogers returned to Kingsport and reported his findings, 3M had, he fold the company, culled the suspect lot. "I walked out," Rogers said, "with a very large order." In 1990 Los Krogh said that "With the acquisition of the KeI-F and Fluorel product lines, we gained expertise with high-performance polymers.'" Without Kellogg, Bill Leder added, 3M would not be in the fluoroclastomcr business today. KcI-F plastics and Fluorel fluoroelastomers were two of the product lines acquired from Kellogg. Others were oils, waxes, greases and printing inks, which 3M sold for a time, then dropped due to poor sales. KeI-F thermoplastic polymers and copolymers still are marketed by 3M. Today, Kellogg is a large engineeringcompany which designs and builds chemical plants. It is headquartered in Houston, Texas. 0 0 0 0 O0 I J 1365.0078 cuarTrEER16 AA RReemmaarrkkaabbllee TTuurrnn AArroouunndd OOnnee ddaayy iinn 11997733.. KKrroogghh., VViiccee--PPrreessiiddeenntt oofftthhee nneeww Commercial Commercial Sl ae Chemical Division, checked over the sales figures for Fluorel Sn En EE elastomer,~. They were not very good, not for a product that had been prrhet Rasta iiel in 3M's sales book for years. That rankled Krogh. It also rankled Te1,13 e ret pT e pont, a mutual cross-licensing agreement was signed to allow each A TE Et company to continue manufacturing its own products,) eT Fe Cae DirKreerccottgoohrr BdBiiilslllcuPPseestteeedrrssteehnneaanpnrddobTleeTmecchhnaaiinccdaallhDisiDriiernectcettonorrtioDnosnDonwLitahZLaZeMerrttaee.r,ke"tWi*n*Wgee. A should get into this market or quit it altogether," Krogh told them. Petersen and LaZerte wanted to stay in con- Ee tention. To do the job, all three agreed, a WY or. fluoroelastomer laboratory would have to olf Foi Se be established. Dr. William Isaacson, a chemical engineer, was brought in from the 14 Connerrcs Toso ad = Central Research ({phiulott ppllaagnet)) Jtoo Pma raonceasgseSTethecehnolalboogonyriatPoo1lrnayn};.t Isaacson hired a research team, men like RIS Dr. Arthur West and Dr. Allan Worm, who man began developing new and improved pro- ER a etrs ducts one after another. him that DuPont dominated the fluoroelastomer seals and O-ring market with a share of more than ninety-five percent. And, 3M did notK`KSerrovogeeghhnwwhaaassvtem thheemfofirsrststk toomm ff ahtnhfa aegfreern omofiafCiCa nCgiCnDDg,g,tfhtihvee ees.eslellrliinngg arm arm ofthe of the former former Chemical Division. Since assuming that position, he had reviewed BERASBRISIATE BL Ramen any CP Tis the history of Fluorel elastomers. 3M made its new product introduc- tion in 1959, but DuPont was in the market first with its VitonTM fluoroelastomer. 3M followed with a series of improved KeI-F elastomers, but the line limped through the 1960s. DuPont also im- PprOovNeEd its fporoodtuecrtss wanedd rSetoainnedd Situs smtpralnignleihdold oona thhee smairkset. 3M's stagnation continued into the 1970s despite the introduction in 1968 of FC-2160, lhe first truly low compression set fluoroelasto- I ommun ti, Son Back ad ohh te ag in the boron, actors: met ever made. Another 3M elastomer, FC-2170, intnxluced in 1971, Teonr rem DPS a rs, Thean ey ie 97, D0 was the first ever to incorporate a cure system. Despite those advan- ugh va cog Keogh deg. 3 iter mst Potgept colscapes tages, neither created much of a stir with processors and molders. a Enough was enough, Krogh thought. 3M fluoroelastomers must mbmeeennmtt abbdyye JJpaarccokkfitWWahbihletitccooormmbthb,e, yGGrwrooouuuppld VVdiicicseea--pPPrpreeesasirid.deenFntu,t,rthccooesrnmttiinonuureee,dd a10cocmi- to cir- culate in Krogh's mind. 3M had just resolved a patent dispute with SrThTame nity So DDuuPobnt coviesr fTlpusohrosehlaasitoommserrss 1in iwhoicsh SDuupPoonet ohadd aagprreeendt tfoo pfaoyf 3M a royalty. "lf DuPonl was willing to do that, we must have a i BC Tre viofelrcs wer Hyd beh 0 amd DU. EE vein ad van rprooddusct tthaart'ss 2as ggooeodd as stheeiri'ss," W Wihkiitcoommohb hbaudd ssauidd,. (tIon 11997733,, because a large number of patents were filed by both 3M and Du- Krogh also strengthened Process Les Krogh Development and Technical Services by ad- diinngg e mmaannppn oowweerr.. HHee aauutthhoorriizzeer dd hhie irriinngg offiiavveeapnneouwwressdaalleeb ss ppeeb ooppllee,, stipulating that they be rubber chemists, and approved a hetty in- `wcwereerraeesseseetitnuuptpheiinnbBuBoodssgttoeontn,,foCCriinnfccliuinnonnraoatetiil,,aCsCthhoiimccaaeggrooa,,dDDvaelarlltlaiasssinaagnn.dd SLLaoolsessAAonnfggfeielcleeesss in 1974. Technical Service laboratories were established in Japan and Belgium to serve 3M customers overseas. Four new Fluorel flo`Io)DumuPPeoolnnattstoIfbmouueggrhhstt wbbeaacrckek..inEEtraaoccdhhuctteiimdm.ee 3IMM mmaaddee an an improvement improvement in in FC-2174, 3M's O-ring grade elastomer, DuPont improved its pro- duct. 3M responded with improvements of its own. DuPont did the same. Back and Ibrth the battle raged in the laboratories, factories and sales territories. Then the war ended quickly. In late 1974, Du-" Pont gave up; it couldn't leapfrog anymore. 3M's fluoroelastomer sales curvc continued climbing. hCoustomersdbnecnehfioterdigoreratyly beecacuste FnC-2174 warsdlsigh4t ye{arvs eahneadd of O-ring grade elastomers produced by anyone anywhere five years ba`ancnfooopprpepo.orTrttuhuneniitdtyyevffeoolrrop33mMMctntootcocllefeaaFrrCllyy-2ee1ss7ttaa2bb,lli7iss3hh, aa75ffl,luu7co~8rrooaccnhhdeemm7i9iccapallreliseeeaanddeteerr-d- shiA`pAnnriionnlssepp. iirreedd mmaarrkkeettiinnggaaccttiioonn pprrooggrraammtitippppeedd tthhee bbaallaannccee in in M's. 3M's favor. The idea came from Paul Novotny of Advertising and was 0 0 0 0 Jsesaare 1365.0079 r o oDo t n_ ttri s eBIO.o phhposreidg iT lcndca1hSsbe CnoofrFr21sc8 developed by him and Dennis Deehan of Marketing in the fall of 1975. JE et Sy py They began by making a list of names of molding companies 3M enn depp aldWRIA "bey io yer wk dL arty wanted as customers. In the program, called "We're Blowing Our CC STIS, sey oir Thy ok fre of Br pont Own Horn," a series of mail advertising messages were sent to the aed Ine,MAUR SOSIRITNS Sovsanei sm wie o meno: targeted firms, In them, 3M offered to give each company" enough oe Maite co naBy dso ni tor Fluorel elastomer for a trial if they would conduct the trial on their elTe tnt LIS Cen to it rs es hr production line. The only other requirement was that 3M must have ShalAeR s Iee SIT technical representatives at the trial to assure a successful evalua- a it ci Ep p-- tion. The mailings included the advantages and benefits of using 3M's ST EE] ci ii res elastomer as well as explaining the offer. Apothecary jars filled with anor i candy were sent with the first mailing. The jars were identified with kd sh i mais PORT Cio the Fluorel elastomer logo as was each piece of candy. Additional eo Ami Ferme ho on eB on dont se candy as refills for the jars was included with subsequent mailings. I Be ie pi 7 Rew eli Son nS The theme was based on the practice of American frontiersmen who Ee Fe Tibr FLUOREL A sounded hunting horns to alert others in their party when they ima ti RL ec discovered something new. "You'll Blow the Horn for FLUOREL" ata kobe pat le oe ee he and "You've been hunting for the finest fluoroelastomer" and similar nro a ih Vs i Ves me slogans were in each mailing. Molders who accepted 3M's challenge Eo on TRB et were given four pewter hunting horn mugs and enough of 3M's in Sh a ea et twenty-dollar-a-pound product to conduct their own trial runs. frrs nd mln MOSES temo So ap chm ro ooffTtthhheee pttaarrroggmeettoeetddionpprroowccaeesssssaoorrrssesaaonnuddndmmionolglddeserurssccaaessskskeeadds tnoinbeetyi-nftivreodpuecrecdentot to be introduced to be i ens Sr 0: Fluorel fluoroelastomers. But, as often is the case, orders did not ebony. Sis Kanaan or Ligh ae ATFF sd rma pour in overnight. The story of how one major O-ring manufacturer ets a en went from buyng nearly all of its raw material from DuPont to buy- ein NES i tons rnc ts Tv ing ahnost eclusively from 3M is one of the ma.ior success storie,~ STEED tS grr Comte PS Ss ce of the campaign. eo Va amar any Le As CC t arma Mike Harnetty was Regional Sales Manager for Chemical Divi- a aC Ne vas tors. tn 57 Ha sion industrial chemical products and Vince Lopez was a new Sales oon iy Ser al TEE mot ct Representative when the opportunity arose in the Cincinnati 3M Sales ca Roy DUP S01 Soh eo Dt oan Center. It was set up by the "We're Blowing Our Own Horn" offer Ty Cor So Fors, Re te Ss so nt Sen that was received by thc firm located in Kentucky. Despite an in- En a ee eo nd. Fhe chr terest in Fluorel elastomcr expressed to 3M's Sales Representative, yo hr gc art Oe 9 Hr es an Do the firm did not accept the offer. Then, the day before Christmas 1974 during business hours Harnet- I at fs TcmrTarpout "Sitvaokd det is | ty's phone rang in the Cincinnati office. The company's purchasing a SR AA Se rr agent said his company would place a maior order for Fluorel i ee Frat elastomer if 3M could deliver before the end of the year. Harnetty said 145 Representative located and collected enough boxes of FC-2174 to fill the order by borrowing from other 3M Sales Centers and cleaning out the factory inventory at Decatur, Alabama. On the day before the new year would dawn, Lopezand Harnetty were ready to deliver. They loaded dozens of boxes of their product into a rented moving van and set off on the seventy-mile trip to northeastern Kentucky. By day's end the load was in the customer's receiving department and the two jubilant 3Mers were headed home to celebrate New Year's Eve. "That swung the balance," Harnetty said, "with the help of something DuPont must have done. Maybe, they missed a delivery. I think we also amazed the account by doing what they asked us to do. Whatever the reason, we got all of their business after that.'" Mike Harnetty became General Manager of ICPD when it was established in 1986 and has been Division Vice-President since 1987. He attended Ohio State University, M Miikkee HHaarrnneettyy gginrrtaoedgnuutaatuteepddoniinn b11e99c66o77mwwinitghi3aabbavt caehctehelh reoirlno'asrr'sidaedngergaerneede. in agricultural chemistry. He sold agricultural chemicals for Monsanto Chemical Company for two years, then joined 3M in 1969 as a Sales Representative for Light WaterTM AFFF and FiuorinertTM fluids in Cbicago. By 1971 he was selling Scotchban size in seventeen states. Two years later, Bill Skown, National Sales Manager for industrial chcnaicals, reassigned Harnctty to Los Angeles as CCD's West Coast Sales Manager and the following year to Cincinnati. In 1977 Har.netty. was transferred to St. Paul to be CCD's International Marketing Manager. Skown took a new job with the Division in 1980 and Harnetty replaced him as National Sales Manager for industrial chemical products, l~rom 1983 until he returned to St. Paul to take charge of his new Division in 1986, Harnetty was Managing Director of 3M's subsidiary in Venezuela, Skown was another chemical old timer. He started in 1947 as a Junior Chemist in the Special Products Division and retired thirty-eight 3M could and called in Lopez. In the next seven days, the Sales years later in 1985. He was reared in Lead, South Dakota, and in 1947 _--- 0 0 0 0 O0 I I 0 1265.0080 1365.0080 we ew 146 a Sov cDilonsoi ofacmred ndsg iRn hrcCll oFgcmedrinconotme bnyd greytsGfro rsdRApLrolpecl reocws.er0 uspslcotiopn ercon obtained a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from EM ME SHA, Son rom fSves mis.Tewit onc the South Dakota School of Mines in Rapid City, He had enrolled there in 1941, but left to go into the Navy in 1943 and did not return i oi ic esd rd ys cote by cry Sch Sh until 1946. Tn 1951 he came Pcs Enger i Chem ad en on ne of okbpd re Krodgeh Ge In 1951 he became a Process Engineer at Chemolite and between 188Bo5 p Ls ary Sowa) ions Sh hncontd re shoaf r fac 1953-56 was in the Polymer Development Laboratory. Skown turned cing iIroConm son 1950 Revi io ny yen. Tht sion 4 frm he dt to marketing in the lrvington Chemical Division in 1956. Reorganizain 190 fod i kn he i rt gone pee DS from rain hose ss ges 197 tion in 1959 found him in sales in Chicago and his first exposure A achamc. Afar ars He Cot Ss gr Speci mil marks re ean ll. The to fluorochemicals. After seven years as West Coast Sales Manager Ee Ror wk enc von Pod 1971 mabe cinerea Cope ab in Los Angeles, he was transferred to St. Paul in 1971 as a Market MutrnMaigcog DicBi Pec, Ehsrs eee of he sonoma Hove, hor ty Manager under Marketing Director Bill Petersen. Eight years as NaoS ra or sar hemicrepefom poet rows 3 offet Hen ein 36 ough tional Sales Manager for industrial chemicals covered the years from 98 wn te reir n 68beck be ok 970 i he ay 58, 0p comput ce 1973 until 1981 when he returned to marketing. In 1982, he became Does Delo Hamp birrg Cots oh re oc sn. The faeen ere Business Development Manager before ending his career in that job presi Competes rd Duong wa sop, Ine in June 1985. ne rt fhe Flo stamp lo rerio, he epcoitnoorol.cooapodecaisnoo emsesne Sissoerremuhrhaed,oevxe As part of the Fluorel elastomers product line rejuvenation, the TTSee depute os Fan0g on oR cos re ron ele ge Technical Service department had been turned into a marketing tool. rien kt Tei Seep vt One requirement was that Technical Service personnel visit all maary rnc St jor customers quarterly to discuss customer requirements, needs, apKieren 5 00 1 a3 10 nh ep plications, processes and so on in addition to handling regular Frtemsnioolgs. ot eto a TecheServepape problem-solving calls. That not only made Technical Service people Tt ied he devo of ei et wih visible, but allowed the development of technical relationships with ld, Forbes Ee chan he cons0 molders. Furthermore, it gave 3M's technicians the opportunity to or how 04 vd nd comp wert Pero 3 learn how 3M products and compotlnds were l~crformi~g in product ion, ios Somes pc wr ed in 176 ad 1977 In More clastomcr products were introduced in 1976 and 1977, In ITN oar FC or aoc 1978 3M w~n approval ~t' Fluorcl clastomcrs for use in manufacluri hgh ei Fs eyad Fr, Ws sd ing high output flares Ibr the Navy and Air Force. 3M also introduced abthe tc mb. Letom1 om a product to the pyrotechnics industry, a fluoroelastomer in strip form DET Be prepa of ise tons that facilitated lhc preparation of solvent solutions. Mos pres wie rd the 9782p. n 198 More products were introduced in the 1979-82 years. In 1980 the Far) Psion eas fun CCD 1d CRD ver vated Fluorcl fluoroelastomer teams from CCD and CRD were awarded uly Award oe unig pgm ach ih 3M's Quality Award for outstanding program achievement with the rod me Pore tamer 2151 wen 4 1 100Award fm product line, Fluorcl clastomer 2182 won an IR 100 Award from Indi! ReisndDerymren moan ao of he rc htdustria! Research and Development magazine as one of the one ir ne pdt dvd 0 Unie Se 8 1981 hundred unique products developed in the United States in 1981. ! dom a sbiof Re sic 0a mde A modern major application for KeI-F plastic is to make moldings and gaskets for solid propellant rockets, an application developed by Aerojet General. KeI-F plastics also were used to produce "windows" for the noses of Sidewinder missiles. The windows allow the missiles to read infrared rays emitted by enemy aircraft engines. The bottom line of all that happened since Krogh made his deci- sion is that 3M has controlled a major share of the fluoroelastomer market for many years. That situation is a far cry from the dismal picture he got from reading those sales figures in 1973. Specialty chemical markets are relatively small, The fluoroelastomer market, for example, comprises only about one-half of one percent of the total elastomer market. However, that tiny percentage grew ,at a rate of ten to fifteen percent a year through the late 1970s into the early 1980s, so new companies became interested and entered the business fray. Those firms have become fierce competitors and DuPont still is strong with its Viton product. In the late 1970s, Italian and Japanese companies entered the overseas market, so global competition has been active for more than a decade. A passing note: fluoroelastomers are strategic materials, so exports to some countries are prohibited by the federal government. 0 0 0 0 :O0 | 11336655..00008811 cTHedA'ss-- pe cToImhpeeetesLrno.fnniggArriWWdaaaiecitm>totrcodnogans,an ||| eoN R T ia5uvtiriremdeae9MnctspFht0e.osub er5rrncPh8dThATacehi iarhmtwheiiriye cfoeosesmceaowliiqrmwtse1enlsu)b5eriih4ynePd0carrcs.e r mpGopbvefeaoTeWoonesrersudmon perseWa np,ccrtntfupahrac tfointrtdgheeeoos pcbil,wf2rng rdanrscisom ynroo osphnentawbacaoicliyhnt le.pdoslyo ddsuntinnnt:tSdtrohh,rowpofweo3dtin egytmAianeuw0ortelrh.ey1yee Today's super-computers run faster and are more compact than computers built in the mid-1980s. And, you can bet that even to- ST os hae fll rns | CS ae ren day's wonders will be obsoleted by faster, smaller versions before 8 ontofhe chTwiFniar nCeoras: ef he compoorre a t ai schh sss tnoelioo dg.dri. che id the dawn of the Twenty-First Century. The quest for speed is understandable; the faster the computer, rorvos inp Compo erbemerohe "RE SSIASIS fo ie in, Uit the more work it can produce. Compactness is a factor because reducregi ors ago re USO, | ss ewe 0H Gd Se ing circuit lengths reduces signal travel time and speeds up the comCont.cohof omc mie mA CRAVE | SELLL DT Vo See poo puter. Consequently, each of the thousands of wires in a CRAY-2 Compt fo amie hen coprc ghar cen ESA ere computer, for example, has been cut to z precise length andcircuits | cs magi co are packed close together. Compact configurations create problems, oes ta ey ro cmoset is Compa | SBHETE0 deersd coofo smitre vi however, because they result in enormous heat buildups. Compact Ct doe nrg pro | Cm - computers also have obsoleted standard cooling systems--plates coolpe fs ey Sry he 1or e errt oslomatiapatone ed with refrigeration lines--because they simply take up too much = | go a splice. Coys ma pote vp seled ction Vi Taste sng eso Cray's solution to that problent was a sealed cabinet with all comoer mri nt Porn cron Tao. Fle | SE AL Tt Stig Bere nt ponents immersed in 3M FluorinertTM electronic liquid. Fluorinert om cin, om tac | JTeee scl a liquid not only is an excellent coolant, but because it is inert it canme El oss or | Poke pcrew coley not react with--harm or be harmed by--other materials. It will not Cee anbxcoed (of Ee od us ow {os fr coldpatsod cir conduct electricity, can be cooled (or boiled) and has low surface ri. bm sy hte yp coy gecocran | o LCR SR tension. It flows readily through every tiny space, cooling every circuit TR wks en ee pnt | on module and logic device, every wire and contact. It is easy to hanS pu da oe Pomwm abeet co hreesr 5.sofmoa rse | we" dle; it can be pumped under low pressure into the housing of the 3 sui | compulcr directly from a heat exchanger. It is, in short, a solution Sr en a Pie wn was por moi ci. i 5501, to a major problem. Noone draming abo coling compuers fn Ns | CLSSRDn 0ee Sl No one was dreaming about cooling computers in 3M's Foro Divo iy yor a ROHR GE | Rance yl Toe Samii + sls oe Fluorochemical Division thirty years ago. Researchers and marketing ! pene t epiverny yg1 dpe | ZA LeMo Suit emiaon Jor ot men responsible for inert liquids were busy trying to find prospects 14~) for inerts. And, equally important, find someone willing to pay the high price 3M had to ask for them. Inert perfluorocarbon compounds as 3M produc.ts date from the late 1940s. They were among the first 3M fluorocarbons produced in the Fluorochemical Project laboratory and pilot plant, but the initial enthusiasm for them evaporated after it was learned that they were too expensive to be sold as coolants for refrigeration units. After that, the Project concentrated on pursuing the technology of reactive fluorochemical acids. When that goal was reached in the early 1950s, inert liquids were all but forgotten, lnerts, incidentally, is a 3M word coined in the 1940s to describe perfluorinated liquids that do not react with other substances or materials. Because fluorochemical fluids cannot harm anything and will not conduct electricity, they can be used for immersion testing. And, because they can be heated and vaporized, inerts are extremely useful for heat transfers such as in reflow soldering, a technique used in manufacturing electronic assemblies. But, in the 1940s, inerts were a product before their time. Until Sputnik flew overhead in 1957, until the United States space exploration program, and until the military electronics market began to develop in the 1960s, inerts did not have a need to fill. After space requirements forced designers and engineers to miniaturize vehicles, componets and their cooling syst.ems, inert~ stepped out of the wings and into the limelight. The biggest obstacle to convening from a fan to an inert as a coolant in ~n electronic device, for example, was the fact that the device had to be redesigned for use with fluids. That made selling inerts a long process. The benefit that salesmen could point out was that the new device c~uld be m:~de smaller than its predecessor. Mechanical cooling devices like fans, cold plates and refrigeration units still compete withinerts, but not in space applications. One of the first uscs~if not the first--was a RADAR trausformcr designed and built by Raytheon. Price as usual was a major mountain to climb. In the late 1950s, Jack Sargent, a Chemical Engineer in technical service, and Sales Representative Lyle Hals conducted a seminar on inerts at Westinghouse. Interest in the 3M product presentation was peaking 0 0 0 &0 O0 | 11336655..00008822 Fenemo e rnc m he pi Tin ee e mows s form-- s h en. tA 10 when someone interrupted to ask the price. Hals recited the figure bm ie EEET rar 4 1 and the room erupted with hysterical laughter punctuated by remarks ty ietie Lo cnt Is pn 7 Ce like "You guys got to be crazy!" and "You must be kidding!" Hals Sel abe boonionter MTS iota matic tof lig ion wasn't surprised. In the five years he had been selling 3M specialty mel Tr Eebe bo Ft cri chemical products he had generated similar reactions almost every time he quoted a price. CQ.oen&\| 5.. ~" ~gS PAhRLTA: Ee ,Y[2Ev0de0lcorTas,Vl PSa s E e e Eneeae aem atmta hig y Nosnwipedoa e fCiepnoss ameetbhi nomiytb,sthoc,DJUvFAFSnJroedye,SoBwfcreevernasitscsoeo (;hen lcal l lWa' hundred-thousand-kilowatt transformers each cooled with about one hundred gallons of inert liquid. Decades later, in the late 1980s, two Japanese firms built giant electrical transformers that used 3M in- errs instead of oil as the coolant. In that application, inert liquids made it possible to install the generators on roofs of buildings without the risk of fire. Hundreds of gallons of inert fluids filled the cavities in the monster pieces of equipment. Sargent was a chemical engineer from the University of Illinois, who joined the Fluorochemical Project in 1950. Five years later he was in the Fluorochemical Division, first as Supervisor of the Electrochemical Fluorination laboratory, later in Technical Service. in 1962 he was assigned to market inert liquids, KcI-F polymers and some other products in the Chemical Division. Manager Roy Mordaunt was developing a marketing staff in his Commercial Development Department and Sargent was the third to join the ranks. The first, Ray Brown, who handled Scotchgard repeller, was a chemist who had been a Sales Rep- Jack Sargent resentative for 3M in Ohio. The second was Dave Shryer, a chemical engineer who also had a 3M sales background. A year or two after- pQAieNnrgoippeeecrreiwhNpil resbreed A3 "nk of e Sa Arte eds ce p, Src hicnsieenhdend Operating a tape recorder while it was submerged in a tank of en, aay: Nes pn im ts Con. 1 3M inert liqnid was a feature at trade shows in the early 1960s. ler sn oeFm MS A ie: re red 3Mers (left to right) are I,ou Cove, Technical Service; Bill Skown, Le cn a mo om SE, atta me ge ot mt Los Angeles Area Manager; Jim Rogers, National Sales Manager, mart ne ospoe GROG CT li ah ol rit bE) and Edward T. White, Los Angeles Sales Representative. Cove FE a non on Ys and White were still wilh the Industrial Chemical Products Divimeso apte i SEmn pny sion ill 1990. t Te Sos pe : re p n e Solherl wondo der The Sargcnt-Hals prcsentation must have had a positive cffcct, Smt oct vend however. Several years later Westinghouse built two prototype one- ward Don Norton came into the Marketing Department. Shryer was responsible for KeI-F and Fluorel flnoroclaslomcrs, Norlon for urclhane and several other products. Marketing was a blanket covering everything ncccs,sary to find customcr.s, gel a product sold and keep end-users happy. Besides market planning and development, Sargent and the others handled market research, merchandising and provided technical service when necessary. '~We also gave technical seminars to customers, trade associations and technical societies," Sargent recalled. The space age directed 3M away from large power equipment as the marketing staff learned that fluids could bc important in high reliability aerospace and military electronic equipment. 3M's liquid enabled airb~-rne radar transmitters and other airborne equipment to be made smaller and lighter in weight, lnerts also extended the period of use of equipment and improved performance by lowering operating i& --- 0 0 0 0 J O0 1365.00 1365.0083 E o pret,UbTgm ftof rmm ctca_ hsinnri Obidodiyto tic,2 oWhnen:Opt vas eTch,e temperatures. A long list of electronic countermeasure and radar nomUS,Serta th dpodm Peri TR rw sae tis systems in our U.S. Government arsenal still depend on Fluorinert i Eo SE a rs oe ts is re liquids for cooling. Even today they are specified by name in several Tumiws ie as AL ks Sp,Snshe or: 100 military standards because no other products can fill the bill. rs es catego: Shas Poss Dever Another application for inert fluids is in electronic test baths where the fluid is in direct contact with sensitive materials. 