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1951 GENERAL SESSIONS 1951 National Safety Congress (Index to Transactions of all Sessions) OIBcers, Trustees, and Board of Directors............. S Annuel Council Meeting Minutes .............................................................. .. II Sposbmamhip In Safety ................................... 13" Addrev by Millard Caldwell ................. .............. ......... 17 Se Steps Ahead ............................. ... 20 : by Robert Young ........................................ ....... 27 Safety Exposition Exhibitors ............................. ......... ,.... 31 index ...................................................................................... .. 37 Volume 1 Transactions 39tfc National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 421 Me. Michigan 4venue e Chicago If, III. I \Hew- ^deeUm.., if safety is to beep pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, we awt fonti--a~Hy have "new ideas.'* Each year, at the National Safety Coagrcss, the ideas and experiences of many of the nation's top safety men are presented in the various seasons. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Centre** session, later become senerally accepted within their fields* Is order to present this information conveniently and at small cost, the Coagrcss Transactions are published in volumes, one for each Section or Division, aloof with a General Sessions and Detailed Index to all volumes. The 34 volumes of the 1951 Congress Trans actions are fisted oo the last pace of this volume. Safety cfircctors everywhere have found the Congress Transactions a useful aid in their accident prevention programs. In industry, for example, thdr judicious distribution to kry personnel in management and snpcrviiioo has proved to be of invaluable '<rv-.ee. la preparing these Transactions, the proceedings of the Congress have been condensed aad edited for reference purposes. Complete origuxal manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available in National Safety Couodi files. Views expressed at the Congress or m this record are those of the Congress participants and are not nccessrily those of the National Safety Council Safely Council OFFICERS Chairman, Board of Directors: Chajuxs R. Cox, President, KennecoU Copper Corp^ New York, N. Y. President; tiro H, Dxaxbock, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, IlL Vice-President for Farms; Guy L. Nostz, Monagmg Director, Na tional CdrtsHUttee on Boys and Girls Oub Work, Chicago, 111. Vice-President for Finance, and Tretuurerr O. CirsstKi, Financial Vice-President. Peabody Coal Company. Chicago, 111. Vice-President for Homes: TYin S. Rooms, Assistant to the Execu tive Vice-President, Owens-Conung Fiberglos Corp., Toledo, Ohio. Vice-President for Industry: J. E, Tkaiktx, Vice-President and Pro duction Manager, The Firestone Tire Sc Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Vice-President for Local Safety Organisations: Roagar R. Skoo<2as&. President, Atlas Auto Finance Co., Atlanta, Go. Vice-President for Membership: L. BL Boulwajli, Vice-President, Employee & Plant Community Relations, General Electric Co* New York, N. Y. Vice-President for Public Information: Boys Lewis, Executive Editor, NEA-Acme, New York, N. Y. ' Vice-President for Schools and Colleges: Dx. Kcaou> C. Htnrr, General Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, IlL Vice-President for Traffic and Transportation: Thokas H. JacDonald, Commissioner of Public Roods, Bureau of Public Roads, Deportment of Commerce, Washington, D. G iee-Prmsident for iVomen*s Activities: Idas. Gurxwur W. Jaqua, Safety Chairman, General Federation of Women's Guts, Win chester, Ind. Secretary: R. L. Fookiy, General Secretary, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111, Assistant Treasurers: B. B. McCulloch, President, Bureau of Safety, Inc, Chicago, IlL; H. H. Goilkwald, Director, Accounting Dmslew. National Safety Council, Chicago, IlL 5 National Safety Council TRUSTEES Chairman of the Truslees: Ltt Wahon"Jaw, Attorney, Old Brook- ville, Long Island, New York. (Note: Mr, James mocee-ded William A, Irvin u Chairman of (be Trustees upon Uw Otter's death Jan- vary 2, 1932.) Viee-Chairmom of tht Tnutett: Johm SrsLwtiL, Yonkers. New York. Secretary of the TrtuJeet? No H. Diadokx, Pruijatf, National Safety Council, Chicago, ltt. Memben Wixthxof V*r. AlmUcjc, Chairman, Board of Director*, The Chat* National Bank, New York, N. Y. Melvix H. Bake*, President, National Gypsum Company. Buffalo, Laaw.reyn. ce D, Bell, President, Bel! Aircraft Corporation, Buffalo, TaNm.osY.B. Blacx, President, Pacific Ca* and Electric Company, Sab Francisco, Calif. S. Butrcv Black. President, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Mat*. MoatiAm B. BeaixaM, President, Aema life Insurant* Company, Hartford, Coca. Casok J. Callaway, Blue Sprint Farms, Hamilton, Go. Johk \V. CAOrXJm*, President, Texas Power sad Light Company, Dallas, Texas. William C. Cbakplei. President, Scripps-HowaTd Soppty Company, New York, N. Y. Kutxim B. Cotmax, Seattle, Wash, Csaoles R. Cox, President, Kenoccott Copper Corporation, New York, Jv. Y. {Ex-Officio.) Cuts F. C*a1C, President, American Telephone & Telegraph Company, New York, N. Y. Fubduck C CaAwroftxt, President, Thompson Products, Inc, Cleve Wlaanltdz,*OJh.io.CuitMiKCS, Chairman, Board of Directors, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company, Chicago, 111. Nxo H, Dbaosoox, President, National Safety Council. Chicago. RlJC1HLA(jmExR-O. ffDidiow.)in; Chairman, Beard of Directors, Procter and Gamble Company, Ciocuxiati, Ohio. National Safety Council Bix/auin F Famuess, President, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. Fillscu Gavtx, Chairman, Board of Directors, Great Northern Railway Company, St Paul, Minn. William Gaxxx, President, American Federation of Labor, Wash ington, D. C E, Rolans Hajuumah, Brown Brothers Haniman and Company, New York, N. Y. Lee Waxkcx Jams*, Old Brookviltc. Long Island, N. Y. dsoncc- E. Lxmsxty, President, Railway Labor Executives* Associa tion. Washangtoo. D. C. Hooacc P. Limstocx, Chairman, Board of Directors, Philadelphia Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Gustat Mitzmax, President, New York Centra) System, New York, X. Y. Thomas A. Moogax, Chairman, Board of Directors, The Sperry Corporation, New York N. Y> Ptnur UtnotAY, President, Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington. D C Bcx/AMta O'Shea, Member, Board of Directors, Union Carbide and Cuba* Cor*, New York N. Y. Thomas I. Padoxsox. President, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the Uaited States, New York N. Y. W, S. S. Rooczxo, Chairman, Board of Directors, The Texas Com pany, S'os York N* Y. William A- Siursox, President. Wiltiam Simpson Construction Com pany, Los Angeles, Calif. Hdescxt E. Smith, Member, Board of Directors, United Sates Robber Company, New York, N. Y. John Sttlwtll, Yonkers, N. Y. Axntci E. Stoosaxs, President, Union Pacific Railroad Co, Omaha, Nckr. Da. John F. Tkoufsox, Chairman and President, International Nickr! Company of Canada, Ltd., New York N. Y. JtJAX T, Twm, President, Pan.Amcrican Airways System, New York N. Y. Thomas J. Watsox, President, International Business Machines Cor*, New York N. Y. C E. Wilson, President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit. Mich. Cw aw rs Dixax Wiuak, President. Deere and Company, Moline, 111. Roaorr W, Woobuf7, Chairman, Executive Committee, The CocaCola Company, Atlanta, Go. National Safety Council BOARD OF DIRECTORS CMirmm of lH* Board of Directors: CitASixS R. Cox. President, Kennecott Copper Cwp, New York, N. Y. P'Jee-Chairvtan of the Board of Dtrtctort: FrainaiK U. KjxNL, Director, Traffic Division, fatcmatiooai Association of Chiefs of Police; Evanston, III. Members A. F< All&x, President, Texas Employers' Insurance Association, Dallas, Tex. J.L BakasM, Consulting Engineer, West'"Cos Angtfcs, Calif. William B. Baxtox, Manager. Labor Relations Department, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, D, C Mas. Ou\t BeiCK, President, Beech Aircraft Carp., Wichita. Kxas. C W. Bacomor, Indianapolis, Ind, R. A- I- Bogan, Executive Vice-President, The Greyhound Corpora* Notiornm,aCnhEic,agBoc,nnorn.isaN, A*naat Sopmmendmt, State Department of Public Instruction, Lan-rntr, Mich. L,, R, RoOlwam. Vice-President; Employer & Plant Community Relations, General Electric Company, New York, N. Y. Faso W. Braun, Viee-PreaidenT and Chief Engineer, The Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Company of Wisconsin, Wausau, WU. Tazo Brown, Director, Deere and Company, MoJjjk. ttt. . J. BusKt*. Chairman of the Board. Silver Fleet Motor Express, ./aInnc.a, LWou,isCvaillSet,wKioy.Z, Director, First Aid, 'Water Safety and Ace- dent Prevention, American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C Rat Cam; Advertising Counsel, Portiaed, Or*. E. J. Condon, .Assistant to the President Sears Roebuck and Ox, W(uChuicaaugo,LT. ilC. onnolly, Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, XJ. S. Deportment of Labor, Washington, 0, C. CttAJtLtS R. Cox, President, Kenneeo Copper Corp* New York, R.N5, .YD. auqn, President, Trans World Airlines, Inc, Kansas City, NzMooH. . DCAXKA.V, President National Safety CwvtcR, Chiojo. III. Geooca P. Delanzy, International Representative, American Federa tion of Labor, Washington, D. C Lawmncc E. Dicxsojf. President, Standard Safety Equipment Co, J. CDhiccatvgror, DHLottrrr, General Manager, Association of Casualty and Surety Companies, New York, N. Y. E. P. oti Font, Director, Employee Relation* Departmert, L I. du Pont de Nemours & Co, Ine^ Wilmington, Del Wallac* FalviY, President^ Massachusetts Bonding and Insurance Company, Boston, Mjtsv Cajumxj. E. FrxnCH, Director, Industrial Relations Division, Na tional Association of Manufacturers, New York, N. Y. O. Causes*, Fotaaeaal Vice-President, Peabody Coal Co* Chicago. m W. Eajs. Hall, Manning Editor, Mason Gty GIobe-Gaiette, Muon Ory, la. *KiU Elianc* Howe, Editor in Chief, "What's New ia Home Eco nomies," Chicago, til. Da. Hoots G HtrwT, Genera) Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, HU Gaoscs A. Jacoct, Director of Personnel Services, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, MRh. Mas. Gconcz W, Jaqoa. Safety Chairman, General Federation of Women's Clubs. Winchester, Ind. E. W. Keixrros, Amistaat Vice-President, Industrial Relations, United States Steel Company, Pittsburgh, Pa* Walts G. Kin* New York, N. Y. Haxolb K. KxAUOt, Assistant Vice-President, The Borden Company, New York, N. Y. FtAKXUH M KttXt, Director, Tra&Sc Division, International Asso ciation of Duels of Police, Evanston, 111 Walter 0. Lam, Manager, Sl Joseph Safety Council, St Joseph, Mo, ' Ivzx C Larson, Executive Vice-President San Francisco Chapter, National Safety Council, San Francisco, Cal Waltz* G. Lbocr, President, Walter G. Lcggc Co* Inc* New York; N. Y. Skvro Lewis, Executive Editor, NEA-Acme, New York, N. Y. Thomas H. MacDokal*. Commissioner of Public Roads, Bureau of Public Rends, Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C Miss Maud* E Martin, Commissioner of Labor' and Industry, State of Marne. Augusta, Me. L W, KtLLAXB, President; Industrial Glove* Company, Danville, XU. Harry M. Udns, President, Bituminous Coal Operators* Association, Washington, t>. C D. E. Mtwrocs. Superintendent o! Safety, New York Central Sys tem, New York, N. V. Halms L. Myths, Superintendent ol Tranipor+ation. Indianapolis Railways, lac, IndUaapolic, lad. Harry E. NcaL, Chief EhgineeT, Division of Traffic and Safety, Ohio Department of Highways, Columbus, Ofuo. Gtjy L. Notts, Managing Director, National Committee on Boys and Gtrti Club Work, Odcsgo, XU. Hswzy E Nocrar, Vkc-President, Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany. San Francisco, Cal Cutton W. Bal*n, Vkc-President, Personnel Relations, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York. N. Y. `Resigned, October 9, 1951. AJ National Safety Council Wallace. R. Philum, President, Pvrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, N. J. Ha**v Ml Pqntjous, Director of Safety, Farm Burnt Mutual Auto mobile Insurance Company, Columbus, Otuo. Gwilym A. Prjci, Presidett, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. Hauy Reau, Executive Assistant to the Secretary-Treasurer, Con gress of Industrial Organizations, Washington, D C W, A. Roeon*. President, AlUs-Chalmcrs Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Tvuta S. Roans, Assistant to the Executive Vice-President, OwensComing Flbcrgtas Corporation, Toledo, Ohio. A. V, Rorwesek, Supertaendent of Safety it Welfare, Duhnh, Missab* Sc Iron Range Railway Company, Duluth, Mina, Roaorr T Reas, Manager, Employee Services, Industrial Relations, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Mich. Da. IC F*akcxs Scott, Associate Professor oi Hygiene, South College, Northampton, Mass. Ghasuxs B. Shuman, President, Illinois Agricultural Association, Chicago, 111. Honorable Lee E. Sum, Chief Justice, Court of Appeal* of Ohio, Eighth Appellate District* Cleveland, Ohio. Roetatr R,, Snoocxass, President, Atlas Auto Finance Company, Atlanta, Ga. R. T. ScoxNSTEN, Vice-Presidojt, Elliott Service Company, Mount Vernon, N. Y. Lesux J. Soknson, Gty Traffic Engineer, City of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Da. H. J. Stack, Director, Center lor Safety Education. New York, N, V. W, A. StewAST, President, American Optical Company, Scuthbridge, Mass. Paul F. Stricxtx, Executive Vice-President, Greater New York Safety Council, New York, N. Y, Da. John W. S-ruiHCSAjqca, Vice-President and Chairman of the Edi torial Board, Scholastic Magazines, New York, N. Y. J, EL Trainz*, Vice-President and Production Manager, The Fire stone Tire Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio. Mu* Judith Wauh, Director of Public Affairs and Education, Na tional Broadcasting Company, Inc^ Chicago, I1L Da. Gcoacz M, Wheatley, Third Vice-President, Metropolitan life Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. W O. Wilson, Manager of Safety, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chi cago, 1IL Dwight W. Winkslmak, President, D. W. Winkclmaa Company, Int, Syracuse, N. Y. D*. William P. Yant, Director of Research It Development, Mine Safety Appliances Co, John T- Ryan Memorial Laboratory, Pitts burgh, Pa. Hajwco C, Zulaut, HAiling*-oc-Hudson, N. Y. 10 Annual Council Meeting Minutes The 1951 Awal Council Meeting of the National Safety Council was held in the Grand Ballroom of the Steven* Hotel, on October 8, with Mr, Ned H. Dearborn. President, pressing. Fallowing the singing of the National An them, the Invocation was offered hy the Reverend Kenneth N. Hildebrand, Minister of the Central Church of Chicago. After appropriate opening remarks, Presi dent Dearborn turned over the chairman ship of the meeting to Mr. Charles R. Cox, President of the Kcmecott Copper Corpora tion, and Chairman of the Board of Di rectors of the Natiooal Safety Coimdl After a brief but sincere expression of his fundamental Interest in the Council and the safety movement. Ur. Cox proceeded with the business oi the meeting by an nouncing a quorum present, is person or by proxy. It was voted to with the Galling of the role; also to dispense with the reading of the minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, the minute* having bees printed and drrulated to the membership. Mr. Cox called for the report of the Nominating Committee, which consisted of the following members: George A. Jacoby, Chairman; Lawrence E Dickson; Walter G. Lcgge; Uis* Marion E. Martin; Guy I* Noble; Robert T, Ross; and W. A. Stewart. Mr, Jacoby reported in behalf of the Nemmatmg Committee, pointing out that the Constitution authorizes the committee to name candidates for election to the Trustees, to the Beard of Directors, and to all Offices except the office of Executive Vice-Presi dent, The selections of the committee, Mr, Jaoeby stated, were reported to the Secre tary of the Couodl more than 75 days bofore this meeting, and were announced to all members of the Council on August 24, 1951. Mr. Jacoby then presented as nominees for Trustees of the Council, to be elected for a three-year term: Melvin H. Baker, Cason J. Callaway, Cleo F, Craig, Frederick C Crawford, Richard R. Deuprec, Gustav Meumait, Benjamin O'Shea, Thomas L Parkinson, Dr. John F. Thompson, C E. Wilson, and Charles Deere Wtmaa. (Sec retary's Note: A complete list of the Trus tees, including those Dominated and elected at this meeting, as wen as those continuing in. office from previous elections, is given op pages 6 and 7 of this volume.) Mr. Jacoby presented nominations for Di rectors, to be elected for a term of one-year. (Secretary's Note: A list of the new Board of. Directors, as nominated and elected at this meeting, will be found on pages 8, 9 and 10 of this volume) Mr. Jacoby presented nominations for Of ficers of the Council In doing so, he stressed the Council's appreciation to four men who are retiring from their offices this year, namely, Dr. D. B. Armstrong. VicePresident for Homes; Kenneth B. Coiman, Vice-President for Local Safety Organiza tions; E. W. KcmptocL Vice-President for Membership; and Dr. John W. Studebaker, Vice-President for Schools and Colleges. (Secretary's Note: A list of the Officers nominated and elected at this meeting will be found on page 5 of this volume.) There were no nominations except those presented by Mr. Jacoby, and Mr, Cox announced that the entire proxy vote, num bering 10,751, was east in favor of the nominees proposed by the Nominating Com mittee. Those attending the meeting also voted without dissent In favor of the nom ination* presented. Mr. Cox referrel to the booklet "The Fight for Life," which had been distributed to those attending the meeting. The booklet contained a summary of Council activities during the past year. Announcement was also made that the 1952 National Safety Congress would be held in Chicago Oc tober 20-24. 12 General Stolons and Detailed Index to elf Vehtmtt The reminder of the program consisted of on iddrcai entitled "Sportsmanship W Safety" by Helen Hull Jacobi, Lieutenant CoiiBriander, United Stated Navy, Washington, D. C.; as address by Hillard Caldwell, AdminUtrator, Federal Civil Defense Ad* auntstrarion, Washington, D. C, ,* and as ad* dress by President tied H. Dearborn, titled "Six Step* Ahead." Tboe addresses arc included as a part of these Transasbora, immediately following. It L. Foam* Secretary SporUmasukip ui Safety Sportsmanship in Safety By HELEN HULL JACOBS Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Waabingtoa, D. C. It ha* seemed, to rae, {or a tone time, that the work the National Safety Council has bees doing is sod* an important job that it ought to hive the whole-hearted support of every citizen bs tius country, particularly those who get behind the wheel of aa autosnebik, I hesitate to confess when t first learned to drive a car, I might start aa invertiga* tioa! However, I'll take a chance. I was thirteen, and I hasten to add that I had a responsible person at my side I've always liked cars, and I've always liked driving than. Uy favorite txxat, when was a little gtri. was sitting oa ay node's lap, steering the first Stanley Steamer delivered in Aruom. where I was bom. Of coarse, it was a very old car by then! Tre drives many thousand* of naitet since then. Tve raped with the hazard* of Eng lish country roads, the sodden turns ob scured by hedgerows; and In Egypt, with the small boys rushing out In the path of the car to sell tangerine*, frightening m out of a year's growth as they skidded to a stop within a hair's breadth of the front tires. But these hazards were understandable. Can doe*t travel the country roads in Eng land, nor the road from Port Said to Cairo la anything like the numbers that cars travel the same sort of roads la this cocotry. There are more automobile* in the United States, per capita, than in any other country : ia the world. This would make it seem that the drivers of these cars know that it is mart to be careful, smart to be a good driver, sportsmanlike to obey the rules and courtesy of the road. We Americans have always prided our selves on our sportsmanship, which is after all, just good manners and consideration for the ether fellow. In the game that X played for more than twenty years, X almost mvariably found sportsmanship at ita highest safety among the competitor* of a& na tion*. It is a game, as all of them are, that breeds sportsmanship among the right and most of them are right I particularly remember oae example of this In 1937. at Wimbledon, England, Gott fried Von Cmnra and Heaner Henkel, rep resenting Germany in the Inter*Zone Deris Cup Final, and Donald Budge and Gw Tdako, representing the United States, wise playing one of the meet exciting team* matches l have ever seen. In the fifth set of tins deriding double* match, when it seemed aa If the German* were bound to win, and at a point which could have dinched the match for them, Don Budge tried a daring placement to pass Von Cramm at the net All of us, watching the match, saw Von Cramm make a perfect, winning volley for match point against the American team. But as the umpire started to call the score. Von Cramm held up his hand and said that hit racket had touched the net as he made his volley. That is a fault in tennis. The print went to the American team. After Don Budge had asked Von Cramm if be was sure that he had touched the net, they finally wen the match and eventually de feated the British team la the final, No one who was sitting with me Saw Von Cramm touch the net But only the player, in a case like that, know* that be has done It. The winning of the Dari* Cop for his country was less important to this German champion than the fair rule* of the game, X remember another instance of fine sports manship on the tennis court. This time, it mi sportsmanship in the interests of safety. In the quarter-final of the 1934 National Championship Singles I was playing a California opponent and friend, Josephine Cnnckshank. She had been a member of the Wightnsan Cup team that I bad cap tained earlier that summer in England. I was making every effort to win the cham pionship for the third time, and I knew that I faced a formidable opponent bo my hopeful way to the final round. It bad rained most of the morning, and the court was very slippery that afteroooa. t had fallen several times during the first 14 Generd Sessions and Detailed Me* to oil Volumes Mt o! our TMtA in join* for wide shots nd drop shots, and because 1 found iX so Affii-iU to keep my footing. 1 ragoatod peimisscm to war spike*. Most pUjrers abiding rititenn, who wcufd condemn a killer to doth, but will take a chance on them selves being killers for the sake of getting to their destinations a few minutes soocer. don't like to wear them, and they particu It is hardly necessary to point out the larly dislike playing some erne who does, close alliance between the safety program because spikes art apt to make divot* and and our national defaut When our gov* grooves on the court. The request was referred by the taapire to the referee who came oat on the coart, walked over part of it, said be didn't think It was slippery crunch to justify the we o! spDoes and refused pemankn. Mnwwit Is ratting upon every able-bodied person m the United State# to take his place in whatever capacity be can best serve bis country, it is sickening to read the toll of fives, tiie maiming# that are the result of highway accidents to many of which were undoubtedly avoidable. 