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550 CHAPTER 23 1953 Guide i.i REFFERENCES \ I=B=R Installation Guide No. 5, Baseboard Heating Systems, Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers, New York. 3 A Study of Radiant Baseboard Heating in the'I = B=R Research Home, by Alonzo P. Kratz and Warren S. Harris (University of Illinois, Engineerinq Experi ment Station Bulletin No. 358, 1945). 8 A.S.H.V.E. Code for Testing Radiators (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 33 1927, p. 18). , .. * A.S.H.V.E. Standard Code for Testing and Rating Concealed Gravity Type Radiation (Steam), (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 37, 1931, p. 367); (Hot Water), (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 237). (See also A.S.H.V.E. Trans actions, Vol. 41, 1935, p. 38, and Vol. 42, 1936, p. 29). 8 I=B=R Testing and Rating Code for Baseboard Type of Radiation (Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers, First Edition, July 1950). 0 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 998--Factors Affecting the Heat Output of Convectors, by A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock, and E. L. Broderick (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1934, p. 443). 7 Factors Influencing the Heat Output of Radiators, by A. C. Davis, W. M. Sawdon and David Dropkin (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 42, 1942, p. 185) and (Cor nell University, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin (No. 29, April/1942). 8 Heat Emission from Radiators, by K. F. Rubert (Cornell University, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 24, 1937). 8 Comparative Tests of Radiator Finishes, by W. H. Severns (A.S.H.V.E. Trans actions, Vol. 33, 1927, p. 41). 10 Heat Loss from Direct Radiation, by J. R. Allen (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, >1 Vol. 26, 1920, p. 11). 11 Heat Output of Concealed Radiators, by E. A.-Allcut (University of Toronto, School of Engineering Research Bulletin No. 140, 1933). 18 The Heating Effect of Radiators, by Charles Brabble (A.S.H.V.E. Transac tions, Vol. 33, 1927, p. 33). 13 Investigation of Heating Rooms with Direct Steam Radiators Equipped with Enclosures and Shields, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock and S. Konzo (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 35, 1929, p. 77 or University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 192). Investigation of Various Factors Affecting the Heating of Rooms with Direct Steam Radiators, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock and S. Konzo (University of Illinois, Engineering Experi ment Station Bulletin No. 223). 14 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 962--The Application.of the Eupatheoscope for Measuring the Performance of Direct Radiators and Convectors in Terms of Equivalent Temperature, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz and M. K. Fahnestock (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 303). 13 The Kata Thermometer--Its Value and Defects, by W. J. McConnell and C. P. Yagloglou. (Reprint No. 953 from U. S. Public Health Service Report, pp. 2293-2337, September 5, 1924). 18 The Thermo-Integrator--A New Instrument for the Observation of Thermal Interchanges, by C.-E. A. Winslow and Leonard Greenburg (A.S.H.V.E. Transac tions, Vol. 41, 1935, p. 149). 17 The Calibration of the Thermo-Integrator, by C.-E. A. Winslow, A. P. Gagge, Leonard Greenburg, I. M. Moriyama and E. J. Rodee (The American Journal of Hy giene, Vol. 22, No. 1, July, 1935, pp. 137-156). 18 The Globe Thermometer in Studies of Heating and Ventilation, by T. Bedford and C. G. Warner (The Journal of Hygiene, Vol. 34, No. 4). 18 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1067--The Cooling and Heating Rates of a Room with Different Types of Steam Radiators and Convectors, by A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock and E. L. Broderick (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 43, 1937, p. 389). 80 Humidification for Residences, by A. P. Kratz (University of Illinois, Engineer ing Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 230, p. 20). CHAPTER 24 PANEL HEATING Definitions; Application Methods: Imbedded Piping for Ceilings, Walls, or Floors; Warm Air and Electrically Heated Ceilings, Walls, or Floors; Output fropa Panel Surfaces: Radiation, Convection and Combined Heat Transfer; Floor Panel Design: Design Conditions, Calculation of Room Heat Loss, De termination of UMRT, Determination of Panel Output, Graphical' Determination of Panel Input and Water Temperature; Ceiling and Wall Panel Design; Hot Water Piping, Installation and Control; Snow^Melting: Design and Installation IN this chapter the term, Panel Heating, is used to describe a method of space heating which employs large heated areas of interior room surfaces operating at relatively low surface temperatures (80 to 125 F). The heating elements usually consist of warm water piping, warm air ducts or low temperature electrical resistance elements imbedded in, or located behind, ceiling, wall, or floor surfaces. Panel heating may be considered as another method of convenient and effective space heating. The heat loss requirements are calculated in the conventional manner, the heat release from the heated surfaces is expressed in terms of heat output per square foot of surface per hour, and the room air temperatures to be maintained are approximately the same as those maintained by heating systems employing cast-iron radiators, convectors, or warm air ducts. This chapter does not include a separate discussion of such topics as the influence of radiation on human comfort, the mechanisms by which human beings release heat, and other similar topics that apply to all methods of heating interior spaces for human comfort. The reader is referred to Chapter 6 for a detailed discussion of this subject. . APPLICATION METHODS The great majority of panel installations of the past 40 years (which is the period of the modem utilization of this method of heating) have used warm water as the heating medium which is circulated in imbedded pip ing. . More recently, the use of warm air ducts, and imbedded electrical heating elements, has come into favor, especially where specific local fac tors have influenced such use. Steam has been used only occasionally because of the problems which result from its higher temperature. When the heating medium is warm water, both ferrous (steel or wrought iron) or non-ferrous (generally copper or aluminum) pipe or tubing are used widely in ceiling, wall, or floor panel construction. Tubing sizes used ^ f> z> f and | in. O.D., while piping is generally J, J or 1 in. I.P.S. Where coils are imbedded in concrete or plaster, no screw threads should be used for ferrous pipe coils. The construction should be of all-welded type. Changes in direction should be made by bending the pipe itself, rather than by use1 of fittings. For non-ferrous tubing, solder-sweated couplings are used. It is recom mended that a medium temperature solder of 95 percent tin--5 percent 551