3M fluids also ada Ll dat dhtes, metso Lota: ag eCodr o 11Ay Cloteloat are used to test thermal shock, hermetic seals, burn-ins, electrical Be i he payby Sree 1 Sn Ihete tdwt aio Son es performance and other tests for reliability of electronic components. Even in non-sensitive testing, inerts save money by saving time Ey Em AdoXY dm TinnbtBbt5B08rSodg, Cono'ts maknngserhbeat 3aibre Boke because they leave no residue to be cleaned up. ts St te uh ce wie pcs, whensaocrr,o Srkta NeAPmul nebHtonrr3 a As was the case with other 3M products, when inerts were new TI TR, Oi be as gn Ou Sane. Bd in industry, some customers did not understand them. In the 1960s, eg Sas te hoes pie oe eo lo ot mae wp Tov have a customer in Milwaukee telephoned St. Paul. Someone had to be Ee is en pn bots in the firm's office the next day to discuss the failure of a guidance system the firm had built for a Titan II missile. The guidance system, i hT k my od HMarsle Thio r0cria pLon iyt hCrelrg nd cog ws cooled with an inert liquid, had malfunctioned in flight and the missile had to be destroyed. The company engineers were certain that 3M's a Prieta ipitntomrma product was the culprit. TELTE ISIE 1eternal, mn SR PIN Sint ks Because Fran Ruggles, the Sales Representative, was not available, rneors MShoiaaSisMHetessSoSecsaTohAaTae Sargent found himself facing forty concerned people in a conference cocina le room. He deflected criticism as best he could until the meeting was eva dec nd adjourned, then in a private meeting reminded 3M's engineering conEe ito oo he co tact in the firm about a serious discussion they had had months before. It was not FC-75, Sargent reminded him, but an air bubble in the a et octstote sot o sovaoad fluid that was at Ihult. The bubble had deflected the laser beam designRIAL terete vererstie Sepa Sos Bon ed Io shine through the fluid. "Fran and I had stressed that many times when we were making pfe eSRepnt aS d AT C AE TI EIS NEcpee nTone whghhee+ cnhe.pFusaooe the sale,'' Sargent said. "All bubbles had to be purged from the fluid jority a SR TE in the system. The engineer didn't take that seriously until the guidance ing he cats dy of Shp cs, Sdn onde syslcm failed." Sometime during the early days of Scotchgard repeller, Selden it an woh oSoinme.. 0Socrhelro0. gTenSpobcniig3 recalled, yields of that product from the cells amounted to only about ey mic Fanon emo, Mikio cd sn ol pment Care fifteen percent. The remaining eighly-five percent were inerts for mie ro so ers me oe ho oping3 mo pore ode which Ihere was hardly any market. Rather than throw them away, thywre sd iiy poldor dA BY a Ct ay a hr an they were sealed in fifty-five gallon drums and stored outdoors at i yoy HHTa C pay b Wnt cn ond Chcmolite. Eventually, the stockpile totaled one hundred eight drums containing ncarly six thousand gallons. Year after year went by before 153 incrts found their market niche. When that point was reached, ~he Division sold its stockpile at a handsome I~rofit. By the time 1970 rolled around, Lockheed, LTV and other big defense contractors in the military electronics business were 3M customers. As the market expanded, Sargent asked for help. Lou Cove, a chemical engineer who was a Process Development Supervisor in the Laboratory, was provided on an as-needed basis, but Sargent kept insisting he needed Cove fulltime. As for Cove, he learned that he liked marketing and was agreeable to Sargent's suggestion, but Bob Burford, Cove's manager, balked at a transfer. Then, in 1964, Sargent got a break. Or, to be concise, he broke an ankle while traveling on business to Newark, New Jersey. After a week in a Newark hospital and a day in Miller hospital in St. Paul, Sargent recuperated at home while Cove filled in for him at 3M. One day he received a telephone call. "Okay Sargent," Burford's voice came over the line, "you've made your point. You can have Cove fulltime.'" Cove sometimes refers to the time Sargent broke his ankle as "the turning point in my career." The third major use for inert fluids after cooling and testing was developed in the mid-1970s with the help of Western Electric. That firm was experiencing problem~ assembling back panels for large electrical equipment which required soldering. Hand soldering was not cost effective, so bits of solder were laid on each connection point and the panels were inserted into "ovens" where hot air made the solder flow. Then at room temperature the solder hardened and sealed the circuit. Hot air is difficult to control and often lhe device got so hot it warped and became useless. Western Electric gave DuPont a crack at solving the problem, but DuPont's fluid was not quite inert. And, it was expensive. Then 3M was given a chance. 3M's solution was to vaporize a Fluorinert fluid and immerse the panel in the heated vapor which melted the solder. Exposing the device to air, cooled and hardened the solder again. Western Electric was charmed. So charmed, it began publicizing its system, which, of course, helped 3M. An engineer in Massachusetts got excited about building equipment and became the .driving force behind developing a market for vapor phase solderrag. Today, Cove says, vapor phase soldering equipment, much of it made by the HTC company in Massachusetts, can be found in shops 0 0 0 0 *O0 oo | 1265.008 1365.0084 a Fo O _ me o m-- e all over the world. The simple device uses a conveyor to transport Soa Yes CE En pein the circuit board or any object to be soldered into a chamber where the fluid is vaporized by electric heaters. The circuit board is conveyed quirements are growing, he said, not only in the computer industry-including PCs--but for many other sensitive communications devices still using fans or refrigeration. be tm ab through the chamber and when it exits the soldering is finished. rn by oii of tre Vapor phase soldering is used by manufacturers of electronic ta i ob assemblies for coffee makers, microwave ovens, automobile in- struments, communications equipment and thousands of other pro- So ne oe ie min ducts of industry. When Cove joined the marketing depart- EN ment, he proved to have staying power. He pam is stuck with the Division through its various Ei name changes and splits and in the late = Ds More 1980s was named Business Manager for pC Ca Fluorinert Liquids (which was changed to Ed DtLn OA ts Engineering Fluids and Systems in 1989.) CRE oa Cove's career began with a chemical BR or i ee engineering degree from Illinois Institute SH oh of Technology in 1959 and a master's NI EL degree in chemistry from the UofM. In re Ji i R eO Lou Cove 1961 he began at 3M as a Process Development Engineer in the Chemical Division bo. wre Se ag 55 Laboratory, where he stayed until he transferred to marketing in 1969. re ts In 1980 he accepted a position as Sales and Marketing Manager for a hi os oe ES en as the Agriculture Products Project, but since 1983 has been associated TE with engineering fluids and systems. rie teva nse A low spol remembered from tile 1960s was an assignment to pre- Ear on Whe sent a seminar at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. When nd oc ef hc arrived, he was ovcrwhehned by the size and facilities of the tet sc meeting room. "'There were hundreds and hundreds of seats in that ts byoy auditorium," he recalled, "each row elevated above the one in front ito te rosi of it to provide a clear view of the huge stage. The acoustics were ra superb. So were the projector screens." reas One man showed up for the seminar. et Heated "'Hc sat way in the back. I could barely see him." Cove encouraged et is pa the man, who introduced himself as a development engineer, to come ot wi Cov on Shh cae down front where Cove made his presentation while seated on the bates cdge of the stage, legs dangling. . btbmoptii ontt E sbuiCsniongvcessspraaerrdeciacteffodorr thiienfnet trctsosobblienfgoeraetpphftlhieecyaoyteieoaanrrrs22w00e0il0l00e..xpHHaeenaadtt irnetomothveallaerg-est removal re- -- 0 0 0 0 O0 1365.0085 1365.0085 CHAPATDEeRcaaddee ooff CChhuurrnnii.nng-- ce a a{ e lreeeoeta ahEiieoeWyaromiaihpmen e sattcbanir.a.EeotooWDotnhcWooheDtaonvgorpenimptrdEm,eenesdoweiiDeSaoacisnaseoniieorn treo rcnpincevisedRibtTs arMsk yeaeyrrcohk.seeettLeisseenao qcCogliorum0oiddaeotCmdesin ooffTTcchhhheeuurr11nm99ii66nn00ggssbbhhyyaavveaaebrbreeeetteeiirnnreeddddees33sccMMrrieiebbrreeddwwaahhssootthhwweeaCasChsehiimennmicccihhcaaaalrlrggDDeeiivvoofiifssiCCoiCCno'!DsDdtiieennccaattddhheeee esta Tsoi mdsmb of sel wensin vy SSeoWWvnhehnieetinsnesstt.hhee ddeeccaaddee ddoawwnneedd,, coenee ooff tthhee dvivsisiosn's meotst ssuiccceessssfhull I a oi, and most profitable products was a surfactant sold as a leveling agent ge arom Sata, MELITII L ed fomeNol for self-polishing floor polishes. That application would be diminished ER Cm ome ror A HER fbafacycttatahnnettsdsuuerrvvveiilvvoeepddm.. eAAnnntaotothhfeenrrsosu-uwrrfafaaxccttfaalnnotto((rsstttiiilllleshhoaolnddilnlgdiiniistosolenowuwgmnni,innbtuthhteeth11e9999s0u05sr)-) Erne prs ll fom pile afer abv hdey, eid alefa srtot cl. Ay perils, was being sold to Udylite as a mist and vapor suppressant in chrome plating operations. nk pe cy Fes lay chor TE, cansfo rodeos uf When permanent press fell from its pinnacle after a brief heyday, rw ets ox Cony. Fr, X adba ydlrs, it took stain release with it. And, the only leather industry customer er enc as, Bede reraiee oyd buying Scotchgard repeller was Wolverine Shoe Company. Further- TO psatatet paintsw to peony Dh lls ith it,1 be more, Scotchban size was still blocked from entering its most pro- raising market, I'ood packaging, pending approval fronl the Food and Bi Nimmcon wn i hr ws men 40,5 l0n2 een a ok Drug Administration. he Dt po ae ry mn PTE So, while the Division was in the black, there was not one item en ate er) ERTS er in the Division's protlucl line capable of brightening Ihc cyc and quickening the step of General Manager (soon to be Vice-President) SS ator Commerc Deemer Oats Vn oda Joe Selden. The Division Laboratory and Commercial Development Depart- er dy ot a fret ouSAE SRC cept, ey Pkrcn, mt hs ment were frustrated by their inability to ferret out more applica- orc. Thy dst ROR ST Cn he ind Ror cna om of en uid. tions for surfactants. They decided aa scurcceestsfeul teecchhnniigquuee frroomm 11995500., That acc was bo he to gain exposure by resuscitating That tactic was to tell the world TT pi of pr ppt,See op a NE sabhoouut fflauoorroocchheemmiiccaal ssurafacctansts aanndd sseees wwhhoo mmiigghhtt juummpp 1upp a0n2d0 say, 'Tve got an application." Instead of presenting papers at ! ie oe, he ee Eo as hr dees cmt meetings, however, which was the technique used during the previous 157 decade, the Division advertised in trade magazines circulated to ~he chemical industry. Each advertisement invited readers to request in- formation or samples. When replies were received Marketing mailed back a questionnaire which asked the inquirer to define his applica- tion idea. Application information received was evaluated by the Laboratory and the Commercial Development Department. Then, if a sample had been requested, one was sent without identifying its chemical structure. With that, the Division obtained application ideas without divulging proprietary information, and interesting leads could be followed up by telephone or direct contact. `aafnnaWoocrtrhddaeeernnr,e, dvMMeorcoroadrudalsauaduamntdp'et'stlseeddrceemappisaantrreutimpmwoehennentttthhkkeennreecwtwoomttphhmueereiisrnnuctteieeantnldhdeweeddaatpuuepssrleesifcfrooaertrsitutohhlnteeeswdsuiurtir-nhssfaaiimdmcitialblnaaertreapnpnrrdoofsisplcpleoeecudtclstads.n.ddBBeatyyerneemaarriunllyyemw11o99bh66fe22stehmsseaeerrlvvlteeorraaapllchuchruosunuunndedtrrsteehddceosavsaapemmrppilpilnclgeeat4irroeevnqqauurewieseistttsthys. had been filled and a number of small accounts covering a variety of applications developed. Unfortunately, none looked capable of pro- Mi Vavoraions (NRL) Sw ducing worthwhile profits. Then, on March 2, a questionnaire was returned from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) near qWuaesshteidngaatsoasnmap,mleDp.loCe .ofDfaar.ssRuurriffcaahccattraadnnttLtt.hhTaauttcvcoeouurlled- improve resistance to breakdown of aqueous foams caused by silicones. A sam- ple was sent and two months later Maynard Olson followed with a visit. At NRL he learned that the Navy researchers were try- ing to develop a fire-fighting foam that ' would be stable in the presence of silicone- treated potassium bicarbonate, a dry chemical used to extinguish petroleu~n fires. Dick Guenthner More samples were sent and ideas and information exchanged. E~entually, Tuve and an employe, Henry Peterson, met with 3M's `sMMcaiayeynnntaiarsrtdds OOinllsstoohnne,, tBBhioorbbd BBfuluorrfofoorrrcddoanannfeddreDDniicccekk rGouoemntohfetrhereBperneszenbiueidld3inMg.. Guenthner represented 3M. ((LLaateter,r, GGuueenni~ffinneerr bbeeggaann wwoorrkkiinnggwwitithhsusrufrafaccttaannttss a3nnddccoonnttiineuuecddtthhaatt endeavor f~r the rest of his thirty-eight-year career. A native of Bridgewater, South Dakota, with a bachelor's degree in chemistry i -- SE 0 0 0 0 O0 1365.0086 1365.0086 .w -- m= 158 fpend or te etr'essyrsivweirh,EGmaonsKorhieCodnapa3y Rinoc19h8e7ns,c eytow vedroiyVit tans redsycnoponrtssd or from the state's university, Guenthner arrived at 3M in 1947 after Pov ten egonain cghnt wcase." (NayFscahrtcbeghunr00ss spending three years with Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, Wht he iors re Bn bin, Mery Petron va fave at hey md te iot f or ctsnd le New York.) Coping ol con cig Ele Se i ot bs, mad nye nh roof ssl. Sun IM 1d ahr When the visitors entered the Benz building, Henry Peterson was atin md molhn Noy hi DkTov cx. gn wing te appeliion, 00) Aru wich IM spie1s carrying a small can containing gasoline, several sealed test tubes, a metal tray and an ultraviolet light. Navy scientists, Dick Tuve ex- Bit. oa set asa of 341 co nd wr A Cott Ig TOC popond hs plained, had mixed a solution of 3M surfactant and water with inicin reuhewih aehdow110SH PA rts tary ham. Orcmon ohbss ame teresting results which he wanted to show to 3M. Peterson poured Evid he vy and i hoon fn ee The ad adbeganworkin he Navy ad 3 andhre gasoline into the tray and added the solution from a test tube. The Eon de red Toke | AS wer UY Ih Pec. Sagmpn tht opus 1 am bets kd amare solution had been treated to make it visible under UV light. PeterSon tri on oe be a Hrs Sh GH be PCR aah wh rs peice son turned on the light and the 3Mers saw the fluorochemical mixrn we ta of he pr ToSpin of 196) Nar Fesshers ned cmon ey ture spreading across the surface of the gasoline. md 0 ou oe Taal in por ar. a awht hySr ig, Ay ere "I don't need to tell you how flammable gasoline vapors are," Te SN, ah Pon ed ch ah ad rr andes of surfaced ng i he Tuve said. "Now, watch this." Peterson lighted a match and held ra ro,Nth per Treva o0TWep. "There's fom Bee. The poche Ray seam 1 he vas it near the surface. Nothing happened. There was no flareup. "There's rt cote, uci tecombims FAIRSich coooe pr oomenfad rk Ch the basis for a new product," Tuve continued. "If it can be combined nF oble cscs sop J fr Ths Lor h wi ord 1. prema vhs and is Se 19 with a foam, it could be effective in stopping jet fuel fires. That's Yh ny vos on es We Fo tn amy Sane Bong md lg pe. Te yn wa Scie, 43s what the Navy wants and needs. We know that in many airplane Eb pt vo Red ye pact tbr Gh Ine Soma nid ec poral yes Evel fre crashes the pilot isn't killed by the impact, but burns to death in the ines cod oe ocSoh le me. ca Ns roche ad we par a. 74 wreckage." Lives could be saved if fires could be quelled and vicim ped roe ache i he as, Tne ck ero: tims pulled from the wreckage within three minutes, Tuve said. AE ace 7 hin fet of he hy vis prin for, nt Chatto fing nis ot eddychim The accepted fire fighting product of the day was protein foam, tt rt oud be raf a Tr Whe i recsoln 151 rue ys but that product could not seal the surface of a petroleum fire. When EAs ecard he fm, une ip coud 1 te esaSevier 196 tcfth A Fre 3fou breaks occurred in the foam, the gasoline vapor could re-ignite. ie vy pd sd orofpreocs, to wil. eho ry Ceca i ws eat roti ou 1k The Navy had tested hundreds of products, but not one was effecne Fo pry Eom of any nell frat, ta perry es vi yan, cg Moe tive. Foam was a necessary ingredient of any successful product, Roenbincg pndrserle pth ootEbreSs BcCRaidThraporrovoe.choernN+tsogrryrcodt ihsdaoyy he went on, because it provided depth for the blanket and carried ino he we ed Re ein eka ak apron pn 1 the fire fighting product across the surface to replenish the supply when and whcrc it was nccdcd. cNbiatlsswelnoawotk anrddy hoensWusmLo101896p2 0rctNyon byeityth ining, Mos seed he ek nd ar 3M's scientists went t~+ work and by the summer of 1962 the Navy researchers +tested a formulation based on 3M's L-1083 producl on he wa Al Chel Compa Saf, lh FIN) cok] Sorc am i eh cE a fire. The test site was lhe Ansul ('heroical Company in Marinctte, imi, So Ama wo teSHR pha oF ry ch fo cern MT prc a cay as ph 0 gh bt Wisconsin, because Ansul was the chief supplier of dry chemical Syne oth Ny, uk or be wd with sting cqupmest, 0 M taf: systems to the Navy. Rukh. Rois nd Pk WaofrJM Gove Sr. vadpoking cen pat By AU (45m On August 8, Rogers and Frank Warner of 3M's Government Sera Dona Vine vind the Noy Kborsory 4 taht Be Al3 try pre vicc Departmcnt in Washington visited the Navy laboratory in MTarhy sechnonwolodc oho fm oNavFdChEiEpoSre ivimercmoemrraihdWeaFr94s1awsildneroerd.mAobru Maryland to obtain more information about the Navy's requirements. A lot of dcvclopmcnt work remained to be done, Tuve said, before ! A ert idoe gk inc AFF 4 30 ae, HR wi POR 1 196, 3M's surfactant would be acceptable. 3M, Ansul and the Navy working together continued to develop ~ system fi~r dispensing what was referred to in reports and correspondence as "light water.'" (Navy researchers had begun to use that term after they learned that their mixture of surfactant and water formed a thin layer on the surface of gasoline. Soon 3M and others began using the appellation, too.) Ansui also used 3M samples to conduct tests involving hydrocarbon vapor suppression and the treatment of dry chemicals. Other companies in the foam business became interested and began working with the Navy and later 3M under the assumption that companies in the foam business would manufacture the fluorocarbon foam when it was perfected. In the spring of 1963 N~ivy researchers tested a formulation they believed might be what they were seeking. After they requested more and larger quantities of the surfactant, 3M decided to get into the formulating business. The product the Navy seemed to like was FX-1831 which consisted of one part concentrate and three parts fresh water. It was stored in pressurized vessels and was expelled by nitrogen and refrigerant gas. The system was effective, but was economically limited to small semi-portable systems. Eventually fire trucks carried 3M's product and water in separate tanks, the system still used today. Ansul Chemical also built fire-fighting units that used dry chemicals with a premixed solution of FX-1831 and proved that system's effectiveness in November 1963 iri a test for the Air Force. 3M's foam without the dry chemical also was tested against protein foam at that lime aud ils superiority was obvious to bystanders, including Motdaunt and Burford, the latter 3M's laboratory contact with the Navy. That test proved conclusively that "light water" did not need dry chemicals to he effective because it was superior to protein fi~am all by itself. Bolstered by that finding, Mordaunt surveyed the market and learned thai ];X-1831 cotlld nol compete against the six percent protcin foam concentrate. 3M's product not only was priced too high, but il could not be used with existing equipment, so 3M turned its efforts toward producing a competitive product. By August 1965--nine months after the successful test at Ansul--a satisfactory six percent light water concentrate designated FC: 1941 was developed. About that time 3M registered Light Wate~:r~ aqueous film forming foam (shortened to AFFF) as its trade name, which was approved in 1966. 0 0 0 0 5O0 | 11336655..00008877 Ce RoegfohremaNtaivoyniwyoroknatnadrsNdavCyxpsetrimenrgtcsounpnpeedd vfieo 1p967c. oTvhals - oanpteeeel dcothotvercome nateprecjuhdiecetsnyd ocnowsrwc, Reformulation work and Navy testing continued into 1967. That hie a FECToA, SN crime 30 a ig a pt A Harty dsp ss bred ny rears 35d som spring the Navy in a monitored experiment supplied five major naval Sco Navy re0cprtos FC-1941 cmpotily wih nt fom tr hit. air stations with FC-1941. 3M continued its own testing and purote: Tov hoop bd ered tht heproduc leis Rd vir ancby eveery sald esman. "You stave sued the Navy's request to improve FC-1941's compatibility with edad ray hen vie mcdwih tr MOS OS {ome and kp orang ack" Jim Rogers ad. "Vou mut salt water; Tuve's group had learned that the product's effectiveness Cons. Peet, rs smd at impoprocucion ABS member totyo et yn ke ourloo ord. Yous was reduced greatly when it was mixed with sea water. Most of 3M's 70 Sleuin FC I9A1s performance wi fh var in 0 sl prods) efforts, however, were aimed at improving production capabilities rie dnl on dh ey ds be oywa ec ling t Harneybcs he Air and evaluating FC-1941's performance with fresh water. lids wid rsare rang Light Waker AiFn roFse Foe hak hc og ete Te HE fous on pete Time dragged on and it seemed that the Navy would never be ne nora. he bret wa ppbdy 5 per Tis fr yam Aves nesadthe wlin olffh men who satisfied, would never start ordering Light Water AFFF in profitable andy On uy 30. 1567 he aot cre USS Forel wes oe socaTocdepon elecnprd remotheir quantities. Unfortunately, the balance was tipped by a shipboard oiey's deck re he Soth Chinas. Te ise vas tnt prot 0 Hamrehe Disonves comes tragedy. On July 29, 1967 the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal was Combed, hen aod gin snd sgn. Ioprsd toad 1 he Nr ore cold po ard 0 hold ot forever ravaged by a flight deck fire in the South China sea. The blaze was Seaham he elon potaosd Frcs Klean hrdred 50 "Oaly snout Ligh Water APFF ached cri ih some contained, then flashed up again and again. It spread to armed jet yn Slr angen Te arr Sets res. Sp mpl t ou ole th Ts ei ve aircraft and the resulting explosions and fires killed one hundred and ue indtr wor of damage 0 caer, wh eR ie more ul wih prose fou cod died thirty four sailors and airmen. The disaster also caused more than one hundred million dollars worth of damage to the carrier, which apverd bach.Sefo epiand we ori ey {nnaonkogtorreinceiwnihtheVFfecemwenceheemofiL:igAhrWlaetsepAaPbFsEhod limped back to the States for repairs and was out of service for nearly gedbdsca aiidby tei of ptomian Teng Japhoand an va bs fre were nt beled, cher a year. ty Shim ats rent rele of avian gine Cemswoud gre103 demoniraion, hose biscoud The tragedy had been magnified by the failure of protein foam and ie dayahsoe Row rss in Weshigion wee gen igh te chamen dry chemical agents to prevent reflashing of aviation gasoline. Wats AFF demorsraion. inmedil, twee ys vee Fivesara the Nav began desing Ligh Water AFFE, 301 The day after the fire Navy brass in Washington were given Light red To toPepin snd lace in eve onoer car. cl dn overheaers asce Ten 31 uk ook Water AFFF demonstrations. Immediately, twelve systems were it The Noy, largely rues 3 to develo ors os bed ordered flown to the Philippines and placed in service on other carit wok coli wah 5 vt Th rgey wis Ton aiba ld. Ty concider, roof io lar riers. The Navy also urgently requested 3M to develop a formulaproibiietepminei uit ler an 3gnc of pew mec epresctativs wer swembled lion that would be compatible with sea w~ter. That urgency wits ox ing th yo hb vain os 3LighWater AFFdeorsrion The relayed to 3M's researchers and the result .was offered to the Navy i hn fo es vet he Navy fon reget ri called fo ek 0 yd no Var ange for testing that yc~tr. fit Lh War AFF commer. Th mn prot prepec 326 re cen wold sobers et bse, Sl pcre cameramen, It had taken five years to convcrt the Navy from a prospect It) 3M's he Air Fore ptr were a pied record ht firsl Light Water AFFF customer. The next priority prospect was Mie Hani mow Vic riceof ICP. wa fn he vngid Mort blo te 1 az was fob gpd, he et crbol the Air Force. ok Es cxpdin. He vividly rameters at chsmde 3 fs ray sf andr yrds sn Theics egped Mikc Harnetty* now Vice-President of ICPD, was in the vanguard in ir hse ea Kars Cry here Fite Chil Darryl Sl was oe ct pd the arin leand Quy oid heRas of that sales expedition. Hc vividly remembers sales calls made at ihe cack. Hara made cools cal in co Taw men. fghendad re, bt Sine, were dragged fom an air base near Kansas City where Fire Chief Darryl Saul was a te tle cil to nly Goto, Th ager proc x Nahe wheags 1 cumerss wird, shots chev and difficult nut to crack. Harnetty made countless calls trying to conTeh Sol he veAirFoyre rman, ow hae Novybid rics sedne.Thtply ves Gast. How any mes vcrl the hostile chief into ~ friendly custome), The major problem Pipe dvs Ligh Woe AFFF. nr seve nari ae ony gs pict dow 1 3 mfr ews was that Saul, likc every Air Force fireman, knew that the Navy had i eerie hey et si oe Sry? Da rcv was fon of1fnelyrco helped to develop Light Water AFFF. Inter-service rivalries are strong: what one service develops is likely to be eschewed by others, It was extremely difficult to overcome that prejudice and on each call, Harnetty, despite his size, absorbed nasty remarks and comments from the fire chief. (Rude behavior is encountered by every salesman. "You just have to ignore it and keep coming back," Jim Rogers said. "You must remember that you're not trying to make yourself look good. You're trying to sell products.") Saul's hostility was especially galling to Harnetty because the Air Force had been using ineffective fire-fighting foams on petroleum fires for years. Airmen's lives and the well-being of the men who fought aircraft fires depended on their equipment. Firemen bet their lives on those products, so Harnetty and the Division were convinced that the Air Force could not afford to hold out forever. Oddly enough, Light Water AFFF lacked credibility with some prospects. Skeptics simply could not believe that fires requiring five to ten minutes or more to quell with protein foam could be doused in one to two minutes with 3M's new chemical. Articles published in trade magazines citing the effectiveness of Light Water AFFF in fighting shipboard and naval base fires were not believed, either. Unless doubters would agree to a demonstration, those beliefs could not be changed. Five years after the Navy began ordering Light Water AFFF, 3M still had not overcome the Air Force's resistance. Then 3M luck took charge. In the early 1970s, an Air Force jet crashed and burst into flame ~l an air base in England. By coincidence, a group of military officcrs and a gaggle of news media representatives were assembled at the base waiting to see a Light Water AFFF demonstration. The scenari(~ called fc~r two fire trucks to speed into vkleocamera range where Iircmcn would smother a test blaze. Still-picture cameramen. and reporters were also poised to record that event. Moments before the test blaze was to be ignited, the jet crashed just off a runway a few hundred yards away. The trucks equipped for the lest sped to the burning plane and quickly doused the flames. Two airmen, frightened and injured, but alive, were dragged from the blackened wreckage as cameras whirred, shutters clicked and writers scrif~ed notes. That publicity w~as fantastic. How many times does a company get its product right down front in a major news story? But, as effective as it was, it took an officer to finally con- *Harnctty's st;~rling sal~ry in 1969 exceeded his sales quotl~ for Ihat year. 0 0 0 0 --~ O0 1 O0 11336655.00008888 FpSSsrAA FFeore,CCoomt ck aS,E TuEoLSAMIFIc vince the Air Force. Colonel Jack Salmon, a part of the Air Force officialdom in the nation's capital, was a convert from the fire in Esrten morso col,S PREOTS England. "I'm going to get your product specified no matter what foes opposition I run into," he told Jim Rogers. And, he did. Salmon Spt be CE EA also predicted that 3M sales of its product to the Air Force would triple the business 3M was doing with the Navy. He was right about oS that, too. !63 tdsnrcs neo potk,nteocbhvtcsomear 00r0 thousand dollars on any project, but no such restraints applied to the general. Soon every fire truck on the base was converted to carry Balpte oa rs roo oe 3M's product. lay oh ft Ly Ws FTE io ATO Saul was not the first Air Force fire chief to buy into the program. Harnetty made the first Light Water AFFF sale to the Air Force in Mair 97sBo Cli.SooDoah. AteAr Coors November 1970 at Elisworth Air Force base, a Strategic Air Comrh Tos be ly mand facility, near Rapid City, South .Dakota. Again, tragedy was Bt nt chon the catalyst as a B52 bomber crashed and burned. The base supply re we he of protein foam was. exhausted before the blaze was extinguished, sm eh ted so a test quantity of Light Water AFFF that happened to be on hand was used. It doused the flames quickly and almost as quickly resulted 5Co "4 2 gD 4G in a twenty five thousand dollar order for Harnetty. ee tr fice rprooSddineucc:et fires in tIhhhhaaoesscUbbneeeieactnrelydu1spSedtdioatntteoeseecraxxinnttidgniggdouataihsyseshhr wlaitrhgeLaignhdt sWmaatlerpAeiFrroFcFh,er3iMca'ls lpaarrgtes aonfdthsme waollrkpde.trochemical fircs in the United States and other parts of the world. ffiirrIeenss..thTTehhleeatccehhaa1nn9gg7ee0swwaaasnsennweeccfeeossrssmaarruyylabbtieeoccnaauuwssaeesaadllcceooshihoglon,le, dwwhthoiiccfhihghhhtaassalaacnnohaafof--l seyommasLosoWibr A2 EWEI Li finity for water, extracts water from Light Water AFFF concentrate. The new formulation not only solved that problem, but often is used in smaller concentrations compared with Light Water AFFF to fight petroleum fires. It is considered the premier product in 3M's Light W:~tcr AFF'F product line. Years ago, oil-rich lran was 3M's biggest overseas customer, partly because it had one of the world's largest air bases and partly because han fc,'~red its ncighbors. Later, Saudi Arabia reigned as 3M's largest f'~)t'ci~tt ctl.,,tt)mcr, I'~t_'calnsc of ils ~til' i'()l't'c nccd.