1 again appealed to (he teasptre. A aerU ous fall could put me out of the tournament and 1 didn't want to pb* again* the mental hazard of (hat posc3ntrty, Bt there was little he could da The derision was ttp to the referee. I asked Jo what she thought of the court. Anyooe is willing to agree that in winter time, in most part* of the country, driving conditions become so hazardous that acetieats are often tosavoidable. It is not these that we can hope to write off the books, for (he beat of precautions can fait, and a slippery road out be more than bizrun skill Although she was one of the players who in driving on eope with. didn't like spikes, she toid me and the um pire that she thought the condition of the court did justify their use. That settled the matter. The referee agreed, I wore them, and, able to get set for my shots, pultca through the match and finally won my cham pionship. It U the acodest that Is the result of stupidity, cardesaoos or wanton bod sportstnansfup; priff*--g on hi111 and curves, trust- mg to luck rather than judgment, driving car that U mechanically deficient It is the accident that is the result of drivers who persist, in travelling the fine highways Two years later, when t was practicing that lace this country, in going at a pace outside the stadium cm ooe of the courts that force* the driver who is observing the where spikes are never permitted because, speed laws onto the soft shoulder of m road, reasonably, if if* too slippery, players prac then into a ditch; of the drivers who pro ticing are expected to stop rather than dam ceed at maddeningly slow pace in the left age the courts, I really oot a cropper, landed on my right thumb and dislocated it The New York Time's eminent tennis writer. Allison Danzig, got the New York Giant's trainer to come to Forest Hills and lane that Is mutt tor fast traffic and for passing, and who take tbe "get-bynse-if-you* B. can" attitude, and tempt the motorist who wilL These are tbe medideit* that should he written off the books I {tut my thumb and most of my hind id an adhesive plainer east. I wu trying for my filth consecutive National Singles champion ship and couldn't bear the thought of being unable to continue play. I'll give you an example of what I con sider one of the worst violations of sports manship and good manners that I have cacountered fit a long time the road. Re turning from Frederidcsburgi Virginia to After a day's grace. I got through to the Washington on the Shirley Highway, a final Then, ably assisted by Alice Marble. splendid four-lane road, I had the misfor I lost a king match and my title to owe tune to get behind a driver who was going of the greatest players and best sports that about twenty-five mites an hour (the speed ever lived. Most of you have seen Impressive ex amples of sportwnanahip in various games. Doesn't it seem incredible that the same sort of people who will concede points not rightfully theirs oo tbe sporting field, will frequently forget sportsmanship when they are driving a car? Normally, they are law- limit k fifty-five). I passed him and got bade La the right hand bmt. He passed me at about sixty-five, then promptly re duced bis speed to twenty-five. This tittle game of highway horseway want on for miles until another irate motorist got ts front of this driver and held him to twmty miles ta hour. I bong back too* enough to Sportsmanship in Safety 15 see what happened. More Mowing of bora and Asking of fists you've never seen. That toad of driver ought to be hauled Into court as a highway lifiri just as much as tbe speeder. I alio have almost bosuddal reactions to tbe truck driver who races tike mad. passing yon down every hill, then, because of the weight of hi* truck, is forced to proceed about ten tafia an hour up tbe oext bill, bolding yon and ail traffic behind you to his pace, tempting the Impatient motorist to pass at any cost. The unavoidable hazards of driving, these days, make the problem* of the National Safety Coaaal tough enough without tbe added problem of coping with drivers who think It's smart to be stupid and who regard sportsmanship oo the rood as a virtue to be practiced only when they spot the high way patrol officer in the rear-view mirror; or when they become scared enough, after passing the tangled evidence of a wreck, and ambulances bring loaded with the victims, to observe the role* of the rood. have the good fortune to be on duty at tbe Naval Gun Factory in Washington. This ts the largest naval armament plant in the world, and you can be sure that there I* a safety problem there, too, although of a different sort When I first reported for duty at the Gua Factory, f was immediately aware of the extreme seriousness with which as in dustry, If it Is to progress, must approach (he business of accident prevention. Tbe Navy, as you have done, has left no stone unturned m order to reduce the unnecessary waste of man d material power by acci dent*. It's efforts have been so successful that it is outstanding among Naval shore establish ments, and Has been five tuna, within a* many years, commended by the Secretary or the Navy for its safety records, four times honored by you, the National Safety Coun cil. one of these honors being the coveted "Award of Honor for Distinguished Service to Safety." Because you are all so interested tii indus trial safety in relation to the conservation of manpower, particularly for defense, I would like to read to you the Secretary of the Navy's commeadation to the Gun Fac tory: 1 August 1951 ``From: Secretary of the Navy To: Superintendent, U. S. Naval Gun Factory, Washington, D. C. Subj: Secretary of the Navy Award for Achievement In Safety ML The Naval Gun Factory achieved a four per cent reduction in its lost-time acci dent frequency rate and a sixty-nine per cent reduction in severity rate for the year 1950 as compared with the rates of the pre vious year. This improvement over t&Vs las than 5.0 frequency rate is commendable and merits the Secretary of the Navy award for Achievement w Safety. u. This excellent accident record Indicata that personnel of the Gun Factory are giving their wholehearted support and aroot effort to carrying out the safety program. The fact that the Gun Factory lias anted this award for five consecutive jars is evidence of the effectiveness of your safety organization. These years of low accident experience have contributed im measurably to the saving of lives, the con servation of the nation's resources, and increased production. "T The Secretary's Award in official rec ognition of. and praise for, the untiring effort and constant vigilance of all per sonnel in accomplishing the improvement of an already outstanding performance in acci dent prevention. "I l congratulate all hands of the Naval Gun Factory on Lhis noteworthy accomplishwent Dan A. Kimball** None of these awards has been merited without the full cooperation of every em ployee of the plant and the diligent work of the safety engineer and his staff. Such programs as 100 per cent eye pro tection for all the employees of the Gun Factory, with eye correction included in. their protective goggles, a system for the report ing and analyzing of every accident, with follow-up procedures to assure correction of the undesirable conditions; a safety Indoc trination period for each new employe*; safety Instructions for supervisors; the re view of all production projects to insure that safety engineering principles are in corporated in each operation; a program of shop safety committea and the enforcement of safety rules--all these things have been 16 Sjtxtr&l Stinerts and Detailed Index to oil Volumes responsible lae the Cuts Factory's record is holding accidents to a minimum, thereby in- suring defense production. I hope you will forgive me for bragging about my present duty station, but I have bees so dose to it, lave so admired the sportsmanship of everyone concerned in keeping this tremendous defense plant at top efficiency to serve the needs of the hour and to be prepared to meet the possible emergency of the future that I thought you would like ta share with me my pride hi the Gun Factory. f believe, having spent most of my life in the field of sports, that 1 can Say this to you with sincerity. No one has ever ww* a championship without years of hard practice, heart-breaking disappointments and such a pfofotmdl determimboo to reach the goal he has set for himself, that there can be oo obstacle too great to overcome. The wane is true of a champion la the field you have chosen. Hard work, enthusiasm, deter minates and, above aU, an indomitable will to win, will, in the long run make each one of you a champion so the men and women and their families to whose safety and wellbeing you have dedicated your services. Address by Millard Caldwell 17 Address By MILLARD CALDWELL Administrator, Federal Civil Defense Administration, Washington, D. C, X am delighted to be here with you this morning became your objective and ours are the same, I am reminded a little bit of when I was appointed Federal Defense Adminis trator. One distinguished public officer said he did not believe t could accomplish that job. Upon being asked why, be mid, "Well, if he had sense enough to do that job, be would have had too muds tense to accept it," I think be probably has tomething, The difference between your organization and Federal Civil De/ease is the difference between the retailer and the wholesaler. We are very interested in safety, whether it be oo the rued. In the home, in the schools or oo the farm. The accidents (hat disturb you and disturb the rest of us and are most frustrating, are the accidents that come tn ones, twos and threes. The accidents which worry the Federal Civil Defense Administra tion are the accidents which eoree m the hundreds of thousands- There arc many dear reasons why the National Safety Council should be concerned about civil defense, Federal Civil Defense m the cities aad is the stales, is safety. It is the same kind of safety that you are interested in, the protection of American men, woman and children. Accidents that can happen, whether on the home or on the (arm or ia the eity, arising out of traffic or other mesas arc involved. Safety is no aockfent as your slogan has so long made the public know. It doesn't just happen. It is something you have to work for. It U something you have to keep working for. and there again we have a similarity. In civil defense, we are sot interested la a momentary bunt of enthusi asm. We want the calm acceptance with the facts or the part of the people in this coun try that crril defeme U now as much a pert of your everyday life as the fire department and tire police department, public school system or your churches. It is tro* until the Utopian dream of peace on earth Is realized, dvil defense is a part of your every day living. The thing that 'V probably k failed te recognise in the last few years since 1045 is that the character of warfare has changed for the first tune in the history of the world. Up to 1945, the wars were won or lost by the armies and navies in the field. Beginning with the dropping of the first atom bomb, the wars of the future will be woe and lost by the people at home, and those people who are best informed, best organized, best trained, are the people who will win the next war, while the people who ate least informed, least well organized, least well-trained, are the ones who are going to lose the war. You may just as well accept the fact now, instead of when it is too late, that it makes not ooe particle of difference how big your air force is, bow great your navy may be or what your ground forces may be. The mili tary cannot win the next major war unless It is supported by an informed public dedi cated to the business of maintaining produc tion and life in the cities, the congested areas, the industrial centers of this country. I think you may be interested in knowing what the best-informed people in this coun fry, the best informed as to oar military necessities have said about dvil defense. 1 won't go into any detail. Jvvgq the roost skeptical oi you now know that Russia does possess the atom bomb. Most of you know that Russia has been for some time producing the atom bomb in increasing numbers, and it baa enough to blast all the major cities in this country any time it wishes to do to. and that the dropping of one atom bomb oo a congested dty such as Chicago, will produce more accidents, more casualties in the ooe aeddent, than all of the accidents from alt of the causes in this country in one year. It will be very difficult for ooe atom bomb dropped oo one of the cities b this country to produce as few as 90,000 deaths. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, ipesioag through General Bradley ott Sep* (ember 4, just a month ago, had this to say: "Whik the Joint Chiefs of Staff feel that aril defense itself Is Dot a military, but rather a cavil responsibility, the armed forces in the past supported and will continue to support the very important mission of civil Central Sessions and Detailed Index to ell Volumes Address by Millard Caldwell 19 dv/eme. li the wortt should come, the entire military effort wit! be concentrated upon the primary mission of defeating the hostile aimed forces. In the event of an attack upon the United State* by enemy aircraft, our military forces will do every thing in their power to shoot down the OYU Utiuuv is a ------- ___ has been enphasued and should be empha- sired by Secretary Acheson who recently succeeded General Marshall u Secretary of Defense. He justified that avil defense "is a partner, co-equal partner Is national de fense." enemy planes." The air force itself has said that under optimum conditions with the trauamura of radar protection device* provided, installed and manned (which will take another two years), and alter all the thousand* of air spotters have been enlisted and (rained and put in their places of observation, after we hare acquired the maximum ot aircraft pro duction, and those aircraft have been pot into operation, the most we can hope to do is to Stop three out of ten attacking plane*. Without going into detail there, I might add that probably none of those three out of the ten will have the atomic bombs in diem. If another war break* out, Russia knows that to win It must stop production. Second, ft most demoralize the people is this coun try. And Russia knows that units* we have trained civil defense organisation throughout this country that the bombing of the half dorm or a dozen or 25 major production centers will stop production and it will panic the public. Ano it knows, of course, that if the public is uninformed and untrained, that more people wilt die in the panic than wilt have been killed by the bomb. If the war starts, it will start with that sort of as attack. Secretary Finletter, testifying before the Continuing with General Bradley's state Senate Preparedness Committee not long ago, said, "Possible nww of this country, ac ment : cording to our best information, now have a "However, it is the opinion of the air substantial number of alomie weapons and force that should an attack come; a huge also have the planes to carry these weapons percentage of enemy aircraft would probably in an attack ou this country," be able to penetrate our defenses. Therefore, a competent, federal defense agency must be able to function In order to return our workers and our factories to maximum production and restore communications m the shortest possible time:" What happen* to the federal civil defense agency is not important ft is what happens to your state, your city, and your local civil defense agency that win make the difference between winning and losing because all oper ating responsibility rest* at the state, the city and the local level. We know Russia docs have the atomic bomb and He do knew they have over 500 tremendously big and powerful a*d weUmanned planes that can drop an A-bomb any where in the United Stale* any time they want to. But, continuing, ''Whether or not such an attack will b* made can oiy be guessed at. But, for the purpose of our planning; we must assume that it will be made and must make our plan* arrenQsgly, It seen* to me we should ready our cavil defense as we are readying our radar interceptor and aircraft Again continuing with General Bradley's defenses. Our poHcy as to civil defense, I statement; "There exists then, a requirement for an organization planned astd set up beforehand to take over in the event of aa emergency of this nature. If civil defense does not func tion effectively our defense effort* wilt be very adversely affected.'* That language, "If civil defease does not function effectively, our defense efforts vnU be very severely, adversely affected," was by the Joint Chief* of Staff, and it ha* put the issue squarely up to us. General Bradley said, "An urgent and continuing necessity is believe; should follow that policy and this should be bused m the sound, subject,; namely, that as attack may come and that whatever the proper measures are to provide for the civil defense of the nation t the event of such aa attack should be put into, effect as soon as possible." ' I don't know whether General Marshall or SecwSny Lovett or Secretary Fielctter or General Bradley arc taOdng through their Hat* or not It t* the beat source of informa tion [ know. They are great men, all of them. They are not given to eryiag wolf. They tell you that this country t* a danger at this time and they tell yon that civil defense is ncenssvy, and I ay to you that for myself, 1 am convinced that they are right, and the sooner we start moving, the more likely we are to avoid such accidents. The President said not long ago, aa toog u there is a chance of any load that atome bomba may fall on our cities, we cannot gambit We cannot be caught unprepared. This matter of cavil defense is a sort of casualty policy that does more than to pro tect you from the effects of aa actidoff. This U the only policy I know that will have a tendency ta prevent the happening of the accident Yon insure your automobile and you collect if you have the accidmt You insure this country with ovii defase and It may be that yon collect extra dividends 7 preventing the accident I say that because as we stand now, we are uninformed, we are unorganized, we are untrained, and Russia kflows this morning that it can Watt this country and the morale of the people of this country with great benefit. Rosa* also knows that when we inform the ISO radii00 American citizens of what can happen and what to do if it does happen, and when we organize souse IS to 17 minion American citizens in the volunteer forces of civil defense and train them to take care of the Immediate problems of the rescue; problems of the police and fire and all other phases of the work, that they cannot by any such attack either stop the Industry or upset the morale of this na tion. And therefore, the faster we can move in our information program in the enlistment of intelligence and br;*s in die civil dptense organization, in the training of those people to do their job and do it effectively, the more rapidly do we reach that point where Russia will stop and think twice before it attempts to destroy this country by an atomic attack. 20 Gmeret Sessions end Detailed Index to oil Volume* Six Steps Ahead By NED B. DEARBORN President* National Safety Cornell* Chiracs It is tiine lor plain talk. You and your fellow Americana have been warned over a4 over, time and again, against accident*. Yon bare been politely adrued wb*t to do to prevent Hundreds ot orgaoizaticxtt here waged a persistent program of action to help you help yourselves. Thousands of news stories, special feature articles, editorials, and cartoons have for several years told the stark tragedy of hu man waste and cconoeue loss tint coot through needless accidents. Millions bare heard the safety doctrine by way of radio, television, sod motion pictures. All other media of public education are contributing generously of their space sad time to your welfare The best that can be said U that the over-all accident rate has been reduced and that the results would be too horrible to contemplate if these widespread and con tinuing efforts had not bees made. We still Mil and maim young and old until any de cent-minded and thoughtful person must be sickened and shocked beyond words, t'm sickened and shocked but not yet beyond words. You have been advised that cooperation must be the basic method used m this im portant area of human, economic, and satioaal welfare. Ob yes, t cut truthfully compliment many of you on the gains made tn cooperation during recent years. Gratify ing as the gains are, we are capable of modi greater gains. But this is not a report of progress, That kmd ot a report baa beet made so often by so many that it has cur rently the effect of a bromide. This is a report on the gaps in our program of co operation. Those who believe in and strive for cooperation will not take offense at what I shall say. Those whose personal or in stitutional selfishness keep* than from co operation may not enjoy this report They nay even resent it Those unfortunate peo ple are more concerned wtib their ow* nar row and selfish purposes, prides, ud prej udices, than In saving human beings from death and injury. But really 1 care not a whit what they think, fm tired of bring polite to those within and without the Corn. Six Steps Ahead 21 Oaty two agencies declined among the scores invited These two agenda were afraid they would lose thtir identity, their pre rogatives. They were afraid that this oc topus. the National Safety Council, would swallow them. The crony is that Coaference membership U a chance to cooperate with sirter igeodea is safety to their mutual advantage. The Coaferesce system precludes the pos sibility that the National Safety Cwaxtil staff may ''ruo the show." Only the secretary of the Conference is a staff member, and if be does sore than advise at times sad teed to the chorea, it can be charged to the Conference members. The Conference takes the National Safety Council out of competition and makes it only ooe of many cooperating agarics. Thu*, the machinery is established a..J ready for the mutual benefit of all agendo. Step Two--Starting the Machinery After the Conferokc is established, a Conference meetisg Is scheduled. The day arrives, and so do most of the Coaference mmben, It it * atu* for wonder at times wfay some of them ever agreed to join the group. The set effect so far is discouraging. One gets the tmprcsstoa that some people, a few, are quite skeptical of the motives of the National Safety Council hi calling them together. What are these dubious characters oa the staff up to? Arc they fencing us a? Of, to change the figure of speeds, are they building a tot ever all other agenda? Art they reaching out for more power? Are they trying to control safety in this free country of ours? More irony. Each Confer ence member it, with few exceptions, al ready a member of the National Safety Council So these skeptics in reality are doubting thcmselvta--ualesa they eUertain (fi paradoxical notion that thtir own hired Hands are either incompetent or untrust worthy. Then their attitude toward each other is also perplexing. It seems they not only arc skeptical about the motives of tk National Safety Council, but suspicious of auk other*' motive*. This would be ainwatag were ft not for the devastating results on the wain job of the Coafcrenec---namely, to bring about cooperative action. Lade of erase and hue suspicions ere unworthy fac tors in this great ause. The tut Conference phenomenon h resBy something to watch. Each member reports what fus agency is doing w accident pre vention. With no intention. I'm surc^ of bring untruthful, the tale loom nothing is the telling. After one such meeting a mem ber who had been silent said to me, "Wc might as well go home and quit worrying. These folks are doing everything that can be done! There just can't be anything more to <k t" Sardonic humor and more irony. All that Is bring done Is not enough. The aggregate effort may sound impressive when well told. But separate efforts without unity, wtibout cooperation, are wasteful of time, money, and effort, and can even be down right harmful. We must rise above our selves, if necessary, in this great hominitarian effort Step Throe--Proper Use of the Machinery We have appeared before each Confer ence and tried to explain our policy of co operation sod what cooperation in action programs actually means. We have said Krb organization's opportunity'* and priv ileges are threefold in character. Hrs^ the Conference should determine the size and seriousness of Its problem. Secondly, through further discussion, it should reach the bat decision* possible as to the Several practical solutions to its problem. And lastly, the Conference members should agree among themselves what should be done, and what agency or agencies can best do what. We further stated that our staff would oo longer decide by Itself what activities or publications the staff would perform or pro duce. Each Conference would do that. We said that we hoped our staff members would present worthwhile, practical ideas, but that the Conference would decide whether our staff members conducted their own suggested programs or whether some other agency or agenda could conduct them more effec tively, or emeu whether the suggested pro grams should be postponed or dropped. So far as the National Safety Council is con cerned, there are only two limitations on this procedure; <!) Our available funds to do what cadi Conference decides the staff should do, and (2) our general policy en titled "Safety In Action." formulated and made official by our Board of Directors, on which each Coefercace has three members of its own choice. This doctrine must have bees really revo lutionary. It's quite dear some Conference 72 General Sessions and Delated Index to oil Voiurrttt Six Sups Ahead 23 members haven't believed what they heard or they haven't understood what is meant by cooperation. It would seem simple enough that if our staff members cooperate with other members ot the Conference that other members should cooperate with them. And equally important, should cooperate with each other. Has this happened? Not nearly to the extent desirable or possible. Has each member brought his projected plans or those of his organization to the discussion group, the Conference? Those who have are the exceptions and they have been so conspicuous u to be unique. Most of them have kept right on peddling their own pipers oe their own paper route*. More irony. No person has e comer on good ideas, and Tve never heard a proposed pro* boos of collective bargaining methods, wages, hours, pensions, and other working conditions. In safety management and labor surely have common interests. The Council's pofky oa this matter is crystal clear, aad t have heard oo dissent to it We our* selves W the Council ranks might provide a good example. Let's sett safety to our schools aad col* leges. This is a fiekl where we are extremely vulnerable To most school people we are still an "outride'* agency. They still noorider us is tiie same category as commercial agen cies. And so we are suspect But * good school program across the nation would be the greatest single force si the safety move ment Aad a single school generation would prove it gan "Be careful--the life you save may be your own." Or is it? Here is a supple mentary slogan for traffic safety: "Watch out lor the crazy traffic fool--the life he take* may be your own l" You are welcome to claim it as yours, just so it helps to pre vail seddeets. It's not overly important who made the best speech, who wrote the best feature article, she best editorial, or (he best news story, or who drew the best cartoon. Everybody's talent is what count*. There is enough talent in this audience to work wooden ( only we wilted it so. We can aad we must. And finally ia this fourth step, the attea* boa of the professional safety leader* is earnestly sought We wars them that any group ia aay area cf htmaa activity face* gram that couldn't be improved by free aad la traffic safety, let's do two things. Fine, a very rati dagger of an infirmity. It may understanding (fijeussioa Betides, the agency ice's quite molly-coddling the inewBpefrat or be caned byper-mttitutionatim. This Is a would leave the Conference meeting with disinterested public official, AM (2) let** trip word for a common weakness among the blessing and good will of all the other build public support groups in cv*ry village, buuua brings. It means that a group live* agendas represented. Let's try more and dty, county, and state ia our land. They with aa occupation so long and so dosciy more teamwork and win more and better should be comprised of our most influential that it feds a prior claim to the field aad ball game*. We can if we wilL mm and women They will give support to a lessening cempeissoa to explain ita pro Step Four--Belief be Sack Other The next and urgent nerd is to strengthen our faith in each other. One of the baric tenets of democracy is that each of us has in him more good than bad. I believe that, impUdty. Let's took for the good la oar fellow Conference members. It's there to see, aad if the good needs oncoaragemCflt let's not make believe it doeeo't exist. conscientious and able public officers. In this connection, let's quit bring diplo matic with a certain section of the public. I refer to the crxry traffic fools who drive and walk on our streets and highways. This group. Tea convinced, is a minority. Bet it Is a menace to all deceit-minded and totelhgently careful drivers arad pedestrians. These "crazy fools" don't keep their cars m good condition. They disobey the tigns, gram and purposes to those whom the group is deiigncd to serve, just look ta any di* rection and sole the "dosed corporations," the "select dubs," the "professional sanctity," and the "smugness of group sdf-satisfac* Boo." The preventive medicine or the anti dote is humility, faith fit others, new blood, and a determination to continue to serve humanity. We may not tike the way your hair Is We could make a good start a GemsksI signals, and regulations of the read. They ported. We may think you war just too, action and nationally if w* worked harder speed. They aooss from one traffic lane to too awful hats. We may wish you wore than we do at the following and rimifar another, and bade again They pass cars test noisy socks or necktie*. We may dis things. In industry let's stir top manege* on curve* and kill* where it is impossible approve of your language or your stories. jnenf to an active interest in safety--in the factory or business and outside of it There is clear cut evidence dial this is necessary. When achieved it Is effective. To cite a single example among many: this summer l presented a Distinguished Service to Safety Award to a certain railroad. It* unproved accident record began about five years ago with the advent of a new president and a new board chairman. That was more than coincidence. Let's encourage management sod labor more than we do to work together m acci dent prevention. There is no moral justifi cation for either ride carrying over into safety the differences, the distrust ft* fmr that has been too often engendered by ques* to see what is ahead. They take chances at But we would be disloyal to the safety rail-highway crossings. They drink and movement If we permitted such prejudices drive. They drive when they are tired or to tmdcnmoe our faith hi you. Faith will sleepy. They start late aad hurry ta des I tend <o cooperation. Faith will, it U said on peration to reads their destination to save a irespectable authority (!), remove mountains. few muaute* for ootitisg. They are the We haven't any mountains to remove. We chronic ticket fixer*. They show off. They merely have to nuke our Conferences work. are smart-alecky. Aad they disregard the We are simply trying to cooperate, Let's fundamental rales of courtesy, 1 any these try harder, beginning today. people are "crazy traffic tools" and they should be made to feel the displeasure and disapproval of all the rest of ua. But the rest of us must shed our cloak of apathy and show more tivk ceurrgc tfua w* do. We can, aad ooe day we will There is a certain major league baseball team with more 400 hitters on it than any other team in the league. It didn't wia the pennant. The reason most frequently given was "loo many stars who didn't play weU together as a tearo.",We are engaged la an Let's take a good lode at oursdvw. It's not very important who originated the slo enterprise where not a pennant, but human lives, human suffering, economic health, and national security are at stake. Let's build team work through cooperation, through faith la cadi other. We can do no less, and remain true to our trust. Step Five Support for One Another --Financial aad Moral This deals with the "sordid" question of adequate financial support The National Safety Council at the moment .depend* on corporation support to a very high decree. Bin that needs an explanatory note. Cootributioos from corporations account for only one-sixth of our annual income and one-third of that comes indirectly through Foundations. The rest of our income Is from due* and sale of materials, bought and de livered as any other service useful to busi ness aad industry. Why the resistance to our appeal for corporate giving? Well, it's a new movement and there are many de mands upon corporations. The state and lo cal safety councils will tell the same story. But let's all increase and improve our re quests. Is 1942 and 1943 the War Production Fund to Conserve Manpower was actually opposed by some industrial safety super visors on the ground that itwould result m smaller budgets for their own business and industrial safety departments. Of course the exact opposite happened When top ex ecutive* became aware of the safety problem, they gave more attention and financial sup port to thrir own safety programs. Business executives properly insist that the base of support for accident prevention must be broadened. Well, it's bring done, but it is a slow job. How many of you have dipped into your podeetbooks to make a personal donation to your local or state safety council? I won't ask how many of you have doee that for your National Safety Council. Ill tell you. We have exactly 583 individual memberships--and their dues are payments for service--not contributions. Our individual contributors should be numbered m the thousands, and those of state and local councils in the millions. Other causes, iK> more worthy, have such support Our cause can too. Funds are necessary to organized effort Organization U necessary on a modest scale, at least to secure cooperation oo a national, state or local tcveL Let's get adequate fi nancial support and at the same time get 24 General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volumes Sir Steps Ahead 25 other agencies to spend their own funds on their parts of the total accident prevention program. The two goals are thoroughly consistent with each other. Cooperation is a two-way street. We have discussed the first five steps: (l) establishing the machinery for coopera tion. (2) starting the machinery, (J) use of the machinery, (4) belie! in each other, and (5) support for cads other--finindat aad moral. Steps Four and Five are still largely in the theoretical but potentially practical state. But for a consideration of Step Sue let's regard them as realities. Step Six--Constant Determination aad Hard Work Toward Fell Cooperation So now we have the cooperative groups. They have accepted cooperation as the ideal method to amdrnt prevention. Distrust is replaced by whole-hearted, unified action. They have faith m each other because they have faith in a job worth doing. They have adeqnase fimmrial and moral support. Each step--all five of them--*itl be of little avail unless the last one ts taken. It is a constant rededication, a renewed tn* *eeratioo to the redaction of human suffer ing first of all, and, neat, renewed enotrcratxoe to the redaction of economic and national Iona. No one can view with equanimity the bruised, broken, bleeding sod lifeless victim of as accident. 1 employ a yard`mart at home. He lost both feet asd a finger a a sted mill accident. He still works a the steel aQl aad be docs Use work of two ordeeaxy laborers in our yard. He ts cheer ful and w2mg and takes great pride in his workmanship. The Utter point is priceless to oar economy and to progress. What would that man have accrynpKihed bad he retained all his physical powers! I know a yoong wonana who was facially disfigured for life in a home accident. She u cfflfefggrBd, unhappy, and a psychopathic case. Her fife it, to any comparative sense, almost useless. Recent]/ ta New York a mother tele phoned se. She said she fofly agreed with what I say about accident prevention, but that I bad consistently omitted cm point. She said that her son was killed la a traf fic accident aad that she was "JaDed" too. She meant, of course, that bo- zest for life went with her beloved son. These examples point to the useless trag edy of tt all. And because of countless toesdents like these, we must never, never lose sight of our purposes. They are high aad noble purposes, aad they deserve our * trlasting best. No littleness of any ktod what soever must alter our determtoatioa to wii the big struggle against accidents. There Is a quotation 1 tike from Booker T, Washington. It is this: *T will allow as mao to drag me down so tow as to make me hate him." Here is soother way to say ft: **X shall ever strive to rise to that plane where love for my fellow mao governs mj every thought and act.** With such ideal*, we should ooc day know the glories of co operation. Then thine and sane shall be an eternal reward---the divine biasing, "Well done, thou good and faithful servant . . .** Footoeript There was one paragraph Is my report a year ago which la so Unde to safely work that it brers ooestaut recoHaction. t shall quote it without philosophical history. "Our concept of an individual homaa be ing U an interesting composite. He has sense perceptions, related to reds other, aad to things about him. He is a knowing crea ture aad so Indulges in Wt act and creative thought. He has a will and so exemses con siderable control, especially over the inani mate aspects of his enrireassesst. He is s rationalist, and so be Is importantly influ enced by invent!do and discovery. He taka progress for granted. He has a soul and so is guided by a deep and strong faith in a metaphysical fife. He is not a superman, is not a super leader, and does not believe in a super state HU powers to think rationally, to orate, and to coetrot do not take as assertive, aggressive form. He Is moral, beneficent, tolerant, independent, free; peace ful. and industrious. The American ideal, in short, is the good naan." You rad your loved ones, your friends and j neighbors, your fellow comtrymen, your fel low men, so defined are eminently worth raving. Each one should be protected against accidents, disease; disaster, asd 'any other misfortune that endangers or Impairs hu maximum effectirmess as a responsible member of sodety. Our strength as a nation and our usefulness among the peoples of the world are directly proportionate to the stroigth and usefulness of each of us as Iwfividual human beings. Hence, the im- fall* considerably short of our description pcrtinca of our work ta the several fields of an individual human bring. It may even of soddenC prevention. be held that nature enables plant fife to I want at this time to stress with all tbe cooperate to propagation. emphasis at my command tbe principal gen Family life, as we know it. Is a better eral method by whkh work u safety can example of cooperation than we TM find be trade most effective I refer, as I have elsewhere for our purposes. Devotion to an repeatedly for nearly a decade, to the prin ill or crippled member of the family, sacri ciple of cooperation. fice for the future welfare of our children, Webster ays that "cooperate" means "to aet or operate Jointly with another or others; ta concur in action, effort or effect* It would seem that the idea of working to gether ts so simple as to be twtrarsaMy acceptable. On the contrary, the application of this simple principle is complex sad dif ficult Primitive tribes exemplify cooperation withia rather severe limits. Their indi vidual members cooperated araoeg themselves for diy-by-day living; for protection against hostile tribes, and for making war against other tribes. Sometimes two or more tribes cooperated for the second and third reasons. As population increased and, in conse quence, tribes grew to size, for example, into city-states ia Ascent Greece and Egypt --cooperation continued with notable varia tions, Captives from conquered tribes or labor to provide food, clothing aad shelter lor our beloved, and efforts to protect the family name are typical of family coopera tion. 'Hus Is based on the keenest form of group loyalty. The riders and tbe youth of a family plan asd work together for the welfare of each not only because of "blood" tire, but because each member U important as an Individual and consequently as one of the family group. In varying degrees these values find ex pression to neighborhood, community, state, and national action. In religious, political, and economic am* And, to nationality background, racial and other cultural inter ests. So ia many areas of American life, we have social cohesion or cooperation as an actuality. It seems quite consistent to a free society to find cooperation in some aspects of group stales cooperated with their captors, but from Crar and necessity rather than from any sense of loyalty to their new governing groups. Variations of this character ore traceable la history to the modem nations. Expediency ta economic affairs leads to cooperation ou a limited scale but through out human record cooperation gave way to violence when economic greed and selfish ambitious for power impelled states or na tions to foreaake the paths of pmteful co operation. Political alliances and trade agreements of our day are a form of cooperation which In highest terms are maintained for the best Interests of hosaaty; in lesser terms, for mutual benefits to groups of states or na tions; in realistic terms, sometimes regret table; for protection against opposing states or nations; aad ia basest terms, for un justifiable and aggrearioo. Nature produces camples of limited co operation. Ants work together, and bare, for example; but die social organization of ufi is hardly'** model for human beings even though both may be credited with what is for them good results. An aat or a bee life and competition in others. They are both traceable to the original nature of man but lor good or evil they depend oa man's rea soning. His instincts to five; i-c, for food, clothing shelter, other possessions, protec tion against foes of any kind, are good only so far as motives and methods are good. HU instincts and impulses whir** lead to aggression and combativencss are good so long as they do not harm others. It is ob vious that tnaa by nature finds cooperation and competition consistent ia group life if defensible values are sought to a logical way. Cooperation to accident prevention is or ganized effort oa a grand scale for protec tion against death. Injury, economic loss, and national weakness. W* have seen the results of competition among agencies, where each was clamoring for public credit, where each representative was ruthJeaaly striving for the center of the stage and the spotlight. It wasn't a pretty picture. Only a sadist or someone with a sardonic sense of humor could be amused by the continuous destruction of life and property which com petition ia safety failed to reduce. Gmrrtd SfiMV mi Drlailfi Index ts off Kilou/j < kawc aba wHnraSaa tbc die gsvcnbc paadipl* f writ "la aiiwi there k strength." "We Ing wtdwu or we shall --ely i tKn m nifty. Ike UBBIO and methods an never difier. kvenr, from oor central pnrpoee*. W imycte ahkaBy. of aax, for ceaspescnt personnel. We tagbt craipitf far kink;, exneficncy, and ef ficacy of artico propma. For ettomt and effective dekfge of one ia the fields of accident pfocaico. Per so- perior achievement within comparable psepi And capcraPy, we night compete with cor own ncotdt to tbe cad tint the accident carve ever tended downward and sharply *a Then Ulnttraiioa* merely name healthy forma of conpet^oa. Reason grad ing oar natural instinct* mad -^p^Ih-s faH." tioem to onr own intuit effort* an . prevention. Tins principle of cocyeratian aw* made offrial Kwomi Safety 1"irwirtl pdBcy an October 19. 194t via the Board of Z*rectors ionmUy approved "Safety in Ac* non." in which are ndwfaf these word*: "We are a cocaxH la the tree seme of ike word--a cooperative association el (top and ntrnfoih working together for ike contact of *afety activities, both separately and jointly." Tbe taBcnlt and onmpkat cask of applying our cardinal prindpie &* at large measure ahead of ns. Tkk can be. oust be, and will be done. Banquet Address * By ROBERT YOUNG i |H actor; Star of network radio program "Father Knows Best"; Recipient Tin,.i Award and tbe National Safety Council's Public Interest Award for exceptional service to safety ia 1950. The magnificent record of the National Safety Cowed and ill member organiza- i* yrb"g we can all be proud of. Tbe constant reduction m the accidental And 1 Spend a great deal of time thinking About my family and its future--just as you do. I want my youngsters to have fun and to grow up happily, without major problems. tauh rate since the Council was organized bade in 1913 is, In itself, a tremendous aecorayfitJsaent, and with nearly 3,000 member giocpc throughout the world working cease lessly to extend that record eves farther, But I also want to instill in them a sense of responsibility toward their own welfare and the welfare of others, so that they wilt survive the many dangers of everyday edstence and stay well and sound to enjoy the the day may not he too far distant when land of life I dre^m of for them. the frustrating, wasteful lots of human life So, as an ordinary guy t have the same through accidental death will be reduced to ordinary reasons for being concerned with a figure that is an encouraging indication the problem* of traffic safety that everybody Of general vigilance rather than a stagger else has. ing shock to the layman. To be a part of that job is a privilege that all of you people share. and I am grateful for the very small rote I have been able to play. Everyone, of course, Imow* the Safety Gowdl by record aad reputation. The Green Croc* U a familiar symbol in homes, *jkr**i factories and streets all over tbe conntry. But it U unfortunate that more people don't take the time to look behind dot emblem--to see tbe huge, ever-growing shadow It casts as its stands between our citizens and disaster. You people are experts In your field-- safety and safety education are an integral part ot your careers. Yon may wonder, and I wouldn't blame you, just why an actor Is taking it upon htmsdf to talk to you regard ing a subject on which ym are the qualified experts. First of an. let's get a few things straight I'm a pretty ordinary fellow, except that I iappen to be in a business where I confront the public, or vice versa, from behind a radio microphone, from In {rout of a movie eastern or from voder a spotlight. I'm ordinary ia tbe fact that I like lads and befieve w them. I have a family that 1 love very much. That's pretty ordinary, too. I don't pretend to be an expert on the sub ject of highway safety. But 1 have had the opportunity during the past two years of working in close cooperation with men and women who are experts. And, Uke them, I have come to believe that traffic accident* create the most serious, useless waste of our modern-day living. As an actor, I have had an unusual ad vantage when it comes to doing something about problem. That's where the on- ordinary side of my life comes in. This ad vantage Stem* from the very nature of my work, which is to gain the listening ear* of a* many people as possible, in the widest area possible, and from among a* many age groups as possible. Both my radio and my motion picture work bring me In touch with millions of people. That I* why the loter-Industry Highway Safety Committee approached me a couple of years ago >ilh the suggestion that the network show, "Father Know* Best," might be an excellent vehicle to help put across to the people of the country, both youngsters and their parent*, the challenge of improv ing that appalling record of death* on the highways, which last year alone involved 2& Central Settions mi Detoilei Index l ntt Vtdumt* Address by Robert Young 29 11,700 drivers between fifteen sad twentyfour. I'll admit that 1 was skeptical at first I couldn't readily see how statistics on traf fic accidents could become a useful part of straight entertainment program. Especially one with a light comedy format. 1 was assured that statistics, as such, were not a part of the plan, that the Committee bettered that a program spotlighting the fortunes and misfortunes of an average American family could, with effectiveness and without preach ing, remind other average American families of the urgency of foe traffic-toll situation. This, they felt, could he dooe as as inte grated part of our "Father Knows Best" stories, wherein foe members of the XBiJrtbdiere family could discuss safe driving m a natural, interesting manner. The Commit tee also asked us to tell the public abort its Ifan-to-hfan and DaJ-to-Daughter agree ments, which, as you know, arc pledges be tween parents and youngsters to abide by eight basic driving rules. Since foe inception of this nation-wide drive to help teen-agers help themselves to greater safety on the road, wc have had inquiries, letters and requests for Uas-tom agreemeits from well over three miltioa,people! Some of foe letters contain helpful com ments on foe development of the campaign; some if them arc from surest* who isport successful load campaigns* among yowag drivers in their communities, and many of them are from civic leaders and organiza tions who arc using the ITHSC pattern for intensive safety drives is ther cities sad towns. Seme of foesa are from irate young driv ers themselves. Let me say right here that t do not be lieve (and neither do the experts) fort young drivers are bod drivers. Dozens of youngsters wrote me, with pardonable indig nation, fort they had been driving for several years without a single aedtievt or traffic violabaa. One young correspondent asked; "Why do you group all teen-agers together and make us all to blame for>(bc bad record? Some of us are belief drivers than our elders!" It U absolutely true that most of our kids are potentially good, competent drivers. But ironically enough, that very fact Is partly responsible for their misfortunes os the road They are such good drivers that they take donees and try road tricks that the older drivers would sever dare attempt. A car Is still something of a plaything to a krt oi youngsters- Scosk of their youth, they ,'dy ou guide reflexes, superior eoon&utiee and trustful optimism. But the driver of the ear next in line, or the one coming down the road ahead, nay act be possessed of all these advantages. Every year more astomobScs bid for space so our crowded atinrta sad highways. The highway oiginsari axe doing a remarkable job, but they can't poarihly keep up with foe utxxndtng growth of foe ajaatry** motoring |Tf"htiv* Be&ere me, I see this every day la ay home tow* of Los Angeles, which dahns more- automobiles per capita than any other oty ia foe cowotry. Wc are very proud oi the fact fort Los Angeles has twice woo first {tea m the Safety Council's traffic mvtiilwy for atics of one milUaa Inhabitants and over. Wc are proud of foe record of our engineers, of merrtsed public support of safety programs, of the fact fort our acci dent rate is on a slow hoe steady decline. Bat we also knew that foe haxaxds are iiacrcati&g every yor and, therefore, the problem be comes harder to keep up with. Every ymr, too, two ntillkas ygangsters coax of driving age in the United Stiles. AS of these natu ral results of growth tacrease the problem of safeguarding lives os our highway*. Driving, hi this medianiaU age; has beccsnc. like everything else, a mass undertaking. Speed Is exciting. There's no doubt about it. 1 can remember when I was a youngster and just as cracked ou the subject of galling foe fastest mile out of a Uodd T as man agers arc today. Zt goes naturally with the enthusiasm and ingenuity of youth.. They want to do everything fast, and fort includes growing up. They're carious, they're impa tient, they're mart, they're creative. These kids of ours are wonderful, you know. I realize this is aetherm original nor an unusual thought1--but I think it should be said out loud, ofta and proudly, net jut taken for granted. My embutiam for youth is partly due to the fact that saint is leu part--partly due to ay Interest and pride in my oww daughters, and partly t* the never-ending surprises fort come from Just observing kids in gsneraL j*?uerieaa youth is our greatest natural American lads have a lot of pride. Thor naource . .. our most natural resource. And whrt a treasure it Is 1 You know, last year I speat several weds tearing foe country and talking with high school yotmgTters about foe problem of reduring the appalling toll of highway acci dents involving that age group. Except for are bora to it, and this great country nur ture! foe kind of proudnew that makes them want to walk with their heads high. It's a good load of pride when properly used. This, l believe, is our best weapon against teen-age tragedy-foe pride and enthusiasm of foe ksdi themselves. ay eldest daughter azrl her friends, my per- 1 don't'think we are using it to greatest contact with teen-agers had been rather advantage. There are many ways to im limited op to that time--limited almost en prove that use. tirely to foe bobby-sox, aatograph-soridog kind. And, believe me, they're something to cepe with. I dou't mind telling you i was plenty scared when learned that 1 was to face whole assembly hails full of high school ^wtmgstox I don't fomk I have ever had wane stage fright. I fomk sometimes we adults make a mis take ia wmm| that we must solve oar youngster^ problems for them, or, rt least, tell them how to do it. There is a difference between guidance and interference. The first is appeedated by young people. The latter is reseated. It ruffles tint special pride. I went on this tour with a message some thing I was pretty upset about, and the seriousness of it was the ooly thing fort gave me courage to overcome my quaking knees. I expected to be received as a kind of rpcU-eport, an old gaffer with a lecture to deliver, I wouldn't lave been the least bit There are many instances on record where group* of young people have talon a youth problem into their own hands and, with a minimum of aid from their elders but a maximum of encouragement, have solved it with dispatch and courage. surprised, ia those first few seconds, if foe Reckless driving among youngsters U not spit-bells had begun to fly and the cat-calls to echo. I underestimated them, those youngsters. I won't make that mistake again, ami I Just a safety hazard. It is a youth problem. And it can be treated, believe. In the same manner that other youth problems are han dled. shall do everything ia my power tosae that Naturally, wc can't just stand and let our other adults don't make it. The kids wel teen-agers become entangled in foe complex comed m with flattering hospitality, and ities of growing up and not offer a helping tlwy listened with interest and courtesy to hand. But we can keep that helping hand what had to say. They were anxious to open, not tighten it into (he fist of disci find some practical solution to this accident pline and threat. problem. Their idea* were excellent, their attitude constructive and their sincerity im pressive. They taught me right there that last talking u not enough. They sent me home with something of their own deter mination to get with it and do something, or at least find some plan for actioo. Sometimes it gets pretty discouraging. Sometimes it seems that all the efforts of parents and educators to instill high stand ards and appreciation of foe right way have failed. Youthful hunger for excitement, foe lure of foe new and seemingly exotic, foe yen to be a hero would scan to outweigh foe X wonted to teach theca something, and I remained to leant a great deal. 1 confirmed my optnioe fort most kids are pretty reliable citizens and that, given half a rhtnrr, they will solve thdr own problems and solve them intelligently. I teamed that our youngsters arc not tmmindful of thdr faults and excesses and those of their companions. Naturally, there are som^ldds who don't seem to care about Improving their lot, who seem to take pride w their escapades. Bet they are ia the minority. mundane existence of being a good kid. But not for long. I learned, during these rnfety discussions with high school students, that they don't really admire the flashy, reckless driver. They may admire his nerve for the moment, but, at heart, they think he's pretty uo quart. When they realize that this same toad of nerve can be put to constructive work, fort foe * kind of creative energy can be used to build a better community, a more progressive school, a safer kind of life, they 30 Central Seuions and Detailed Index to oil Vdumtt 31 look upon it with increased respect and jet nancial restrictions, tack of personnel and about harnessing it to their own use. other problems, la a great raaey comum- The acadent rate among our young driv- / era is now steadily on the decline. It is still' far, far too high. It would be too high tf ooe youngster was ktUed or crippled. But at least, progress u being made. This has been done partly through the efforts of adults in charting campaigns aimed directly at reducing the roil of that age group, by safety experts and educators. But largely it ha* been accomplished by the kids themselves. Once the problem wu pointed out to them in realistic terms and they were infeed to do something about it, they pitched in. lies, automobile dealers have stepped ut and offered the use of ears for this training la other towns, local organization* wbose proj ect is the promnboe of safety have made h their duty U> supply aulomobtfea for school use. If it is possible to do it, this program oi education should be tsermsed. Nothing is Quite as effective m the training of a good driver as proper instruction at the very beginning. It isn't enough that parents and friends are always willing to act as teachers, because sometimes those parents and friend* are not very good drivers themselves, and they transmit their faults to the Wgfanicr. In many communities. dubs have been Then U's up to the traffic experts to break formed where youngsters lean how to main- those habits and instill new ones--a waste tain cars is the best mechanical shape aad of time and money. how to drive them at the peak of safety and efficiency. For boys aad girls who are addicted to incurable "speed-dropbobis," rac ing associations have been formed, super* vised by safety officials aad located id areas like the Mojave Desert of California where traffic hazards do not exist and the terrain is suitable to speed driving. Officials' clocks aad professional radsg