~ and its large pclr~chcmical intlustry. Finger soa kl igh ate APF pasate nwt, Fightiug a fire in petroleum storagt~ tanks with Light Water AI,1;F. BBuus.t, ddeessppiittee SSaallmmaonn''ss aaccccoommplpilisshhmmenetn,t, HHaarrnneettyy'ss job .job at at Kansas. Kansas ro oto Se a type epee Gr Me ofCD 21973 City was not made easier, it still required nearly two years to get that first order from Fire Chief Saul, but then to Harnetty's pleasant Sion ee MASERU la tr i cr Sl surprise, he not only had a customer, but a spokesman for 3M's pro- Gre fhe Gelder mb tn wk Clr. st re duct. On order of the chief, demonstrations and seminars were set utaptifoonrs,firsehmoewneodn IalMl thfrielemsshainftds adtisthtreibbautsee.d Hwrairntteettnymmataedriealthse. prTehseenn.- tations, showed 3M films and distributed written materials. Then, ry oon tt mamas tc. Ie Fn is 7 Sanl set up another prcscntation to a visiting general which was of great benefit to Harnetty and 3M. Saul was limited to spending ten In 1991. :1.,; it has for m~my ycar,s, Light Waler AFFF is stored :rod i~setl on every Navy, Air Force ~md Army base havi~g a l'lam- ee nutble liqttid fire potential evcrywhcre in the world. @ O a, By the time Les Krogh became General Manager of CCD in 1973, Light Water AFFF had won acceptance by the military, but had not penetrated very far into civilian markets except for aircraft rescue 3Muses. 3M's Tpphrroeoddouunccett ettoxottcaaellpeedtdionnneeaawrrlalyys Conaelifhournndiar,edwhpeerrecefnitre tfhigrohutignhg one hundred percent through duisleigseontf diligent sales efforts. The major obstacle to expanding civilian sales were the compnnics that manufacture trucks, fire-fighting tanks and ex- 0 0 0 i0 : --_-- p O0 12%65.0080 1365.0089 oiapaistbimngrmeith.en Thhoys diomsoEcdo:Enoid ison fprocs SSpcelaiorn sva aphroepecrotimepsoufndus efoncftoironlsa 1 ponegaosgea s tinguishing materials. Those firms controlled distribution of products to that market then as they do today. PrSecoionSnyemon Porkorf (nke Desvpuit,enK)rowighheJismlRiogbeorFsd3ae1 "oiyr.Ret, hodcr he hom comple ckin he1950s, To concentrate on that market worldwide, Krogh established a Fire Nim Dov Ser hobaharceing Lg Wr AFFF worked inf Und Sues Deparof mApreicnott before com: Protection Systems Project (later Department) with Jim Rogers as Manager. Dave Shryer, who had been marketing Light Water AFFF ie 190, Jord 0 pe, Ba Mo 31 ad abd about i es acing Muorochemica ber. since 1965, joined the project. Bob P,ur- ord saa Larson SME. Jy biaklye1s99. Th ofcomproo aresn yasied ford became Laboratory Manager. Jim Sih, Ares Sus Manageorn te West sn valodaerickes nd la gow ers ve 1 yrs Salter, Area Sales Manager on the West cn Se hopromising ver ced to bas cavianen rd Coast, came in as Sales Manager. Sher ha Chl ek Carccr ngla) dis se ot pw HOGI cobe olniodn Shryer had a successful sales career OTERO he An a rs of pes doy before turning to marketing. In 1960 he Cl me eM Ss Reece Bovncna roton ag) (FP). By 190 CRL doe became the first 3M Sales Representative A I EI i ga thpr. LaeLabor esos ser. to sell a million dollars worth of chemical rcs in coc yer, Wih chemical Fee control anyof adspecs cin seg, hh products in one year. With a chemical eoceing drs cumin 194 Pur. con oma coon, obec and ce elds, os chemical Con engineering degree earned in 1947 at Pur- Se np es due University, he began in chemical pro- Dareov SherShre ci oin an d mraCcouintg,aeBso wbyiSerhvo. ba. Oneadsats,hinmedbsavrepleaan giersa, bgat tnvrr ma(dThe bstl Dave Shryer cessing and manufacturing areas with Procter & Gamble in Cincinnati. But, by Sept- ember 108, Servas el5oMcppred VC. sone ok ar. Kiogh Si) was trae, fone he ember 1949, Shryer was employed at 3M operating a vacuum metaliz- ing lot a or he New Pots Depart nhDens bag gro of rsndsopresdihd formation, coud ot ing pilot plant for the New Products Department in the Benz building. rE Ral wi NPD 1555 whee ChepCroiwca flom. Feet ub rom prinogp. AR, cane dust tls eid He was still with NPD in 1955 when the Chemical Group was form- yaok aseCrs Dn Sue Repiscn. boning, they Glee ihe purist whch as fo mi auanr ed and two years later he was the Chemical Division Sales Represen- inreeFInieDagrone,iOnvi,SgyrneDepouthteieCsiwnicohmenbbraancckh tthe euh,nlechheeio:ut oafmthCe ASiNl aEndpceulceotrbeepriccoedncdoomrpaenrye tative in Dayton, Ohio, assigned to the Cincinnati branch. The Fire Protection Systems Department was taken back into the Din 1975 1 an ong le heGover, had Virb. a flecive pesenergce ned eam, Division in 1978. It was strong in sales to the government, but had re Tole pci i i Sommer mah, Tcl, wo I veSE Jang. bot in of products made lilllc pcnclration inlo Ihc commercial markets. Evcntually, ower ei 1 rood hd oe ie wa wih, he produc was ns 0 3M, 13 1981 the srk ws however, the objective ofa broad-based cfmamercial business was ee dttos 3 Stns rwho chor hn andon achieved. Rogers cid oo Moreh 1 197, nd fe inNori Crt, Oo pit pan rman sromt hel horsey Rogcrs retired on March I~ 1979, and lives in North Carolina. Shey red Jn 1989 and syed i th Tain Cie nd marketing pope working lgeher ould develop ciel ek Shryer retired in 1989 and stayed in the Twin Cities. Ate Fre tated 173 0A fr ey bend vie pric, Ge Rene om Mang nd ck An Agriculture Project established in 1973 did not fare any bet- err ck. Spoons ard fom Dior of Compose Devin. Roger Alm and Ke Gil fom heLaer developed tcr. Dr. Jack R. Sjolandcr transferred from Director of Corporate hal Pisin amd Coben10 bic Projet Mamager thof udrn ory cuings wih shri ig tea of Technical Planning and Coordination to become Project Manager.- Sines Lote Hi dre he Uo lr aig wih ba Tey pried since ha coud xatnald byCr Sjolander had earned his degree at the UofM before starting with Bin NPD in 1952 on in DN gh or it cond Thee wis 3M in NPD in 1952. th cay 1960 Cena Rscrch mdeanexenive fot to than vending methods, tut had ro eaianship 10 In the early 1960s Central Research made an extensive effort to com wherpropriarob ates vere blogclly ~~ Rochericl. The development team wsdishedafdeci learn whether properties of fluorocarbon derivatives were biologically ena eon thr cori compen cre copie sk wa at 10 wrk wi DRG POR EOS, useful. 3M scientists proved that certain compounds were capable tnd qs eyo tg etod OnE PTS of potent and unique activity on germinating seeds and growing plants. Speculation was that the compounds functioned as strong nitrogen acids to impart the properties required for plant penetration and activity, Tom Reid, who discovered the chrome complex back in the 1950s, worked in the United States Department of Agriculture before coming to 3M and talked about his ideas regarding fluorochemical herbicides as early as 1949. Thousands of compounds were synthesized and evaluatcd as herbicides and plant growth regulators over the years. The most promising were subjected to exhaustive environmental and toxicology studies to assure that new products could be developed safely. And, to satisfy requirements of governmeut ageucies, including the Environmental'Protection Agency (EPA). By 1968 CRL developed a grass growth regulator. Later the Laboratory developed a herbicide to control a variety of weed species including nutsedge, which can damage cotton, tobacco and rice fields, plus a chemical to control nematodes. The Project achieved several near misses, but never made a real hit, One product, EmbarkTM plant growth regulator ("The best anyone's made so far," Krogh said) was unreliable, it slowed the growth of grass and suppressed seed head formation, but could not prevent tufts from springing up. And, because those tufts required mowing, they defeated the purpose which was to limit lawn care. DestunTM herbicide, an effective pre-emergence control for many weeds, leached out of the soil and could not be priced competitively. VistarTM herbicide, an effective post-emergence weed treatment, was cflcctivc agaiusl .johnson grass, but wilhout a line of products to go with it, the product was useless to 3M. In 1981 the work was transferred to another 3M business function which later abandoned it. One product sprang from an experiment lo learn whether laboratory and marketing people working together could develop entirely new and unrelated products. Gayle Rengel from Marketing and Jack Dcviny, Rogcr Ahn and Ken Gillco from the Laboratory developed a method of curing epoxy coatings with ultraviolet light instead of heat. They produccd a resin curative that could be activated by exposing it to UV light for a split second. The system was more effective than ov._en-drying methods, but had no relationship to fluorochcmicals. The development team was disbandcd after a decision was made to work within established product groups. 0 0 0 0 0 11336655..00009900  167 CTHAoPtTTTtEhhRiege 1pPPa9aw ppeerr Cl hCahsaseeei nimo, pmrEE mo nR -iilNeeem sdra heSwcyhsrrn hr eteT r mecesscfp omonefr ledceyeyeb o,oly eeopeR pt ntasgtemseo,rt.eherveeeieL s nreiSraoeesstsoi,dgx Tom Reid's chromecomplex was nearly obsoleted as a textile treat- ment by Scotchgard rain and stain repeller, but managed to attain Sd se me limited success in upholstery and drapery applications where its color was not a drawback. It also found use as a leather treatment. More : important, it led to a successful paper treatment product now called ms ee ScotchbanTM papcr prolector. In its ew~lution to a paper treatment, the carboxylic acid base or mae ioe asond red oy wa Ti ) Reid's chrome complex (FC-804), was replaced by sult~mic acid, re ons. | . Ta which made it less expensive and improved its stability in water. That product began as Scotchgard FC-805, but was renamed after the Divi- A = sion decided lo reserve the Scotchgard name for its textile protec- oxen ner (ET ie nd NCS] )/ tor. A Scolchgard leather treatment (FC-149) was also renamed. Bctbrc Scoichban lrealment achieved regulat~ status from the Food and Drug Adminislralion, il could only be used lbr non-lb~d packag- op Oh ie elt hb Soo) Ze lug. One early applicalion prevcnled asphalt, which was incorporaled inlo seed corn packaging. From bleeding lhrough and defacing the running laboratory tests. The discovery came in the tesi in which Rengel made fifty sheets of carbon paper to which he applied Scotchban size formulation followed by a wax carbon coating. To his surprise his experiment worked well on one sheet, but failed on the other forty-nine. He investigated and learned that he had applied the wax carbon coating to the "wrong" side of one sheet of paper. "I had been treating the ink side of the papers because we believed it was necessary to prevent the ink from getting into the paper. My mistake proved that applying the size to the opposite side was the effective method," Rengel said. The move to obtain government regulation to allow Scotchban size to be used on food packages was begun by Marathon Paper Company. Marathon, which manufactured food packages, was looking for hag label. And, Thihnany Pulp and Paper Company used 3M's pro- ducl Io prevenl black wax coatings on carbon papers from migraling tim)ugh pinholes lo disfigure the other side. That application was Fy Coe Ferg iy tech developed in the late 1950s by Gayle Rengel: a laboratory lechni- cian who w~)rkcd liar Jack I Icssburg. 'I'o carry out his researd~, Rcngcl hoo me er 5 he od wher te had learned how to make paper so he could understand the re- ON . Homca ehn.t nd fo te Hes ing frochmical 2ry Sri PALS aoe rot quirements of w~rious lypcs of paper produced by the industry. To (h) lhal hc acquired a paper beater, a freeness roster and a lwelveby-Iwelvc-inch sheel mold li)r Ihe I{enz building Ihmrochenfical labonm~. In time hc became proficienl in making a variety of papers. Gayle Rengel makes clay coated paper in Scotchban size product Rengel discovered the carbon paper application accidenlally whilc labnratory in the Benz building in the late 1950s. i0 0 0 0 1385.0001 1365.0091 "=169 168 ametofiperAeosvomeagranpdefl on dfre ome cff eSchonp ppce clwksry poss pecot ni: a meth~xJ of preventing oils in margarine and other foods from staining a ep Inf rats ach (rly lacie apr) tt wa Gul og proses packages. When the Wisconsin company became aware of 3M's ee ftate amin & ed]. go8 hiya Ve, Terwas he mateofthe igh rise fluorochemical repellent Maralhron and 3M began the long process of dcvcloping a size Io mcct Ibod packaging standards. A tEdcral. cd, Scotchban paper size*--Iike many innovative products--was difficult to sell. The product was so different from competitive products (mainly glassine papers) that it was difficult to get prospects t0 grasp its utility and value. There was the matter of the.high price Sees aogne,i ecrreeocrhecsoipireeed w8 fof WSceowtotudsiczo, a0ts on of tei sind cages with oe of government regulation is required when chemicals are used in food EE eecevred ont ay. Mabon, cur cleanups. Reged.bt il prsnaiodnosw packages and to get that, extensive testing is required. A oven eats cok we Seba ot whe ean i Ne were show ee. Tew chi At least one humorous incident occurred along the way. Marathon, of Scotchban size, too. "We would compare one of their stained packages with one of our clean mockups," Rengel said,"but mill representatives had trou- x Wigner Th log dy 103, go 10 och ac vl, ny ts cas made while extremely interested, could not use Scotchban size until the ble understanding what we were showing them." There was nothing BE i baw cll ipo 1h prod by [3M reprsctthe. A chwilio KVP product regulation was written in Washington. The long delay irsoe. Th romag tabs snot Syrend Piet Compaty (cr Brown Pir Company) in ritated laboratory people in St. Paul who knew a small exposure to eT anion Reva. Hechi, 13 30 Ha ao omer tn the product would not harm anyone. The grumbling included an oft- to gee, nothing to touch, taste or smell, only the claims made for the product by the 3M representative. A technical ma~n at KVP Sutherland Paper Company (later Brown Paper Company) in Ee warEaee w ia rlfod c he Pepin, hewas convinced ti 3s sine was hth repeated observation that to absorb a lelhal dose of those chemicals Woh Be mara ae or nscoi conan mm doe, ceri] ed a victim would have to eat enough .margarine to fill a railroad car Taped ieois ik ii, wh i 2Cong plus all the wrappers and cartons in which the margarine was i sphere Marabon et renchers Ros Wikoxsnd spp packaged. hd Sige, Sh vee to. Pat 10 Gis eel sp i wo tm, Reel sed Theicusion wisgeting. Into that atmosphere Marathon sent researchers .Ross Wilcox and Nene Toir, Hath Byes and J Rogen wheah aiReng + ctu df om Willard S~inger, who traveled to St. Paul to discuss the required apoir scmei Be lane He mt i un 3 h ace, bea whe brn proach to the FDA. Nelson Taylor, Hugh Bryce and Jim Rogers or do Ie paper ptaeo O01 ged hot he. terial rot corn tim oxide. represented 3M at the meeting in Taylor's office in the Benz building. egTheme ok coe hon cies20 pak Fe lek ts il il snd KVP became on of oar biggest Befbrc the meeting began Taylor dealt fivc paper plates out on his aon chs. ended Be pis comers An, ht ma nev serioly questioned any of our desk top. Thou he took ajar containing chrome complex and sprinkled eval overtcyssod soe oar, ents sgn. Reng 4 a small mound of the crystals onto each plate. He handed the plates pe Sane. Roger ie hs prlion, OMKETIE 12 00 E Herel ll a I i 991 stared href Api 1991. A ative around, gestured toward the custals and told his audience to eat them. te ender why te Mampi of Micali ft ob ot of Nigh sch i 919 bs the Despite reservations, Rogers ate his po~ion, considering it a job oecanewih pcm, Bee 20 Toor sc hemi Lbortorystockicom the Un. A broke ea the quircment, but as he munched hc wondered why the Marathon peoDor at when a hm od wallow, ol 1 tcl scien i 1950 cos i iso ad afr ple were doing the same without protesting. Bryce and Taylor ate ies esas ret nc. They cat hart yu ig hi tg. be waJo rigagin 191. Hie by IM theirs, too. "See." Taylor said. when all .of then] had swallowed, coping comihna FD moe. 1x vay Tehran,bevas signed oof mor on le "those crystals aren't toxic. They can't hurt you." eve aSump coded ooking fountain cols a Flaorschemicl Proce, Betoen 1953 That wa~ his way of emphasizing his conviction thal FDA involvere he Clan pod nek 1 1959 Be moked fn Hugh Bry' Applicaton Scton where mcnt wus unncccssary. Wilcox and Stinger, accustomed to working wn name wo ok fo foal etl ors ad exis or on Erma 2d Fl Ptr with the Government, fclt otherwise, so the clearance process was = - Ti rs vt oso begun. In the meantime Scotchban treatment was sold for non-food fd ot retin wa go scived in tht work il Genre Bde wa ang fats snd Mra Olyphant act rises. i vce f Schwan se ki) irre an sari 3 fay 3 1954. Rang! sold t A t}~od con~ac! rcgulaiion was nol achieved in Ihal work wilh uht eparmarsineaby the Ui wie working line and ras in 199 vith a Marathou, but came later at~cr the development of Scotchban size Kalamazoo, Michigan, was one skeptic who converted himself.~, In th~ beginning, he was convinced that 3M's treatment was nothing more than a coating containing titanium dioxide, a chemical used in clay coatings to resist staining, which maintains the coat!ng's white appearance. That was not true, Rengel insisted. The discussion was getting nowhere when the technician took Rengel's mockup and left the room. He must have.run a test on the package, because when he returned he agreed that the material did not contain titanium dioxide. "That led to a mill trial and KVP became one of our biggest customers. And, that man never seriously questioned any of our statements again," Rengel said. - Rengel, still at 3M in 1991, started there in April 1951. A native of Minneapolis, his first job out of high school in 1949 was in the chemistry laboratory stockroom at the UofM. A broken leg its the result of a motorcycle accident in 1950 cost him his job and, after a long hospital stay, he was job hunting again in 195 I. Hired by 3M as a Laboratory Technician, hc was assigned to shift work on clec- trolluorination cells in the Fluorochemical Project. Between 1953 and 1959 hc worked in Hugh Bryce's Applications Section where he treated papers and textiles for John Ernlund and Bill Petersen. (Ernlund wits working on paper treatments, Peterscn on textiles. George Blake wits studying surfactants and Murray Olyphant inert fluids.) Married and starting a family in 1954, Rengel enrolled at iFeobeba w1 lSlcetn sSrd Sooetpwpplaeh(0n5 Rhee gre chmMnP | even afer the FOR. relation for food uses was ian: a edd ps ih Fy WF FC-807. A temporary solution during the inlerim was to inse~ a barricr sheet bclwcen Ihe Scolchhan size on the outer wrap and the con. tents. That system is still being used in some applications today. Even after the FDA regulation for food uses was obtain- thc LlolM while working fulltimc and graduated in 1950 with a hachch,r's degree in chemistry. *The first rcgulatitm covered uses for animal fi~otl packaging. DuPont actually was first on the market with a papc'r treatment f<~r food products with its Zonyl RPTM product. 0 0 0 0 il 11336655..00009922 wo I -- 170 171 Asche, Reng wssgtthePrespape ry 18 ingsgowrong tomorrow, Has bad tld bi, "and 303 As a chemist, Rengel was assigned to the Project's paper laboratou eteody ryaargOeondaottmeeBno,blBroadg. ADLikpeStosuthweho cRrocrhuentgenhte, hdeon snacd smctpdia t rd ops ebeedert." headed by Maynard Olson and later Bob Burford. At peak times the laboratory employed three or four men, including Dick Sward, who eeiin rroomm hCeant RtyesCoorntLabsoroatrorryySnodme4rserRaente,] awhi He kehdToem Alrahdothenhcoan el e wih CvEnR He retired from the Quality Control laboratory,and Ed Pcrrault, who retired from Central Research Laboratory. Sometimes Rengel was scove rcs oo apt ge hn dwih aoe. an en tons of cee paper rd rd all by himself. For ten years he ran tests and experiments while also Radin echt sprewok In many SN avin echnical Ss comer" Renae i handling technical service work. In many 3M divisions technical omic a depart. btn he Sioun. when sa Secs Rersematiuvt Cio. came service has its own department, but in the oe re eC ere va ahg 9p AR nO ren moe ier to a gn chemical areas technical service was and "lf things go wrong tomo, rrow," Hals had told him, "and you can't change them, don't panic. Just keep quiet and hope for the best." Rengel returned to the line and continued to test samples ripped from the web. To his surprise, the pH stabilized within acceptable range. He smiled as he realized how close he had been to having the test end with failure. "We ran ten tons of acceptable paper and turned Sorg into a customer," Rengel said. Skown, when he was a Sales Representative out of Chicago, came up with the idea of treating r~onwoven paper used to m~ke surgical -SGo-vREeFTTROOeNRe cA oC mpetRordesrie pS immroaeiLmchgiolwhonmhrfai carlrowoiwinnoeowRlncoroyyedkaocybttyeteowap kmnaaerreiLynirson.,edf ap SSSlgWtloehiAdtehoelrli momtanataedwdi eeplghohscecrfhs he:be.ocxor romogaAlphphtomhl eishit ooeoo0ioo fnnvrpnn1oetam rsroodouwab sth naogaliernptrodwclnasorar nshmi,sd edpomohaeotmssta tpBinpie dwohacannoipeh,yessi.aswcnDhe dsvwyhBegoe4,eooerceruewc1csnoeSsefredosod0eiomaonn0rkcl(itea Gayle Rengel is handled by Laboratory personnel. In the Scotchban size market, for example, salesmen and technicians worked together, frequently running paper mill tests day and night. Often odd hours were the rule because production could only be inter- rupted at a point when the plant was making a changeover from one grade to another. Rengel's technical service work took him into paper mills, often with Ray Brown of . drapes which consist of thin :nylon scrim sandwiched 6etween thin layers of paper. A shortcoming was that body fluids could saturate and migrate through the porous material, which also was used to make surgical gowns for surgeons and nurses. Another division of 3M made surgical drapes and gowns from film that solved the saturation and migration problem. But, because they were not porous, the gowns were uncomfortable under certain conditions while the paper/nylon drapes and gowns were not. Scotchban size made the paper/nylon drapes and gowns into more, successful competitors to 3M's product. ,(Because of its diversity, 3M divisions often find themselves in internal competition. It is an a~ceptcd fact EleinB Re ME FyeoaCinmnhnBSae oe oebneniOdcwshse,eownoaoodhrueBintm inwnlvl neglneetpntSee,a.shhRdee lyotsepRri CHwaiaoenoaond1Fsnyphlw9moSct9weoocornrnroscl1tsefeoerfp eSSnEop,nkoodnyTemrgordoenpcRrIfaeonNFi fege,.rSenrabnoacoepsHr.lnnawrrbc cRpoyCohMeormodmg eRoferiroamcnpenSopfcpompdpUspeoacfeenpahevewrd.dessseeeudur ckdsod'o leHAbdhnrocwLnuloaositegmPysvhtyslddokef heerCCMoSLpwTh1MfoeceiahaRndocedsrdehoTttertSoeipRniMrnoAalgsieangdcocirnnylceeersnPddeCpowrsdcdSnheafweieeagaraeoeelmtfssqiet1eRl,kcnsfoSaHueakrltyaDol[eloc.flihewatM3covhleedwDmswniiroseeesSctsice:dovo3aihaorronnoorlm1dot)Rp0rdniowlnnEoIelweeec[sRraaebadsamchaieptillogoimepMrtteeoupsocomh arhner)faedbdwopuiCaocreootooefcftpmossaEniaidrpseensgeyasDcvnde99rtpfi3Dy8oiesw.bo85reSreoaiyk,enkpCpwkAeagfctsaWechfhoethrootei,rrpereBCetsmectimtiCeia.n lslhnmaeeitDFhhnlmeos(oSeitsMfdrtrwdunadeBhcoaerner okhrormoddkoicsisWernpeeiesefaiod:noonsnrrf | he as things Lyle sad me befor he let the day befor. and Fie Protection produces. In 1988 he became Busines Planing Marketing and Bill Skown and later Sam Bauman of Sales. He saw the inside of his first paper mill under trying circumstances. A mill trial run was scheduled in 1959 at Sorg Paper Company in Middlctown, Ohio, where Rengcl was to work under the tutelage of Lyle Hals of the Cleveland branch. Hals and Rengel prepared the test a day in advance, lhcn when they were finished, Hals dropped a bomb. He had a conflict and could not stay for the test. Rengel would have to conduct it by himself. Concern bordering on fear caused him to lose sleep that night. The ncxt morning hc tricd to shake off his nervousness as the FC-805 trial got under way on Sorg's paper line. Middletown's city water supply was alkaline so he monitored the pH fitctor of the treating soluti~m Io keep abreast of any changes. 