regulations are rigorously miorced, and the kids can satisfy their zest for speed with a minimum of danger. This is an example of putting that youthful pride to work in a constructive way. How much better it Is to encourage a tad to stand out above the crowd because he has the best car and drives it most efficiently rather because he can pass all other cars on the road and scare the daylights out of doddering pilot* Eke you and me| We must make safety attractive. We must mike the safe way the appealing way, and we've got lots of competition. But of caenc, the prize that is the natural reward for caution Is a big ooe--looger life and the ability to enjoy it. The smartest people aren't necessarily the ones who get there first, but tbe ones who get theft And our youngster* have lot* of places to go. Traffic court judge* and official* can be of immeasurable aid in this campaign against youthful traffic totL A few extra minutes, ' a little special attention, scene thought-pro* yoking words, wd the young traffic violator goes home with a sense of renewed respon sibility, a h--lthy respect foe the tie and aa understanding that its purpose Is to pro tect him, not to punish him. He doesn't jmt plunk down Dad's five or tea buds and go Driver-training courses in the schools arc out to outmaait the cops. The traffic officers becoming a growing part of the curriculum, ta our cocnsuaities, by their attitude, caa rod they, to my mind, are the most effectsre teach and encourage as well as tfijdpttoe. weapon we have. U's a personal challenge to all ages. th*i I have visited several of these classes in business of saving our youth. And it's a the Lo* Angeles area, and l came away with personal responsibility. It enzrt >W.c2n**d a feeling almost of dedication to the Idea off to the safety experts alone, voibe par that aH schools should have them. Our Cali ents, to the schools, or to the tods alone. fornia law states that aH students of high school age must have a course m driver education. It's a good taw. Like everything else fit our way of fife, this is a team job, a common chaBecgc. And the reward t* the future, waiting to be built Unfortunately, it i* sot always possible with hope aad happiness and peaceful attain to combine the classroom work with actual ment by this most natural reaocree--our behind-thc-wfaeel instruction, because of fi Americas youth. Safety Exposition Exhibitors EXHIBITION HALL--STEVENS HOTEL CASINO ROOM--CONGRESS HOTEL Alphabetical List of Exhibitors of Industrial and Public Safety Equipment Acme Protection Equipment Co, Chicago, m. Gas Masks Exclusively. Advance Glove Mfg. Co., Detroit, Mich. AU Types of Work Gloves, Safety Gloves and Leather Safety Clothing. Aetna Life Affiliated Companies, Hartford, Conn. Safety and Health Services for Employe ;s, Both On and Off the Job. Alan Wood Steel Co., Cooahobocken. Pa Abrasive Rolled Steel Floor Plate. All Americas Safety Equipment Co, Chicago, HL Power Press Guards; Safety Engineering Surveys; Consultants. American Abrasive Metals Co, Irvington, N, J. Abrasive Metals, Paints, Coatings, Non-Skid Grating for Safe Walkways. Americas Chain A Cable Co., Inn, Bridgeport, Conn. Chains, Cable and Wire Rope of Various Kinds and Sizes; Steel and Malleable Cast ings; Brakes and Brake Controls; Cranes, Hoists, Valves and Fittings. Aacriean-LaFrance-Foamite Corp, Elmira, N. Y. Fire Protection and Fire Fighting Equipment. American Optical Co* Southbridgc, Mas*. Head, Eye and Respiratory Protective Devices, Safety Clothing and Safety Specialty Product*. Ampco Metal, Inc, Milwaukee, Wia. Safety Tools Fabricated from Ampeo Metal. Atnpco Beryllium-Copper and Monel. Ansui Chemical Co, Fire Extinguisher Dint, Marinette, Wia. Ansul Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Arcadia Mfg. Co, Birmingham, Mich. Plastic Coated Glove* and Aprons for Industry. Bashlla, W. M, Co, Grove City, Pa. Linemen's Safety Equipment, . Rausch A Lomb Optical Co, Rochester, N. Y. Safety Glasses and Safety Eyewear for Every Occupational Requirement. Beet, Alfred M, Co, Inc, New York, N. Y. Safety Maintenance and Production; Best's Safety and'Maintenance Directory. Bradley Washfotmtala Co, Milwaukee, WU. Group Washing Equipment. Brady, W, H, Co, Chippewa Falla, Wia. Self.Sticldng Safety Signs, Pipe Markers and Special Markers and Signs. Brrck, John H, Xne, Springfield, Mata* Industrial Hand Cleaner; Hair aad Scalp Preparations. JBrowzte, Stewart K, Mfg. Co, New York; N. Y, Electrical Safety Equipment, Flashlights, Explosive-Proof and Vapor-Proof Exten sion Lights. 32 Safety /n<wi ExkOilors Transaction*, 1951 National Safety Congress 23 Buhrke, R- H* Co* CUcaco, ZB. Safety Equipment for Coostroctios and Mafatexuaoe; Bullard, . D* Co* San Fnadwy CeBL Personal Safety Devices for Industry. Canfield 03 Company, CleveUod, Ohio. Oil Absorbent*. Chance, A. B* Co* Central!*, Uo, Transmission and DUtributkm Equipment. Chemical Service of JSaldiBor* Baltteenv M&. Waxes. Soaps. Cleaners, Disinfectants and Chemical Specialties. Chemical Specialties, Inc., Springfield, Mam. Industrial Hand Creams and Cleansers. Chicago Bye Shield Co, Cbifiro, IB. Head and Eye Protective EqnipiatnL Columbus Glove Hig. Co, Colmnbm, Ohio. Coated Gloves and Aprons. Emerson, J. H* Co* Cambridge, ifiu. RcsuJcitators and Other Emergency Breathing Equipment, Fairfield Glove Ca, Fairfield, Iowa. Industrial Glove* and Mittens. FcadaH Ce* Chicago, UL Head and Eye Protection Equipment. Flood! System, Ine, Elkhart, In<L Floor Maintenance Machines. FruUk Research Co* Philadelphia, Pa. Anti*Slip Floor Maintenance Materials. Gro-Cord Robber Co* Lima, Ohio. Gro-Cord, Raw-Cord and Neo-Cord Soles, Heels and Taps. Had Floor Machine Co* Chicago, IB, Floor Cleaning and Maintenance Equipment and Supplies. Halyard Chemical Co, St. Joecph, Mo. Floor Treatments, Building Maintenance, Sanitation Products, Equipment and Ma terial*. Columbus McKinnon Chain Cocpu, Tonawaoda, N. Y. Herc-AIloy Sling Chains. Homer Robertson. Inc* Denver, Colo. Roloa Tire Chaus. C-O-Two Fire Equipment Co* Newark, N. J. Carbon Dioxide and Dry Chemical Extinguisher*. Systems, Smoke Detectors, Hy-Tcat Dfau International Shoe Co* St. Louis, Mo. Hy-Test Anchor Flange Steel Toe Safety Shoes. gtmatrtfham, tf, E. Co* Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Marking Tools. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Zoo, Newark, N. J. Respiratory Protection, Combustible Ota Indicators, General Safety and First Aid ,Industrial Gkrvte Co, Danville, DL Finger Guards, Supergards, Wovcngards, Handgards, Gloves, Mittens, Arm Pro tectors, Protective Apparel, Leggings. tnsto-Gac Corp* Detroit, Mkh. Equipment. Dctex Watcbclock Corp* New York, N, Y. Watchmen's Qocks and Accessories. Diamond Match Co* Springfield, Mass. Book Matches for Suty AdvfiUb| and Sales Promotion Campaigns. Diverscy Corp* Chicago, 111. Industrial Maintenance and Cleaning Chemical*. Dociooa Corp* Detroit, Midi. Goggle* Face Shields, Welders, Helmets, Respirators. Dow Corning Corp* Mkh. Cleantag Stations for Dispensing Silicone Treated Sight Saver Tissues. Dues Products, Chicago, HU Protective Clothing for Industrial Workers Made from Asbestos, Leather, Rubber, Underwriters' and Factory Mutual Approved Torches and Furnaces. |lntoxaaetcr Aaan* Niagara Falls, N. Y. Sales and Service of Equipment to Determine Degree of Alcoholic Influence. |Iron Age Dim* H. Childs ft Co* Inc* Pittsburgh, Pa. Complete Line Leather and Rubber Industrial Safety Footwear for Men and Women. [jBida Safety AppKaae* Co* LomsviUe, Ky. Juakui Interlocking Barrier Guard; Swinging Die Closure; Electro-Lock Shield and Splint Type Stretcher. [Jwtrit* Mfg. Co* Chicago, UL Safety Cans, Oily Waste Cans, Safety Electric Lanterns, Flashlights and Fire Ex tinguishers. Karel First Aid Supply Co* Chicago, EL Industrial Hospital Supplies and Equipment, Drugs, Dressings, Furniture; Instru ments. Neoprene and Fire-Proofed Dock, Dso-Safety Ladder Corp* Oshkosh, Wh. Safety Ladders, Fire Ladders, Ladder Shoes, [Kearney, James R* Corp* St. Mo. Line Tools for Linernes ts Handling Energized Wires. [Keystone View Co* MeadvBle, Pa. gytf* Co, Qacbsati, Ohio. Original Binocular Visual Screening Tests for Industry. Eagic-Pichcr Industrial Floor Dry #&5. A heavy duty, anti-skid, light reflecting (Kiddc, Walter ft Co* lac* BeUeriBe, N. J. absorbent for plant safety and maintenance. Fire Protection and Extinguishing Equipment. Edmont Mfg. Co* Coshocton, Ohio. /" iKhabaH Safety Products Co* Cleveland, Ohio. Coated Fabric Work Gloves. Goggles, Gloves, Safety Clothing and Other Safety Equipment. Elliott Service Co* Inn, Me. Vemoe, N. Y. (Kirin. Mathias ft Sou, Chicago, DL Accident Prevention Displays; Safety Conference Programs; Supervisor'* Bultetln; Linemen's Tools and Equipment. Bulletin Boards. Embosogrxf Corp. of America, New York, N. Y. Sign Making Equipment, Safety Posters, Display*. Directory Signs. fL*n Walu. 0,, Co, too. New York, N. Y. Safety Floor Polishes, Conductive Floor Coating. Static Grounding Device for Per sonnel Safely Exposition Exhibitors Transactions, 1951 Notional Softly Congress 35 Lehigh Safety Shoe Co, Allentown, Pa. Leather Safety Box Toe Shoe* and Rubber Boots. LIgbtfoot Schultz Co, New York, N. Y. Granulated Skin Cleansers, Lotion, Bar Soap and Dispenser*. Lincoln-Schlucter Floor Machinery Co, Chicago, 10* _,,j AvSO, Industrial Vacuum Machines, Floor Scrubbers and Polishers, Scarifiers and Auto* Scrubber*. Logan Mfg. Co, Glendale, Caltf. , Emergency Showers, Industrial Shower Room equipment. Loaarme Metai Product* Co, Inc, Louisrine, Ky. Aluminum Ladder and Scaffolding Products. Lutber Mfg. Co, Inc, Oleaa, H. Y. Power Press Guards. MacWhyte Company, Kenosha, Wia. _ , , . ., Wire Rope and Braided Wire Rope Slings, Fittings and Cable Asiembhe*. Inc, Pinconning, Mich. Magnesium Safety and Materials Handling Equipment. ^iSgo^u^Equipwrat^r Maintenance, Safety and General Inspection. Marsh ft McLennan, Inc, Chicago,-ML Insurance Broker* and Agencies. Marthadale Electric Co, Cleveland, Ohio. . Protective Dust Mask, Electric Testing and Indicating Instruments. Masory-Young Co, Boston, Mass. Safety Floor Treatment and Maintenance Materials. M*-*", Tbom, Safety Shoe Dim, MelviHc Shoe Corp, Hew York, N. Y. Thorn McAn Safety Shoes. McDermott, Julian A, Corp, Corona, L. I, N. Y. Warning, Work, Safety Lighting for IndustnaL Ltibty Aviation Use. McDonald, B. F, Co, Los Angeles. Calif. Industrial Safety Appliances and Clothing. Snpply Co, Rockford, ML USCo Flexible Unit First Aid. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co, New York, N. V. Educational Publications and Materials Dealing \\ uh balet>. MSrPrSfe.?tc`"ICply Grb Plutic Clo.Hta,. Ply ClovM. PU,Uc Wk Glo.M. MOler Equipment Co, Inc, Franklin, Pa. Linemen** and Industrial Safety Belts. Mh. Stfetr AppIUace, Co.. JMtUbutxh, Pa. Saicty Equipment lot Eyeey Induatry. Mnltf-Ctara Product* Inc, St Pant Mum. Floor Maintenance Equipment and Materials. National Safety CooodL Chicago, ML Occxqtarional Hazards, Inc, Cleveland, Ohio. Publishera. Ofl-Drl Corp. of America, Chicago, ML Oil and Grease Absorbent*. Oaes. San Fmeheo, Caltf. Onax Sks* Toughener for Athlete** Foot Prevention. Osborn Mfg. Corp, Warsaw, InA. Safety Pliers and Tong* for Feeding Punch Presses. Pae-KR Company, Greenwich, Conn. First Aid Equipment. Paekwood, G. H, Mfg. Co, St. Louis, Mo. PAX Safety Industrial Skin Cleansers and Dispenser*. Patent Scaffolding Co, Inc, Chicago, ML Gold Medal Wood and Magnesium Safety Ladders, Suspended, Sectional Tubular Steel and Aluminum Scaffolding, Sidewalk Protection Canopies, Steel Grandstands.- Powtrie Safety Mfg. Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Protsctoscal Co, Chicago, ML Safety Cans, Oily Waste Cans, Flame Arrester, Devices for Flammable Liquids. Pab&osaa Safety Equipment Corp, Brooklyn, N. Y. Industrial Safety Equipment. Pyrene Mfg. Co, Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Racine Glove Co, Inc, Rio, Wls. Gloves, Apparel, Protective Equipment, Leather, Asbestos and S'eel Reinforced. Rudolph Laboratories, Lie, Chicago, ML Dioxide Fire Extinguishers. Reeee Wooden Sole Shoe Co, Columbus, Neb. Reece "Perfect Rocker** Wooden Sole Safety Footwear. Rich Laboratories Sales Diva, Inc, Emigrrillc, Pa. First Aid for Burns. Rockwood Sprinkler Co, Worcester Mass. Nozzles and Industrial Sprinkler System for Fire Protection; Valves, Unions. Rose Mfg. Co, Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Equipment. Safety Clothing ft Equipment Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Safety Clothing and Equipment for Every Type Industrial Worker. Safety First Product* Corp, Elouford, K. Y. Dry Chemical Fire Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co, HolHstoc, Mass. Safety Steel Toe Shoe* for Mem Scfway Steel Products, Inc, Milwaukee, Wls. Scaffolding Towers, Saf-T-Swiags, Special Products. SaBebvry, W. H, ft Co, Chicago. ML Linemen's Rubber Protective Equipment. SsaLlGst, Inc, Philadelphia, Pa. Athlete** Foot Preventive. Schrader's, A, Sob, Brooklyn, N, Y. Pneumatic Press Controls, Valve*. Cylinders and Associated Products. Scott Aviadoe Corp, Lancaster, N. Y. Scott Air-Pak, Scott Demand Inbalator, Scott Demand Respirator. EtHstrom Mfg. Co, Chicago, ML Face and Eye Protection Equipment. Sentry Shoe Co, Dim. General Shoe Corp, Nashville, Teozx. Safety Toe Shoes. Spencer Turbine Co, Hartford, Coon. Portable and Stationary Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collecting Apparatus. 36 Softly BxpetiHon Exhibitor* Standard Safety Equipment Co, Chicago, HL Industrial Safety Equipment. Steel Scaffolding Cc., Inc,, Brooklyn. N, Y. ''Trouble Saver*' Steel Scaffolding. Stepan Chcmfml Co, Chicago, CL Skin Cleansers {or Industry. SteRpcbceumscoxataCtiooorpE,qRuoipdmBeannt,kD, Nru,nJk.omctcrs, Porto-Qimc Driver Testing Unit. Stooebonae Signs, Inc, Dearer, Colo. Steel Accident Prevention Signs. Sagar Beet Prodnets Co, Saginaw, Hkb, SBS Skin Cleanser and Cleaner. Surety Robber Co, CarroHton, Ohio, Rubber Gloves and Linemen's Equipment. Sorty Mfg, Co, Chicago, UL Safety Guards and Materials. TaTyaloyrl,oSr .RGid, CehAailnloCy oS,teHealmSmlinogndC. hlaadin.s, Monel Cham; Hooks and Chain Fittings. Tennant. G. H, Co, Minneapolis, Ifha Mechanized Equipment tor Maintenance of Industrial Floor*. Trinal, Inc, Chicago. DL "Safeet" Protection (or the Metatarsal Arch. Union Wire Rope Corp, Kansas City, Uo. Toffy Slings, Wire Rope and Tuffy TowUne*. United States Dept of Labor, Barest] of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. UnEityeedPSrtoatteecstiSoanf,eitmy SpreergvnicaeteCdoa, KndanEsnatserCici-tyC,oUaote.d Salt Tablets, CO Indicators. Wallace Optical Co, Inc, Detroit, Ukh. Taf-Cote Protective Eyewear, Wstc&emokzt Optkd Co, Inc, Providence; R. L "Eye-Savers'* Plastic Eye Protection aad Plasti-Glow Safety Signs. Waverfy Petroleum Products Co, Philadelphia. Pa, OH and Grease Absorbents. West Diamfcctsig Co, Long Island City, N. Y. Disinfectants, Deodorants--Products for the Promotion of Safety. Western Coca-Cola BottBag Co, New York, K. Y. Coca-Cola. WhInedeulesrtrPiarlotSecatfievteyACplpoathreinl,gXomea, dCehicfraogmo, UALsbestos, Flame-Proofed Duck and Jean Cloth, Leather and Wool. WKin-dLse*aCs-oM, lParco,dCuoctrstl;aDndis,pNe,nYse.r Cabinets, Less Cleaner, Anti-Fogging Liquid, Lens Tissue. WnSams Jewelry * Kfg. Co, Chicago, ZZL Safety Awards. Badges and Trophic*. WIilnlsdounstPriraoldGuocgt*g.lIens,cG, RaseaMdainsgk,sP, Ha.elmets and Respirators, and Allied Safety Devices WHaoa-AIbreeht Co, Inc, Minneapolis, Minn. Modem Unit Type First Aid Kits and Refills. Wyandotte Chemicals Corp, Wyandotte, Kick. Absorbents. 1951 Current Safety Topics in the AERONAUTICAL INDUSTRIES As (xvieafttl ! ffc* Suasions of the Aero*a*Hcol Industries Soctfoo at th 1451 Nitlonal Safety Congress Aviation Must H*v Safety.................................................. 5 Health Precautions in Handling Radioactive Electronic Tubes .............................. .............................. .... 10 Discuss Your Problem...................... ........................*------- * * Volnmn 2 Transactions . 3ffti National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 No. Michigan Avnnno Chicago 71, 111. 'Hetv 'Idea*.-- If safety is to keep pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, we must continually have Mnew ideas." g*eh year, at the National Safety Congress, the ideas and experiences of -nany of the nation's top safety men are presented in the various sessions, Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congress session, later become generally accepted witfun their fields. la order to present this information conveniently and at small cost, the Congress Transactions are published ta volumes, one for each Section or Division, along with a General Sessions and Detailed Index to all volumes. The 34 volume* of the 2952 Congress Trans actions are listed on the last page of this volume Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transactions a useful aid in their accident prevention programs. In industry, for example; their judicious distribution to key personnel Is management and supervision has proved to be of invaluable service. la preparing these Transactions, the proceedings of the Congress have been condensed and edited for reference purposes. Complete original manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available In National Safety Council files. Views expressed at the Congress or in this record are those of the Congress participants did are not necessarily those of the National Safety CoundL AERONAITICAL INDUSTRIES SECTION This volume is a record of the sessions held at the 1951 National Safety Congress by the Aeronautical Industrie! Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the many coopera tive activities which the Aeronautical Industries Section carries on in behalf of its members, and lor the benefit of accident prevention work m the aircraft manufacturing industry generally. The Section gives guidance in the preparation of a great variety of technical and educa tional material useful in the day-to-day safety programs of aircraft manufacturing The activities of the Section arc under the direction of its Executive Committee, the members of which are luted it the close of this volume. Aviation Must Have Safety By A. T. BURTON Vic* President. North American Aviation, Int, Los Angeles, Calif. When thinking of aviation and flying, ooc venturing further into new and unknown of the first thoughts which arise in the territory. mind of the avenge person concern* safety, With each progressive step, our responsi whether it he hi* own sfety or that of a bility for the mfety of the human beings loved one bearding in airliner, or that of a in our aerial vehicles also increases. Human military jet pitot being helped into the frailities become more apparent as aircraft cockpit of a modem fighter with all his auxiliary equipment, or that of people on the ground over whose homes these aircraft fly. The thought of safety is probably associated inth that RUtinctiv* fear of falling with which tmrii of us is bom; therefore, such thought* ary onty natural performances go higher, and the means of overcoming these human limitations must be found on the design board. That is where safety starts. This wam't always the cue Safety was not built into the early airplanes, and tbr pilots were mostly a daring crowd who tf the layman had knowledge o! all that flew by the scat of their pants. As a rule, goes into nuking for "safety in aviation** 1 believe that this Instinctive fear of flying would be quickly dispelled and supplanted with a feeling of confidence ana aefety. I their love for flying gTtatiy overshadowed any thoughts of how their flights might end That day is completely gone. Safety is engineered into airplanes now, and today's will endeavor to outline Cm you some of pilot ha* a keen desire to live to a ripe the salient point* which tend to merit such old age. He is a well trained operator, and confidence. carefully groomed to routine safety habits. In this era of increased speeds and higher performance in both military and commer cial airplanes, safety continues as always to be a factor of vital coocern to the aviation industry. Safety Is a continuing process. Safety in flying starts on the ground in the aircraft manufacturing plant* where the planes are designed, developed, and produced. Icog be fore the airplane even gets to the ground crew. Safety Ia the aircraft industry start* the design board. From the first line drawn on the designer's clean white paper, through the production operations to the fin ished product, heavy emphasis is placed on Mlcty. Scientific devices in the plane and on the ground have been developed to assist him in making flying itself a safe routine The habit of safety by enforced routines is of vital importance, whether It is the pilot running through his check list before takeoff, or the operator of a machine or lathe ra the shop. In the development of a new type aircraft those design engineer* charged with design responsibility carefully consider every ele ment of the proposed airplane. Through the years design criteria has been gathered and cataloged and put in usabte form *o that the designers have available the accumulated ex perience of many successful as well as un successful aircraft- In the* past few years alone progress in When an aircraft company starts the de the field of aeronautical engineering has Wm little short of revolutionary. This progress is measured by the high perform ance of today's aircraft with their vastly ifKteaied speed, altitude, and sixe, partic- t*rly in the field of military aviation. velopment of a new type plane for the armed services, the normal procedure prescribe* the procurement of three aircraft. Two of these airplane* will be built and thoroughly instrumented SO that the forces experienced m flight will be recorded and evaluated by We are now entering an age of flight sa challenging as that* which confronted the Wrights two generations ago. We have hurdled the so-eaUed some barrier and are competent engineers and scientists who are as much specialists in their chosen profes sions as obstetricians and toxicologists are in the field of medidne. AeronantirsJ Jndtuirie* Three Afa *r** check wot owly cfae mastnd *ucvr\ td dw orryime l tbe {fwvxn< *uefc a* ^tafakry sod cwotrotialahi?. ribraswo and fieaex. and tbc gsierai performance of tbc airframe and tbc ground sad ns Sight, and tbe sgfisansc aj recovery characteristics in tbc air. It is ab a natter of dose personal awes fane tor canopy and seas ejection syncs* k work cf&dczu!y and oSety. power plants. The flight sac prograoj it Tbe Sight testing most ah* check tht *n exhaastive procedure covering all phases tooting of U power cuBiisufl. and acne of the aircraft's operation. soric*, radio and eketmne woes, tbe an- The means and piocedum tor flight test* ing have increased sod expanded with the increased performance of tbc airplane itself. In the late 30`s, who the experimental toua output pattern*, potential fee bazartb and fire extinguishing systems, fad jettison ing, temperature ranges. West and vest, one pressurization, to mag only a few, model ot the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber la today's high speed airplanes, the hy was test flown at North American, the draulic power system Is of increasing im flight engineer climbed aboard with HU in* Strumen t* packed in a fair sired box tucked under bit arm. Contrast this with the ex tensive equipment used tea years later to flight test the first experimental model at portance to the operation of tbc airplane and in turn to the pilot's safety, TbU sys tem must be tested to make certain of iu efficient operation to the extent of such a critical low temperature as minus 65 de the XB-4S Tornado four-jet light bomber. vices F. Because the XB-43 was the first airplane , In the military airplane, testing must ge of its type flown in this country, it was beyond those matters of simply flying the extensively instrumented tor exhaustive test aircraft under extreme condition* of speed ing which extended over nearly two years. altitude; and temperature, Tbe main pur The automatic recording instruments in pose of a fighter, for example, is to fire stalled in the airplane included five photo-' guns, rockets, and sometimes drop bomb? recorders to automatically record reading* under these same conditions, so armament of 120 separate instrument!, a pyrometer tests are a vital' factor tn the flight testini potentiometer which recorded temperatures at 140 different locations, three 14-chaimcf oscillographs recording structural strains at various selected locations In the airplane. of the military aircraft. The great effort expended us the flight testing necessary to moke sure that the air plane is as effiident and safe as it is be Al] the instrumentation la an airplane i manly posxible to make it, is reflected k seldom operated at oar time, bat the qtneotify the cost figures for this put of the develop of recorded data which all the hauraega- ment of a new type military aircraft wider rion operating wualcaaegaslr t* capable of the normal procedure of procuring thra turning out U omarac Ik ewe wirum- of planes. For instance, right per cent of Ok centinooc? c^eratk* provide* 3? tsjur.aw con of developing a recent three-agir* teroiwratorv rw^ vdiec 400 ibcW* of w<il> wjhnry airpfsac woe expended for the Jtifb: lograph record* and 1JW mftcease paourr* am program. of innnxnew- Aeoes Murk JA* infa- W* bare considered die rigors te whkt vtdnal w-ensoaettA rafcibwg i the two cxpersBWjdal flying airplanes art- Beside* fin nui imn. are made t<r *fa >!* <a, %* m dW W-ikm the atrjilaSK. tbefv <* 9r ritaS^twUoUa ' tbe paint luwwri' we 1m> iwici. eg, of tfa fcrref-H Tfci* Mm. > put in flight toting, New take the thin: wtplane mxkr tbe normal development pro gram. It is selected to a tortuous rad tbe retie test laboratory before die fligh wdeb are permitted to fiy. dan vomri over m Bm mH- Haring drawn upon the information ae emsti fue Mairw* <* ** !** kw -mbfri through experience With man? test pikx` fater p-ut hiM > ttW Out. Im iirnrious aircraft, cwnbinisg tt with nra tSmirt pwn dms and theories, the dexiga engineer* Tbc test ptk* h >M aMU *. W<w w, tbe mttnrnxsn* **A nAttri be ** winmmAri Only tbc pifac cm ** aien--m #w airplane's handbag AKfaMt ha* Ac afhorve the derigo of the meexut. It is thu tfeard aarplaae in which tber ideas foe a ww military type arc put an the first ab< mm, TbU static model of tbrir deuga it Aviation Hurt Km* Safety objected to grari&ag ioa eouFrekat to and giraler tbna the oarcnc amfitions under witicb tfanr final efistt any he crpntfrd to opente safely. The static too mbjoct tbe plane tit load forces uncirmmia ad k al types hadfap. from aonosl o crash Iwfigr. and exlimae poll oats and fins. These tests reach sw& critical poksts aa a scat pull of 40 times tbe force of gravity tier crash coo<titioo& The static test laboratory not only cstab* ithes the stncttinl integrity ot the main body of the aircraft, but also subjects tbe eootpeeerds to tbc same forces, fof they too encounter these forces imposed in flight If the design engineers' crestfoa posses these tests successfully, it then is sent ini tbe sir for the flight testing we have just decribed. 