3M's product worked at pH four. so when the pH factor began changing Rengcl knew the point could bc reached soon where thc rcpcllcncy of paper would bc affected. "1 Sial'tell to rnn ttpslairs I~ loll the forcm,'m, who I'm sure woultl hax;c stopped the test," Rcngcl said. "Then, I remembered one the last things Lyle said to me before he left the day before." of business life in the corporation.) Rengel was also responsible for devising test methods for Scotchban size. He developed tests for new formulations in the laboratory and also tests that~could be used by customers and prospects to make quality control checks of their own treated products. A simple Icst for use on surgical drape malcrials was developed with the help of Skown and a paper company. A twelve-inch ruler held on end was allowed to fall onto a treated sheet witl) a drop of fluid placed on the surface. If the impact did not force thee fluid into the treated sheet, the test was considered a success. , In 1969 Chemical Division' Marketing Director Bill Petersen invited Rcugcl to market Scotchtban size, so he hung up his laboratory coat and joined Roy Mordaunt's Marketing Department. (Two years later, Mordaunt left 3M and was replaced by Skown, who was West Coast Area Salcs Manager.) Rcngcl was appointed CCD Marketing Manager in c.h_arge of industria~l products in 1983. When the Induslrial Chemical Producls Division was formed in Iq85, Ihe lille of Bnsiness Managcr was used, which Rengel assumed for Chemical Specialties and Fire Protection products. ;In 1988 he became Business Planning 0 0 0 0 11336655..00009933 i pmeeeeeperstmmmmsttamioers sent. rere}173 172 ans, iwhigch vfalrveod cnompinrg fce sDinvisioonr'segost soch inpg ahd svd encompo os,vEld i erlbeenedst irenoerkc,ogAscromt Manager, which involved compiling the Division's global strategic. [provement pane ompaperarp cloth aed 1 prhnecat tnd 10kBn plan and working on agreements, contracts and companywide business ee Es Scotion ie col wilh 3 bah young. Or a omoko aes pani nd wig or es improvement programs. ee ts dea 1h OSes ffs of ya and copying agers. Rogers once made a Scotchban size call with a brash young Smit pled coking oo he desk pod. A the i prc As aio os na docloped ove he kong period of me. salesman, who, during his demonstration in the prospect's office, kopo iin id, yourdeh ibe ai 1060512 1970. Lyle ast employeoef ie Keyes accidentally spilled cooking oil on the desk pad. As the oil spread emus odo, Mr Jon. woul heve Fe Companyacovet 197, Keyes, Hal vi 4, nec into a pool and soaked into the pad, the salesman said, "If your desk Per mined met papeph es fomi coinn oyoe pad had been treated with our product, Mr. Jones, it wouldn't have ms ikve rnd tht one ro sl" Rogers sa. i foo. The ned was vy importfo Kye biefSpldas been ruined." Aenh al i 193 wa 0 Brow Paper sd ays molded from paper pup wer oly products. 1 tock "I don't think we turned that One into a sale," Rogers said. rn: Bons wa 3M oto, mt Duly yas of ein, many dicen ual compoundy--snd 12 FDA Another Scotchban size sales, carl in 1971 was at the Brown Paper wor wing on et Browne eon bot ally Keyes Fike Company became 3 prize Company in Kalamazoo. Brown was a 3M customer, but DuPont mir Fos Rogier reomnenied cour whch baught IAs prac by 0 choad. Hal i. had set up local distribution and was using that to tempt Brown to switch its account. Area Sales Manager Fran Ruggles recommended ing and sweeping compounds. End user benefits are lower costs compared with metal conlainers as well as reduced shipping costs. Another use is on paper drip cloths used to protect new cars and trucks in transit. Others are on outdoor paper tarpaulins and wrappers for reams of typing and copying papers. Another major use was developed over the long period of time in the late 1960s and 1970s. Lyle Hals met employees of.the Keyes Fibre Company at a convention in 1967. Keyes, Hais was told, needed something to protect its paper plates from becoming soggy~or stained from food. The need was very important to Keyes because plates and trays molded from paper pulp were its only produc~s. It took years 'of testing many different trial compounds--and an FDA regulation-~but finally Keyes Fibre Company became a prize customer which bought 3M's product by the truckload, Hals said. gm very nhChiao branch ware, bt Sole st~cking an inventory in the Chicago branch warehouse, but Sales NaEr ERoepeus 41contmvmaBrtoownn hrtowle acdokioesveopteensost Manager Rogers did not want to incur that additional expense. ~"I knew I could convince Brown that we could serve them just well orscut plant Dect (Nba): SlsRepresent as well frbm our plant in Decatur (Alabama). Sales Representative Fike Hare. who ad ben with 34 coupofyirsc. an1vdse Mike Harnctty, who had been with 3M a couple of years, and I went a en ter into l~rown togcthcr." Rogers anadtics ota hed buss wiht ging Rogers, Harnetty and their contact talked business without getting i cui. sh cng dole dant 03 to the main discussion. As the meeting seemed to be.drawing to a Choc, Roges gr fey 10 roche. ubct when he Bowe close, Rogers got ready to broach the subject when the Brown neRT rth le ue representative said: "Mr. Rogers, I want to tell you before you leave be coined tht 3 ca sere gd sec wl that Mike has convinced us that 3M can assure good service without ching you rods Chicg From that momen Rogersvs stocking your product in Chicago." From that moment Rogers was mt ant wok hve ssl care 3M. certain thi~t Flarnctty would have a successful career at 3M. apr mil procs i ahd pra rent pape by SpEYTE Paper mills produce oil- and grease-resistant paper by applying Sle buions er reAr Scotchban size in solution as the paper is calendered or being pa~sed gh apre. Docume i cn be plcon ot rs wi through a size press. Because it can be applied on most lines with ER tapscons recd. Ad, bec he ekisting equipment, application costs are reduced. And, because the mo oe rt Sh Singh. pony. eb. pee treatment does not affect the strength, porosily, flexibility, appearance Snorfchaotpir.vaeaemfStlaryveSdpaankse.oper ops or color c~f papers, it is idcal for many applications. Scotchban protector was and still is used to make paper cups im- eton wonetn oadpreven x ld ugh 03 pervious to wax pcnctration and to prevent wax bleed-through in carmad fr fond tr 00a ohe mis AR. 1 prevent tous used for food ~aaterials such as cake mixes. And, to prc~cnt for rimripbacasndacoarnt3ometefnod. neanr cdrtovs simd aprar | Rod containers wed for ems ike machinery pars, puty. caulk oil. stains in bags aud cartons of pet food. It is an effective oil barrier t~r c~rrugatcd cartons and a treatment for fiber drums and paperboard containers used for items like machinery parts, putty, caulk- 0 0 0 0 e ee nemies 113366550.0009944. 174 WL _* Ne I. CHAPTER 20 \ TAA i MMaannuufafaccttuurriinngg EEvvoollvveess NE) FP A PALES EWeray In March 1990 the Division that manufactures specialty chemicals ESE for 3M was renamed for the sixth time in forty-two years. The change was necessary because Specialty Chemicals Division had been merged with the manufacturingsegment of the Adhcsivcs, C6atings and Sealers Division which was dissolved. EEE The new Specialty Adhesives and Chemicals Division (SA&CD) Iraccs its lineage to the Central Manufacturing Division (CMD), which was started at Chcmolitc in 1948", but its roots go dccpcr than that. Chemical manufi~cturing at 3M can be discerned in varnish-making at 3M nearly scvcnly ycars ago. People who know 3M only as the mulli-billion dollar:company it is today must be reminded that forty five years ago the ~(orporafion was ever-so small. Worldwide sales were only about sixiy-lhrcc million dollars, which was still a huge increase over Ilie less than nine million dollars recorded in 1935, ten years earlier. In the --mid-1940s, 3M divisions were the size of 3M depa~menis today. And, sonic fiicl~wics were liny, tom In 1944-46, liar example, Charlic Bonlz was the Resideni Engineer at a 3M plant in Lemonl, Illincfis. which employed six production workers. The phlnl produced a walc'llWool'ing sli!~Sl:lllCC 3M al)plied Io a gralitlle stul]icilig nialcrial Oppnsite: Seven buildings, including a large warehouse (left), a waler tower and slorage tanks (left) comprised Chemolite in lhe winter of 1949. 'qn bdwecn wclc Ihlsiings ('hen'fieal I)ivisitln (19551. Cheiliical Division. Internal Chemicals f lq59). ('h~liiit'al I~12~;lllir,.:i~s Divlsltm (19"73). ~pchlliy Ch~iili~ill~ arid Film l)ivisi~m (I i0 0 0 0 _ ...................................... 1365.0095 we re 176 pIT--Coptic ms dng teioepeAanR d, eC ra rO tCcp FhM o nSde for tennis courts. The first workforce at Chemolite in 1928 totaled twenty, including iswow cn td mos ple ty SARCD we six or eight people in a quality control laboratory. That startup crew hans expanded rapidly, however, as half-a-dozen buildings were under a CaaO fUr T copgocton She pic ohrs op mk way hcfore lhe end of the first year. herders FC en on, ce npg, A Near the beginning of the 1950s Central Manufacturing operations Cole sh rrSeMATE Se an nn, he or FOI at Chemolite included a high temperature reactor building, a storage Sie aeahoo iy lp ts WE SR Sy td building containing varnish tanks, a milling and mixing plant, a Cm Re SS esi bbe ores. chemical and polymer building and a combination warehouse, amo and rn Slop3 8S 000) Li ken pit nig es Se rs office, laboratory and tank farm--Buildings 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Oo prt eMy preso Be SCI SLE Te nc ba CMD produced a variety of 3M products besides chemicals: IS ne ee arias abrasives, film, alkalize, low adhesion backside adhesives, phenolics, er FOU Svs de pd CenterlightTM reflective paint, polishes and more. teeb Be Ris ce cy dem Chemolite received its name in the early 1950s. Before that time, OND pei fe be Hoang pt LILIES, hpi marl oe 4 Ae CMD's operation was called the Hastings plant, which caused conleu pr IRE Di tou Soi fusion because of the site's proximity to the city of Hastings. Truckers in rhe ca, ER city making first deliveries invariably drove into the city of Hastings and BieegHn 6 DMITE ae) Fu vt or i oom had to be r~directed back up Highway 61 to the 3M location. The Cr ft vpn name Chemolite was a composite of chemical and Scotchlite in honor Ts iter dpsed SARCD Soot re At 1 oy Ee of its first tenants. Hn ey crc PAUSE ISIN rime meet hr hpi hs Fro or CMD's specialty chemicals in 1948, the first year, had a sales value omg bird ors TE SUS Gein cave ot 708 my of about eight hundred thousand dollars. That figure climbed to a il I ls lon he LR BD LR bu ee a Ho million dollars in 1950 and to a million dollars a month by 1960. Spy mb po Qemli DS ri sepr v ote Specialty chemical sales from the production at Chemolite, Decatur, pve ee i to ok pres Alabama, Cordova, Illinois, and Antwerp, Belgium, total hundreds le TR0 ge cto Kenn mgs ko hs of millions ~f dollars Ioday. tren mie 4 Toger More than production has incrcascd. Sincc 1960 3M chemical plant re hemcanbe heard wi so productivity also has increased about five hundred percent. That huge ho Uh poi man ct increase included improved output from Simons cells nnd correspondee Peres i dss oy sity ing improvcn~ents in other prnducl lines. SA&CD also has achicvcd Sep ce TST CH pee coment cy cighly percent of its goal to computerize its manufacturing processes. Rl pennQU ST tsp rn oy The result is improvement in opqrating costs and.product quality. Ee Se es ee chin et ach SACspDr Like its ancestors, SA&CD is responsible for supplying most of re lim I AE ens vere tne wd mr lhc spccialty semi-finished materials and finished products, including he ge eeac or oes adhesives, used at 3M. Manufacturing plants operated by more than DM bne Th Nabi les codhaoondk fifty divisions and departments are SA&CD customers. And, more chk or ches Not ue Dear, Aba,on nihTencoe iver - than thirty divisions spend a million dollars each year buying specialty sient mem eb bmn chemicals from SA&CD, In fact, if you exclude outside purchases of solvents, which are low cost commodity chemicals used in many 177 manafacturing processes, and the raw materials needed to produce specialty chemicals, SA&CD provides sixty to eighty percent of 3M's chemical needs, Those raw materials and intermediate,~ supplied by SA&CD are vital in the production of an array of 3M products. SA&CD's adhesives are applied to hundreds of tapes--Magic, vinyl, masking, strapping, packaging, cloth, cellophane, damping, mounting, duct, electrical, filament, film, foam, so on. Adhesive for Post-ItTM removable notes and the anti-static coating for surgical drapes, laminated absorbent material used in face masks, binding agents used in ScotchbriteTM pads and insulating resins for electrical products are SA&CD products. So are the imaging chemicals in 3M dry silver film and paper, photographic chemicals, binder resins in magnetic tapes and coated abrasives, and the resins that bind reflective glass beads to freeway signs. Raw materials include specialty chemicals used to produce high-strength bonding materials for the aerospace industry. And, that only scratches the surface. SA&CD products and raw materials are transferred internally at cost, which is a marked financial advantage for its 3M customers. It is not, however, the only reason 3M divisions and departments find SA&CD's output attractive. Another is that by buying inside, divisions are assured that their technologies are safe from competitors' eyes and ears. An example is 3M's Post~lt note technology, an adhesive that grips many surfaces, but releases easily. How that is made to work is a secret, but if the adhesive was produced outside, the process would have to be divulged, creating a risk of pirating. Keeping processing technologies inside provklcs another advantage, too. Many improvements made in 3M manufacturing processes are not patented because patents can be obtained and studied by anyone while profn'iclary infornmtion cannot. There is no corporate rule that 3M divisions must buy specialty chemicals internally, but SA&CD's expertise, convenience, security and costs persuade divisions to buy inside. Another advantage is flexibility. Because much of SA&CD's proccssing cquipment is versatile, it can be used to manufacture product A today and be switched at little Or no expense to make product B t~mmrrow. That flexibility allows customer divisions to defer Next page: Decatur, Alabama, plant with Tennessee River visible in the background, 0 0 0 0 1265.00 1365.0096 o 178 I. i 179 delivcrics or increase orders on short notice, which might be hn- possible in dealings with outside chemical companies. Fle:xibility also means that SA&CD is able to sell its excess productiofi~ capacity to JR pEi B e0 sT>yNra LE =hid ) R [ E E-- SE EERTEEE rRe EN ceT S mAls `| b i bd outside chenaical c~mpanies. And, somelinacs SA&CD bdys specially c'hcmicals from outside s~tn'ccs to mccl sudden increased internal dctuands. That process of buying and selling seems Io go on continually. SA&CD's impact on the sales and profits of its customers by providing raw and semi-finished materials at attractive transfer costs somctinlcs is ovcrlooked by those beneficiaries. 3M management, however, is very aware of the important rtde thai SA&('I) plays in the success of the company. And, some 3M divisions--cfiiefly ICPD and PCPD--could not obtain specialty chemical products or raw materials in the quantities they require from outside sources. Dcspitc its rccord of stellar performances SA&CD employees somctimcs complain that their Division is not fully appreciated. There is a bclicf that line divisions which compete in global markets do not respect a division which does not, That is misplaced thinking, because SA&CD is organized and operates the way other 3M divisions do. It has a profit and loss statement on which its performance is based and it does not have a captive market. SA&CD customers are free to buy where they wish and occasionally ask 3M Purchasing to obtain price quotations on specialty chemicals from outside sources. More often lhan not, the quotations prove how well off they arc having SA&CD as their primary supplier. SA&('I) bcg:m puhlicizing its value in 1989 by investing in a h~wkey publicity program directed not.at the corporation, but at sixteen hundred SA&CD employees aronnd the world. A scrics of posters were poslcd in plants and other installations each quarter to make e`hmighphlloiigyhgelecshdaaalwI3aiMMrepgoprfrohotddhtueucicrettcttdohhnaatttriSSbAuAt&iCoCnDkDhthoeeltlphpesspcprr~oorsdpuuocrcaeeti-So-nSc.cooEttaccchhh MMpaoagsgiteiccr: mcnding tape, Scotchgard fabric protector, Scotch-Brite scrubbing sponges and Scotch vide~assettes. A letter mailed to each employee's home Iold about Ihc Division's role in 3M product quality. Employees g: anaAN PEalso were invited to obtain a free sample of the product featnred each quarlcr. The fi~thcr-~f specialty chemical manuli~cturing at 3M was Joseph Kuglcr, wh~ first signed the payr~ll in 1927 and stayed in chemical producti~n thirty-eight ycars. Kuglcr, a chcmical engineer, was in 0 0 0 0 1365.0097 wo180 gradualc sch~l ~ll ihc Uol2vl when I,Ioyd Halch lured him l~rom Ihc ESee campus. Kugler retired in 1965 and died in 1976 at the age ofseventy three. S Fro toE e ares mr ty ry Another figure .in 3M's rise to eminence in specialty chemical amy manufacluring was William McNamara, the first manager of the semi- works plant at Chemolite and a driving force in getting Chemolite R =hs o: = established. E EsE tes Charlie Bentz worked for McNamara, who was a chemical engineer E from the UofM. He also was an agitator who knew how to get things mdwoaankkeee . ooOff naa e hheeevaaetteneddingaarrgBguuemmnctezanttrewwchehiiivccehhd a telephone call at home in the hhaadd ttaakkeenn ppllaaccee iinn MMccNNa.ammaarraa''s ~ffice that afternoon. The flare-up had culminated in Bentz stalking SFS renT iimii nll out, as angry as a hazed bulldog. McNamara's opening words on m te biEaEt the phone sounded solicitous. "Bentz, are you still mad?" he said oh A he after hearing Bentz's hello. "Yah damn right!" Bentz said. dae AT "'Okay, .forget that," said McNamara, unfazed, "here's an idea mb mE ilr Ee I want to talk about..." and continued on talking business. Bentz smiled bro~adly at the recollection forty years later. g Fr Men who managed the internal chemical laboratory in the 1950s ET Et vy and 1960s also made notable contributions to specialty chemical E n LD ne manufacturing. George Harrison and Los Axdahl were monomer ex- En E perts. Erwin Ulrich and Frank Brown made strides in acrylate r bee adhesive polymer Icchnology. Howard Brinker and Harvey Ander- son were experts of their day on phenolics and varnishes. Cliff Han- Er son, Bill Lundquist and Bentz, who have been featured earlier in this ho~k, are lhe three other inlcrnal chemical vclerans whose employ- Shh mcnt dates fr()m the 1940s. In 1953, after McNamara transferred to another division, Bentz Smegbo was Manager of the Chemolite plant. Hanson, who had been Manager of the Chcmolilc Pilot Phmt and Supervisor in the Fluorochemical An lahoratory, ~,cplaced Bentz as Plant Superintendent. S i AI that time, Bentz and Hanson recalled, the plant employed one A e rte .~hifl that produced two thousand gallons of chemicals a day. Five ycars later, three shifts worked around lhe clock and produced fif- En teen thousand gallons a day. et In 1945 Bill Lundquist left Central Research to become Director AR teens bey of Research and Development in the tape laboratory. He returned to the chemical business in 1953 as Kugler's Technical Director Ee internal chemicals, At the time Hastings Chemical Laborat~ry was sree!81 iI~ 13uilding 2 on St. I'aul's East Side. he SA&CD is directed by General Manager Frank T. Vikingst~d, who S FHo AEBE S RLTep joined the Division on July !, 1989. He had been with 3M nearly twenty-seven years, but. until 1989 had no E . expcricncc in 3M's chemical business. Vikingstad, a St. Paul native, did his e T TT e 2iTto | undergraduate studies and obtained a master's degree in chemical engineering ERCe Cr fen lom the UofM in 1964. During his first `vtwvaareriineetttyyy-~foiffveeennggiyinencaecresrriinnaggtjjoo3bbMss,, he handled a ssttaarrttiinngg iinn tthhee a Adhesives. Coatings and Sealers Division pilot plant. From 1983 to 1987 he was hha Director of Engineering and Staff Manufac- Ee turing at 3M's subsidiary in Japan. In 1988 BKR RhEeE ml iS CL ee he left Information and Imaging Technol- Frank Vikingstad etEppey n vi ogies Sector where he was Director of Engineering to become nee M.. anufacturing Director of Consumer Video and Audio Products Divi= sion. Eleven months later he was made General Manager of SCD. E | EE 0 0 0 0 O0 J 1365.0098 _ 7 C CHHAAPPTTEERR21 0.]83 ()f engineering. During his first visil, lie rcporlcd. "All I saw was B i e hi an outfit that really lacked everything. They had a very crummy fac- ddloiid.ry.T.ThhIeedrroeenww'atasks naoccowoaatwtiinnhggymmathcaechyhiinlneeetmmmakaekiginnoggstshaarnnodduppgaahppeetrhroeonnlplylyabnbyty, ttbhhueetggtrrhaaeccyee. eer t)f God and breaking down regularly." While he was there, the winder needed some repair work, Cross ) Egnignineeerriing's Rkoole Planning, building, equipping anti remodeling factories is part of fSmEtEeLTcEn RmOSpIEg R SA&CD's history that included a resource called the 3M Division Engineering Department. Division Engineering, established sixty two years ago, bad been in existence twenty years by the time the SCllli- peTE ne JLT works plant was built at Chcmolitc. , RN Spey The 3 M concept of having employees design and supervise the con- sift,orion otO3M plants was begun in 1929. The first department head, E. M. Johnson, was in charge for twenty years. After he retired in BPE p Ee TE A 1948, Johnson was replaced by Cyril Pesck. an architect who moder- nized the department 3M operates today. Sm eh We ay Johnson was a forceful figure in the company, although his ap- pearance was unprepossessing. Hc stood just five feet four inches F pe Or EkeSi EE tall and had a clubtbol that forced a pronounced limp. Some described him as a fiery engineering genius, although, according to his suc- cessor, "His was a machine design group nlore than anything else." What is tlllcontcstcd is thai Johnson was an autocrat who kept strict control over 3M's capital expenditures. His shortcomings included sseeallkeelcc.ttee"ddwhcciuucsshss lww'moorrdsdsu.sr."e;' Hethey He rrdeeiccdaallwlleeidtdh tthhhaaatyt wtthhieereffaoonrredemmaaalnnot bboeefccabamemaeeutaaifnnugglrrlyyy BE TEs oe mamummieins and threw a wrench at the machine. "That was our engineering depart- mcnt on the day I first saw it." ED emerotitios Before he was employed by 3M, Johnson worked for Herman Behr Company in New York, where he designed and built sandpaper Cope ep mE machinery. Johnson left to join 3M after Manning Abrasives bought pp Bchr and formed Behr-Manning Company. A few years after Johnson arrived 3M joined eight other abrasive E m e n nede SS rntt companies to forna the Durex Abrasives Corporation te manufac- ture and sell a'brasives outside the United States. (Durex was dissolved SERB in 1950.) Johnson and an old Behr colleague named Krupie were chosen as lead engineers to design and build a plant for Durex in ee See ig on hr Birmingham, England, in about 1930. That project yielded the first i sandpaper maker that could coat both paper and fabric backings. Based TO Com ra at on that design, 3M built a Jess complicated machine in St. Paul and was using it before the one in E_ngland was placed in operation. eT Ee Stirrup was difficult for the Durex factory in Birmingham. One Siete SS EE Be problem caused two weeks of downtime including the final night when Croks and all engineer worked until dawn to get the maker running. That morning, the machine operated well until ten o'clock, then was shut down while the English operators took a break for tea. During an im, bility to delegate, Imndling one project at a time and a pen- the break, the glue solidified in the pots, mixing tanks and pipes and chant tbr ()vcrbuilding equiprnenl. An example of the hitter is a rock the mineral .jammed the hoppers. The result was two more weeks crusher Johnson designed lind built in the 1930s that was still being ~pcratcd in the 1980s at the 3M plant in Wausau, Wisconsin. ()ldtimcrs aver it was the finest crusher ever built; superior to those of downtime. "Thal's why I still hate tea and coffee breaks." Cross said years later. ()il the markcl today. Former C[~O Bert Cross sling Johnson's praises. "He didn't re- In or about 1940, Johnson designed and built 3M's first electrostatic abrasive coatcr. It used an electric charge to make the sharp points quire books," Cross said, "Believe the, he knew everything and it {~1" file minerial grit face up as the minerals were being glued to the was all in his head. He was also a malhemaiical genius. We lacked backings, an innow~tion which greatly improved the effectiveness of | allWWshehenensneCCorrfooesssngsairenrreivveereiddngaatt u33nMiMil iihnnc 11c99a226m6,,ebhteeowwwaasosrkaap.p"papllaedlalatttothhdee ssttatue 3MJJ~o)hahnbnsrsoaonsn'iv'sserrsii.gghhtt-haanndd mmaann,, WW.. AA..TThhoommsas,, wwaass iinn cchahrgeaooffraappgpprrooenv-- | 0 0 0 0 1a650090 1365.0099 w-- SE Ts 184 r emt gie veypIe dd akictlna,k tphtcaey 19E0sgmaegeD s sly ut ing-and disapproving--purchases by laboratory personnel and did pnee tr WetRr vsanc his job with a vengenance. He was ruthless in preventing laboratory he CI TI, Eg Sl re wk dk, wh cod staffs from spending money--even their own money--for equipment. Toric Tren CL MOT ne mak pay oh cad oe en ond To enforce his edict, Thomas stalked the laboratories after hours and Sey Mite eS STITT rn tn em dco akg ome: on Saturdays. Wl~en he spotted a piece of equipment or an add-on Eh he ob ay od Rae toe he had not authorized, he removed it on the spot and consigned it hCANe ekoe reivlig to the scrap heap. M or E TaLerYOL.3cpNOaogFmfiTepJee?atz =E SArlnhmRA|Iaa . a BAryE|lrL ;Tk fI1 e y I E C E c a e eiNnlaimwhRerefe a a iJcso eorcee r,foueniee otsneo c oivcaR erm hr nLediodnf3o Ryie4et e nnBT1c15Sti u4oI iG m l8v1ee9e ATsh8haecvenoom,editE tyo mr.onrhgcsiedChri atatrknrfstaDPodi onRn esHr=eI1uetSasrtCbhrreyodoyog,]saresn Robert Bauer (Id't) explains a project tu (frum left) Bill Lund- quist, C. B. Sampair, Richard Carlton arid Cyril Pesek at CRL vb ei open house in 1945. shameesdngE1eSeDenvi io SroA pu SCa on cionninMyoncanicne ame ooffBtthyheeb1b9a4as0etmhseenlet)oiovfifmBsBuioiuenkilldEininnngggt2in21eI.e. rSiSnoogmmDeeemmpeaennrtwmwhehnootwwwoaorsrkkheeoddustthehdeerreien wwpiaittrhht me heUm TL MEI im Com, wh na 1 re fF Sep j~hnson and Thomas were Harvey Livrmore, Jim Trask, Walt VhorPo RE Eee - - man, AI Horning, Jim Rt~gaslcski, Francis B. Richerson, Ourdon Rm inten Fp Sy So I ------ Jones and Bob Merchant. Ed Piret, a Chemical Engineer from the ee Time vony, co ine Curtin res ie UolM, worked with Special Products, the forerunner of the Chemical pn ere eon te chs Group. After Pesck arrived, Piret left to take charge of the UofM's Td Es BE ginger a rn cp pd pes 12 Chemical Engineering Department. i TsT s mhCori Changing times forced 3M's management to begin thinking of re- 185 placing Johnson. In the early 1940s, management realized that 3M would not be able to operate the Engineering Departmen[.effectively during the expansions planned for after World War II wi!h Johnson in charge. They needed someone who could delegate, "who could oversee multiple projects, who could hire talented, experienced engineers and give them decision-making responsibilities. Cyril Pcsck was the man they found. An architect and one-time varsity basketball player at the UofM, Pesek was in charge of building plants for Northern Ordnance, a war contractor in Fridley,~Minnesota. His final defense job was to supervise construction of a s~ilfuric acid plant in Roscmount, south of St. Paul. Then, as the war pit:tt, re began to brighten, the government decided to Sell that plant arid assigned Pesek Io assist potential buyers. 3M was interested, so nine executives including Carltoq and Cross toured the facility. Pesek did not make a sale--the plant was too large for 3M's use--but in the process he sold himself. Soon afterward, Carlton made him a job offer, which Pesek did not accept immediate- ly. He had planned to reopen his architectural office in Minneapolis at the end of the war. but after weighing that ambilion against Carltem's ~tfcr, he joined 3M in 1943. His assignment was to build a modern Engineering Department, a project that had to be delayed five years because management would not offend Johnson by replacing him. So Pesek did not get the job until after Johnson retired in 1948. With that change, the engineering philosophy changed abruptly. Pesck told his engineers that while they must stand firm on pro.iccl quality, they must remember that they wcrc working for the divi- sions and not vice versa. Johnson's inclination to refuse requests was also changed. Anothcr major dduucctt ddiivviisinoinosniinsn change coincided 19418948.. PPeesseekkssoolldd hiwissithiidd3eaMa tt'hshaatrteoosntnreeuceetnnuggriiinnnegeeerirnstshohoopuurloldd- represent each division, including sitting on the division Manage- mcnt Committee, while remaining as a member of Pesek's depart- ment. Pesek's role was that of an administrator who gave support to his engineers when they encountered problems or had conflicts with the divisions thc3~-served. He took personal responsibility for obtaining management approval for division requests for capital projects. He and the division engineer involved would meet with Carlton to get 12850100 1365.0100 e SE -- -- Tw 186 rVisscdo hsys0rertetdreuye,tobhoteafBruCeaorf'Dsisdter.s Pes ishpte.lGeuatecaamd,Mebatmpaaryei,nOtaekms.onMeaomfiaacnurei.n"g DBieceatus.e his aye or nay on a project request, but after Carlton's death Pesek Rl be x or a he ered, Pech BOGEN fn dt rani that when Osh lear coher of hem. presented those requests directly to the Board of Dir~.ctors. me engines wh ad werk oR i tinhe war. He hx rd call ther mcttly blrOakes cid con While he did not ignore the staff he inherited, Pesek brought in raed ihcmplops mer areal, 00. As ew ii. km Theta. Pao ai Goi ndMeats bua outside engineers who had worked with him during thd war. He at- mare forma the Engocring Depthite ren Hi Joh 1 ned To (wih Ook tracted skilled employces from other areas of 3M, too. ,As new divi- Peon: Gory Mer, Emin Brown. Bi Lack, Hal Rel, Divo Engineer Fares Richerson vas comeced ity 30's sions were formed, the Engineering Department hired men like John Pcarson, Gerry Mueller, Erwin Brown, Bill Ludka, Hal Rehfeldt, To eUnvga aCrielyLs aon imspe yup hccsa Cchleeem oBpeiraotinon for16o3r8yheavsi vAS sdoit fototnh. Joe Ling and Clair Larson. A Hin wh rena ant Sowers gs iciof he Fst btn 1 Chere whe seen ons om "(Pesek) was strictly an administrator and he let you do your job," AI Homing, who had "grown up" under Johnson's tutelage, said. Nghe 1 i paca bas etm doy 9. FEF Guthrie. Ober members wee Bet Cail andBo Joon "Maybe I like him especially because he let me do my job." Yoein. wis son 1Pech css0, er as with ely fom Roy Mekiene John Pearson, who was one of Pesek's successors, said there was-- nagnantd ehecsSiiolns 3 Some of phosphite Enscr iPones dioerns BsereCaaiml, fRoirceberxioan msidp,dle"sdeeceloppreodacepsuips and probably still is--a conflict of philosophies between Engineer- ing and the divisions. ~ and DcotsiaPverhisional,in"Wohernethecy npatrsng chinl ,0hveyeyvan pInrr43e8dcbuyphmaetneyBoeuntsd(rParwoicnegsssErnogrslecr)easd maen.d Toowt whoor "Divisions are often willing to trade equipment quali~, to save time and Costs," Pearson said. "When they want something, they want naecuoa0rcgapiTheiy dho maraersacaetoyndurapbyieos.r1t30c8 y61 Eoobaiovbeetwwoereknipngercteanndepaecees cnoEnngfrpnagrnhde it now and'cheap. They don't realize that you pay for that equip- Conn ack ond cheap Tb ng 4 tho cofo3 Nicos mcnt throughout its life with maintenance and problems. If you get Tov om. ak seogRva that thr ae rel, but you Ta 1957 Richerson discid te saialt ea he designof he something quick and cheap you'll be living with thost~ costs for a long time. "Pcsck recognized that there are trade-offs, but you Ati re af a fof he way. Tht one of he 1s fl Dec chemical plan and he beled bd 1 1 960.61 1s 1962 shouldn't trade off too far either way. That's one of the roles filled I Divi Engineering Rone 10 De0cke0t eM peso Pl Engine by Division Engineering." ~ eontCaree wPehekcaocsesIM.PeCstoftn 1o96d6,bec SdDDCivAiGsoHn Winhg Moangweir.ssIniitgenerd etocthte efmd pwuo.rsiaenTenlginecs.ocvnenof Don Guthrie, who succeeded Pesek in 1966, joined Division sion Copley, Ono. bl ined Enger from manera consruction. Richchon a vas Project anger Engineering after Pesek came to 3M. Guthrie had been With the Acid and Color Division in Cc~pley, Ohio, but joined Engineering from RE le fn he BensTPnuGdiiwoswceoe s0aCreeelsRecseaarnche Efrurceofcso196o9fahnial c19k72y UInpAcveisryr.eDrelfogo5:. Faadl hweini Ccntral Rcscarch. Pesek and Guthric werc acquaintances because Eeite and bbb cil Chal comenton voor nd cnr contrcion Pcsck's officc in the Bcnz building was close to Centt~al Research. Guthric was Pesck's first chcrnical engineer and he brought needed eiosre d agie ntng Rescarsch ind1952hwhrichecwminon the Powavorof ogy, Vigna h crn cheba enncrin skills tt~ lhc organization. Hc also atlracted other chemical engineers nieops fing He dec Vip Pocus iin 558 He yt pen In and started Engineering Research in 1952 which evolved inlo tile 3M Enginccring Systems and Technology organization:of today. He Ee ty 9v6ancbee FecRaelmDFerodaiondDtrhnn h3 eDrieocnoyminngyclonimanuflacptluoiryingoapf tateiUnniRtiedcmSonneds, CVhiem,ie left Engineering in the early 1960s to be Technical Director and then Vicc-Prc.~ident of the Coa~cd Abrasives and Related Products Divi- nh Aaa Pot shen 19% bums Ware Sci Pin Dot Arica in Arkamas. He joined I sion. Hc returned in 1966 t~ succeed Pcsck, then in 11974 became receViePresent of gioco xd Mansouri. Two in 1945 afc an advertisment be paced in Chemical Engineering Excculivc Vicc-Presidenl of Engineering and Manufi~cturing. Two eb hh Doro ond was Soild hy Gowy SEs aught the eye ofsmotea 1. He ecm Projet years later hc left thc Dcpartnncnt and was succeeded by Gerry Niceear n whl sory tho vos) Got, Bl Mcowars 30 E8ng90i.Sa ad syd waih heiDviep1.rRunsbe bty.eusnier197y9. Mucllcr. Pearson t~ltl a story that involved Gathrie, Bill Mc.Namara and i hn Pen i 3b oftroi HJ vas wig 24 mach 1 ony hours3 meh Barney Oakcs. The latter, Pearson said, had a "habit o~f not running 187 his people as a team, but playing them one off another." Because of that, ~3uthrie and McNamara, Oakes' Manufacturing Director, had an understanding that when Oakes telephoned either of them, that man would call the other immediately before Oakes could contacl him. "That way," Pearson said, "Guthrie and McNamara always had a united front (with Oakes)." Division Engineer Frances Richerson was connected with 3M's spccialty chemical operation for many years. As engineer for the Hastings Chemical Division in 1948, he was involved in the construction of the first building at Chemolite while serving on a team led by Guthrie. Other members were Bert Cahill and Bob Johnson with help from Roy McKenzie. "The engineering team," Richerson said, "developed a reputation ~ls 'doers.' Bert Cahill, for example, made all the process piping and equipment layout drawings from sketches and flow sheets prepared by Charlie Bentz (Process Engineer) and me. That work- ing relationship between project and process engineering, paved the way for later close working relationships between Engineering and Manufacturing." In 1957, Richcrson directed the staff Ihat began the design of the Decatur chemical plant and then helped build it in 1960-61. In 1962 he moved to Decatur to take on a new 3M position of Plant Engineering Manager. In that job he directed two resident engineers, one of whom was assigned to the film plant, in matters concerning maintenance and construction. Richerson also was Projec!~ Manager for construction of the factory in Antwcrp, Belgium, aild was in Europc from 1969 until 1972. Upon his return to St. Paul he left chemicals to concentrate on environmental and energy cot~struction projects for 3M. A native of Bagby, Virginia, he earned a chemical engineering degree at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1938. He spent a year in a DuPont rayon-nylon manufacturing plant in Richmond, Virginia, before becoming a civilian employee of the United States Chemical Warfare Service at Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas. He .joined 3M in 1945 after an advertismcnt he placed in Chemical Engineering ma~azinc caught the eye of someone at 3M. He became a Project Engineer and stayed with the Dcpamncnt until he retired in 1979. lu 1990, cloven years aficr leaving 3M, Richcrson, by then seventythree-years-old, was working as much as forty hours a week as g 11336655..00110011 [LS 188 aVicePreside, Bngincring. for Used Foc, Richmond. as Vice-President, Engineering, for United Bio-Fuel, Richmond, Vii UreBiro] Copory alah pokes fon i. Virginia. United Bio-Fuel Company manufactures products from solid ie wasle. "Whi ts treto tesmirks plas coved 03 llcic While it is true that the semi-works plant evolved into a full-scale pect chemical recon fc. the it factory bil 5 specialty chemical production facility, the first factory built as a Remit malaciio pat we Decatur, Altin 1ac,ry chemical manufacturing plant was in Decatur, Alabama, in the early 1060 Seven yarwa ved kin fo plan s,s. 1960s. Several years were invested looking for a plant site, purchasing proper. design teposan oonbeforeconsti began property, designing the plant and so on before construction began. Tor re lf lion lr Fctay wa osean 3 fee The four and one half million dollar factory was located on a five Punired cr ote panded 0on hand arcs eco hundred acre tract--later expanded to one thousand acres to accomtefim anheoTennn esse Riv i rhe Altar. modate a film plant--on the Tennessee River in northern Alabama. "To factory iyo pepe.proceed 3nd ped i st The factory's thirty-two employees produced and shipped its first qechity chemistsMaof y191. Theraiy Specialy FnDin specialty chemicals in May of 1961. (The nearby Specialty Film Divi- oi. 1p96a3. wBiys1a95n0atnhd,inpJloanse e19m0p1lo2yedd wmrne thparnohccsionhubny sion plant was announced in June 1961 and was in production by mid-1962. By 1990 the two plants employed more than three hun- i ity mn and women) moe dred fifty men and women.) , ie pipso i wisn enduring gins Enlargement of the production capacity was begun during the plant's te benSan nsel wet ded ocspad fanrocheical first decad& when Simons cells were added to expand fluorochemical produce prio asic 10 heme. By ain KelF er. production previously limited to Chemolite. By adding Kel-F ther- Be Fon a Detar 1963 he od ello cory fn moplastics production at Decatur in 1963 the old Kellogg factory in Re came clos fo4was1 concrn, Than New Jersey became obsolete as far as 3M was concerned. That plant a wl ck to Rellogs. was sold back to Kellogg. Rnspinychemical patwasul a gan pcan A third specialty chemical plant was built and began operating in A stg ive bn Corts Thm Ey August 1970 on the Mississippi River at Cordova, Illinois. Eighty ie os eh coed ore bunds sod ily employees opened the plant, which enclosed one hundred and fifty oan ure To4 Ie anid a el. cc Ihousand square feet on a three hundred and seventy-five acre site. ol co or SM pls he Mle West sds Its I~cation placed it close to 3M plants in the Middle West and also an arp war soply avail rom te ve. to an anaplc water supply available from the river. Coops chal for mer 3M sc. bt At lhc start Cordova produced chemicals for internal 3M Use, but Nltohomiel cle re isd 1h 1975, A, i 1986, 3 lt I]u~r~chcnfical cells were added in 1975. And, in 1986, a multiir pao compe. Ba hseAry pro million dollar expansion was completed, including a three story proCo Ting caning cn esa sae, Sie 1973 Cor ccss building containing fiflecn thousand square feet. Since 1973 Corova sh Fo acre] magne cing for vio 3d com dova also has manufacturcd magnetic coatings for video and com- pheT am ofr ho ot dd rd 6 puter tapes. The plant now employs about three hundred and fifty people. oktprofucioncacy. he hiedomes plans--Decan Rated by prodnclion capacity, the three domestic plants--Decatur, Conims 00 Chometic art wartyte came ie Cordow= and Chcmolitc--are nearly Ihe same size. To rt oversee pawa an Arte. Belg, 972 The first .overseas plant was built in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1972. oIyehakanoopaen.menSiamocs cellpwsl00oevteifnou197c6tsonrd3 pPreoebde It began a~ an internal chemical plant to serve four factories operated hy 3M Euopc. A Simons cell was added in 1976 and a Product --wm189 Ixvcpment Lorry wasopenc a 193, Fore anocsioner l)cvclopmenl Lahoratory was opened in 1983. Fluorcl fluol:oelastomer er vr Sn 15 manufacturing was added in 1986. "Aner. Thedome pecialty chnscal pas, opis Antwerp, like the domestic specialty chemical pJants, supplies cotomers workdwide, bw Europ 1 th pons Ngget market customers worldwide~ but Europe is the plant's biggest market. Boonplacing SN nt mah, Aver ac gave hy e con Besides placing 3M in that market, the Antwerp facility gave the comoncrit in Europe. fa allowed 1 10 offer ploymenc pany credibility in Europe. It also allowed 3M to offer employment th Contr chemist ad egies radu fom Euro on the Continent to chemists and engineers graduating from Euroemcees. An sled ben tht Aver ives SM ano pean universities. An added benefit is that Antwerp gives 3M an oncenck hi hopnpheEetornspciy chemical the-scene look at what is happening in the European specialty chemical comma community. "Thcspeily chemical plas in he Unie Ssandthe mal The specialty chemical plants in the United States and the multiBE proc plant i Anewerps5 well 5 il 3M plans stood the plc product plant in Antwerp--as well as all 3M plants around the OT et Dion Engineering world--are tributes to Division Engineering. Ine 190 3M distaneff Cope, Ob, pt which In the 1980s 3M divested itself of the Copley, Ohio, plant which +hd periiocedWord War. an ks inion person, ac it had operated since World War If, and its Irvington operation, acqr nthe 1950 b quired in the 1950s, Ry1982Copleyhdbecome nprofble. Ka mori cos vere By 1982 Copley had become unprofitable. Raw material costs were on ad icedcompen orafr cidbs hddes pres rising and increased competition for sulfuric acid business had depresscb ln rics. SCD dahed acy ad xed th bg. cd selling prices, SCD dismantled the facility and leased the building. Rot aa chirward he progeny was id Not long afterward the property was sold. Newars. whle profited nt et he 3H andar ofpr Newark, while profitable, did not meet the 3M standard of proLB. ht don os 0d Denke 1984. D1 Wikan fitability, so the division was sold in December 1984. Dr. William G. Patron, whowat Ratheclle. ought wold bean cay G. Paterson, who was to handle the sale, thought it would be an easy Ty To companies from room 1 wok sed on task. Twenty-five companies from around the world c~presscd an eft he cr nmadc anf. igo Ws hi intcrcsl, but in the end none made an offer. Irvington did not fit their ues. Or. the pwc as oweigh. O, nwa as ot ai val business. Or, the price was too high. Or, financing was not available. Th wers jut ee ofthe rss. The resultvathat Peso, Those were just some of the reasons. The result was that Paterson, Dic: Hai Developmenfor he Chemical. im ndAld l)ircct~=r, Business Development for the Chemicals, Film and Allied PROS Grp, at eft wih Sg POE, Products Group, was left without a single prospect. "Th ie ly was ode under favorable em0Anishony M. The sale finally was made under favorable terms to Anthony M. Store.SCO's lan iaoger im Antwerp toni ft Mfo become Stonis, SCD's Plant Manager in Antwerp. Stonis left 3M to become Ptof es ned Crit Coprion he President of the busincss,renamcd the Cardolite Corporation after ooficpact ne. He was sin huge 1 190. one of its product lines. He was still in charge in 1990. Tro ve rc) ro Carine ll acres procs evel It should be noted that Cardolitc still mannfactures products derived fm chen tel ld, from cashew nut shell liquid. H --_ 11336655..00110022 cHArTTEER n here {~thcrwise. oe ViePst of he Prine Conic psc Divison, hh mares Sechard proc produc rough Gil foster is Vice-President of the Protective Chemical Products Division, which markets Scotchgard protector products throughtout hw AMhhe eunge Pence fo rel the world. Although he is a relative newcomer to flu6rochemicals, mFoacnnn tocsc1aled c"Mi.nSnvcd"he bby eot1s8 05 Foster sometimes is called "Mr. Scotchgard" by ~eople in his ScourTThphete rPPeeennyddu.ulludumnmt SSwwcionir.gnnsegrss. Her ame SFTESFooeorremyueeagahlRoeeeardvh3 ooCenroSsCmm0 oviremonresnreyaS,C'vsshnpaKiirO5ecTGl.Cccc pDyirtvoigose,r iS5 orhnAe1ic9ae 7ok5rAsoNerl6vod iAtl1Yh Scotchgard protector is a beauty, admired by consumers. Her name pp ectdk ep NT Fork he me Dent, appears in articles and advertisements in slick magazines, on televi- nan gs ached re, oh cp1sm wl ve A Ee le fe sion, on hang tags attached to furniture, on carpets and wall treat- en gles in shone word Rie Pres Dns, Hep orsos 3 gr ment samples in showrooms in many parts of, the world. Sh mlsei herr Foi se src Be bth yn a IH sey 3M's industrial specialty chemicals are Plain Janes, the sister scarce- ty nti by the plc, Tats eae aero 10d Grea,On 050 crate ipros oe sore ly noticed by the retail public. That is because her advertising and Feyspine map dr a sven yin 150 ect Mies Regn Sus Mes or publicity appear in trade magazines and in direct mail advertisements eso smcoffic. aaa rons apreso 100 Sm Went fon Sie Mr mailed to business offices, industrial plants, various departments of Ferment 1 be ny -- T2195 Keogh wa in or snes 0 me vey os government and the military. er ua i or cobe peed oe e155fogsvaroirspeares dy io No customer quizzed in a retail store could be expected to iden- ye REEFor cca cnt ca er moder FosSa tify Light Water AFFF or KeI-F elastomers or even to associate them wi NE. However, i otof a baehro er myst 3 ew vem he Seng pcr few years with 3M. few years ago recognized However, nine ago recognized theout the Scoschgard protector of ten shoppers who Scotchgard protector name. That high were surveyed a name. That high ee ein vo shied pr co Sechd pr an level of recognition was achieved in part because Scotchgard pro- ercrn Phin pcs sls prt co EL rector advertising, merchandising pieces and sales presentations con- rors re rod ll anal evn a Lg rain promises that the product fulfills. Another reason is that md pesacr ho ec ap bySEi TAE Phe Dy Scotchgard protector has been supported by advertising, merchan- Se Rc om be i Beenl yocd ans dizing and publicity for marc than lwenty-five years. 0 am picwhto pret ight a en amd ey It is fun to speculate on what the product might have been named ah Cn ok Bi, Vi tht oes cages lose (Fabricgard? Fabri-Gard? 3MGard?).had Jack Borden, Vice-President Ae Tr Dv, presi. Sch hbo rae na or Ene ~f the Tape Division, prcw61ed. Scotch* had been a trade name for Toe Dini of lope, maskinnd ir ages nfmlics pope nbs, Some the Tape Division's line ofccllophane, masking and other tapes for a ny sereblo o heaSnegeams.detamasda evil.e IBrd IN e ia Ar ay of te many years before the Scotchgard brand name was devised. Borden believed his division owned the name, but 3M management thought ieE pate T tok reI e d AErTS mc, The ein iCsoorndcbeeah0 wlroerne breec.ahte 3M applied adhesive only Io |he edges ol- its masking tape. A painler in an auto body repair ! eS ms. By 197d back nk bd rp he 1 sht~p. Wht~ expcrlcnccd trouble with Ihe tape because o1" 3M's stingy use of the adhesi'0e, growled at a 3M salesroom, "'Why be s~ Scratch with lhc adhesive?" organization because of his contributions to the product's success in the last sixteen years. , Foster joined Commercial Chemicals Division in 1975 as National Sales Manager for Scotchgard protector after fifteen y~ears with the company. A native of Croydon, Indiana, he earned a bac!~elor's degree in history and speech at Indiana State University in 1957'-. As a second lieutenant from the university's ROTC program, he e0~rolled in Air Force flight school and later was a special investigati'i~ns agent for the Air Force in the Defense Department. ~.. A civilian again in 1960, he joined 3M as a sales trainee in the Reflective Products Division. He spent four years as a sales representative in Detroit, then switched to Dynoc, a 3M subsidiary in Cleveland, Ohio, to sell decorative trim products to the automotive industry. In 1969 he became Midwest Region Sales Manager for Decorative Products Division(formerly Dynoc) in Detroit. In 1957 Krogh was looking for someone to inject vitality into his Scotchgard protector program so he hired Foster as Sales Manager ob, Te a after Bob Peiffer transferred to another division. Foster stepped into a difficult job. His charge was to revamp the Scotchgard protector sales force into an effective organization and reverse the falling sales curve. Sales had plummeted fifty percent to less than ten million dollars in recent years and Scotchgard carpet protector, introduced three years before, had only two customers. Foster changed his sale forces from pro- duct specialists who traveled the country to full line sales people in territories. Some men and women were reassigned. Others were replaced. After a study of the (;il l,'~)sler business, Foslcr got Krogh's approval to concentrate ihe sales eflbrt in the carpet market. The revitalized sales forced began to write new orders, the sales curve began to rise. By 1976 black ink had replaced the red. 11336655..00110033 192 pTehsatrtio.werdacnyat bep viderdt olhesoprogmoibc.su1cscof ca"Tso bboiisn.g"in FChoartaoaolgs ome bowed a 3M suiiy That allowed moncy to be added to thc promotion budget. In one Rn Ae eennd tc Gop oduta on. Aver nhCorporation. fas resnoop comacaape super event, a nylon carpet was unrolled on the graveled surface of Narr orl 8 ro, pve el rocked don. Fil cin te oT. 0,1 be Fe Bug wis he is a future Los Angeles freeway and a truck dumped a load of dirt* on it. Ere vd snd acme vay he dt ee the 1d. oS of he previa shortysere soc formerly wd 1 A bulldozer spread it around. A power roller packed it down. Finally, SagetSeoheES roto gs, which was pres. Un The 343 High Foot (Noh Carlin) Banc a crew shoveled and vacuurned away the dirt to reveal the trcated rca me ware 2 ny mes. Ovebed: camera in 3 enon Chatanaops add Sls MaJsimMesAndrees surface, a huge Scotchgard protector logo, which was spotless. Unieper fined octage fo 3 ove mite TV commercl. a ot kn and Teche Serie arog Jn ohasoand treated areas were a dirty mess. Overhead, a cameraman in a Te. For acu, "mes. wis alm the Di eta tem enc ple Mehar dsene Sa Mamser helicopter filmed footage for a one-minute TV commercial. (ist Comet Ever Aved" scan 10a ail he Sales for he mite bain High Pin 388 Joon ha been "It was," Foster attested, "impressive." It was also the "Dir- me pee +Publ ReamDepartmen. Charis. evil rman or tiest Commercial Ever Aired" according to an article in the Sales Ree Fe CD's Atri Mager, was gored 5 syn at Anamt agipnrogrgin 1978 coded coretcalled Digest published by 3M's Public Relations Department. Charles M. baci ony eb er spinSted ot pro Ain Top Tes onstin of Se, Maven. 