1 have dwslt upoa the development phase .of military aircraft, for we concentrate at North America* on the design, devclopmatt, and production of military planes. How ever, I also want to stress tbe fact that the manufacturers of transports subject tbe pro totypes of those models to exhaustive test ing io the interests of safety. That Americas manufacturers have main tained a high standard of safety m coatmerriai planes is shown by tbe aff-time safety record established last year by this country's airlines. There were only 1-3 fa talities per 100 milffoa pauesger miles flown, wind* was better than tbc rate of every overland carrier except tbe railroads. Safety engineered into tbe airplane and dtitltpsnent of sotad nitty fcnbrts for A1g*-* crews have converted flying frees tbc naurtic advcBtnrc of eld m * safe iwitiw. At presatt tbc aircraft Indswy a hi itate of partial mekamtios. asd nr pri mary raporifiry is far afar nlty of nuiitary azreroit. QneScy aml safety an fa fae site sc^crior ptifw--me W mr pUoe over fit mtmmr * fa hew of safety far car fif** pww-- The less afa **?.$.* and Navy terig War TS i safety f Tbe duttwioi fatt Map {fanes far wfi Air Feme pfaer less, ml me mas* fa ratio mas as Ugh as right to one. Tn the Pacific, the Navy and Uarose Corps achieved tbe agnnmrfipc ratio of afxa-'t tea to one la air ccmhat. Tfaoe Scares sat only shew tint quantity cnonec beat qw&ty. bat drifantely point up a sofrty factor. QmSty which was tri- uBiplung cabled cor pdots and air crews to complete tbrir ov faccj saecessfully and return safely to base. Tbe aurTOft tndttrtry and the armed serv ice* place grot emphasis oo the safety of military persocmet, os is exhibited by tbe use of armor plate, seat ejection, and other devices. While every consideration is given to safety, there are times when tbe tactical use for which tbe plane is intended must be given primary consideration. The aircraft industry and the armed serv ice* have worked toward production aircraft designed to provide oar pilots with equip ment which will enable them to fight suc cessfully and return home safely. Quality and safety are almost synonocnous. It is interesting to note that despite the great increase is speeds and general per formance of the modem military aircraft, the military safety record has continued to improve. This is tbe direct result of two factors. The constant efforts of design en gineers in boric design to preclude design nod factional errors that lead to accidents, aad the vigorous accident-prevention effort of tbe Flying Safety divisions of the armed services. Analysis of aircraft accident history of the bn war showed tint huge expenditures of one war powtkil were incurred in nonceeflnt sriatkm when compared to aviation fames tine to enemy action. Experience has shewn that aircraft used in operational cracofag arc subjected to higher stresses and anrodyenafie leading than ta actual combat This is doe tn unfuniliajrity of the pilot wkk An aircraft as a type and lack of alwiw rifaecne knowledge of tbe cockpit 2ayowt The aircraft torn to the awasy was a wuS fraction of the tool losses. The pat tern is An seme today with our forces in Korea, TW weed {or rigorous,.safety action in uaHoiy avfation is apparent today when you i--iilrr Ae uncut accelerated program, tbe greater irmnpturii/ and higher performance of new equipment, and tbe induction of re- Aeronautical Industries Aviation Mnst. Have Safely serve personnel who have been out of action va pilot safety, let's consider the pitot's fo; in the cockpit of aa F-S6E Sabre jet fighter. for many months. The armed services and the aircraft In dustry have made accident prevention a mat ter of common concern, ifuch preventive work is accomplished through data accumu lated in the Held by the agencies which use the aircraft Evaluation of this information results in pertinent recommendations to he accomplished on aircraft in the design stage, Our pilot is in about SO cubic feet of pressurized space ia a seven-ton machine hurtling through space at almost 1.000 feet per second. Racked into this machine in every available space are about three toas of fuel and high explosives, large turbines spuming at 10,000 rptn and a lot of other complicated moving parts. aircraft in production and aircraft in the His job requires him to operate about field. Our hopes for greater safety tic in 100 regular controls, switches, and buttons, this preventive effort Close cooperation between the industry and nine emergency controls. He must ob serve 24 instruments white keeping an eye on 12 indicators or warning lights installed and the services also is achieved through operational suitability testing by the flight test groups. This frequently uncovers de ficiencies which result in corrective action being taken to retrofit planes in the held for his safety. Besides doing all these things, he must ken* a lookout through his trans parent canopy and occasionally check a flight chart. and on the production lines. His operations may take him to 40,000 feet, so for bis comfort and safety, our Every effort is made by the industry to carry out adequate and proper operational suitability' testing in order to bold retrofits pilot must depend upoa a highly complex arrangement for the simple matter of at* motpherc. His breathing requirements arc to a minimum. Excessive retrofits can be taken rare of by bottled oxygen and a pres costly and can threaten the combat potential surized atmosphere within the cockpit There of the aircraft That is one of many rea sons why we stress safety engineering. Air planes are the product of engineering, and is a powerful air conditioning syston to protect him from the temperature Condi tions outside the cockpit, but even when in ' Tigineering lies the solution to the prob this is working perfectly be may experience lems. Prevention of accidents can be greatly enhanced through Improved design. The ef fort to achieve this must start with the pre liminary design of a new aircraft and be. carried through all phases of engineering, manufacturing, and testing. Great stress is laid on performance aa a temperature range of SO degrees during a normal flight on a hot nmmicr day. One of the most important parts of the air coo* ditiooing system it a mull refrigerating unit about the size of a softball, yet having the capacity of 20 avenge home sice re frigerators. the military aircraft, and it Is necessary that this be done However, high performance is closely related to the safety factor. Rec ommendations to improve the safety of the airplane also increase the proficiency and effectiveness of the airplane to perform its mission, and coordinate the pilots ability to perform his jnisrios with the machine. The cooperative effort between the serv ices and tbs aircraft Industry has served to make each more familiar with, the prob lems of the other. Free exchange of essen tial information serves to tlimjjiitt many future design and procurement problems. Oar pilot ia perched upon a seat which has a 37 saiBuseter shell under it, Bocause nun is powerless to move against the pres sure of winds at high speeds, this system is accessary to get him out of the plane in aa emergency with enough speed to clear (he tail wirfwss. Since It's entirely possible that be aught have to fcnS oat at the minus 63 degree tem perature fooDdl at 46L000 feet, our pilot must wear clothes to survive under those conditions hot wot so modi that be would be tsabto to perform bos job in the cockpit. The compromise outfit coexists of about 40 As you can see, the safety factor is taken pounds of dothing, protective equipment, into consideration by the manufacturer and the armed services right at the design board and the mockup stage of development. To better illustrate the need far Ms emphasis and gear. Tbe same winds which would pin our pilot helplessly to his tat without an ejec tion system, exert tremendous forces upon the control surfaces of his plane. Obviously, he needs help to overcome these forces, so there is a booster system which enables him to move his controls against those forces which could not be overcome by human ef fort aloe*. You cu see the human fraillties which Have become apparent m the operation of today's high speed aircraft. Performance is gring to go higher and higher, and the Human equation wilt become aa eve* greater question mark. While airplane design aa! performance have progressed, the human pilot who must fly the airplane, has not progressed Is the mac manner that engineers have unproved the machine. The pilot weighs u much as he ever did and takes up just as much pctioui space."Mm has sot unproved the way.,the airplane has. and it doesn't appear j likely that he wBl do so. Aviation median* has accomplished a great deal for the safety asd comfort of the pilot through studies which have pro duced some amazing facts as to the human's Imitations and bow to get tbe most out of HU capabilities. But the hard fact re mains that he, still falls short of what the aircraft designer would tike to get from him. The human designer must start on his drafting board to help the human pilot keep pace with his responsibilities aad duties In the regions of high speed, high altitude, and ati-wcathcr flying over longer distances and for looser periods. This help, which Is after all a matter of safety, cannot start wt ia the wOd blue yonder. It docs, and must, start oq tbe doign beard. It is most rital to the team of the airplane and the man if they arc to pesfona their missions safely and effectively. ! Have placed great stress on the engineer ing phase of safety la aviation, bat there |i a further closest in the aoodeat pre vention program carried on throughout our {organization. Naturally, we at North Americas Aviation are deeply concerned with the prevention of accidents la ow prints. Safety is an im portant factor hi jilting us to carry out efficiently oer primary responsibility of pro ducing quality aircraft (or our armed servkcs. High qtolity work .cannot be produced efficiently w aa wnnfc plant. Employees omnet borra great cadsosiau for these work tf they are fearful for their personal safety. An adequate safety program U essential to employee morale and quality production. Our accident prevention program is organ ized on the committee basis with as execu tive committee; an employees committee, and a safety department as a staff coordinating function. The executive safety committee, composed of the heads of nine interested divisions, meets once each month to set or discuss plant policy regarding accident prevention, any major problems which may have arisen or which wilt arise, and so on. Tbe safety department, headed by the duel safety engineer, conducts periodic plant inspections, special inspections, and accident investigations; designs machine guards; in terprets all state safety orders in their re lation to oar plant; maintains adequate rec ords of accidents and injuries; holds safety meetings for members of supervision; main tains safety bulletin boards; bandies the sale of safety shoes and safety glasses to our employees; and numerous other functions. The safety department is a department o' our industrial relations section, and reports directly to the assistant director of industrial relations. Tbe plant safety committee is composed of one or more members tro. i each shop department (p the plant These men arc selected by * their departmental supervision and by the union, and serve for a six-month terra. Tbe members of this committee make periodic safety inspections of their assigned areas, instruct each new employee in plant safety potidcs. make safety recoesrtendations, and assist where needed ia aeddent investigations. This committee is vitally re sponsible for the success of our safety pro gram. The three groups mentioned above work closely and harmoniously together toward ooe end--the prevention of accidents in our plant We feel that oar program and our present organization is sound, basing this feeling on our low frequency record over the past seven years. Management U solidly behind this accident prevention program, which has made its suc cess possible. Responsibility for safety rests squarely upon management whose whole hearted support Is essential to the success of a safety program la soy tine of endeavor. to Aeronautical Indtutriet Health Precautions in Handling Radioactive Electronic Tubes St MAJOR ALVIN F. METRE, JR. Chief, Sanitary Engineering Section, Office of the Air Sorgeoe, Air Materiel Command, Dayton, Ohio Among the ever increasing utilizations of nuclear energy in our technology is its application in electronic tubes. Radioactive emanations have as ooe of their character* istics the production of ton pairs in matter. This ionization, or separating into compo nent positive and negative parts, is the basic cause of physiological damage. It is also the reason tor the Inclusion of certain radio active materials In electronic tubes. The probtem of a radioactive tube wu first brought to the attention of preventive medical personnel in the early part of 1950. At that tune, studies were made by the Department of the Navy as to the extent of the hazard and technical information was published. The Air Force Medical Sendee also made studies cm the problem of de termining the exact degree of hazard in. volved. Information has been disseminated to med ical service personnel through the Medico/ Service Digest, and a technical order cover ing the subject is in the process of publicslion at the present time. Irv addition, the forthcoming revision to AMC Manual 160-2, "Precautionary Measures against Radiologi cal Health Huardi," contains technical data on storage, handling, and disposition of the tubes, as well as detailed information oa medical and environmental precautions tn the general radiological health field. The question might well be asked as to what a radioactive electronic tub* looks like and why the need for inclusion of radio active materials. They are little different from the standard spark gap, cold cathode; or TR tubes. The basic utilization of these tubes is in various types of communication equipment, including radio, radar, and tele phone circuits. The problem of the radioactive component which is generally applied as a coating to the dome of the tube or to other convenient locations within the tube component is to serve as a constant source of ions. This partial ionization of the tubes under constant conditions insure more speedy response of the tube to input signals In the case cr the Tit tubes, this phenomena serves to pvt protection from the high oergy falser a the radar antennae, The source speeds at ionization of the gas in the tilt when the energy impulse is received. n order to understand the mtnre of thr hazard, some appreciation of bask nnclor physics is required. Radioactive anurias, in general, consist of either alpha particles beta particles, or gamma rays. There an other emissions, such as Matrons, which an not. pertinent to this discussion, AJptn particle*, which are positively charged, have poor penetrating power. These particles V their nature, however, are highly fcxdzfsc Beta particles are capable of pawtratag thin foils of alumintan and into the super ficial layers of the skin, while gamma ray have the capacity for deep poeirafice passing through varying thicknesses of kx and other shielding depending upon the ea ergy of die ray. Alpha and beta, particle-emitting redioac tive substances arc of primary danger it Ingested or if they ante* tie body through a cut or wound. Gamma emitting material*. OB the other hand, are more dangerous free the external exposure viewpoint Tb ferial utilized la the TR tubes is Cobalt 66, which is primarily a beta-gamma emitter. Spark gap, glow Ump, and cold caCbodr tubes contain radium bromide, which emits alpha and gamma radiation. In the tubes containLag radium broratdr, there also will exist a certain amount of radon gas which is a product of the dis integration of radium. Various types may contain from JOt to 3UJ uncrograos of oqttfr- alcnt radium per tube 1 The external radiation hazard from these tubes, as determined by experiments cssrducted both by die Department of the Navy and the Department of the Air Force; an be considered to be minimal. If all of the radioactivity in a large number of tuba were ceeetntrxtad into a single point source, level* of radiation could be created which Health Precautiont in Handling Radioactive Electronic Tuber 11 would exceed the duly permissible expo}re Wrtk However, under normal condi tions of padaeg and storing, intensities of radiation wiH he below the 300 miJIiFotwtgcas per wrtk which has beet estab lished as the maximum permissible expo- sore teveL Surrey* made of tube storage areas at air nalcrtef command installation* have in- dialed that ta no case were levels even approximating the permissible exposure Jcrel encentered. This confirms experinmtal data obtained at the Saa Francisco Kaval Shipyard as reported in Department of Ike Nosy Electronic: Information Built- tm He. 2T2. Although external radiation hazards to person*^ do Mt> exist If this type tube is properly stored in cartons, concentrated storage of large quantities of tuba should be avoided, fa the case of the two tuba with maximum amounts of radioactivity, 1BZ2 wd 1B29, piling together of over 100 tuba without anoas coaid produce an ex ternal radiation hazard. To obtain a comparison of the degree of external radiation produced by these tuba with tint of the normal radtoactirc punted watch and an aircraft instrument dial which has ban stripped of its radioactive paint should be of raise. The type IB?4 robe at a dutancr of dirt* Inches from the detector girts a com* me of approximately 500 pc. minute. The 721A tube produces JO coeats per samx, and Uw 1B27 prodoca 20 coaots per noae My wrist watch, as seen, predates 400 nmtt tier minute, and a snipped <Eal with re tained radioactivity 300 coasts pm* mime. From tiu comparison. it is ma dm the ionization produced by the intact tab* is relatively slight. Tb*a b a qmlttitjve indiesuai'of the difference* m the answu* of radiation produced by the tafcq, and bears no direct rotation tn previously qoeted pm- muaible expoewe levels. The breaking of a tube envelope can pre sent a serious radiation hazard. Tuba con taining radnaa bromide will liberate a small amount of radon gas which, as previously mentioned, U highly ionizing. The accidental inhalation or ingestion of, particles from the tuba as seriously affect personnel so ex posed. Similarly, radioactive materials car ried Into wotmds oa partictes or slivers of glass nay be concentrated in the body and present king term internal exposure prob lems, In this connection, the lifetime body retention permmfhte for radium has been established at .1 of a micrpgrajn. It U obvious that some of the tubes con tain more than the lifetime permissible con centration. While it is considered remote that the retire radioactivity contained in the tube would be taken Into the body on a single exposure, repeated careless han dling of broken tuba might allow the ac cumulation of this concentration. Half life of radium 1560 years, and its biological half life is aproximatc/y the life of the individual in view of its con centration m the bone marrow and slow Mcmica. An personnel who handle these tabes shodd be cautioned as to the proce dure* to W followed trbes tuV>** have been accidentally broken. Of primary considera tion is the ethaeaticn of storage and elec trodes repair personnel to prevent such breakage. The tabes themselves are sturdy, and with proper core breakage should be kept at a minimii. In the event tuba are broken, ccsmxm sense routine precautions should be followed. Care should be taken to avoid adulation of dost or gas from a tube. Fragmeats md debris should be handled in such a manner as to prevent cuts through which rwStnctrrc material ny be carried into the body. Proactive gloves--other rubber or henry work glove*--shoold be wore when kuBne Woken pom or other radioactive w-aMc*. Raprricnre m the Air Materiel Command ha* indkoicd that unless several tuba are tac&ca. monitoring of the area with ordi nary <7M wiry equipment is not of prac ticable rahsr. Illumination with ultraviolet Eight may assist in the location of radium twumsde particles. In general, however, the area of reecuxanatkxi nay be determined by nwd inspection. There are two general methods for clean ing an area in Ucb tuba have been broken, tn the wet method, large fragments should be first pkked op with forceps. A larpe sheet of eeflulo** acetate or similar plastic material with a hole cut in it larger than the contaminated area should be Uld over the rite and the edges taped to the floor, Then, ruing a wet cloth, single swipe* across the area should be made folding the cloth each time. If the doth becomes too small. Aeronautical Industrie! it should be discarded into a suitable con tainer, such as a plastic bag, ice cream car ton, or glass jar. Care should be exercised not to nib the radioactive material into the surface, but to use a back-and-forth method compounds of extremely long half life, com bined with the fact that the material offers such a serious internal hazard, even snail quantities must be disposed of under rigid precautions. with pressure. The dry method involves the collection of Urge pieces of glass and debris with for ceps and disposition into a container as in the wet method. The area should then be carefully cleaned with a vacuum cleaner. Die collecting bag should be disposed of as contaminated and the cleaner itself should be considered as being contaminated. The selection of burial sites should give consideration to' the composition of the soil, die presence of ground water, and the possi bility of erosion exposing the buried mate rial. Limestone soils shoutd be avoided with preference to soils in which there is little or no leaching or (assuring. Activities lo cated near the sea may hod it more ex peditious to accomplish disposition by bttrul of concrete encased cylinders at sea. Clear All materia) utilised in the cleaning opera ance for tuck operations should be obtained tions should be considered as having been from the Public Health Service and the contaminated until examined and proven Coast Guard. Such burial site* should be otherwise. No such material and equipment marked with conspicuous warning and thor should be allowed to come in contact with location should be ottered ia permanent rec the body at any time. Equipment such as ords of the particular plant so that in case forceps and vacuum cleaners which are of future eoestructioo appropriate safe found to be contaminated may be decon guards enforced to preclude inadvertent ex taminated using approved procedures. Where the services of technical personnel are not available to provide advice on this problem, disposal is indicated. posure to workers. In the event that the breaking of a tube results bi a wound, first aid measures should te administered immediately following such Absolutely no food, drink, or smoking to bacco should be allowed in an area which has been contaminated. AH personnel han dling radioactive material should be care an accident The wound should be irrigated with copious amounts of dean water imme<fiaufy and the affected individual should report to the nearest medical facility as, soon fully monitored with % GM type instrument a* possible. Definitive arc of suspected con before leaving the contaminated arex They taminated wound* should follow the usual should thoroughly wash their hands and turgiol procedure* foe heavily contaminated arms before eating, drinking or smoking. injuries. Plant physician* should be fa Debris from broken tubes and contami miliar with the follow-up examinations re nated equipment must be disposed of under quired so as to be able to detect the earliest suitable precautions to prevent further evidences of acute radiation injury. spreading of the radioactive material. Sim ilarly, unbroken tubes which are no longer usable must be disposed of in such a man ner as to prevent their breaking and creat ing a hazard. In summary, although a potential health Itazard dors exist in the fondling end dispo sition of radioactive tubes, this hazard may be considered to be os a par with many of the commonly accepted risks of Industrial Burial in suitably encased containers is a operations, initioding the utilization of toxic satisfactory method of disposition. It is chemical* in certain processes. Although recommended that an inner container such the immediate reaction to any radioactive as a used aircraft instrument can be utilized. hazard is a desire to institute elaborate pre After the container is sealed, it shoutd be cautions, the fundamental health precaution encased in concrete and then buried to a ary matures required In handling of radio depth of not less than five feet in an isolated active electronic tube* revolve around com area which is in the possession of and wilt mon sense application of basic principle*. be maintained by the disposing agency. As m all industrial health problems, a com in some cases radioactive wastes of low level contamination may be stored until radioactivity bas decayed to below permis sible exposure levels In the case of radium bination of engineering and medical controls is indicated. Education of workers to the hazards without generation of fear it es sential. Discuss Your Problem (A discussion on pertinent problems developed from the door and fed by three safety engineers representing the East Coast, the Middle West and the West Coast indus trial areas.) DUcusrion Leaders; JL C, Scwell, Safety Engineering Supvr-, Wright Aeronautical Corp., WoodRidge. N. J. Lt. Cot. R. T. Hourwooo, USAF, Safety Director, Air Witcrid Command, Dayton, Ohio. R. Wilkins, Chief Safety Eng., North American Aviation tnei Los Angeles. Calif. (Seminary of Discussion) Delegate: Whaj success hive you people found in building la guards on power press dies,'the relative cost, and the management repercussions, if any? Ma. Sewell? la some sates wc have no choice. We must by law in New Jersey either enclose the operation or build a gtord on the die Dsukatx; We have many short runs. U will help if you keep track of the cost of dies and accidents. We foyod a 1 to 5 per csK increase la cost through the use of barrier guards. Axemen Delegate: Sometime* there will likely be teas eoet. Ua, Wnjaxs: Do any of the men present 1 incorporate guard* la their original die making ? (Two delegate* raise their hands.) Mt. Akduws: At Santa Monica, if two- hand controls can be used, built-in guard* | are not seeded. Sometimes they can't be. U't have found the set-up tune high oa en| (leoure type of guard*. Uc, Cwohi (Bell Aircraft): We took off alt two-hand controls and substituted air guards. The guard operates the machine A plastic window comes between the hands zed the die If anything blocks the drop ei this window, it prevents the die from unking. This also protect* against die brake We've found the set-up time tower, unco the guard has to be installed only once. It takes care of most jobs, even large sheet*. This provide* only a frontal en closure, and slde-gtzanSng must be adjusted. Dzlsgatx; We hare found the electric eye I useful on presses. M*. Teurtx (Coovair): We don't enclose any except strip stock dies. We use twohand controls and have no trouble with tampering. Wc do check for tampering with each shift. Ml Lee Johnson (Northrop)In using methyl bromide extinguishers, t argued for the addition of a warning odor and did succeed in getting one put in. This odor saved two of our employees. First we used wmiergrcen, but the employees liked that, whkh presented a hazard. and the odor was also easily absorbed. Medical officers at Wright Held gave us as odor made of acetic acid and something to make it smell like a honjjxrd. In California tite sate in sists on the use of a warning odor. I think this Section might follow up this problem as a project iti. Buck (NACA) : I want to make a plea for standardization in the proper idaxtifieatioa of tine carrying gases and fluid. You are familiar with miliary regulations, but we also need standardization for com mercial planes and at present there ia so such standardization in practice. We re cently had a serious accident and Me oear miss. In one case a pilot grabbed the wrong bottle of gas at 40,000 feet, and hi the second case a bottle of nitrogen exploded in a wind tunnel It had been tilled with oxy gen by mistake. Is any standardization planned? Delicate: In Los Angeles we used a color coding of bottles, but in Ohio these were completely reversed. Tib not sure we need a standard. Mil Buck : I think this problem goes bcyood the problem of air transport. And there are even ocoaststendes in Air Force standards. We need sOndxrduatioa identi fieslioe on both bottles and tines. \fn mv Delegate: All the color codes stop short of the mark. Delicate: Has asyooe had trouble with high frequency noise? What can wc do to protect against it? Mil Ckapmak: There are some good English ear defenders. '-v. : 1 Aeronautical Indmlriet I Officers of the Mil Wn.UKS: Dr. Wheeltr, of the Amer ican Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto laryngology, has done research In three Cal ifornia plants and Has developed a modifica tion of the ear defender. We hope to have a report soon, and I mil send It to the National Safety Council. The new type gives about 38 decibels of attenuation. We had the problem of four engine jet bomb ers producing shout 145 decibels, which ia very uncomfortable. We are not too wor ried. Periodic audio tests can tell who has hearing loss, and persons with hearing loss can be transferred. In six months their hearing comes back to normal. Our people wear defender* of the internal type. We can reinstate them in the same department alter the hearing recovered. DELEGATE; The Navy Has a doctor work- ing oa the same problem. I wish e could get all the studies together. Lnrt mirr knew a type of defender which cuts down High frequency noises, dost well ia protecting comfort and still allows a person to Hear, Diugate : Is it pcrnnssibU foe an stgine test crew to enter a eefi what the engine is idling? AmotKC* DeUgaT*; 1 daw't knew of any regulation, but l fed the answer is "Wo.