424 Kent, Jr., CCD's Advertising Manager, was quoted as saying that Tet i he capt i of oe 197, re cer Lebotoy promt ereecnachiIKng pdt marc months earlier only eight mills were applying Scotchgard carpet pro- TReran pt 0move iane) pet Oey ted fn gnc bt35 gerervedcmos hou lector to fifty-three carpet lines. As of June 1976, more than seventy - he Dvicon. Twn cant ese he le dormer mills were applying the 3M product to more than two hundred carpet oe ry ht de the ods ered na rospcivecusomer hin yepera, lines. ; Ro Then AR od nlliet ror (i ray, 179. EvopesnScochgard carpe protec promo: One story t.hat made the rounds centered on a prospective customer ton, Hoe it commit" 0k igh 00 TV cl im moneda he Franke Cora) iernsions Tade who hnd given 3M a cold shoulder following a carpet protector presen- he NT Sl Reread dy. I ahtucly Varo Hm Fmhings Tes. tation. He saw the "dirtiest commercial" one night on TV and called lvabic Nojpdie ht ol bepres, Nevers. "To Clin capes bomen rolled cn io ther sls areas Ihc 3M Sales Represcntalive the next day. "It's absolutcly Ine commercial i oly Peed am ih 0 customer. ot of he Divi. otk i Corps grew re acess oer. unbelievable! No product is that good!" he protested. Nevertheless, 166 Nim 1 beso an Seine sport of N's produc Bee Foes a We i omesmers 0 eta ht the commercial not only helped turn him into a customer, but also one sss To anther. Foe 53, wilh te adiagon Scohgi psc wa cncarpeing sd rtme cso Tike led him to become an enthusiastic supporter of 3M's product. on pee in tood oe genes. Open hem Suse ofScorcher pvector rts. Furbeamore, co One success led to another, Foster said, with the "bandwagon ny nd echsei cer Tames wis abet hii i th Diikon sc department Rpt climbing. aid effect" helping to bring about more and more improvements. Opening ti cr, el Tht cy sop en 1978 Ci. moe ed ey ws prt a eh ier fo a laboratory and technical service ccnlcr in Tennessee was anolhcr anaogs ahgh ferry wa srt se in in Dali, Tree positive faclor, hc said. That facility was opened late in 1978 in Chat- Crea Duhon iy sne mie om Choa, he Wb of Tot ceceand asbsinn intodd snesseco hres fo tanooga although its territory was across the state line in Dalton, on as capt sy. Sy ve i sevcmy prc of he Schon menfo per, Which wa hey onugh 1 1983 Georgia. Dalton, thirty-nine miles from Chattanooga, is the hub of ing poet Uni Sescomes fom ils ANAS ey ee Ded our nation's carpet industry. Sixty-five to seventy percent of the oof Ben Va. carpeling pr~xluced in the United States comes from mills within sixty i sing csib csi demand fr Schr Torwregodandinigs nedysc of he Scochgand miles of Dalton. ra eo rd an IM Goines provi etic racism. Fale ats lodsn spare progr, chy "'This facility is necessitated by increasing demand for Scotchgard ed bs to comers Vie Preden Kogh 5d ER rc abc nd raves. ThE asco for vik brand protector products and 3M's commilmcnt to provide technical om. coiem ofhao ke. Wht et ot omewasrht services and assistance to customers," Vice-President Krogh said Aims vert we hd ong concern in the ener of the EIR dre ad i dood req snesa. Mathers in 1978. eda ove Shi dre. ic an women ave de se ry ced "Almost ovcrnight we had a going concern in the center of the i ES TA I Nor near,DuPont Zep pee 8 Sons poetshod *3M qt~alily c~nlrol includes lhc dirt used in Icsls and promotions. Tt~ assure con~i.'slcncy, it i~ still being prt~duccd on demand at Chcmolilc lind s~lcl to the Divisi~m. 193 carpet business," Foster said. The building in Chattanooga formerly housed a 3M subsidiary, American Lava Corporation. It was large enough to contain a carpet protector gales office, too, In fact, the new building was three times the size of the previous laboratory-service space formerly used in the 3M High Point (North Carolina) Branch. Personnel in Chattanooga included Sales Manager Jim McAndrew and four salesmen and Technical Service Manager Jim Johnson and fifteen technical service people. McAndrew had been Sales Manager for the furniture business in High Point and Johnson had been a technical serviceman there. Anaggressive marketing prograrn in 1978 included a contest called "Aim for the Top," Teams consisting of Sales, Marketing and Laboratory personnel representing each industrial product market not only raised sales significantly, but also generated teamw?rk throughout the Division. Two teams increased their sales performances by more than twenty-five percent. In January, 1979,.a European Scotchgard carpet protector promotion was annonnced at the Frankfurt (Germany) International Trade Fair for Home Furnishings Textiles. ; The snowballing carpet business rolled on into other sales areas of the Division. "Success in carpets grew more success in other businesses," Foster said. "We got consumers to understand what Scotchgard protector was on carpeting and that made it easier to make them aware of Scotchgard protector in textiles." Furthermore, en- thusiasm in the Division sales department kept climbing, he said, as sales personnel reahzed they were part of real ~inner.~ for the first tirne." ... That success and enthusiasm included sales accoml~'~l!ishments for Scotchban treatment for paper, which was healthy enough in 1983 to warranl its own sales force and laboratory under Mahager Donald Velky. Therc were good and bad things in the early days of the Scotchgard protector program. False starts included an apparel program, chiefly girls" dresses, suit fabrics and rainwear. The attraction for 3M was the enormous size of the market. What was not considered was that girls" drcss~],; and suit fabrics do not require stain resistance. Mothers wash dirty dresses. Men and women have their suits dry cleaned. As for rainwear, DuPont's Zepel protector and silicone products had 113366550.0110044. 194 cr ns Al te diced tly ee swept that business. Another factor not discerned immediately was that clothing is not a big ticket item. PiHhC a aneete There were sales and successful uses, but nothing that was going phedatacedi itso to be a big producer. In 1966, 3M reported that besides upholstered Ww || i p< 195 :; furniture, people could buy treated yard goods, draperies, hunting and fishing gear, shoes, leather goods, auto interiors and converti- ble tops, upholstered lawn furniture, window shades, mattress ticking and, of course, jackets, slacks, coats and the like. r iil. va i r spotcedFnSuyRht aT pes Basically, it was the upholstered furniture industry that kept hopes alive. That was the market 3M turned to after it became apparent BT ue manor that apparel was not going to be a big winner. In upholstered fur- niture there was a need for 3M's product. All that trial and error took time. Scotchgard stain repeller was i ove introduced in 1955 and perfected by 1960. Stain release followed in 1967, but carpet protector was not marketed until 1972, seven- ey ese Sve of Shand pvetor In 1974 Keogh teen years after the advent of Sc~tchgard pr~tector. In 1974 Krogh announced that thirty formulations of Scotchgard protector finishes eo en Srv were being s~Id w~rldwide. Carpet protector, the savior, did not turn TR : a profit until 1976. =f no I~ { i I FE JA [Ux h Penelralion into the drapery or wall covering market came later. 'rhc home furnishing industry is Scotchgard protector's primary markct today, with carpets Ihc strongest sales area. yt aSd mn a " "We had to lcarn by expcrience that the benefits offered by Scotchgard protector were of real interest to people who buy furniture. When they buy a sofa, they want to do whatever is possible ep cng chan a0 rw Font Sa t~ kccp it I~~king clean and new," Foster said. i geapapsveimosrd oi "Later we learned that people who buy carpeting arc also interested in protecting it from stains. And, we began to see a consumer in- eecutee ids psd enon Gor SSoem a aom khB aeoarkWed SSbl terest in protecting draperies." I Hamer Coe In the process 3M began t~ perceive the tie that binds upholstered furniture to carpeting to draperies. All are home furnishings. All arc piisteiag ol este ake domlyThen. eco chen expensive items people will pay to protect. All suffer from cleaning-hk ea on cs, For hm once cleaned they are not a~ good as they were. Ee ec i a lSd r oe Another product that made a contribution to 3M's success, Foster anandmalo Ns nn pe re said, was Scotchgard protector in aerosol cans, introduced in 1963. et og hed ope br oe gn br mn "The aerosol can," Foster said, "was launched as an add-on to 3M's . Te CovitnWioton TS ET et sy a mill-application program, It surprised everyone by becoming a selfg meme uk Seng 5 Shes eye es so ed liquidating merchandising item. Consumers who bought spray cans i tested Scotchgard themselves while checking to see whether they'd 3M President Bert Cross holds the Burlington Industries invoice dated 12-31-65 that raised the Chemical Division sales total to one million dollar. Standing (l'rom left) are Frank Woznak, Sales Manager, Cecil March, Group Vice-President, and Arthur Telfer, Division Vice-President. applied it correctly. Then, when the can was placed on a kitchen shelf it was a constant reminder of the product, the brand name and 3M." For the first time a product that had been intangible in magazine advertisements, TV commercials or in-store promotions became apparenl, real-- a can, its spray, a wet surface that dried to invisibility on a chair or sofa. Scotchgard protector not only became visible, but the man or woman who purchased a can got involved in its use, 1365.0108 1365.0105 wo r---- FE" B 196 Since 1963, I hs ol lionsofcans, xh 3 Hind of 4 Ki. ors amcor spe program ev piaeeha edty Since 1963, 3M has sold millions of cans, each a kind of lest kit so inkl 1k pli td ae, ho Bas ec ret of edtsis cir gn. aud mini-billboard that proclaims its brand name. It also has been teh nee comers hrs eS prc td SNE re Foster xpd. "in knowin tht we sent noted that in the three countries where the Scotchgard protector brand a 8 es asm Unto Sc, CodndArlno our ney rug r Pyro Tot name is most significant--the United States, Canada and Austraiia-ray cam ea ugg progr me fh et wayswt kv of PRE spray cans are ~old. er Schgard proc incan ert oh het Roy Mor Co dr dh oko ay. We prin etchprotectorats After Scotehgard protcctor in cans went on the market Roy Mori's Naeger began cen Irs from vrs rd hm wal ou Cr. ETRY 0 ot 13 daunt's Marketing Department began receiving letters from users. Praya ord ldyo is befor, bt os pO 1 eich Ben Weslo paricets ncusomry o programe, nin "Probably no one told you this before, but your product is perfect foprvein ve pian won ree, one wen cher hed he or Send Poe aTok for preventing underarm perspiration stains on dresses," one woman Ee Aer ad ats Sd. snd le corp Fray Peper on hi gs wrote. Another said that a girls' drum and bugle corps sprayed the eerathe kopter vn wii ay dy prs ons 1. ute of 3 couk beg fol the sarber of feathers on their hats to keep them from wilting in rainy day parades. vrcutines syednl kp ecmsnd esd aac Cay te Schad proctor sane ard pesos Other customers sprayed tennis balls to keep them clean and treated ot sp ha fan, Ov cr ped er horse's me Bh dd lo arr ey Cony trout flies to keep them floating. One user sprayed her horse's mane nl ey i Icking B) ceo 1 hore ROW mons cn of millon, ocho iy Avera EOE and tail to keep him looking perky in case of rain at a horse show. "Th secu how ne 510 oo iio dls cre Se i frm urchers in dil Tus veywh, The account of how one and one half million dollars were spent on siverng incomes ilboynd phy Sched ple "re. he ss rp eal, a een Col ed with on advertising to convince mills to buy and apply Scotchgard repeller (Chur13ou 1 catepromson on. Mise atl Sohn peer of more ah ty years. th 19500 (Chapter i 3.) was not the entire promotion story. Mills and manufacHoreverereshed hrwgh many pron comcts, 00. et Sn Ei workers wer ole teing, dvcapne turers were ,reached through many personal contacts, too. 3M sales epics made Samra WES led pen 35 icatioannd in dncosfpeifoomannes popoef WsES representati~)es made demonstrations which included present and re ave snd le promo lass. Poach re Th program for Sexe ket Sng reed with future advertising and sales promotion plans. Prospects were also in eho ot promo. Sky by din ofc ya Sch un and in rpalr wok sad 4 eclogite shown results of past promotions. Slowly, by dint of effort day after iy mo lle rd actors were comic 3 cold 300 Sere 4 ccuinsanDecerer 2, 1956. making Sears 00 day, most mills and manufacturers were convinced 3M could and dr ees ed comms ere Tit ender oie ain proecred cothng would turn retailers and consumers into bclievers. Taoifdonrtt av bess ade ue te yr nd WienSetchard san ees wot rdi 1967, Sas vas Thousands of demonstrations have been made over the years and ar lig de oy The cme 1 Sry cc iced king nd psn ewprac, Ine cay are still being made today. The technique is very effective. Onc you ese yo pvr Tor. For. There's 570n Scam work closes wih 3M 10 help sn Sanda fo to "Once you've seen it, you never forget it," Foster said. "'There's mac competed wh ying peesoch pti ih Ins Caspr Sam fn 197 Seats was ha magic conneclcd wilh spraying a pr~spcct's nccktie, spoiling it with IE ah he provin ht co be rtrd 0 eck Sl gd Ih ron ihSchad tas cs nthe cory 98 wih salad oil, then proving that it can bc returned to his neck still g~od me Forge tata iisra rw Tooth 6NRC hig Tne, on of the en cell hn's as new." For grander demonstrations the division's trade show booth oemited iriure wal abndown on ed Bc. Eel cer devi by Sens. Te ise tals es motel cosy incorporated a miniature watcrfidl tumbling down on treated fabric or ect ay 1010p A ck of hp proces and mer rey <a eles to show lhe product's ability to repel liquids. kingScab pices wy Kw rodoct sas ached vag Making Scotchgard protcctor a widely known product was achieved lt hig Rt a of PCY 8 ANAS 3 at Pr Th ely 1980 Sar came up withthe es tot M hod witht~ut spending vast sums of money on advertising and sales proi er hf i ah ne cay 940 ker yr. evo + Scochand prior or wood frre. Ths proc, motion after that first big splash in the early 1960s. In later years, ain exept Posiofds srocan IN hot {radon 195. wane0o Don's oe ao ric barring one exception--the introduction of the aerosol can--3M has everFaced mW dot comer here progr mms of 0 dole oman never financed a multi-milli~m dollar consumer advertising program Tov Schgand proctor my et Homever, he Dio vas Onsen cane i 1983whe CCD hepa program whey for Scotchgard protector in any year. However, the Division always a sent nly Lie br of dolla 10 00 rcs Levis FusionsConan sak sd aplicdSoschead prec has spent relatively large numbers of dollars to woo thc trades. i oieloabi ndmehan334d3oAhTaEe ods vey oc bl vs. To loinyeu + Go Se Budgcts for advertising and merchandising and a much larger budget 197 for a manufacturers' support program h,qve equaled more than twenty percent of product sales every year. "We take pride," Foster explained, "in knowing that we spent our money--and still spend our money--where it does the most good. Our tagging program is one of the best ways we know for making one dollar do the work of many. We print Scotchgard protector tags and made them available to our customers, generally at no cost to them. We also participate in customers' tag programs, allowing them so much per thousand if they use our Scotchgard protector trade name properly on their tags." No one in or outside of 3M could begin to tot~! the number of tags~cach carrying the Scotchgard protector name and message-that havc been printed and di,stributed over the years. Certainly it amounts to tens of millions, each one a tiny advertisement reaching home furnishing purchasers in display rooms everywhere. Sears, the nation's largest retailer, has been closely identified with Scotchgard protector for more than thirty years. In the mid-1950s Sears laboratory workers were involved in testing,ldeveloping specifications and in discussions of performance propert!es for 3M's product. The program for Sears to market clothing treated with Sc~)tchgard rain and stain repeller was sealed at a meeting between Sears and 3M executives on December 24, 1956, making Sears the first retailer to offer stain protected clothing. When Scotchgard stain release-was introduced in 196":/, Sears was instrumental in marketing and promoting the new product. In the early 1970s Sears worked closely with 3M to help set standards for the industry's I]rsl carpet protector announced in 1972. Scars was also in the forefront with Scotchgard stain release in the early 1980s with its McKids'~ clothing line, one of the most successful children's labcls ever devised by Sears. The giant retailer also worked closely with the release of carpet protector and more recently stain release for carpets. In Ihe early 1980s Sears came up with the idea that 3M should develop a Scotchgard protector for wood furniture. That product, introduced in 1985, was one of the Division's four major marketing announcements of the decade. Onc of those came in 1983 when CCD beg,'m a program whereby Levitz Furniture Company sold and applied Sct~tchgard protector in spray booths built into its stores. The following year 3M's Gold Seal 113366550.0110066. ree 198 J -------------- `W SSccaurrtrccahhnygtaaynrddPpprorrogtrieacmotorrattllooowbbueyyd 3 wary et ed ha a purchaser of furniture a warranty that stated that ee: treated with if the treat- E Be E mnniiettunert,es. h((oLLueelvvdiittezzvehhraaddfabbilee, ee3nnMsseewlllloiinunggldffuurrernnpiiattiuurrroee rtthhraeapthlhaaacdebtbeheeeenndammmiilal-lg-tetrrdceaafttueerdd- with 3M's preatuct since 1979.) And, in 1986, Scotchgard stain release H Feee SE p Lo for carpets was announced as the latest addition to the line. fore the sat ofthe fstdecade, In 1977 saleswereseventy-five A S f E Growth of Scotchgard protector sales has been remarkable since ERE ET nse of Excitement before the start of the last decade. In 1977 sales were seventy-five "A Sense of Excitement" percent more than in 1976. By 1987 global sales were nearly five Em times greater than they were ten years earlier. BRETUEEES to saa rom ie Bill Petersen, retired Marketing Director of the Commercial gB hia TEt LE me mein Chemical Division, has a favorite story involving a product demonstration in Chicago years ago. He was making a presentation Br at Marshall Fields department store where the merchandizing manager was a "difficult sell." Petersen treated an upholstered chair from Spitermniieiol ERR RES a spray can, then sprayed a dresser to show that,his product would SESSIASIRnnG AR not harm wood. He also sprayed half of a yard-square cloth handed penal Seere to him by a ~arshall Fields employee, who then left the room. When err eC the man reappeared soon afterward he wore a broad smile. He had, FEES a he said, used the treated cloth as a dust rag with spectacular results. ETRSImRmicETIEETS hE ho RR He held the cloth up for inspection by everybody in the room. Half the cloth was matted with clinging dust. The other half was spotless. SEDER SEE et re To this day, Petersen said he does not have the remotest idea whic.h Se R m eEp side had been treated and which had not. The moral, he added, Is ma it's not what you see, but what you perceive. In 1980 CCD commemorated the twenty fifth anniversary of the emma ER SE EER fy Chemical Products Group by listing Ihirteen charter members still SEEmEIEeSSIE dese with the Division. They were: Bill Petersen, Don LaZerte, Bill Pearlson, Lyle Hals. Dave Shryer, Dick Guenthner, Gayle Rengel, 5 Ep Maynard Olson, Joe Kcaling, Dick Danielson, Bill Skown and Stan sae oea,mg SSE CS Zaluda. RC ee Twenty-six other charter members still were at 3M in other areas. ESE See They were: Hugh Bryce, Harry Paulus, Jack Sargent, Gordie Ander- son, Ray Brt~wn, Cliff Hanson, Duane Morin, Dick Heine, Dick Sward, Chauncey Martin, Flip Grasso, Les Axdahl, John Umber, EL MRR EE Ton1 Billings, Frank Brown, John Hakanson, Mel Sater, Jack Han- Cr ee ee son, Gcorge Harrison, George Rothweiler, Charlie Bentz, Wally Schmidt, Slan Karwoski, Ray Sundback, Chester Kabina and Jim H incklcy. 2B CHAPTER Dr. Sidney M. Leahy, Vice-President of the Chemicals, Film and Allied Products Group, has been with 3M thirty-four years. Starting in 1956 in Central Research; he reached his present position through the Industrial Abrasives Division, Traffic Control Materials Division (TCMD), Sumitomo 3M Limited (a subsidiary in Japan), and Memory Technologies Group. He has been a Research Chemist, a Research Supervisor, Product Development Manager, Department Manager, Technical Director, Division Vice-President, Senior Managing Director and Group Vice-President. From 1979 until 1981 he was Senior Managing Director in Japan, then returned to be VicePresident of Memory Technologies Group before moving to his present assignment in 1983. 3M is organized into divisions, groups and sectors. Four sectors (until 1991) supervise twelve groups which oversee more than forty divisions, departments and other operating units. In 1990, the Chemicals, Fihn and Allied Products Gr~mp was in the Industrial and Electronic Sector headed by Vice-President.Harry A. Hammerly. Leahy's Group includes the three chemical divisions, ICPD, PCPD and S.A&CD, plus the Specialty Film Division and two departments. Leahy had never worked with specialty chemicals when he took over the Group, which was not important. Group Vice~Presidents are not involved with the day-to-day operations. That is the responsibility of the Division Managers. Leahy is a businessman who brought to his job business acumen and decision-making ability learned dur- ing more than thirty years with the corporation. Hc has a bachelor's degree in chemistry earned in 1952 from Reed College, Portland, Oregon, and a doctorate in chemistry earned in 1956 from the University of Washington in Seattle. 8 ee ~ 1365.0107 wo JE 2'00 oLasy'shtoauncgehfoonmspvialcchoicnasofdiSnCg)hperofseos hin inesie aES mhaoneufccous waldlhaavce k ibes.SisThoedl1enrd Lcahy's distance from .~pccially chemicals during the I'ormative ream peptic. n 1556, Ws 1s yar 3M, "tere ineco ecronrogranswoul i 0 vol vey din decades (although at times he was a customer of SCD) providcs him s,s, hE EI caplet fo horny tory % with an interesting perspective. In 1956, his first year at 3M, "there rt th min wilh th en 3nd Tr reuner idtape rsa caployed tw pele in was a mysliqt~c, an aura, a sense ofcxcitc- rome fon he FecaPelc 1080. Four yar aes ployer wk A four Wyre and meat tha~ remained with the men and 7 | Rerhon ovude the Poet were ton tccmartin cos i en enced 10g sevh women from the Fluorochemical Project." Researchers outside the Project were not Ent iese on, nlc A ar of lonand cout mln wa spd envious, but rather admired those pioncers, eAsr Abr i th 19509) was od rheant. wCossrsweosredhut Ghs.dAtpherd oLesahTy ah hc szdtl. of end arof 1h wey we 0 0 oer wt 10. The ary ma om to ier IM "Art Ahlbrecht (in the 1950s) was fond he Fron prj Tt ode vaasm wisnober pie paronhrl sues. of reminding us of 'the way we did i~ in br eam play an horonhs An Listy Eofr apnwatpsc Eats let ge the Fluorochemical Project." That included LAT C50 Boy ine ced he Pret 2 of th mean end wemenwho ce SIS) team play and thoroughness. And, Leahy said Bob Adams called the Pro.jeer "~ Sealy eewasn,r8 1 modsfo oe ings hiingbpihgs bersha ehe scnory. aht ch3adngeofiro 1938 Sial Leahy microcusm, a 3M model for how things should happen." ' pLeey esid ofpeerncehp geras olidgyrotsop,k chemicnalanadbowrosmreyn rimrr challenge confoned Leahy inthe chemical group in Lezhy sa~d a perception lingers to this day that chemical laborato~ Elo tek om ead and ar Hol to mime. They orc 1082. Aihoagh ne oe Gro ob he icky dered vests pcaple thin~ of themselves as an elitist group, as men and women iret by sei noes born wi 1c Aaneencal pio her dys. The Exewas oe who follow their own leads and are difficult to m~nage. They arc Hanae. of coun, bred by heir oun chops. cred iy ace research projects theCCD abort considcrcd "difl~rent" by scientists in other laboratories, who arc i ois i psy chimes borhesbsch he at woul eset wou contbots perhaps millon themsclvcs, of course, bondcd by their own technologies. ar he owe in SN. Ther art ce sss fr ht. Lesy eo wan] hs meq ant 03 illo Since 1980 turnover in the specialty chemical laboratories has been hes Tir, apd gro he 1980s lowed born pe. lr coors. among the lowest in 3M. There are three reasons for that, Leahy de wiapere iecod red. Sn. PAY iyo wa comin is sins 0 drop in percent believes. First, rapid growth in the 1980s allowed laboratory per- rem rtpol oe 0 TER i pot, a ie ns a) Com ot1 er sonncl to bc wcll-suppo~cd and thercforc contented. Second, gpecialty SM bre faoanneof cation ao ls Th eat on rie fr 0 ek ul 5 ge chemical laboratory people arc difl~rent Imm nlher men and womcn Pichemial chlo ot rbangaie wih obs ae tae sr, Whore prs woubedropped' in 3M laboratories from a ~tandpt~int of education and skills. Third, eehmigis Whee wentoe vad ha nd ed eh ar?Wh rw lqaorochcmical technology is not interchangeable with other 3M lcchnnlogics. LeRyeamedseTnhefhpeeopolesxwbreereincrselrePnreonts wwihlo ieribeo, hopwec?tin ht cin, Ley employed che be hd wd A modern version of thc [:luorochcmical Prqjcct will never be seen, ey nh devon of Temes pcs Bk. el Mig snd ein to wei red cnr ny Lcahy addcd. "Those people were entrepreneurs who lavished time sa, Cant he pie ot. The coparaion a gw 05 ran tam Toco maarnd ke pei were ed and money on the development of fluorochemical products.'" But, rt rN. hin oreo sone os eo ecto. An ue csr idth dco. limes have changed, he points out. The corporation has grown too Ef he ot i th ete gone ndcup) SHAR et comers pina2 sy rm plies. Even big Ibr that Io recur. Now, when a worthwhile program is conceived in comp ne hort 3nd Gull hen wnt pc Ly recalin. t Fctr om "we load up the front end with rcsources (manpower and equipment) ey Che acral oe his pein as ViePrd of Tampere coming many aSH 0corvioc he 100 and. and complete lhc job thnroughly and quickly." he Weary Techosiogy Grr ine 1970 Veo crc rs agi hl changes had 10 me Lcahy citcd an cxamplc from his experience as Vice-President of ; Enea, 0 ch 3 vas Then te sion i how code boston make more the Mcmo~ Tcchnology Group in the late 1970s. Videotape cassettes were selling at rctuil for twenty-five dollars, far too much if 3M was 201 to develop a ntarket for home rccording and playback units. To lower that price 3M's manufacturing costs would have to be slashed and intensive cost reduction programs would have to involve~every divi- sion cmploycc from laboratory to factory. ~ The consumer videotape laboratory employed twent~ people in 1980. Four years later employment was at four h~ndred and videocassette manufacturing costs had been reduced to +he-seventh the original cost. "A variety of talent and enough talent Was applied in all arc~s. Costs were reduced through sheer power," Lcahy said. That talent was hired from other divisions. After the goal was reached some were invited to stay. The m~jority.moved on to other 3M laboratories armed with another positive paragraph on their resumes. The task force approach was possible because 3M is in effect a huge talent pool of twelve thousand men and women Who can be attracted into exciting programs when necessary. What a change from 1936 when Jim Hendricks became the second man with a doctorate in the company! A different challenge confronted Leahy in the chemical group in 1983. Although new to the Group job he quickly discerned vestiges of the cntreprcneurial spirit of the early days. The evidence was one hundred thirty-two active research projects in the CCD laboratory. Those that would be successful would contribute perhaps a million dollars each in annual sales, inconsequential amounts to a multi-billion dollar corporation. I.e:d~y's job was Io convince his scientists to drt~p ninety percent of those projccts, team their talents and concentrate on the ten per- cent that could promise major profits. It is not difficult to imagine the resistance to that suggestion. Whose project would be dropped? Whose would be saved? Who would lead the ten teams? Who wnnld tbllow? Expecting that reaction, Leahy employed a technique he had used belbre. Meeting and sleeping room,s were reserved in a center away ['tom thc campus. Twenty managers ~nd key specialists were invited to a week-long meeting. An outside facilitator led the discussions, which kept comments to the point and away from personalities. Even then it was not pleasant, Leahy recalled, but the facilitator from a management consulting company was able to convince the group and get members to agree that Changes had to be made. Then the question was how doukl the laboratory make a more OO 11336655..00110088. WS 202 ee 2O3 significant contribution? The new concept was accepted by some, "Sometimes it has to wander around until it finally finds a friend." but t~thers continued to protest. Tradition was being meddled with. It would be impossible to make the proposed changes. Besides, there eh ager lle in spd me Gr were not enough resources to carry out the work outlined by the facilitator. Leahy promised to obtain the resources--which meant he had to convince 3M management to allow him to spend some Group profits for several years in return for a promise of greater profits later on. With that agreement obtained, the laboratory staff was nearly doubled and sophisticated equipment purchased. The one hundred and thirty-two projects were reduced to key projects. aaneThorcy.of howtoprod is One of them was stain release, which was introduced in 1986. An add-on to Scotchgard carpet protector, stain release provides protcction against difficult stains. The story of how the product was Since the end of the 1980s the word protector has been applied prcror. Scochgard to all PCPD products: protector, Scntchgard wond prosecor and 0 on Scotchgard carpet protector, wood protector and so on. Scotchban paper "That's what we are and what we represent," Leahy said, "pro- tection." The .word is important to homemakers because the furniture and furnishings they buy are expensive, sometimes even once-in-a- lifetime purchases. For a small extra cost they get protection for a houseful of things that need protection. We've expanded to everything opedining oom bis, coffe bles, end blesnsy sua in the house--sofas and chairs, wall coverings, even wooden table tops--dining room tables, coffee tables, end tables--a@ surface." markctcd in the face of strong competition from DuPont's Stain Masterrr~ protector is nearly as interesting as the product is prof- itable. The original raarket for its new product, tl~e Division believed, was luxury carpeting, which is about ten percent of the carpet market. That direction was being steered when DuPont entered the arena in weal. sae ot Wow 1987 with its product supported by a massive advertising and pro- motion u:m)paign. In I,eahy's words, "It crcatcd a buying irenzy tT :m the market.." Thc excitement of tbc two advertising campaigns-- ome ree Pa hy alth~3ugh 3M's was low key compared with DuPont's--creatcd such consnmcr demand thai carpeting in every price range was being treated with one or the other product and snappcd up in showrooms across Ihc counlry. "l)tdhml's advert ising increased the market so ranch," l,cahy said, "lhal wc als~ bctwfitcd. The dcmatld fbr treated carpeting doubled, nl och cs td ce hd expanding the markct five-fold.'" 3M's markei share--which had been Trp 1h wahSng cap pte Ihc lion's portion in 1986 with Scotchgard carpet protector--was reduced, bul Ihc increased business crealcd by the greatly enlarged a otacyswam Bs Ley3 markcl tirade that an casy pill to swallow. "Besides," Leahy said, "thc game isn't over. It's still under way.'" He seemed to be saying airsTL that 3M wanted its lion's share of the market back again, Not everything pr(~uced by the laboratories turns into an immediate success story. An inexpensive polymer was developed, but no onc mI nt EELE could find a large market for il. "It took years," Leahy said, "for -_ Eo A Pg- = asa Fok =p ix NN Ee rds OFus t~s to sttmfl~le onto an exccllcnl usc--slabiliz, ing a foam for blocking otlor~ and air pollution in wastc disposal sites. So, patience is required ig when a development doesn't seem to match our early vision. Cordova, Illinois, plant on Mississippi river in 1971. 15650108 1365.0109 Le iS Bi fit BET | 204__ & cunrre4n 3 [i f [| 1 " fl a B i BRT E ) i i N i GRR I) &- 1 RA GY TTooddaayy aanndd TToommoorrrrooww In the 1980s, 3M established ten new laboratories called Technology Centers, each staffed with exceptional scientists who were directed to focus on a single technology. The collective responsibility of those men and women is to assure the future often technologies that are of strategic importance to 3M. They must make certain that those technologies never become obsolete, that they remain state-of-the-art as long as they are vital to the corporation. The first Technology Center @as established in 1981 to protect the future of pressure-sensitive adhesive technology. The nine that followed arc responsible for film, encapsulation, nonwoven materials, ceramics, weathering, electronic circuitry, hardgoods, software and fluorochemicals. tart tho The Fluorochcmical Technology Center was opened in September 1987 in Building 236, also the homc of the ICPD and SA&CD Cr Ulm de, odog Laboratories. (PCPD's Laboratory is in the Benz building.) The Fh~orochemical Center employs twenty-five technical people and re re scvcn support employees who are seeking to find better ways to make Lohat A pois, carbon fluorine compounds. That effort produces more efficient ot manuf~cturing processes for flunrochemicals and new molecules wilh polcnlial Ibr developing unique products. The lqnorochemical Center start includcs scientists like George Moore, a 3M Corporate Scien- SR tist. and one of our nation's foremost organo-fluorine chemists. on Opposite: (;curtal Research Laboralory (]~uilding 201) slands alone on the 3M Maplewood campus. Highway 12 (now Interstate 94) is in the foreground. 0 0 0 0 0 1365.0110 we J wm 206 TeTochogyConroe decd fhe 190 cms Sovride who spot 0 GroupVie rosin Leahy. Saree The Technology Center concept w,'~s developed in the 1970s because of agen coker dt ehwh ering (ag. he sta Rives onions in 19601 becomeCheri of a management concern that 3M research was becoming fragmented. i Coaot wo row A 0dnhEe Bion Lirtory anager n 197, th year CRD wa formed The cause of that was growth. As 3M divisions used their technologies dno now prods. ih procs nae pu St fi hw bocaiTcl Dc. LorSav waswihSumions to develop new products, those products were spun off inlo new icons ED re Ged y elow sth Br. SRF Comore Rene blue ing i presen SSE divisions which straightaway created their own research laboratories. himoisnaohtotrpareptrGiictc.holes heh wer he oe o now, . Those laboratories pursued technologies which were the same or similar to their parent division. thr concn us ht long gs rssh sometimes was Another concern was that long-range research sometimes was nie, Thor cas shot bene hon, ain fn Cos. artyof CPD saber ivybow iff wsto aka neglected. That came about because divisions, facing rising costs, tan he eestopre pogams hosmgn 7t sch rchprocsyeas a0. wis asofSels Na did not have the resources to pursue programs that might not reach ion fo3r ec or rt 20d Corson sei 0 loi hel prospect Whets 66 fruition for a decade or more. Finches, shou ot rine example of fg Compl, Sos Reprsenives fu (0 sty Ns her Fluorochemical research, although not a prime example of fragmening. is ondcid oy CFD, PPDwd SACD helspre ice Only he wer hy abe 1 gc 3 prospect 0 ign an ore. menting, is conducted by ICPD, PCPD and SA&CD in their separate hori do 3 ae deen he Indi nd Econ Noe of thos wet ith fe exch Harney laboratories and to a lesser degree in the Industrial and Electronic Ser Labora 204 vy Corpor Rew ICP and PCPD "hci hthedd ut rods Eachvas ci wih wi. Sector Laboratory and by Corporate Research. ICPD and PCPD aborois ae concerned wih product dexclopment and ses eh We bad coiochnne ere. dhe PGE, WE laboratories are concerned with product development and advances A nlog a A vio ie pce on yas. i prado wa hes uk ota cit 5 ou in technology that will develop into products in one to five years. Th Secor am: s fv 0c years n he tore. And, Corporate For cxbmpl, Ligh Water sas im forming cam repaced The Sector 'frame is five to ten years in the future. And, Corporate Reach scaredwichagrinp- Ion So prin farm whch pad beh wed or Yeus 3 ape Research is concerned with technological breakthroughs that can proic rae proce en yar of oe or Sporn pero rcs. Sees dd ot come xi. Fe duce profilable products in ten years or more. "Tedvuloey Comers are bid, par Sector, pa Cope Fre oon co bvtt eypvp old lace Technology Centers are hybrids, part Sector, part Corporate Resa Acrs mie ors oo oma te stsce rhe ha bnwoking io eos.Even he Une Sc Research. A Center's scientific eyes look toward the latest scientific evensbong repo wake welston SN eveop yi came ph he es fr pce, wa deterred developments being reported worldwide as well as on 3M-developed rpmfohig imate frame of hee en years. Sokof Is produc aed ch nt vee om pros fom opportunities for the technology in a time frame of three to ten years. ice Prsdes aaery of CPD md to he Foorachemin ler cgi pond fr. ncn ark hesae pro Vice-President Harnetty of ICPD said that the Fluorochemical Tehri Cor edemo i cmeDv Hr a veri, Publ re deparetdpres cnc Technology Center "is the single most critical coml~nent of our DiviSo hi rc po fo Tronic. Witte Come: raed by replnes rsorss c, ies on sl ls sion's global slr~tcgic plan fi)r fluorochcmicals. Without the Center ob 0 vn rin for choc] develope an ie. on. we would not have the direction for technological development and pion Tt snot a comrsition ofte sho prot eal expansion." Een carey ihSimons col."Vie Present Fu: nthe began Morachemical prods spictons were pond "We arc currently tied Io the Simons cell," Vice-President Foster of Proce Chemica Prot Divison id. "Te Technology uc bywld comes wh ected10ndArc prod of Protective Chemical Products Division said. "The Technology Cts working 1 prone the clic of htc nd 00 ily ek ne Dt nt ws the cae, bee. inte 19505, Ccuter is working to improve the efficiency of that cell and to find Sopra an oa pen ) fn et rsvroe nt compounds that can result in new products." hrs an Horny desis apport the Fsorchenic Shope iyi Corparsion lps ot with desclopent. Navy Fostcr's and Harnctty's divisions support the Fluorochemical Techies Cer ancl. abogh, by 34 re fe Comers LE oud ol ht 3M pre ld helt Thing Technology Center financially, although, by 3M rule the Center's hanessravin 3 Marsa Tn. CFDsod tric frea pd oGecko Ligh Water AFF. The At achievements arc available to all 3M laboratories. In turn, ICPD and FCPD. ane sce ne sccompihmens. of he oer Forenf ance mel make hs nd sets ois lacs PCPD have access Io the accomplishments of the other 3M bora: sn Teh Comes. Sh ime ht seh Flosfortaie laboratories and Tcchnology Centers. : i Fcnccherseu Techelgy ores dicbeyDd. This in One hove. ens nd cle wet he rel The Fluorochemical Technology Center is directed by Dr. Thomas 207 S:tvereide who reporls to Group Vice-President Leahy. Savereide left the Industrial Abrasives laboratory in 1969 to become Chemical Division Laboratory Manager. In 1973, the year CRD was formed, he became its Technical Director. Later Savereide was with Sumitomo 3M and Corporate Research before taking his present assignment in 1987. Harnetty of ICPD remembers vividly how difficult it Was to market fluorochemical products years ago. It was a case of Sales, Marketing and Laboratory needing to educate their prospects. When that job was completed, Sales Representatives had to justify 3M's higher prices. Only then were they able to get a prospect to sign an order. "None of those users, with few exceptions," Harnetty said, "believed that he needed our products. Each was satisfied with what he had. We had to convince each one otherwise. In the process, we replaced products that were cheaper, but not as effective as ours." For example, Light Water aqueous film forming foam replaced lower cost protein foam which had been used for years as an agent for sm~thering petroleum fires. Success did not come easily. Fire fighters found it difficult to believe that any new product could replace the one they had been working with for years. Even the United States Navy, which came up with the idea in the first place, was deterred by the cost of 3M's product and did not switch from protein foam until after a tragic shipboard fire. In civilian markets, the same problems had to bc overcome. Public fire departments and private ones operated by rctineries, petroleum storage facilities and industrial plants had to be convinced, too. It is almost a contradiction of the above paragraphs to recall that in the beginning fluorochemical product applications were pointed out to 3M by would-be customers who needed to find a new product to satisfy their need. But that was the case, because, in the 1950s, 3M scientists had no idea that surfactants were needed in electroplating shops. Udylitc Corporation helped out with thatdevelopment. Navy scientists found out that a 3M product could be effective in fighting petroleum fires and helped to develop Light Water AFFF. The Air Force nectl-t~d a super material t~ make hoses and gaskets lbr its planes so it got 3M involved in that research. Fluoroelastomers for manufacturing O-rings, hoses, gaskets and seals were the result. 0 0 0 0 11336655.0.10111 - se ererreerm--------) 208 --Specialy chemical procanbse sepost i fe esis. tin he eTorwse t catergoirige)Msoraschennicanl tsthpaylrby 3M specialty chemical products can be separated into five business Funrdastomeares rbpyr wd in usando 55smar develoopfbee ft products Th 19605 areas: prc Th cn adohelp anh aerr er cng elope ear. The 1970: er bon rs 0 Fluoroelastomers are rubber-like polymers used in thousands of dr nd bree Ong. al, met boned compose, ope a. rer ang Ligh Wats AFFprodocts.The 1905 pr~lucts. They can be nmde soft and pliant or tough and wea~r-rcsistanl ean cogs Tht rans 1o gh temperate 23 3: ti oApity and mre competing cones and are used to fabricate O-rings, seals, metal bonded composites, tio Ti mes te efor amv, commercial a No I spel hemePal daoners st th hoses and coatings. Their resistance to high temperatures and ag- iy seal aa tin pio ws. Or dons pon re i re nerd or he gressive fluids makes them ideal for automotive, commercial and oe he low ches ich make hm de for ober to Nscg peoh Senscl xpd tc military aircraft and petroleum production uses. Other elastomcrs en Th hear Fae Taooahsomers. 5 es woIEBrom choy soe mons are flexible in low temperatures, which makes them ideal for other eigen 195) Cee ee 1a wh ih 0 lio he. Competirs Sb applications, The chief trade name is Fluorel fluoroelastomers, first caring Fd ad Systems se scansued in being ison he efTofiheeSimnonscyalThe chun ho developed in 1957. " or como appctions. Thydap han apercompra. pcs ern uit ore drs ha oH. Hepo Engineering Fluids and Systems are surfactants used in heating ie ein caper They trheaaficl iely cen Lec ly of vale produc sont wih gs mou or cooling applications. They dissipate heat in super-compuiers and es eo ctionnd Pe come he nda Sardrd x vane er Nh hgh il aro snd expercce karned other electronic equipment. They transfer heat efficiently in Certain Eig scmconbador devs Tad panes re Flor ok chan mts snd wake Fm Ce 0 on 27 of solder reflow operations and have become the industry standard for 23 Famine god het a rds hl ar 0 nhl do ls testing semiconductor devices. Trade names are,Fluorinert liquids "Ciel mesm e de tukes ces Cnibedprs, NL Td aye mak ey okof ep." Hares and Fluorinert liquid heat sink. chlo Seopa pret, Scaetved 1s Seopa wha gn Chemica[intermediates are used to make other finished products, eat ony cay to ply wns 0d saith .. including Scotchgard protector. Surfactants are used in electroplating baths and to make shiny, easy to apply waxes and satin-smooth Coigcs ePomocaopsisceaardhylsspaocsn.eTroade nanaesgea.1 Comptceney, il ro and, s peer sen st 3. If com coatings. Fluorochemical acids and salts improve the action of a range Fad credits ad uc tho ts ou vere 3. a hs St beak cd of products from catalysts to battery electrolytes. Trade names are abt Wer ATF ant ATC apes are edt igh fre and a Scr will mt how down oo i Fluorad intermediates and surfactants. opr oe daovapors, odor 353 ds ls ory oe eee ofoor Prete Cherie ls fa 198. Light Water AFFF and ATC agents are used to fight fires and rain we Shee For ou coms Twos we du hae yer ers suppress toxic and obnoxious vapors, odors and dust in landfills and Somborne. sing and vc ig Nee re PPD prdacts speared 1 199. Sm wer or the hazardous waste site~. pel pga nd hoe nhs. Fach ad ce och aes ny cig oe hones promise for tier pro Scotchgard protectors resist soiling, staining and water-spotting ros a ipt ocin re protected with Rorchemcsl Eoin. Ane ptt Fen orig 4a sisudgar especially in apparel and home furnishings. Even hard surfaces such ics The Setchyand ae aepple 10 carpe price, Tk i oc tn coukprOiA he ae otc for cx as wallp~per and vinyl flooring are protected with fluorochemical i orcs ar proton: 1s dS repel 2 30 {etn feeof bldigs. products. The Scotchgard trade name is applied to carpet protector, ees nd wed rset Prd mprobineg mardectonst. plas 030 fabric protector, leather protector, rain and stain repeller and stain ibn Ronis as incoprated ec paper, gr ue at ery yer for Scochgud proto as which release and wood protectors. ned ove ab a AC ICES 5 or Te morclient an mor gene for ils. Scochgard san Scotchban fluorochcmicals are incorporated into paper, paper- i res and way in. Tht nods paper pro Te at taten WA SEH CC board and nonwoven fabrics during the manufacturing process as bar- id fod asomeonepaging, digo meses Tein ein improv, The produc comits reviosy Hrd tiers to oils, greases and watery liquids. That includes paper pro- a ye isncose oy3h yes ach a ten odin ropa frit ducts nsed in fast f~xnl and convenience packaging, disposable medical en when sed ty. Troe ras are Scohtan path. sie ois snd sma at dine garments, hospital linens, personal hygiene items and a range ofother : oer pro and Semcon reduc 0 ROS. Tet of he 94D comes he 1990 nonwoven materials used in industry. Trade names are Scotchban paper protector and Scotchban products for nonwovens. It is als~ interesting to categorize fluorochemical technology by decades. The 1940s were the technology acquisition and start up years. The 1950s marked the development of the first products. The 1960s were marketing development years. The 1970s were boom years for space age fluids, rubber and Light Water AFFF products. The 1980s brought prosperity--and a more competitive environment. Most 3M specialty chemicals--Fluorel elastomers are the exception--are manufactured with a process invented more than fifty years ago. 3M's original patents for the Simons cell expired a quarter of a century ago so 3M's fluorochemical technology and the Simons cell are awfilable to all who wish to utilize them. Competitors stub their toes on the inefficiency of the Simons cell. The challenger who operates a cell learns that his output is more dross than;~gold. He pro- duces a small quantity of usable product along with a large amount of waste materials. 3M, through trial, error and experience learned how to change intermediates and waste from cells into an array of products that are sold in half a dozen markets. "We've found ways to make money out of scrap," Harnetty said with a grin. ~ Complacency, while not banned, is never seen at 3M. If a competitor sets out to overtake 3M, he must start at breakneck speed, because the corporation will not slow down to wait for him. "Forty-five percent of our Protective Chemical sales in 19895' Foster said, "came from products we didn't have five years before." More new PCPD products appeared in 1990. Some were for the leather industry, including one that shows promise for leather proccssing. Another protects resilient flooring against staining and marring. It is possible that it could provide the same protection for exterior surfaces of buildings. Product improvements are being made constantly. 3M plans to an- nounce a new delivery system for Scotchgard protector foams which will be more efficient and more hygienic for mills. Scotchgard stain release, a two-part stain-soil-static system with Scotchgacd carpet pro- rector, is being improved. The product combats previously hard-tofight stain,~-causcd by acid dyes such as those found in tropical fruit puuch, grape ,soda and similar soft drinks. So, the beat of the 1940s continues into lhe 1990s. 0 0 0 0 11336655..00111122 2w 10 o mee. Ee ------ Jet airplanes, space travel, a moon landing, ahost of business pro- rte nab ducts such as electric typewrilers, computers and facsimile machines, ee eh: retail products such as PCs, VCRs. camcorders and microwave ovens TT sr have appeared since 1945. II would lake a miracle to finresee what ET might be added to that list by the year 2035. ct wit ot And, that includes the specialty chemical products ~M will add i en ft to its list in the next forty-five years. nl eich cv.hyo But, as far as 3M specialty chemicals arc concerned, why talk about . the future? The future is now. ~ APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX re ee 1 oee y sen The men who attended the April 19. 1949, meeting were a~ked by President Carlton SR to prewide written answers to three questions: a Is the project comh~ercially.sound? TAMER (ian What will be lllle.deternnining factors of ~uccess or faihure? et How should 3M prodeed to determine as rapidly as possible the likelihood I of the fluorocarbon project becoming a financially successful proposition? J Replies from twenty-nine men were included in a written report. Twenty-six were from people on the list of attendees reported in the minutes. In addition, J. L. Ren- EE I PE dall. Joseph Selden and Robert I. Coulter, whose names were not on that list, sub- mitred answers to Carlton's questions. Ee etctote mapper Others listed as present at the meeting were the following management personnel: CTpe Cyril P. Pesek. Charles Walton and Nelson Taylor, Walton added four points of elaboration "to forestall any misinterpretation of the Tat conclusions" of the meeting under the heading Post-Meeting Elaboration on ConSR An clusions. His one-page memorandum was attached to the meeling minutes. His points wcr~: I, Fluorocarbon materials released to date for customer evaluation have all been of the unreactive type. Such customer release has been restricted, and has not been general. While customer interest in such products has been ETE genuine, it has not been of the type which wouid make 3M desire to build a production-size manufacturing unit. eames 2. In the very near futnre unreactive type fluorocarbon nmterials will be given general cu~toltllel- release.. Ee yt ta 3. No specific selling or advertising program has been initiated as yet in behalf Pp A- of 3M fluorocarbons, With present limited p!lot plant facilities, advertising can only be on a research sample basis. 4. Field contacts have indicated thnt most customer companies am primarily interested in "reactive" fluorocarhon materi,'llls, which they can use for ee chemic,'d synthesis. Market evaluation of such reactive type fluorocarbons will have to wail for six !o nine month,~, until pre,~enl 3M research and patent work is concluded. While we believe that "customers hungry for such md products will exist, we have no real proof other than preliminary interest.'" mbm ot. ee Wallon's evaluation was dated May II. 1949, some three weeks after the meeting. Hcrc. in alphabetical order, are excerpts from the reports: J. E Ahcre, Polymer Section, Central Research Department: It is my opinion that ACe fluorinated organic compounds and the products derived therefrom will form the rie iee basis of a business which will be very profitable to one or several companies. l,ewis F. Beer, Catalytic Section. Central Research Department: With regard to So the question of whether the project is commercially sound, my answer is yes; ht~cever, Re this answer is being given with reserwttion, lls soundness :dso depends on how wise A Ni e Rirr eo the nmnagcmcul is in selling the pmdttcts. I believe that. if the project is to be con- sidered successful, the process must be impr~wed, before lurge-scale expansion of 0 0 0 0 1a8s0113 1365.0113 P CT T T--, the pilot plan! is contemplated or before the building of a semi-works plant. Frank A. B(wey, Polymer Section Leader. Central Research Department: It seems tO nle tha[ tile fluorocarbon proje~'l, so fi~r as monomers and polynlcrS arc concern- TN bay ndcomely ed, is undoubledly sound commercially. ERS Ee ey Erwin P. Br~n. En-gin~ring Division: I firmly believe that fluorocarbons are SlmmehmITRTE destined to play an impo~ant rol~ in ~hc industrial chemical field within ll~e ncx( few ycars...We are now in the process of enlarging and modcrnizlng [he small laboratory (to give research p~rsonad) the tools necessary Io rapidly evaluate ef oes cy poen electrolytic pmc~ss...