** Dzxje&atx; X don't believe it is any more hazardous than when we are testing a re ciprocal engine. They can't make adjust ments without doing it. Safety depend* on the construction of the cell. In ours a man can't get to the rear of the jet. Deubgat*: In some engines, yon ou* get is the ram jet even at idling speed. AERONAUTICAL INDUSTRIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-S2 ^General Chairman-- 11, L. ANDREWS, Safety Engineer, Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc^ El Seguodo, Calif, Ivke-Ckmrmait--ROBERT S. MOORE, Safety Director, Grumman Aircraft Engineer ing Corp^ Belhpage, L. L, N. Y, ^cirtt&ry and Newt Letter tfi<or~E. P. MARCONI, Safety Director, ARO Inc., Tullahocaa, Term. Irgnfutemng Committee Chairman--LT, COL. R, T, HOMEWOOD, Air Materiel Force. 05AFE. |lfmtrrrAi> Committee Chairman--A* F. PAGNOTTA, Safety Engineer, North Ameri can Aviadoe Inc, Downey, Calif. [Program Committee Chstoi*"=HAROLD L HEMPHILL, Safety Engineer, AiResearch Manufacturing Gx, Los Angeles, Calif. [PuMie Relation* Committee Chairman--N, W. ANDREWS, Safety Manager, Republic Aviation Cbryi, Farmingdale N. Y. j?faHriiYoJ Committee Chmrinaw--FREDERICK P. KIEFER, Safety Engineer, Sperry Gyroscope Ox, Great Neck, L, L, N. Y. ^iUitory Refretentotive--CQL. W. L. TUBBS, Assistant for Ground Safety, United States Air Force, Washington, D. G |fm5frr-*t.Lnrpr--R. B. CARTER. Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp.; MICHAEL GRIFFIN, Pratt * Whitney Aircraft Corp.; J. C. SEWELL, Wright Aeronautical Corp.; R. WILKINS, North American Aviation Inc \tf Refrtientairvt--VLQWKSCb H, WARZYN, National Safety Couodl. Chicago, 1U. Other Vnlumes in thin Series Users of this volume will find much value wm its < *, Her* U the lilt TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Votaras........... .............. . I Aeronautical Industries............... ..................... Air Transport Industry...................................... Automotive and Machine Shop Industries..... Cement and Quarry Industries......... Chemical Industries ........................... . Coal Mining Industry .................. . Construction Industry .................................................................................................f Electrical Equipment Industry.................. . .... Farm Safety ............... ................................................................................. .. Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Relrigerarioa Safety Meetings.) Glass and Ceramics Industry............. ................................ .......................... Home Safety ............. ......................... ................. .................................. Industrial Nursing ................................................... Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)............. .. Maritime Industries (Marine Section).,......................... .. Meat Packing; Tanning and Leather Industrie*........................... Metals Industry ............................ ............................................................. Mining Industry .............................................................. . Motor Transportation Industry (Cocnraeroal Vtlklt Scant)........................... ........... 2T Petroleum Industry .................................. ............... .. Power Press and Forging Operations,......................... Printing and Publishing Industry............. Public Employment (Public Employees Safety Qmaioec) Public Utilities Industries............ Pulp and Paper Industry.......... ............................................................... . 2 Railroad Industry...................................................................................... . Z Rubber Industry ............................................................................. & School and College Safety. Textile Industry TraiEc Safety ................. .............. I Transit Industry ........ Wood Products Industries Human Understanding--A Two-Way Coewnunkatloo (Early Wonting Sesricm)...... 3 PRICES OP EXTRA COPIES OP INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME SIZE Less than 24 pag 24 to 48'page*-- 49 to 96 pages-- Over 96 page*-- 11 9 csjntx Each $029 J5 M -69 10 to 99 copUs Each $023 39 AO 3 WO t999 eofcex Beck $017 23 M M 1000 or non Beck $8,17 M .15 M Complete set of Transactions (34 voli.)--$6.90 (I to 9 Copies), 6*30 (10 to 99 copies) 5J0 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER price* are double member price*, except volume* 10, 13, 29 and 31, NATIONAL SAHTY COUNCIL 4M NORTH MICHIGAN AVI. CHICAGO 11. ILL xiaiw ia .*.*. 1951 Current Safety Topics in the AIR TRANSPORT 3 INDUSTRY -A* prewNd la Ha SmsIms of Hw Air Tr*wpcrf SwHm f Hw I9S1 Saftfy CiRgrat* fUdioHoiopa Shipment* in Aircraft Accidents. Volant 3 Traaxaetioas 3ttt NoHoaol Safety Coagrotx NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 H. Mlellfxx Avhm CUcaf. 11, III. 'r I Hew *}deeu.... If safety is (o keep pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, we must continually have *o<w ideas." Each year, at the National Safety Comgm*, the ideas and experience! of many of the nation's top safety met are presented in the various sessions. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, fine presented at a Congress session, later become generally accepted within their fields. la order to present this information osavcefently and at mil cost, the Congress Transaction* are published in volumes, am for each Section or Division, aloag with a General Seiaoos and Detailed Index to all volumes, The 34 volumes of the 19S1 Congress Trans actions are listed on the last page of this volume Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transactions a useful aid in their accident prevention programs. In industry, for example, their judicious distribution to key pexsocseS is management and supervision has proved to be of invaluable service. In preparing these Traasarbous, the proceedings of the Congress hare been condensed and edited for refercsce purposes. Complete original manuscripts; with asy charts or iSustrabons which were used,, are available in National Safety Council files. Views expressed at the Congress or ta this record are those of the Congress participants and are not necessarily those of the National Safety Cotasril THE AIR TRANSPORT SECTION ThU volume U a record oi the sections held at the 1951 NatioasJ Safety Congress by the Air Transport Section. The of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the many cooperative activities which the Air Transport Section carries oa in behalf of its members, and for the benefit of accident prevention work In the air transport industry generally. The Section gives guidance ta the preparation of a great variety of technical and educational material useful in day-to-day safety programs. The activities of the Section are under the direction of its Executive Committee, the member* of which are listed at the close of this volume. 3 Badioiaotop* Shipments in Aircraft Accidents By EDWARD J. KjCBOB rtorf. Fir* wl Accident Breach, New Tork Operations Office, U. 8, Atak Energy Cflninulnslun. New Vock City The most popster wse of radioactive ma terial in nideiti-/ and in medical dhgaoitts tad tiniiwnt Is in tie form of nfioictm isotopes, ltith are simply radioactive varie ties of mbstenres wt are already familiar with, seek an carbon, mipfcur and ioefine. The redkactire form of a material canonot be distxagteabed choakally from It* nonradioactive form; consequently, the mfioisotope tan be used to "tag" a material and ta follow Ha rowan ehatecal reaction* Ra diation detection is writ more sestitire As of Jwe A MSI. tit Isotope Division of'dw Atomic Energy Ceaantsscs at Oak Ridge had made IMfiS tiipawts of radio* isotopes to U. S, mert wittidc Qwxnmicn Ssolibcu 1* adAijrju, 1,115 shipments of satfiouotopcs bod been matin to foretga user*. Aprexknstriy fid per ccW of lbf5e shipmeats bare been me by cither air express or air freight; the highly pcriifaahle char acter of many short-bred radioisotopes rw quires ting they be transported by air if they are to be mcceufafiy need at any dis tance from their pemt of manufacture. In addition m air ewnport. the shipment* lave been made approximately 19 per coat by Railway Expre*a and I per xt by motor freight RnkiwUpct ore mod m very small quan tities; they da set of titmnlre contribute to the cause of fix* nor do they tend So in crease tbc Intensity of cecalmstion. Tbe fact that a material Is radEcnetrre does not alter us emsbestiaa characteristics; r*do~e*riwo boms m precisely the ane manner aa car bon which Is art radioactive. The iodastrtei nso of radioactive ma terial* are quite interesting. Radioisotopes are used la napping sewer* and locating pipeline obstructions. They serve as bound ary markers for recreative shipments of ott in pipe line*. Radiocofcnlt Is utilized to radio graph thick curings and cost* only a freetire of the radhna formerly used; it can alto function as a krrtf gage to indicate die bright q * tiqrid without the nsentehy of a nwcbswicil cooaettJOG. General Aailm* ud Film U taring radiocakhsa to study synthetic detergents, hfetal wear Inside of motor* caa be sto<Sed withool tearing down tbe engine, when bearing warfares eWafa radioactive icon. The Belt Telephone Laboratories employ ranfiostrootim la marching for better preservatives for telephone poles and better methods for taring sod* preservatives. A very scaatire and accurate type of tfudmess gage which doe* not damage materials is actuated by a radioactive source. Tbe aoedkai applies.dons are equally as atrigamg- For example, mKae solutions can be tagged and toed to trace the flow of various fluids throughout the hocus body. Prior to evaluating tbe hazard of radio isotopes in aircraft aeddmts, It is necessary to determine precisely what radiation is, and how we package and handle radicraotope* safely under routine conditions. Tim radiation we are concerned with is u effect produced by tbe disintegration of atoms, a mechanism used by nature to achieve a unclear balance. A somewhat sim ilar phenomenon is that of water weiring its *ra level to accomplish a mechanical bal ance. Tbe physiological effect of- tbe radia tion is that it attacks tbe living cell* in the human body, A cell ordinarily recover* (roes light damage but severe injury may cause it to die. If soSkmtt cell* are de stroyed or badly damaged, the penes is severely Injured or rises; however, the im portant point Is that extremely severe exposure to radiation is pooctsary to actually cause death. To say simply that something is radio active does not mean that it is necessarily lethal or that it is to be feared; to tsy that something U "radioacttvely contaminated" U not bring sufficiently definitive, unless the bate for the maximum permissible level is indicated, and does not necessarily mean that wc reooot have any contact with It A* a matter of fact, we have all here living with radiation for a long time. Even before man existed, the radiation of cosmic rays was striking down open tbe earth from the Air Transport Industry Ifadieirotop* Shipments fa Aircraft AcAdmit 5 skies- The avenge radiation received by all workers at the Hanford and Oak Ridge plants is less than half the aznotmt which residents of Rocky Mountain cities receive from cosmic rays. Radioactive elements, like radium in the earth itself, give off radiation. Many of the most popular mineral waters drunk by peo ple tn the United States are naturally radio active. Your face gets more radiation when you get your teeth X-rayed than it would receive over a period of a year if you worked la one of the plants operated for die Atone Energy Commission. Radioactive materials emit three types of radiation, namely, alpha, beta, and gamma nays. Alpha U the least poetrating of the three and is completely absorbed by the first fraction of a millimeter of skin surface. Consequently, external alpha exposure can be disregarded. However, alpha-emitting materials do present a hazard if ingested or inhaled since they then come in contact with Internal body tissue White beta is more penetrating than alpha, U actually docs not penetrate very deeply and the principal danger is that of exposing the entire body to radiation from a rela tively strong beta source. Gamma taxation is the most penetrating of these three types and must be guarded against became m sufficient dosage it may affect the skis and the internal blood-pro ducing and reproductive organs. Personnel protection from radiation may be achieved variously: by studding, by control of dis tance from the source of radiation, and by control of the time of exposure. As a radioactive substance gives off its radiation, it disintegrates and becomes less powerful The time required for half of a radioactive material to decay, or for the ma terial to lose half of its strength, is known as its half-life. This half-life Is a constant value and varies with each particular iso tope. It remains the same regardless of the amount of the material sample under con sideration. After six half-lives the material is i.6 per cent of the original strength. Various isotopes have half-lives which range Iron a fraction of a. second to thousands of years. The half-life and type of radiation given off by hve common radioactive materials are as follows: Element Half-Life Radiation Carbon--14 SlOOymn Beta Cobalt--60 54 years Beta and Gamma Phosphorous--32 144 days Beta Iodine---Idl Sodium---24 3 days Beta a4 Gemma IS hours Beta and Gamma Alpha radiation is generally emitted only by the heavier and naturally radioactive ma terials, such as uranium, radium sod thor ium, which also give off beta and gamma radiation ta their process of dmntcgratioe. The unit for measuring the quantity of ratficnctirity in the source material is the curie; also the tafllicoric (one one-thousandth curie) and the aierecstrie (one oee-tatilicstia corie). The unit of measure of the ra&ttiaa dosage on the exposed substance or object is the roentgen or the mtCIroartgen The maximum permissible done for personnel routinely exposed to gaaraa radiation ora the entire body is recom mended by tix Kational Committee of Ra diation Protection and the luicrmtioasl Con gress of Radiology as 300 miltiroentgens, or 04 r ts any week. The average Isotope shipment has been approximately SO to 60 millieurit* of srtfrhy; meet of these terre bets in ttqad form, generally ks* than 20 ee. ta volume and not exceeding 30 o& Approximately ft5 per cent of AEC Isotope shipments have bees of materials baring a half-life of km titan 15 days. The tool amount of radioactivity included hi these shipments is about 350 curses, equivalent to about two lbs, of pore radium. Only about throe lbs. of ndm tit under butuaa control in the entire world. Two standardized types of shipping con tainers are used by the Atomic Energy Com* TOiwicn: 1. The first type for low aeeScnrie quan tities of beta-emitting ndobgaya Is made up of mi iaarr gfaas bottle holding the radio active malesal, a scaled macret* cylinder with ooc-iach to two-each wals hokfiiac the glam bottle; and a sealed tia mm filled wrath absorber. 2. The second type for krger quantities of beta-emitting *sd all g--m- terials is made up of an inner glam con tainer for Squids or a sealed alamnam cap sule for solids; a cylindrical Imd shield own- posed of from one-half loth tn two and ooc-hilf inches of kad, deponing upon the radiation present, a cylindrical smhtieH steel i Jacket cSkeasmg tise kad shield, with a gas, feet between the top and lower part of the steel cylinder, and a wooden box eocariog the astir* coetzhw assembly. Consideration is bemg fives to replace ment of tbc wooden box with a steel drum because the drum will pot be as heavy, I slightly cheaper, probably longer wearing, ' aad more fir* resbrant. To the captain of a commercial airliner, the safety of Ms ship*, passengers aad cargo resides to a large degree in navigation instrwneoes. It U natural that the question of the possible effects of radiation on iajtrumeats should therefore be raised This is acttoSy aa imaginary problem. The principle of operation of no known warigatioa imt-nenent depends m any way m ierazatipo and these utxupteats arc com pletely inert to gwatua rays at available intoicrtica There is no taown flight mstru ces*, navigation hatrument, radio, radar, or 1 tekfitpon apparatus which Is responsive to , the games ray tntat&fy keels encotmtered ! in the sMpaxst of isotopes, Tb* Cbrtl AuuwuUu Board ta Civil Air ' Regulation* 49 has promulgated regulations i lor the packing, marksug and labeling of I n&risotope shipments via passenger air craft. The regulations arc essentblly the 1 amc u the Interstate Commerce Commiti sea regulations. However, a omber of air t carriers have hxUcatcd tbdr own individual ; restriction ta the genera! articles, all of I which is pobCibrd as a part of the "Official | Air Transport Restricted Articles Tariff No. | t." uaoal October 15. 1050. ( When the tariff first became effective 11her was a rather Halted acceptance of the ! regulations umrim air transport of radio| active soteriala. As of June 15, 1951, tauswn, of the twcsUy-scvos ptrtidpatiog ' OfTJtn, modem accepted the provirioos of I the tariff applying to radioactive materials, aa published. The additional restrictions of tndividoaf alrfbes are relatively minor la mure; for example, the GAJB. like the LGC. penalta up ta 200 wfllirocatgms per Hour radiation at tbc surface of the shipping container. Nineteen of the airfbes accept this figure; four others limit this figure' to IS mdfiiDcntgma Naturally, it will be to tite advantage of att concerned if these cGf- feroxxs cas be resolved t la add&cs to the articles acceptable for transportation on passenger aircraft, any article accepted for and pocked; marked and labeled in accordance with the instruc tions for transportation by Railway Express may be carried la cargo aircraft The CA.B. regulations contain table of miremum distances of separation between a con tainer or group of containers of radioactive materials and crew members and passengers. It Is obviously somewhat more difficult to comply with this regulation for passenger craft than it is for argo craft. The label now used meets all requirements for air transport and also for shipment by mail or truck in the event the shipment is "grounded" en route to destination or for movement to or from aa airport. Concerning the subject of accidents in volving air shipoests of radioisotopes, there risk to health and property b extremely slight While titis paper is particularly con cerned with scekksts smroKraag such ship ments, I lav* reviewed the subjects of radia tion, shipping contract * and shipping reg ulations is sore* detail m order to indicate the very careful sod causervatir* approach to die problem. Tbe air shipments are so raf that ttffl |a tb* event of an accident the problem b slight Relative to accidental damage or breakage of radioisotope shipping containers, CAB. Gvit Air Regulation 49 spetifet action as follows: "Whenever any shipment of radioactive material I* damaged or appears to be dam aged, It should be removed frees transporta tion and segregated as far as possible from htanaa contact. The shipper should imme diately be contacted for disposal Instructions and the Adfurv-tritor of the GA.B. should also be r. Whenever mere b any actual spillage of radioactive materials to the extent that die materials are no longer contained within their inner containers, no attempt should be made to remove or dean up the materials until btroettons are received from the ship per or"other qualified persons ar* present to supervise the handling* These two requirements nay item some what stringent However, they relate to ac cidents which are not serious and which afford plenty of time for care. In such incidents there is far more danger of dam aging shipments of photographic equipment than there is of injuring human brings. Air Transport Industry Considering radioisotope shipments which may be involved in serious aircraft acci dents, the most important factor is die dif ference in the radiation '`maxunum permis sible leveT which may be accepted tmder woergency cooditloos as compared to that which is used is routine operation conditions, as in s laboratory. There is no contradic tion become the one involve* a "one shot" exposure, the other a continual exposure. The maximum pcrmUsibte level used for the employee is oui plants is extremely krw because the man may he exposed day after day. year after year, for his entire worths* life. An individual who ts exposed to radia tion only on rare occasions--as, for cample, tn the emergency situation of fire fighting --can take as many as SQQ timet the daily maxknum permissible level without any se rious after-effects. Yon might be subjected to SO *hiw the daily mxxkmaa permissible dose during certain type* of fluoroscopic X- ray examinations. In the event of an aircraft end), the ad ditional risk presented to passengers or crew or to crash rescue and fire fighting pervcel, by possible breakage of radioisotope con tainers or barsiag of the isotopes is just about nil as compered to the other risks persons are confronted with at vnch a time 1 have dooc a considerable amount of fiytng and bare bad u opportunity to do some training and operational work with crash rescue aad fire fighting units; 1 can assure you that if I am ever in a plane which about to crash, or if I aa ever involved a attempting to rescue personnel from a bum- lag plane, I will be very badly scared Bet the last thing in the world 1 win be worry ing about " is whether or not the plane it carrying' radioisotopes! la my opeaioo, the airline safety directon have a training job to do with shipping clerks, fire fighters, flight personnel, etc They probably have a much greater fear ot radiation than they should have. It la logi cal thm the risk prmented by radioisotopes should b* evahmted correctly; it should not he exaggerated. We should be wilting to assume the same degree of risk in radioisotope shipments as we do with other ship Since 194&, over 20,000 shipments of radio isotopes have bees made from Oak Ridge to off-projcct users to aU parts of this eoua* try and to 27 foraga countries. In eoo- chirioa, I would tike to point oet that these radioisotopes have been predated, shipped and pto to mao by hundreds of workers n the tsotope production and pnxrypng fatitt- tics at Oak Ridge, have been handled oa railroad*. motor-freight fines aad air Gael, ta Uhot^itories aad to private tastifntjoai sad to&atrica--Wi safety aed without a gic reported radiation injury. * Officer** of the AIR TRANSPORT SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 19SI-52 Heronry Life Mewl***~UAJOR JL W. SCHROEDER, Glenview. HI Cnvrol Chmirmmt ROBERT L. POTTER, Sopvr.- Industrial Safety. Ammon Airifees, Inc, Tnfm, OUa. 'ke-Ckatnwaw--U H. WATERMAN, Manager, Ground Safety, Trans World Airlines, Kansas City. *14 Sttrtlary--J, U. CHASE^ Manager. Aviation Dept, Lmubcrmcas Mutual Casualty Co. Chicago, U. Yew Utter Editor-^J. A. O'DONNELL, Sept, lad. Safety, American Airibet, Ftatotog, N. Y. Associate Nrwv Leber Editor*--W. H. RODDA. Secy.. Trassportatko InsoraDCc Rating Bureau, Chicago. HL; *D. D. GORDON-CARMICHAEL, Properties & Safety Assist ant, Trim Cmadi Airfinft, Montreal. Quebec; Canada. import Commute CWram PALE U. E5TEUL, Safety Engineer, Tram World Air lines, Kansas Qty, Ua Auocwfums Caaamailet Ctonm-^/EROUE LEPERER, Director, Flight Safety Foun dation, New York, N. Y. Cargo Handling Ci i *Hr Chsuwtw L G. CARBEEL, Fire ft Safety Officer. TnmsCimda Air Lines. Dorati. Quebec. Canada. Educational Committee CbuBrmm--HOWARD L. MORRIS, Safety Engineer, Eastern Air Lino. lac, Mtomt, Fla. Engineering ComomUtee--It L. C RANDALL (Onimaa). Fire ft Safety Officer, TransCanada Airlines, Winnipeg. Um'inla, Camda; S. J. MILLER (Vice-Chairman), Safety v~gCapital AiriBnea, Inc, WasMngton. D. C. Membership CimmitSet Chmrmm A W. MILLER, Labor Relations Asst, Pa Amer ican World Airways, Inc, Jamaica. N. Y. Paster Committee Clnmu -D. W. HUNT, Safety Supt, Pan American World Air ways, Inc, Padfic-Alufca Dtv, Sooth San Fraedseo, Calif. Program Committee Chairmen *EDWARD T. LEE. -Safety ft Security Mgr.. Eastern Air Unto, Inc Miami. Fla. Public Relations Committee Chainwm--L J. HAMMILL, Mgr, Aviation Div, Walter Kidde ft Company. Inc, BeUcviBc, New Jersey. Uilitary Representative--CHARLES V. CARSON, Major, USAF, Chief, Office of Ground Safety, Air Research and Development Conan and, Baltimore,. Md. idvisory Committee-**, G. BLOOMER, Butler Mfg. Co, Kansas Qty. Mo.; -JACK C CURTIS, Safety Eng. Untied Air lines, Sttplcloq Field, Denver, Colo.; WALTER T. JOHNSON, Uohed Sotos Fidelity and Guaranty Co, New York, N. Y.; *G. F. TYLER, Naticnal Surety Corp, New York, N. Y. Stag RepresnUatwe-HOWfCRTt H. WARZYN, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. 'Past General Chairman Other Volumes in this Series Uier* of this volume wtQ find much value in Us companion volumes, Hera U the U*; TITLE VOLUME Na, General Session* and Detailed Index to all Volumes....... ............................. . Aeronautical Industrie* ............... ..................... .................................. . Air Transport Industry......... ..................................................................... .. Automotive and Machine Shop Industries............... ................................ . Cement and Quarry Industries............. Chemical Industries Coal Mining Industry .................................. ............................ Construction Industry ........................... Electrical Equipment Industry....,.......................... ............. Farm Safety....................................................................................... Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Meetings,)., Glass and Ceramics Industry. .............. Home Safety Industrial Nursing ..................................................... Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)................. ................... . Maritime Industrie* (Marine SkUm)........................................................ Meat Packing. Tanning and Lather industries......................................... . Metal* Industry ..................,,,....1.............................. Mining Industry ............................... Motor Transportation Industry (Commwax! Vehicle Section)....................... Petroleum Industry ... Power Press and Forging Operations..................... Printing aod Publishing Industry....................................... Public Employment (Public Employees Safety Committee) Public Utilities Industries........................ *>................ . Pulp and Paper Industry................ B 2fc Railroad Industry "* Rubber Industry ................................................ 3 School and College Safety..................... 2 Textile Industry H Traffic Safety ........................ It Transit Industry ... Wood Products Industries ........................................................... ............... ..........................& Human Understanding--A Two-Way Communication (Eariy Morning Sessions)....,. X PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME SIZE Less than 24 pagi 24 to 4$ pages-- 49 to 96 pages-- Over 96 pages-- 9 copies Sack $0.29 J3S M ,69 10to99 copits Each |023 29 .40 ,63 100 io 999 copies Each 50.17 23 25 28 i000 or moo Each $037 23 & .5* Complete jet o Toonctton* (34 yoU.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 cotta), 6.30 (10 to W copies), 5.70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 10, )5>29 aad 31. NATIONAL SAFCTY COUNCIL 42* NORTH MICHIGAN AYE. CHICAGO It. IU. Nlim M 1.14. S toot--aa*--vbp 1951 Current Safety Topics in the AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY is? ^ As pmeattd fa tbc Scuisas af Nm Air Traasport SccHm of the 1951 Nafiaaal Sefriy Ceafrcu Radioisotope Shipment* in Aircraft Accidents. Vslam* 3 Traasaetfoas 3VHi Notfoaol Scrfty Congrats NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 Ha. MleUgaa Avaaaa Chicago II, III. Ttetv If iafety ts to keep pace with today's rapidly advancing techoology, we must continually have "new ideas," Each year, at the National Safety Congress, the ideas tad experiences of many of the nation's top safety men arc presented in the various sesdwa. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congress season, later become generalfy accepted within their field*. Zb order to present data information coavenSauly aid at waB cost, the Congress Transactions are published m volumes, one for each Section or Division, alone with a General Sessions aad Detailed Index to all volumes. The 34 volumes of the 1951 Cooprsi Trans action* are listed on the last past of this volume. Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transaction* a useful aid ia their accident prevention programs. In industry, for example, their judicious distribution to key pessocmel k --iingiiinrm and supervision has proved to be of tavahsaUe service. In preparing these Transactions, the procardia** of the Congress hare been condensed and edited for reformer purposes. Complete original ntanuJCTrpU, with any charts or illustrations which were mod, are available in National Safety Council files. Views expressed at the Congress or in this record are those of the Congress portidpaats and are not necessarily those of the National Safety Comacii. THE JUB TMMSPORT SECTION This volume is a record of the sessions held at the 1951 National Safety Congress by the Air Transport Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the many cooperative activities which the Air Transport Section carries oe w *-*-** of its members, and for the benefit of acodent prevottkw work k the air transport industry generally. The Section give* guidance as the preparation of a great variety of technical and educational material useful in day-to-day safety programs. The activities of the Section are tinder the direction of its Executive Committee, the members of which are listed at the dose of this volume 3 BodicSsotope Shipments in Aircraft Accidents Ciic^ Fir* md Accident Branch, New York Operations Office. U S. Ataale Energy Coamkim, New York City Tbe meet pepedar use of radrosetrre ma terial in inkutry and k medkaJ dbgnoris and treatment U in the form of radioactive isotopes, which arc simply radioactive varie ties of mbstmcia we arc already familiar with, mch as carbon, snfphor and todine. The nfiaxtin form of a material caramot be dtstingmabed chemically from its et\radtooctive form; conseqmtiy, tbe radio isotope am be ***d to "tag" a material sed to fo&erw its rontine ebsnikil reactions. Ra- (kteiticn is meli mere sentitire than chemical detection. As of Jane 30. 1951, the Isotups Division General Aniline and Film Is using radiocaloisn to study synthetic detergent*. Meta) war inside of motors can be studied with out tearing down the engine, when bearing surfaces contain radioactive iron. The Belt Telephone Laboratories employ radiostrootium in searching for better preservatives for telephone poles and better methods for uang such preservative*. A very sensitive and accurate type of thickness gage which does not dsmage. materials is actuated by a radioactive source. The medical applications are equally as intriguing. For example, saline solutions can of dm Atomic Energy Cansmsstoa at Oak be tagged and mod to trace the flow of Ridge bad made IB.9Q5 thprota of ndfe* isotopes to U. 5. mr? astride Commission (solities. In sibtlirni 1.135 sMjsnenta of raoisgtopea Ik been made to foreign uea Apttrrimstcfy 10 per sent of these ship ments have been acne fry either sir express or air freight; the highly perishable char various fluids throughout the human body. Prior to erahatin tbe hazard of radio isotopes in aircraft .ocideots, it <s necessary to determine precisely what radiation is, and how we package and handle radioisotopes safely under routine condition*. acter of sany short-tired radioisotopes re The radiation we are concerned with Is quires that they be transported by air if an effect produced by the dirintegratjca they see %e be mcciryafsBy wed at any dis of atoms, a swchamsm u*d by nature to tance from tbor poke of manufacture. In achieve a nuclear balance. A somewhat sim addition to air transport, the shipments have ilar phenomenon U that of water seeking its beds mad* approximately 19 per fcesrt by own level te accomplish a mechanical bal Railway Express and 1 per cent by motor ance, The physiological effect of the radia freight tion Is that it attacks the firing cells in the Radioisotopes are nsed a very small quan tities; they do not of thossefves contribute to the cum of fire oor do they tend to kaxsje the mtawty of combustion. Tbe fact that a materia] is radioactive does not alter Us wnmheatioB characteristics; radio-carboo butts k seedsefy the same manner as boo wbsen is not radioactive. hmnan body. A cell ordinarily recovers from light damage but severe injury may cause it to (fie. If sufficient cells are de stroyed or badly damaged, til* person is severely Injured or <Ses; however, the Im portant point is that as extremely severe exposure to radiation is accessary to actually rouse death. The rndmerial toa of radioactive ma terials arc ?mte interesting. Radioisotopes are used & mapping xwera and locating pipeline obstruction*. They serve as bound ary markers for mcoatriva shipments of o3 k pip* fines. ftadiocohalt is utilised to radio graph titick castings and costs only a frac tion of the radium formerly used; It can tlao function u a level gage to indicate tbe bright of a Squid without the necessity ef a mecWnariJ connection. To say simply that somethiag is radio active doe* act swan that it is sntinrily lethal or that it is to be feared; to my that something U "ruScBCtiYtly ooutammated1* U not bring std&oentiy definitive, unless the base for tbe sniaanu permissible level is indicated, a&d dosn not necessarily mean that w cannot have any contact with it As a matter of fact, wc have aH beat tiring with radiation few a long time. Even before man existed, the radiation of oDorie rays was striking down upon the *nh from the Air Transport Industry skies. The average radiation received by *H workers at the Hanford and Oak Ridge plants is less than half the amount which residents of Rocky Mountain cities receive from cosmic rays. Radioactive dements, like radium in the earth itself, give off radiation. Many of the most popular mineral waters drunk by peo* pie in the United States are naturally radio* active. Your face gets more radiation when you get your teeth X-rayed than it would receive over a period of a year if you worked in one of the plants operated for the Atomic Energy Commission. Radioactive materials emit three types of radiation, namely, alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Alpha is the least penetrating of the three and is completely absorbed by the first fraction of a millimeter of skin surface. Consequently, external alpha exposure can be disregarded. However, alpha-emitting materials do present a hazard if ingested or inhaled since they then come in contact with internal body tissue. While beta is more penetrating than, alpha, it actually does not penetrate very deeply and the principal danger is that of exposing the entire body to radiation from a rela tively strong beta source. Gamma radiation is the most penetrating of these three type* and must be guarded against because in sufficient dosage it may affect the sktn and the internal blopd-pro* dudng and reproductive organs. Personae! protection from radiation may be achieved variously: by shielding, by control of dis tance from the source of radiation, and by control of the time of exposure. As a radioactive substance gives off its radiation, it disintegrates and becomes less powerful The time required for half of a radioactive material to decay, or for the ma terial to lose half of its strength, is fatuwu as its half-life. This half-life U a constant value and varies with each particular iso tope. It remains the same regardless of the amount of the material sample under con sideration. After six hall-live* the material it 1.6 per cent of the original strength. Various isotopes have half-lives which range from a fraction of a second to thousands of years. The half-life and type of radiation given off by five common radioactive materials are as follows; Element Half-Life Radiation Carbon--14 3300 years Beta Cobalt--60 $.3 years Beta and Gamma Phosphorous--32 14J days Beta tcxfcnc-431 Sdays Beta sad Gamma Sodium--24 IS hours Beta andGamma Alpha radiation is gmcralty emitted only by the heavier and naturally radioactive ma terials, such as uranium, radium and thor ium, which also give off beta and garmu radiation in their proem of disintegration The unit for measuring the quantity el radioactivity in the source material it the curie; also the auUicurie (oneone-thousandth curie) and the microcurie (one one-sail- iionth curie). The taut of mature of the radiation dosage on the exposed substance or object is the roentgen or the szuQiroentgea. The maximum permissible dose for personnel routinely exposed to garetra radiation over the entire body is recom mended by the tfatioaal Committee of Ra diation Protection and the International Con* great of Radiology as 300 milUroenifms, or 0.3 r la any week. The average isotope shipment has been approximately 50 to 60 tmllicurie* of activ ity; most of these have been in liquid form, generatly Vex* than 20 oc. m volume and tut exceeding JO oc Approximately &$ per cent of AEC isotope shipments lave bees of materials having a half-life of less than 15 day*. The total amount of radioactivity included in these shipments is about SS0 curies, equivalent to about two lbs. of pure radium. Only about three lbs. of radium are under human control fa the entire world. Two standardized type* of shipping con tainers are used by the Atomic Energy Com mission; 1. The first typu for low nutfieurie quan tities of beta-emitting radioisotope* is made up of an inner glass bottle bolding the radio active material, a scaled concrete cylinder with ooe-inch to two-inch walls holding the glass bottle, and soled tin can hBed with absorber. 2, The second type for burger quantities of beta-emitting end alt gamma-emitting taa* teriaia u made up of an inner glass coo* tainer for tiqulda or a sealed aluminum cap sule for solids, a cylindrical lead shield com posed of from cme-half inch to two sad one-hall laches of lead, depending upoa the radiation present, a cylindrical stainless tUd RadUnsotope Shipments in Aircraft Accidents 5 Jacket ***ri"f the lead shield, with a gas ket between the top and tower part of die steel cylinder, and a wooden box encasing the entire container assembly. Conrideratioa is being given to replace ment o the wooden box with a steel drum became the drum will sot be u heavy, slightly cheaper, probably longer wearing, and asore fire resistant. To the captain at a commercial airliner, the safety of Hi ship*, passengers and cargo reside* U a large degree in navigation in* xnswntj, ft U enteral that the questioa of the possible effects of radiation on iustrummt* sbeeld therefore be raised. This U actually is imaginary problem. transportation on passenger aircraft, any article accepted for and pocked, marked and labeled in accordance with the instruc tion* for transportation by Railway Express may be carried in cargo aircraft 'The GAB. regulations contain a table of mini mum distances of separation between a con tainer or group of containers of radioactive materials and crew members and passengers. It U obviously somewhat more difficult to comply with this regulation for passenger craft than it is for cargo craft 'Hie label now used meet* alt requirements for air transport and also for shipment by mail ot' truck tn the event the shipment is "grounded** en route to destination or for movement to or from an airport The principle of operation of no known Concerning the subject of accidents in navigation instrument depads in any way volving air shipment* of radioisotopes, there ea iosintioa and these instruments art com risk to health and property is extremely pletely inert to gamma rays at available in slight While this paper is particularly con tensities, There is no known flight instru cerned with accidents Involving such ship ment, navigation instrument, radio, radar, or ments, I have reviewed the subject* of radia television apparatus which is rtspoostve to tion, shipping containers and shipping reg the gamma ray intensity levels encountered ulations in some detail in order to Indicate m the shipment of isotopes. The Civil Aeronautics Board in Gvfl Air Regulations 49 has promulgated regulations for (he packing, meriting and labeling of the very careful and conservative approach to the problem. The air shipmeita are so safe that eves in the event of an accident the problem Is slight radioisotope shipments via passenger air* Relative to accidental damage or breakage craft The regulations are esseatially the ot radioisotope shipping containers, CAB. same as the Interstate Commerce Commis- Gvil Air Regulation 49 specifies action as sos regulations. However, a number of air follows: tamers have indicated their owb individual "Whenever any shipment of radioactive restriction* to the general articles, all of which Is published a* a part of the "Official Air Transport Restricted Article* Tariff No. issued October 15. 1550. material is damaged or appears to be dam- aged, it should be removed from transporta tion and segregated as far a* possible from hiatus Contact The shipper should Imme When the tariff first became effective diately be contacted for disposal instructions (Here was a rather limited acceptance of the and the Administrator of the CA.B. should regulations covering air transport of radio also be notified. active material*. As of Jtmc 15, 1951, Whenever there is any actual spillage of however, of the twenty-seven participating radioactive material* to the extent that the earners, nineteen accepted the provisions of materials are no longer contained within the tariff applying to nufiasetav* materials, their inner containers, no attempt should be u published. The addition! restriction* of . made to remove or clean up the materials individual airlines are relatively minor in until instructions are received from the ship nsrure; for example; the GAJB. like the per or other qualified persons are present to LGC. permits up to 200 milfiroeatgeos per supervise the handling." hour radiation at the surface of the shipping container. Kmctccn of the airlines accept till* figure; four others limit this figure to IS miltiroesHgvM. Naturally, it will be to the advantage of all concerned if these dif ferences eas be fceelv-ed. These two requirements may seem some what stringent. However, they relate to ac cidents which are not serious and which afford plenty of time for care. In such incidents there is for more danger of dam aging shipment* of photographic equipment la addition to the articles acceptable for than there is of Injuring human beings. Air Transport Industry skies. The average radiation received by all workers at the Hanford and Oak Ridge plants is (ess than half the amount which residents of Rocky Mountain cities receive from cosmic rays. Radioactive elements, like radium in the earth itself, give off radiation. Many of the most popular mineral waters drunk by pee- pie in the United States <* ~dio. active. Your face get*^ you get your te^*^ receive over >4 worked in fj the Atomy Radu-i radtatijP rays. 1 thrc<J fnu/ Corf tr mam mil Element Half-Life Radbtioa <Carboo-~14 MOO years Beta Cobalt--60 SJ years Beta sod Gamma Phosphorous--32 14J days Beta Iodine--131 8 days Beta and Gamma Sediunv--24 ISbouts Bet*andGamma Alpha radiation la generally emitted only by the heavier and naturally radioactive ma terials, such as uranium, radium and thor ium, which also give off beta and gamma yjen in their proems of dmntegratioc. for measuring the quantity of Jn the source material is the rilttcurie (00c one-thousandth k microcurie (one one-au}unit of measure of the the exposed substance kroesfgcn or the nuQ2> |mua permissible dose jy exposed to gamma 3tire body Is reoodt- sal Committee of Ra[ the International Coo- 300 mllCrpcntgcfit, or it and the tively' G> of these against affect the sku during and repr protection from raduSHI ^ variously: by shielding, by" tance from the source of radiation, and by control of the time of exposure As a radioactive substance gives off its radiation, it disintegrates and becomes less powerful. The time required for half of a radioactive material to decay, or for the ma terial to lose half of its strength, is known as its half-life. This half-life Is a constant value and varies with each particular iso tope. It remains the same regardless of the amount of the material sample under con sideration. After six half-lives the material is 1.6 per cent of the original strength. Various isotopes have half-lives which rang* from a fraction of a second to thousands of years. The half-life and type of radiation given off by five common radioactive materials are as follows: Ppe shipment ha* been * 60 milhcurie* of activ- ave bees is Squid form, F 20 oc. in vohne and aot ^Approximately S3 per cent Ke shipments have been of nttg a half-life of less than 15 total amount of radioactivity rcs these shipments is about 850 *?s, equivalent to about two lb*, of pure ''radium. Only about three lbs, of radium are under human control ia the entire world. Two staxxfsr&cd type* at shipping con tainers are used by the Atomic Energy Coro- mission; ` 1. The first type for tow miUlcuric quan tities of beta-emitting radioisotopes is made up of an inner glass bottle holding the radio active material, a sealed eooertte cylinder with one-inch to two*inch walls bolding the glass bottle, and a sealed tin ob filled with absorber. 2, The second type for larger quantities of beta-poilting and att gamma-emitting sa* terials is made up of aa umer glass mar* tainer for liquids or a sealed aluminum cap sule for solids, a cylindrical lead shield com posed of from ooe*half inch to two and cue-half inches of lead, depending upoo the radiation present, a cylindrical stainless steel Radioisotope Shipment* tn Aircraft Accident* Jacket encasing the had shield, with a gas ket between the top sod lower part of the steel cylinder, and a wooden box encasing the entire container sasembty. Connderation is being givsa to replace ment of the wooden box with a steel drum because the drum will not be as heavy, slightly cheaper, probably longer wearing, and more fire resistant To the captain of a commercial airliner, the safety of fus ships, passengers and cargo reside* to a large degree la navigation in struments. It Is natural that the question of the possible effects of radiation on it ' marts should therefore be raised. T! aerially an imaginary probtaa. The principle of operation of no navigation instrument depesds ta on taaUatioo and these instruments ptettly inert to gam* rays at ava tensities. There la no known Sigh] not navigation instrument, radio, 1 television apparatus which is reapI the gamma ray intensity levels hi the shipment of isotope*. Tbe Qvil Aeronautics Board Regulations 49 baa promulgated for the packing, marking and ! radioIsotope shipments via passcegeil craft. The regulations are essentially^ same as the Interstate Commerce Cona son regulations. However, a masher of a carriers have indicated thdr own aodiridu restrictions to the general articles, all of which Is published as a part of the "Official Air Transport Restricted Articles Tariff No. I" issued October 15, 1950. When tbe tariff first b,-~--w effective there was a rather limited acceptance Of the regulations covering air transport of radio active materials. As of Jane 15, 1951, however, of the twenty-seven participating earners, nineteen accepted the provisions of the tariff applying: to radioactive txaleriaB, as published. The additional restrictions of tod*vidua! airline* arc relatively minor la sature; for example, the CA.B, like the I.CC permits up to 200 mBliroestgcns per hour radiation at the surface of the shipping cootaiiMi*. Nineteen of tbe airfiues accept this figure; four others limit this figure to 15 mtUirocalgtfi*, Naturally, it will be to tbe advantage of all concerned if these dif ferisces can he rtaolvtd, la addition to the articles acceptable for transportation on passenger aircraft, any article accepted for and packed, marked and labeled in accordance with the Instruc tions for transportation by Railway Express may be tarried In cargo aircraft. The CA.B. regulations contain a table of mini mum distances of separation between a con tainer or group of containers of radioactive materials and crew members and passengers. It is obviously somewhat more difficult to comply wjth^gg^g^^^^^^pancnger tion ao<r3Q^^m|H^BBP*5dStble froa human eontactTin^shipper should Imme diately be contacted for disposal instructions and the Administrator of the GA.B, should also be notified. Whenever there is any actual spillage of radioactive materials to the extent that the materials are no longer contained within their inner containers, no attempt should be made to remove or clean up the materials until Instruction* are received from the ship per or other qualified persons are present to supervise the handling.*1 These two requirements may seem some what stringent However, they relate to ac cidents which are not serious and which afford plenty of time for care. In such incidents there Is far more danger of dam aging shipments of photographic equipment than there is of injuring human brings. 6 Air Transport Industry (jotwdcring radioisotope shipments which may be involved in serious aircraft Acci dents, the most important factor U the dif ference in the radiation "maximra permis sible level" which may be acceded under emergency cotxfitloas as compared to that which is used in routine operatic* conditions, as in * laboratory. There is so contradic tion because the ooe involves a "one shot" exposure, the other a continual exposure. The maximum permissible level used tor the employee in our plants is extremely low because the ocas may be exposed <ky after 'day, year after year, few his entire working life. An individual who is exposed to radii* tion only on rare occiilons--at, for example, in the emergency situation of fire fighting '-can take as many ac 500 times the daily maximum permissible level withoot any se rious after-effects. Yoa might be subjected to SO times the duly maximum permissible dose during certain types of flooroecopie X- ray examinations. In the event of a* aircraft crash, the. ad ditional risk presented to passengers or crew or to crash rocst and fire fighting person nel, by possible breakage of radioisotope con tainer* or bunting of the isotopes is fust about nil as compared to the other risks persons are confronted with at sad* a time. 1 have done a considerable amount of flying and have had an opportunity to do some training and operational work with crash rescue and fire fighting units; I can assurt you that if 1 am ever in a plane which it about to crash, or If I am ever involved is attempting to rescue personnel from a burn ing plane, I will be very badly scared. Bat (he last thing hi the world I mil be worry, tog about is whether or oot the plane carrying radioisotope* 1 la my opinion, the airline safety directon have a training job to do with shippm* clerks, fire fighters. Sight personnel, etc They probably hove a moch greater fear d radiation than they should have, ft is lop cal that the risk presented by raffiolsotope should be evaluated correctly; it shoold act be mggeratod. We should be willing t* assume the same degree of risk to radio isotope shipments as we do with ether ship, meats. Since 1946, ever 2000 shipments of radio isotopes have been front Oak R13gr to off-project users in all parts of this oous< try ami in 27 foreign conntries. In eery dnricn, I would like to point oat that these radioisotopes have been produced* shipped and put to use by hundreds of workers m the isotope production and processing faoti- ties at Oak Ridge, have bees handled cm railroads, motor-freiffct tinea and air tinci in laboratories and la private institution* and industries--tn nitty and without a tin gle reported radiation injury. Officers of the AIR TRANSPORT SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 Homomry Life Member--'OAfOR R. W. SCHROEDER, Glenview. Dl. Sriurai CWrwwj*--ROBERT U POTTER, Supvr. Industrial Safety, American Airlines, Inc, Tain, Okla. f'kx-Chairwiwi j, H. WATERMAN, Manager, Ground Safety, Trans World Airlines, Kama Gey, Me. Secretly- }. M. CHASE. Manager, Aviation Dept, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co, Dticsgn, IS. S'ewe Letter ExYtor--*J. A. O'DONNELL, Supf, lad. Safety, American Airlines, Flushing; K. Y. Auocxote News Letter Editors--VS. H. RODDA, Secy, Transportation Insurance Rating Barca*, Chicago. Ill; D. D. GORDON-CARMICHAEL, Properties & Safety Assist ant, Trans-Canada Airlines, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Airport CtimniHee Chairman--DALE M. ESTH.T, Safety Engineer, Tram World Air* tines, Kansas Gty, Mo. .tofMftnu (Committee CUnwM--*JEROUE LEDRBm, Director, Flight Safety Pan* tistian, New York, N. Y. Cargo Handling Committee Cbsirmow--L. G. CARBEIL, Fire It Safety Officer, TransCanada Air Lines, Dorval, Quebec, Canada. Educational Committee Chairmen--HOWARD L. MORRIS, Safety Engineer, Eastern Air Lines, Inc, Miami* Fla* Enfineermg Committee--R. L. C RANDALL (Chairman), Fire k Safety Officer, Transfjiwiii Airlines, Winnipeg. Manitoba, Canada; S. J. MILLER (Vice-Chairana), Safety Engineer, Capital Airlines, Inc, Washington, D. C. Membership Committee Chairmen--A. W. MILLER* Labor Relations Asst, Pan Amer ican World Airways, Inc, Jamaica. N. Y. Poster Committee Chairmw--T). W. HUNT. Safety Supt, Pan Americas World Air ways, Inc, Padfic-Alasks Div, South San Franasco, Calif. Program Committee Chairmm^SDV/ARD T. LEE, Safety k Security Mgr, Eastern Air Lines, Inc. Miami, Fb. FuMie Relations Committee Chairmen--l. J. HAMMILL, Mgr, Aviation Div, Walter Kidd* k Company, loc, Belleville, New Jersey. Military Representathr--CHARLES V. CARSON, Major, USAF, Chief, Office of Ground Safety, Air Research and Development Coatouuad, Baltimore, Ui Advisory G. BLOOMER, Butler Mfg. Co, Kansas City. Mo.; 'JACK C CURTIS, Safety Eng, United Air lines, Stapleton Field, Denver, Colo.; WALTER T. JOHNSON, United States Fidelity and Guaranty Co, New York, H. Y.; *G* F. TYLER, National Surety Cory, New York, N. Y. Stef ffrjvxam/a/rtv--HOWARD H. WARZYN, National Safety Gxmdl, Chicago, I1L Past General Chairman 7 Other Volumes in this Series Users of this volume will find much value ia its cocapinion volume*. Here is the list.