(We) are now in th~ process of considering new cquipmenl S mEEComo rire for the present pilot plant. Hugh G. Bryce, Catalytic Section, Central Research Department: It is my candid SENSIS opinion that th~ Fluo~carbon Project is destined to become a financially successful EmbTRERIE undcdaking for 3M. I am amazed at the work lhat has been accomplished to dale and I have been tremendously slimulat~d by the optimism and enthusiasm of (he ry personnel working on this Project. Robe~ I. Coulter, ~tent Attorney: I have no doubl lhat th~ fluorocarbon chemical field will have become quite impo~am twenty years f~m now. The next five years e SEeTE TEtRi inS Ie IRh in pa~icular are in th~ realm of s~culndon apa~ from supplying research chemicals. E HIEL TEEE EEIY ET Ycl no one can safely assume that some major demand will not arise within the next R sr EIS--E--R-- the hmg-rangc outlook for the project is good, it is definitely speculative with no positive assurance of ultimate commercial success. As a research gamble, it is as gotxl I,I one as cau bc fOl.uld. e Dru. Hem tu Derm ita y rmbt J. E Dowdall, New Products Division Laboratory head: The 3M electrochemical process far the production el fluorocarbons is an extremely interesting and intrigu- E enE imEEne ing research project..,To determine whether the fluorocarbon project will become financially successful requires that more detailed and exact information concerning yields and costs of fluorocarbong be obtained as soon as possible,,. emt teste sen CoD R. E. Drummond, Electrochemical Section, Central Research Department: 1 pro- e E ESRSASE r CME de ESE foundly consider thal we are in a position to immediately proceed with the design and erection of a semi-works plant consisting of two I0,000 ampere cells. Irreparable ES S ER T harm may be done if we are unable to supply fair quantities of our products to a potential customer for his pilot plant work in a relatively shorl time. A long walt...is as discouraging as any effect of price. During such a waiting period (the customer) oi EH may become deeply involved in some other program.,. We all have the tendency to wait a little longer to see what improvements we can make on our process. This is natural since research personnel are inclined to be C Fe, HoR ss betsR ot ct E a perfectionists. However, all industries are continuously improving themselves or are soon outmoded and out of business, tt is preferable to be in a position of being forced e Seenenbaees to improve as we go rather than not get started. couple of years, perhaps based on some use that no one has yet dreamed eL That is why I think it so import~m that there be no undue delay in disseminating informa- mt wees 4 before Co aminoTo crminty psor hspoet f econcio 0bbl lion and making samples available, not just for a few compounds, but For as runny B Er EN r 0 e 1 as possible. Patents do not of Ihemselvcs bring in the pro~ts that 3M is intcr~(~d in. Profits are made on ~he gale nf products and Ihe bigger the marke{ lhe belier. !1 is 1o 3M's ultimate advantage Io have many other ~ons working in the field and to ~ stimulated ets ep heen oa i payy rr PA in pa~ by the idea thai 1hey may get patents. (He referred to Quaker Oats Company, PEE ey ay Sey Se a as the supplier of ~r~ral~a colorless mobil~ liquid ~pr~uct of oat hulls~nfiting from outsiders discovering the tonnage uses for it. The use oF fuffural in oil r~fining was developed nnd patented by 8n outsider and provided one of th~ first volum~ i rp DR markct~.) a it, ot vs oe elek Sepmte mee ci I flfiuk some individnals have slresscd 1~o grcally ihc nccd fi~r Ibornughly cxpIof ins the chemistry of derivatives, and of derivatives of derivatives, and ~f use~. EERIE DRE ata ST releasing information and samples on what is available. A c~ain amount of such work is desirable, bul it seems [o m~ that the nutior ~ffcm should bc on p~rfcting SE e ma pid EESonSomoees Ihe elcc(rochemical process and (lie processes For making the immediate dcrivalivcs Se Se of lhc cell products... esSk tC 3M's basic position depends upon lhe electrochemical process ~nd the cell pro- ducts lhcrcof, and ~hose lumber products derived directly therefrom ~ other pro- E SER R RE R IT SEeEeSEeERkIIeRtEaREk ccsscs (such as the thermal processes Ihal are being studied.) The control of lhc E electrochemical process and its use in making compounds having direct use and Ibr SECIS Se SERRE supplying raw nnuerials Ibr I~rlhcr processing (whclhcr by 3M or its customers), Er FE gives to 3M an outstanding posifion in Ihe fluorocarbon field. B~cause of this there TEES LR ce is justification for gambling on the ultimate profit-making possibilities. ~ SSE EE E EEe a A. R I)i,sglin, pilot pl~ml Section l.ca(IcL Central Research Department: While D, R. Guthrie, Division Engineer: There seems to be widespread opinion in the technical staff that our process can produce products that no other known process can manufacture. This is certainly a plus for this project if we can continue to hold this edge. It will be very dangerous for us to become complacent and assume that we do have the only process, and thai price will not be a major factor in the success of the proJect,.. I think we should pick twoor three reactive fluorocarbons and concentrate on them. We should pound away at every possibility of improving yield and lowering cost, develop our chemical technology and knowledge of behavior of the products. check process design ideas and gather complete engineering data for plant design. and get as many samples as possible in the hands of potential users. This project ix so broad in scope that to allernpt Io ctwer the wl,~lerfront may break the bl,mk belbre any dcpa~sils from profits are made...the capital inveslment fi~r manulhcturing Ihcilities in the project will be so high that mistakes and errors in judgment will be very costly. I feel that this pruject is still in the research stage, and I do believe it is a good re~earch prnjcct. Lylc J. itals, Catl,dytic Scctkm, Central Research Department: From a chemist's poinl of view fluorocarbons are new and unique, therefore, an exciting field of chemicl,tl research, However, it is a difficult thing for a chemist to evaluate the economic soundness of his pet project. He is apt to be over optimistic in his estimates...I Ibel that with the research group we now have organized that after the next year or eighteen months, sufficient research and development knowledge will have been accumulated so that a intelligent evaluation of the technical potenlialilies of fluorocarbons can be made. J. (). Hendricl~s, Assistanl Director, Cenlral Research Departn]ent: "The project I~ks so promising n~' Ihat we should proceed with full steam ahead in our laboratory, pilot plant and market development areas. If we remain alert and aggressive combined with good jt,dgment, success should be ours?' | 0 0 0 0 J 1365.0114 Tp ------ D. R, Husted, Organic Section, Central Research Department: I do not feel that TT possession of the Simons process for fluorocarbon production is a guarantee of suc- cess...Whether it will operate at a profit later, on a production scale, remains to be ET ET proven.. ,We may find it economical to blanket the field with patents and operate py on a larger scale by another process (other than the Simons process.) I think the process is probably sound, but the results obtained are dependent on K TR A E Er the soundness of the research, the h,readth of patent protection and the cleverness i qt ik ScoepeSt SGEt es Matthew W. Miller, Organic Section Leader, Central Research Department: Qualified by two assumptions,..l believe the Fluorocarbon Project and 3M's investmenl in it are sound. ELI -------- Fluorocarbon chemicals and substances derived from them are a very recent rE TUE development. As such, and when consideration is given their unique physical proBE a perties and stability, intense interest in them by chemists and research organizations pris a foregone conclusion. Those few substances which have roached the position of of the engineer, and nut on any magical formula based on a novel process, just because it is novel. LAPN r te rt Ei G. M. tde. New Products Division: The main claim of the 3M-Simons elecse Ee Fr pr trochemical process is economy; it is said that fluorocarbon compounds can be made more cheaply by this process than by bther methods. This claim has not been proved. i i me Lp 1 believe that commitments of any' kind should be avoided until the economy of rye SEER the process has been proved. I wou~ld like 1o see no expansion of research, pilot plant, or market development until this most important task is done. A Mm ER yr LT EETE tide included eight pages of information on theorelical costs. Those costs were REE oT a refuted by Nelson "Paylor, Assistant Director of the Central Research Department. See APPENDIX If.) EiL es Retr Sa E En ER TE C. L. Jewett, New Products Divisiion: 1. The fluorocarbon program is an expenee a sive gamble. 2. It is rumored that other substantial compa0ies have studied the Te Ein sm me Seti fluorocarbon field and the Simons process and have rejected both. (He mentioned Te a TS DISDT American Cyanamid and Westinghouse.) 3. The Simons process so far has given very low and erratic yields in most cases. 4. For the lower molecular weight pro- TIE om ne ducts and particularly those which also contain chlorine...other Imown processes are said to be more efficient... 5. Fluorocarbons arc likely always to be expensive. SE RE ei i iRti ee 6. In general, the use of the fluorocalrbons are not known. (He mentioned that DuAr rs Tre Pe)hi had a long headstart in products ofthe "Teflon" type.) 7. The usual 3M yardhe Tet rl ss - sticks (existing equipment, sales outlets, 3M techniques or cheap raw materials) do Tn Le rd A hal seem to have been applied to this program. 8. After one or two million dollars FER Li en pn LT have been invested in research, it will be difficult to drop the project...There will be a strong temptation to continue or even accelerate the costs. EP Le ON E. A. Kauck, Electrochemical Section, Assistant l.eader, Central l~esearch DepartEe LI tt EL meal: I. A large volume fluorocarhlon business is likely, providing selling prices arc reasonable. 2~ The project is sti:ll a gamble but appears to be a good risk. 3. 3M should continue the project on a research scule. omens se dose De J. I). l,aZerte, Catalytic Section, Central Research Department: On a long term ps She basis ! am t~nv;nccd the flut~rocarbnn pro.iect is a sound business venture. However, I am also convinced that it will be s~ome years yet before fluorocarbons can stand es EE el tm their ~wn feet...Thc most rapid way to a financially sound project would be to F SeL LTEeSE continue Ihe intensive research prngram and to expand the pilot plant to such a size their those compounds needed by ourselves and by serious potential customers can he made available. Si,n rtm eey Cpisecop TEEAa noey R. R. McKenzie, Division Enginee:r, Adhesives and Coatings: Fluorocarbons, par- ticularly the reactive variety, will undoubtedly have a major place in chemical in- Sn Ehte Wt p ee a Ea E NE TTL AT dustry (sic). Speaking generally, therefore, it is my opinion (a) fluorocarbon project is a commercially sound bnsiness venture. Whether it is sound for 3M depends on i EmaT A ee PT Ihc business philosophy of 3M management... 3M must plan on spending considerably industrial importance indicate that the development of many other commercially useful items will follow. From the literature, patent abstracts, and 3M's markel research, it is evident that many concerns are actively engaged in research on fluorocarbons. Others are now following these proceedings closely. Those interests point predominately toward a desire for fluorinated molecules containing reactive groups. The ~lectrochemical process for the production of fluorocarbons, on a research basis, has already demonstrated its versatility in that a variety of organic chemicals can be fluorinated using it. Many of them have been heretofore unattainable. Of par- ticular interest is the discovery that chemicals containing a reactive group, such as the carboxyl group, can be fluorinated and this reactive center retained for subse- quent chemical operations, The possibility of employing fluorocarbons as conven- tional chemicals and by known methods of synthesis cannot only be visualized but also is a reality. ...Limiting factors...are two in number: (I) The (Simons) process must be com- petitive economically; and (2) Complete patent protection on the process and the fluorocarbon chemicals themselves-must be had. ~ The electrochemical, process quite certainly will not revolutionize all fluorocar- bon production. It, therefore, has to be competitve economically and be controllable in such a manner that, predomlnately, the desired product is produced~. These ques- tions can be answered only by continued intensive research on the:cell reactions and conditions. (Miller mentioned the value of patents and the "protection of pa~t investments, should other processes prove more economical, Chemical com~ound p~itenks are more important here than would be those on a process"') thaw slumM 3M proceed to determine tts rapidly as possible the likelihtn~rl qf the fluorocarbon prt~jec.t becoming a financially successful proposition? The fluorocarbon project is somewhat foreign to 3M's normal business activities. As now seen, it puts 3M initially in the role of a chemical raw material supplier. It cannot be contemplated that every possible end use 0r product, or even a small percentage of them, can be investigated or exploited in a reasonable time. (He suggested that other companies and research organizations be supplied with fluorocarbons and technical information to allow them to conduct investigations and evaluations. Both reactive and non-reactive fluorocarbons "should be sampled quite freely:") In the meantime 3M's efforts should be predominately on research activities conce~'ning the process and its economics, as well as basic research on the chemistry of fluorocarbons themselves. The former...is necessary because of the competitive aspect...already apparent in this field...The latter is required to protect 3M's position firmly as a basic chemical producer and supplier. W. H. Pearlson, Catalytic Sectibn Leader, Central Reseach Department: Having been associated with this work since 1942, and actively engaged in research concern- more lime ~nd money to achieve a Ifirm position in the chemical field. i0 0 d 0 0 tug it since 1944, I have had many occasions fi~r comparing the process with cam- BE 12850118 1365.0115 e ct c ch sf oe mci petilive processes as well as with bther lines of chemical research...l was convinced fer rete er that the highest probability for furore success would come from...the electrochemical production of fluorocarbons. Recent advances Jn our laboratories make this feeling i even stronger at present. ...Even at present we are able to produce several types of compounds at a price AE LE I I which is moderate for specialty Chemicals..lust as soon as an assured market apFe Se eof by er on pears, 1 believe we should take advantage of it by preparing for production within La rk pist ce, CoBh Drom 1 a year. fr tt ht de ea escm a desire for reactive fluorinated chemicals and little interest in inert compounds.) foThe proposed release of fluoripated acids should hasten the commercialization of fluorochemicals (which might find uses) as intermediates in the preparation of such Ee end products as pharmaceuticals, dyes, resins, plastics, tanning agents and elastomers. Harold M. Scholberg, Electrochemical Section Leader, Central Research Depart- re oe ment: (The potential field of fluorocarbon chemistry) is enormous...Our present ore position is strong. We control the only one-step method known for the production es rery AaSomohe a of organic fluorine compounds. Among electrochemists whom I have met at na- R. W. Perlieh. Analytical Section Leader, Central Research Department: It is my opinion that the Fluorocarbon Project is a worthwhile business venture for the Bey T ri rb 3M Company. Tr pnyae ne ttsi ...The field of fluorocarbon chemistry is a new one and the companies who do the pioneer work in the field will Undoubtedly encounter many difficulties. However, pip fr ee] since it is a new field, the profits to be derived are greater and the development BE eT can be carried on with less competition. The Simons process gives the ~M ComBm maar pany a good start on producing fl~uorocarbons commercially and I am definkely in tional meetings, 3M is recognized as the leader in fluorine chemistry in this country ... The problem is to make a profit out of fluorocarbons. To do this we must get pe tanEln erre into production, If we get into production fast, we will make mistakes in technology. FETE II If we are too slow we will endanger the ready-made interest in the field and our research casts will become very large. Ti ike opt Pecan I am inclined to think that what should be done is expand the Fluorocarbon Pilot PT Tr Plant to produce more sample material, intensify the fundamental work, and start e P en b amiy ots preliminary plans and engineering design for buildings, cells, and auxiliary equip- favor of continuing the work of the project, Thomas S. Reid, Organic Section, Central Reseamh Department: If the price will a ogrt eSkeerg seeo a teeoaea Emo e Be es be low enough to be competitive with existing materials, I think there is no ques- tion about the future success of the fluorinated materials. However, if the present ioof ry gh esco a he,ahradsot05 td itceoT t toog fmbip pcont3 indication of very high prices eo~tinues to hold true, tbes~ new products must do things which ~be cheaper materials will not do, in order to be successful. eh Cot pro ewe reeSi er J. L. Rendall, Central Research Department: The wide variety of new chemical a et V5ty on ke 02 mtog re maT oka ay compounds made possible by this process leads me to believe that certainly one or more of such products will find extensive use by industry and thus make the Bava Sag mts rot project "pay out." i mpm mort J. M. Rogers, New Products Dilvision: Recent months have brought forth a steady p ehe i ded nl ST stream of publicity eoneernlng flu0rochemicals in both technical and popular publicaFp pe ed tions. Popular scientific articles in appealing to the layman too often overemphasize the glamorous side of research and the fluorochemieal publicity has been no excep- BeAT ard rhi e i eh rns tion to this rule. Some people have unfortunately been led to expect miracles from tetcen fe rei We i stiny ey aoe of of et nd cc eT ory, the 3M Simons process. Nevertheless, this publicity has served to whet the appetites st wt eT of potential customers for fluorochemicals. We are constantly receiving inquiries ee ye Roby es oe from reputable companies who are asking for further information. These inquiries ee re uted oy} e eloe hot LCA cover a wide range of interest in al~ types of fluorinated products and come from Esheh te eehs in Ee representatives of many varied industries. All of the unsolicited publicity and all er eT he et rh of the varied types of inquiries which we have received are an excellent indication eb be Hspo eK eis eb it of both the interests and desires of those people and also the broad market potenA Te tials of our procJucts. We have in: the 3M Simons process the basis for an entirely ao CLs rg etc. oi Wee tn cP i.Co Res Dee new field of chemistry which has scarcely been tapped. Um TRLTR ... From a marketing standpoint; more knowledge is necessary from the field coni Se A reeett cerning what products the customer is most interested in and what lower priced Sprpah tmet no SI SRT dt ro er fo et materials such as Freons for refrigeration and carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide, om pa er Te drm CO2, and chloro-bromo-methane! for fire extinguishers. The current questions in these fields are whether the increased stability and non-toxic properties of fluorocar- ee Wet od,Co Rert { nc bons will warrant the difference in price. : w ae Ce e o i vne eMr T ar Cave ary Ree t (He mentioned that Celanese. Merck, GE's plastics division and the major rub- ber companies had been solicited ~'or their interest in fluorochemicals. All indicated ment, where feasible, for a large plant. J. W. Selden, New Products Division: The fluorocarbon project as it stands today is still a gamble insofar as commercial success is concerned...the advantages of this (Simons) process over others have not been conclusively demonstrated. No established market exists...The long period of market development for such new chemical products places further emphasis on the speculative nature of this project, (Selden went on to note that, "This sort of program can snowball rapidly." He suggested concentrating on "one or two materials" with the "best chance of early SUCCESS. ") Since so much money and energy have already been expended, it would seem inadvisable to drop the fluorocarbon project abruptly...but expenditures on such a project.should not be prolonged unduly so that research funds are too narrowly concentrated on one development. W. E. Sohl, New Products Division: (Fluorocarbons) are expensive and their introduction to serve useful needs is far more difficult (than other products) becuuse they must have all of a lot of different and critical properties... Economically, the development of the (Simons) process appears to be in only the initial state. This is indicated most forcefully by the lde report. [Note: it can be founddn this appon- dix.I The yields are poor and much fragmentation to volatile fluorocarbons or tarring to useless residue occurs. All of these by-products require an expenditure of the initial starting material and hydrogen fluoride, both of which raise the cost of the desirable product. The waste of electricity overbalances the theoretical saving of power claimed for the process. Donald J. Wardrop, (Process Engineer), Pilot Plant, Central Research Department: In my opinion the fluorocarbon project has a good chance of becoming a commercial success. I am convinced that fluorocarbon materials havc properties sufficiently unique so that a number of them will find use in applications where they will be superior to other materials.. ~ D. G. Welblen, Analytical Section, Central Research Department: I believe that the fluorocarbon project has a very good chance of being commercially successful. The fact that "'reactive fluorocarbons" can be obtained by our electrolytic process 0 0 0 0 11336655.00111166 Ce - as well as inert materials is an important factor in hastening the day when commercial succes,~ will be attained. J APPENDIX I! te || E~cerpts from: HO GOST N OF SOEE FLIC, KR, COMPOUNDS | THEORETICAL COSTS OF S~OME FLUOROCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ame | By Nelson W. Taylor espana tne | [The following was produced in reply to G. M. Ide's report which is excerpted in Appendix I.] rmcse try | | The Fluorocarbon Project has been under way in Central Research for nearly SEEEmThmeiaty | five years, although not very intensively until about three years ago. The New ProSESE | ducts Division...has been charged with the responsibility of developing markets for fluorochemicals. It is natural and: healthy that many differences of opinion arise as from time to time between the respective groups. As a rule these differences are Srmmerrinooan on | resolved or compromised by friendly discussion without any publicity...(but) since I | the Ide report is already in your hands, the only way ope9 to present our views (is this report.) pr RR [Taylor said he did not question the right of anyone in the company "to express SEINE | his sincere and considered views" on the merits of the Project.] In this ease, however, we believe that the average reader of the Ide contribution will get rather a serious E IEE EE | misconception of the present status of the Project, due largely to the extreme over- simplification oftbe treatment of certain research data, So many modifying factors SEER were ignored that we believe the, conclusions to be completely invalid. ph ror hep [Tayor began by examining tde~s claim against the economy of the Simons cell. ER | Economy, Taylor wrote, is only one of the major claims; versatility is the other.] EE r EE Other known processes are capable of producing only a very limited number of rr . Without going into further detail it might be said in general that.the status of our SE fluorochemical known-how is changing so rapidly that calculations of costs can only EEE be very tentative and exploratory. The assumptions which are chosen may be far more slgnifieant than the calculations themselves. With the aid of a sufficient assump- EEE tion it would be easy to calculate how many angels could ride on the back of a unicorn, but no one would pay much atlention to the results of the calculations. EERE In conclusion it should be said that although we cannot accept the pessimistic eel ete leh piericuhh analysis of the lde report and although we disagree with the assumptions on which the analysis rests, we are thoroughly in agreement on one point; this is, that there is still much to be learned as to the technology of the electrochemical process. Improvement as to control and the end product has been an important.concern to Cen- EEEERnEEn GE tral Research for the past two or more years. Unfortunately, technical problems such as the invention of reliable methods of chemical analysis have been difficult, SSdEE ES S SmE experimental facilities have been limited and progress has been far from satisfacL tory. A great deal of effort has also, of necessity, been directed to purely exploratory Sms work with the object of building up a patent structure on new fluorochemieals. Thanks Sino to the funds provided for the purpose we are now nearing completion of facilities Br de Ve which will permit both intensive and extensive work on process development. We are looking forward to rapid progress in the future. ESEERIE lit was signed by Taylor, Assistant Director, Central Research Department, and dated June 8, 1949.] compounds while the electrochemical process has yielded several new classes of compounds which have never been made before., .Certainly in these cases our process is cheaper than any other, for there is no other, een t sed [Taylor took issue with lde's treatment of the economics of the process "which are based upon the yield of 'desired product,"' lde also used the words "ultimate Ee efficiencies," which Taylor would not accept,I It seems curious that his calculations are based on the output of oniy two 10,0C0 rt oe ampere cells, which corre,~ponds t,o a very small daily production of something beFra tween 100 and 500 pounds of an arbitrarily chosen material...costs and efficiencies based upon such a small pilot operation bear little relation to those ultimately to mao be found in a commercial plant. rrr lAs for "desired product(s)" Taylor said that the criteria for desirability "are changing so rapidly from week tO week that we have no stable definition" for it. SE Often, he said, the "by-product(s) of one day become the product(s) of the next. I R Pn re At this stage of the game it would seem to be quite meaningless to select arbitrarily one product from each operation ;is' 'desired" and throw the rest away. Next week ; dk ve Se ay ot wih he lh | we may find that we have thrown the baby out with the bath water, mmm -- 0 0 i 0 0 J 1365.0117