- title VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volwies.......... ................................................ 1 Aeronautical Industries............................. ..................... .............................................. 2 Air Transport Industry..................... ...................................................................................... 2 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries..................................................... 4 Cement sad Quarry Industries............................. ..................................................................... 2 Chemical Industrie* ........................................................... ............................................... ft Coal Mining Industry ................................................................................................... < Construction Industry ........................ ............................................. .................................. .. S Electrical Equipment Industry............... ................................................................................. S Fsum Safety................. ............ ....................................................... tt Food Industry (Including Proceeding* of Refrigeration Safety Meetings.)..................... It Glass and Ceramics Industry........ ....................................................... ................... ............. U Home Safety ............................................................................... ........................................... . U Industrial Nursing ........................................................................................................ *.. It Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)................. .................................. ..........15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)....................................................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Indogtric*.............................................. It t> Metals Industry . .. ................... ..................................................................... . U Mining Industry ................. .................................................................. .........................ft Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section).......,....................... . 3. Petroleum Industry ................................................................................................... .. Power Press and Forging Operations................................................................................... S Printing and Publishing Industry............................................. ........................ Z Public Employment (Public Employee* Safety Committee) ........ ....................................... Public Utilities Industries................... ................. .................................................................. .- 2? Pulp and Paper Industry................. ................................................................................. 3 Railroad Industry................. ....................................................................... 2? Rubber Industry ............... 2 School and College Safety.................................... ................................................................. 3 Textile Industry .................................................................................. *........................... i Traffic Safety .......... .................................... . i. Transit Industry........ .................................. ........................................................................... Wood Products Industries .................................................................. i Human Understanding--A Two-Way Cogmamjeaftom (Early Morning ScaSooi)...... P- PRICES OP EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MBIRCtS VOLUME SIZE 9 copies Each 10 Is 99 cefc** Each 299 ts 9991spits Each W9wwrr E*tk Less than Z4 page*-- $029 24 to 48 pages-- 49 to 96 pages-- 33 Ab Over 96 page*-- ,69 $023 39 .40 3 J0J7 23 35 it 10.17 23 35 M Complete set of Transactions (34 vots.)--#6.90 (1 so 9 copes). 4J6 (10 in 99 copies). 5.70 (100 or more copies), NON-MEMBER price* are double member prices, except vohmaes 10, 13, 29 and JL NATIONAL SAHTT COUNCIL 42B NORTH MtCNItAK AVI. CHICACO 11. NL rtums .*.. 1951 Current Safety Topics in the AUTOMOTIVE AND MACHINE SHOP INDUSTRY As prvsotai f Mi* $ut*M tf H* Avlasetiv* tmd MutWi> SMp SieHu t jh* 1911 NvtfMof Sgfcty CisytH Some Elements of Job end Employee Control for Accident Prevention (A Syiwposnee)------- - Ten* SWy and M4U T< AattyM 4 e* Every Day Sh*p A*aWnU....... ........... ....... Prerequisites *f Employment > fsreemtiig teplmu* Safety Retpemtvenm ......... ............................ 3 t f Moving Death--Meterial Handling (A Panel Discussion). 10 Volume 4 Traaiactloos 3tHi National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETV COUNCIL ` 425 No. Mlellfos 4v.u Cklcsgo 11, III. 'J'tecu li safety is to keep pace with today's rapid}}- advancing technology, we mast continually have "new ideas." Each year, at the Nanoaai Safely ConyTesi, the ideas and experiences of many of the nation's top safety men arc presented m tbe vuieaa sessions. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented a* a Congress session, later become generally accepted within tbor field* In order to present this information conveniently and at wait! cast, the Congress Transaction* are published in volumes, one for tsdi Section or Division, along with a General Sessions and Dialled Index to all volumes. The 34 volumes of tbe 1951 Congress Traneactions are listed on the last page of this volume. Safety directors everywhere have found tbe Coogrcss Traaaactkw* a useful aid in their accident prevention programs. In Industry, for example, their judicious distribution to key personnel Is management and supervision has proved to he of. invaluable service. In preparing these Transactions, the proceeding* of tbe Congress Imvc been condensed and edited foe reference purposes. Complete original manuscript*, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are Available in National Safety Council files. View* expressed at the Congress or to this record arc those of the Congress partkipani* td are not necessarily those of the National Safety Council. THE AITOMOTIVE MB MACHINE SHOP SECTION This volume is a record of the sessions held at the 1951 NatkcaJ Safety Congress by the Automotive and Machine Shop Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only owe of the many cooperative activities which the Automotive aad Machine Shop Sec tion carries on in behalf of its members, asd for the benefit oi accident prevention work is the automotive aad shop iadus- tries generally. The Section gives gwithnre ia the preparation of a great variety of technical aad deatianl material osefal la tbe day-to-day plant safety programs. The aoinda of the Section are under the direction of its Bammirc Cons!tine, the members of which are listed at the dose of this what 3 Some Elements of Job and Employee Control lor Accident Prevention (A Symposium) Time Study and Motion Tims Analysis and its Influence on Every Day Shop Accidents By RALPH KERWIN Chief Industrial Eng., Bolldog Electric Col, Detroit, Mich. About fifteen years after die ctose ox the Civil War, this country entered a period of rapd industrial expansion and growth. This txpensioa was stimulated by the arrival oa ur shores of thousands of skilled craftsms who Hod to tix aew world from Earope t c*j the {^cession of personal freetkpa. the wars which swept tack and forth across tire continent, and persecution because m religious affiliation. Tbe new world was rich ia natural resources, which lay await ing the hand and energy oi anyone willing to develop than for a better way oi life. Removal of restraint and new world chal lenge combined to stimulate development and new ideas. The vutsess of this new country, in oompwrisoa with tbe old world countries ns Western Europe, hastened transition from until enterprises to larger units. Tbe abwsd* anoe of raw materiel contributed to and encouraged the development of manufactur ing unit* for its converakn to meet the hacreating demands of * growing population, A* manufacturing units increased in site, there gradually arose a distinction between tltote upoe whose shoulders rested tbe re sponsibility of planning and supervising aad those responsible for performing the work Naturally, a* a result of that separation, a 'iodfton arose, the answer to which la* beet the source of many errors and mock dis agreement of opinion. 1 have an ntimf the taxation, "What U a fair day's work for which a fair day's pay U exchanged?* Human nature bring what it U, neither tarty has been satisfied with tbrir share of their combined effort*. Briefly, this describes the ccocKxme climate which prevailed when frcdricfi W. Taylor began to develop hi* theory and technique oi scientific amugt* mmt In tbe devdoproen oil this jmsagoort technique two major tiemeols were evolved. At tbe outset, the best way to perform a given operation was a matter of experi ment, ia which data wa* recorded giving the facta pertinent to the operation, such as machine used, material, tools, etc, together with the time takes to complete tbe opera tion element by element. By this means, data was collected, classified and indexed for ref erence with future orders. Secondly, there gradually arose a new di vision of tabor between management and labor. This new assignment of manage ment's responsibility involved the planning oi operations* such as determining the best way to perform, together with the proper time, place, materials, instructions, facilities, etc. Tbe great gains ia productivity which this accrued were not the result of increased exertion oo the part of workers, but were, oa the contrary, the result of waste elimina tion---waste of worker* and machine time through delay of misapplied effort, of fail ure in proper coordination and planning- .Arising out of this new assignment of management responsibility has been a job now defined as time study technician in its very broadest application. Muds clarifica tion of job description and content fa* taken place in the year* that have elapsed until the present time. Volumes have been writ ten. which can be perused at your leisure, describing in detail ah the mental, technical and moral aspects. It is not- our intention to add anything to what has been written on this subject, but rather to draw out the salient and important point* surrounding this job. There is one outstanding aspect of this job which is worthy of note, namely: the commoa denominator which is emphasised throughout all the data gathered by a time study esan Is the element of time. The ex tent to which this data can be sub-divided X !!' Automotive and Machine Shop Industries mto smaller elements is controlled solely by time study men for a handbook ot classified the ability ol the time study roan to observe, motions that could be used on any industrial time and record his observations- operation. At first thought a catalog of *- Coupled with this limitation of recording the small increment* of time lor his ele mental breakdown of the operation being studied is the necessity of raring the opera tor's performance m terms of still and ef fort or her pace. "Rating the performance." is nothing more than the time study ob dustrial motions appeared to be the answer to a time study man's need for a mote ac curate method of setting task values, bo( after rcficctioa upon the problem coopted with experience using standard data, the much desired objective has aot been achieved, at least as originally planned. server'* experienced judgment of how weU However, the desire has stimulated the operator was performing in terms of thought and research for a more setaxtifi? the observer's conception of normal or av basis for determination of standard that erage. We all recognize that u individual* our performance even at golf U not always con sistent. much less on work operations which do not contain an clement of pleuurc Car rying the same analogy a step further to observing and judging someone tltt's perfomvmce in a golf game, we have doubled die possibility of error in our judgment. This is equally true in the case of making a time study of an operation. As an observer. I must at *11 times be con scious of my own human limitations but, in addition, 1 must appraise the operator's per formance as another human being into terms of my conception of normal or average To the extent that we fall to do an avenge job of rating, just so much do tve misjudge the operator we have observed. The result or this is either a standard of performance which is either too tight or too loose. The problem is all the more complicated it, for instance, the job being studied is being performed by a group of operators. Add to this condition an incentive wage pay ment plan with its reward to the worker values, fn the forefront of this develop ment work stand two individuals to whom belongs the credit of leadership. T have reference to Lillian U. Gttbrelh and the bte Frank 8. OSIbrcth, both of whom have been iesjurcti m "Oxaper By The l>o*e*i." The foundalioo upon which the motion stud) technique rests is the onpeept of therbtlgs, or banc 4ris*ons of aocompfishment. These are the banc modem which may he used m varying sequence* and combination* to perform any industrial operation. A dear tmdentanding of these U essential to any one applying motion study. One must be able to recognize the basic motions whenever as operation is reviewed with an eye ior motion economy. Motion economy as applied to any industrial opera tion clearly implies that socse motion pat- terns may oot be as effective as others inso.'tr as accomplishing a deserved objective. Thcreiere, rsccxmIbI motion economy ap plication imposes not only an nuderttanding of bask human motions, but also training and experience in their use from an ever widening practical standpoint who puts forth better than average effort Purely Physical Bane Divisions and the problem for a time* study man is greatly aggravated. It is no wonder that workers have sough: a counter balance or check upon the time study observer's judg ment in the person of their Uihoq dme study stewards. This is good for It prevents any undue advantage of either party at the ex pense of the other one. Transport Empty ,,..TE Transport Loaded ,TL Change Direction .CD Grasp ................................................G Hold ............. -............................................. K Release Hold........ .............. .................,.,R Pre-position .......... ft is quilt logical to stop aad ask our Semi-Mrmlal Basie Dtcisiaui selves one question, "Is there a better way?" Position ......... P After all an engineer continually asks that Search .................... ..<........,.5 sort of a question about any project before Select 5E him if he is worthy of the name. One answer to the foregoing question is Mental Bane Oeuiau motion study. Motion study, as we have it Plan .............. PL now, has evolved out of the desire of many Inspect ..........if1,..... ......... ,1 Same Elements of Job and Employ/* Control for Accident Prevention 5 Objective Basic Divisions Task times thus set have another very ..................... important advantage over those established Assemble ......... ............................................ A W time study methods to the extent that time values for these basic motions have Delay Basie Divisions been determined and verified by exact ob- Avoidable Delay ...............AD serration and correct thinking, so to that UmvoidaMe Delay ...................IID extent these values will be correct on a Rest to Overcome Fatigue........................F scientific basis. f"*Ddn* Dri*5' ........................................BD Motion Economy The use oi motion pictures has greatly facilitated the development aad applicability of motion analysts data. The fifan record of bew the operation was performed In terms I*** **<* mrf ta teen in uiY.1- usMe aid. It has permitted review of the operation as a wliote. bt^ also made it pos* < tomin. mW`v,dul motion. to extent aad sequence under varying degrees or .felled stall wd effort Nor i? Iti. th. .<!> erioer iron. Iltotploo Uo. pieture do As l previously indicted. there is a practical limit to the smallest work tJoncm which may be recorded by stop watch. This practical limit rule* out any analysis insofar as basic motions are eon- ccmad. Thus the use of motion picture film makes possible an accurate record of motions performed, which are more minute than can be recorded by stop watch. J. When both hands begin and complete their motions simultaneously and are not idle except during rest periods, maximum pertormance is approached. 2. vviicn motion, of the arms are made simultaneously In opposite direction* over symmetrical paths, rhythm and autocnaticity .JevdoD met ratunlly. ' ... , . * ft. motion naiue.ee .hid. top oy, tht `*T *"". Kjmpllm-n* " bcJl for Wfonnill, . ivcn task, * When BWtio * eoa&md to the low- ** classifications, maxmnim per- lormance and minimum fatigue are ap* preached. 5. When conditions are the same, the time required to perform all basic divisions oi accomplishment is constant for any given degree of skill and effort. ,,H""L Tf1CoroUufcs to Lw. of Motion Economy no longer a limiting factor. The camera 1 naming at a closely controlled speed will .* H**tion, or the temporary and often by virtue of the number of frames used m,n?rte *tion from motion, should be record not only the complete motion pattern *d.ed, and its cause accounted of the operation, but will withis the m- for *. ti possible, eliminated. When ran- chanical limits of its governor establish the **** t*fT* ot ^ bo,1>' 804 be" or time takes for baste motions aad the entire D*1* tiiar "notions simultaneously, the nrjob. Obviously, to use a camera to set the M"un* balancing delay should be recognized allowed time to perform any job U far from recorded * ***"* necessary. practical or economical 2- The shortest tune taken for each mo- Througti the efforts of more than one tlon `kring the course of the study made group of men, the time to perform a basic P "* ***** operator should be considered motion such as reach, move or grasp has V* standard; all variations of tune keen determined from motion picture film `n*n tfu* *** should be anafyxed for anal}-ss on hundreds of operations so as to notion and the causes determined and grv* effect to all factors whkh may affect rewded. the time or extent of the motion. These^ The best sequence oi motion* for any baric motions and their limiting factors lave cne oi work is useful for suggesting beea cataloged classified so that having *he best sequence for1 other kinds of work. Had the necessary training and experience, A AVhcrc delay occurs, consideration an engineer or observer can apply the re- shook] be gives to the advisability of pro ceeded time value* to an innumerable v< riding additional work which will permit rirty of operations with complete assurance utilizing the time of delay, if study indi- that the task time thus'bet is basically sound cates that the delay i* unnecessary tor overaad oqtntable from a human relations view- coming fatigue. print. S. AH material mul tc>t* dmiM W located h k Automotive and Machine Shop Industrie* wiiista, or a* mar as possible to, the normal grasp area. 6. Tools aad materials should be located SO as to permit the following of the proper sequence of motions. The part required at the beginning of the cycle should be next to the point of release of the finished piece of tbc preceding cycle. 7, Tools and materials should be prepo-itinned in order to eliminate the Search amt select basic operations. & Hands should be relieved of all work that can be done with the feet or other parts of the body, provided there is other work which the lands can do at the same time. Up to this point we have considered fun damental characteristics of time study as such and in addition the characteristics of motion study techniques. You may perhaps ask the question, "What has all this to do with the relationship between motion study and die prevention of everyday job aeddents?" Vt you are all well aware, fatigue enters into productive capacity as the day wears on, particularly when an employee is en gaged in highly responsive work. Not. only does fatigue play a part but the monotony of the job plays an important part in the employee's Interest in bis or her job. ft is at this point that the relationship between time and motion study with the prevention, of shop accidents plays a very important part. If a particular operation is set tip so that an employee, in order to complete this operation, is required to work either >a an unnatural, awkward or poorly organized method, fatigue and monotony inevitably have a bearing on the employee's output Referring back to law No. 4 of the $ laws of motion economy previously quoted. I would like to re-quote law No. 4. "Law No. 4 is when motions are con fined to the lowest practical classification, maximum performance and minimum fatigue are approached." From tins taw it will be readily apparent (hat either a time study or motion stud> application bears a very definite responsibil ity insofar as reducing everyday job acci dents to the lowest possible mmisusa. This responsibility is assumed upon the basis that these five laws of motion economy arc constantly observed and applied whenever * job is set up, a standard applied or an em ployee is trained u* the method of perform ing a given operation. As afety men I should like to submit foe your consideration that although it is the responsibility of time itudy aad methods engineers to sec to it that each operation is set up in conformance with these laws, yet we cannot overlook the fact that yen men in checking the safety surrounding fac tory fobs can offer a very definite assistance in regard to safety. This assistance which you can offer is not through a complete wnderstaruhng of motion study techniques but rather m the recogni tion that motion study strives to set the job p from m economic as well as fatigue elimination standpoint. Whoever you sms become aware that a job is eadufy fatiguing to the operator, this should become a ch>c that the job is not property organized from a motion economy standpoint. This fact, if communicated to your standards department, can add them is cheeking a job where indue fatigue crista with the viewpewrt of redoc- mg this hazardous element to the tmahnum and by the same tokca mdnrinr the possi bility of an accident before H occur*. In conclusion I should Eke to re-empha size the point which I have made; namely, that time and motion itsdy application to everyday factory operations have a direct responsibility to assure the operator that his nr her operation U bong performed in the simplest and most economic manner. In the discharge of this responsibility to both man agement and employees, they are ceotributmg to the rahtcrion of everyday fob acci dents. $0tn* Elements of Job and Employee Control for Accident Prevention 7 Prerequisites of Employment in Forecasting Employees* Safety Responsiveness By A.L McCOLLUM Dir. of Employment. Delco-Remy Dir* General Motor* Corp^ Anderson. In<L Perhaps Busy of you are woederiog, and justifiably so, what aa employment man is delag speaking to a afety ecnfereeec. I fed just a little tike the illegitimate son at the family relation, 1 shouldn't fed that way though and I hope you don't look upon et* y> that light because there should be a very dose and real relationship between em ployment people wad safety engineers. Our jobe have a common responsibility, namely t "Asristiag the mirugr.ruant of our conpenra in-aaitamlag a safe, healthy, .contented, aad efficient working force." Of course you easy get moot of the bbme if your accident rate Is high bat I know as well as you do dot a great many accidents ca your plant started in year employment office. Therefore, norideat prevention by forecanting employee safety rcepnosve&esa U our eomrnen dafiesgc is meeting our com mon responsibility, Wlat aa we do about meeting tint chal lenge? Just how can employment people and safety people get tbetr collective teeth into due problem aad attack it as a teasa? Lets look at the various elements of tbe problem and then fit Aon together. First our problem is the mdiridoal dif ferences m people--Ac people we hire aad you try ts keep from getting hurt. It's such a w*0 know* fact that people differ tistt ft a frequently overlooked or accepted as something we can't do anything about. Worse atill, the standards set by employment deportments all loo frequently Include cely a few of the more obvious differences and overlook the harder to determine but much more important tSfftttacea la ability, apti tude attitude etc There arc many important differences ia people that we should consider. Improper rise or inadequate physical strength aad stamina may frequently mean the difference between an employee on the job or faa the hospital. Physical qualifications don't Mop with size and strength atone though. Physi cal reaction time, doitdAty and groeral mus cular coonSmtiou arc also important fac tor*. So are the physical senset, vision. fading, smell, hearing, and even in some canes taste. Physical qualities may all be important to safety and efficiency and hardly any two people are exactly alike in these qualities. Mental qualities arc important too. People differ in their ability to learn to remember or understand the written and spoken word. This la vitally important to the safety of oar employees. Few, if any, applicants who come to aa employment department are ready and able to go out to a job m an in dustrial plant before they Active some in struction and training os how to perform that job efficiently and safely. If the man fails to understand and re member his iiatractions or training, the dunces are great that he will fall vktan to as accident or fail to be a satisfactory employee on the job. We are very careful to see that people we hire for jobs have been expoacd to a training period bat we ate likely to overlook their ability to absorb and retain the training needed. This is particu larly true on sultiHed or sezni-skflled jobs. I recall a boy we have on oar payroll in one of omr Anderson plants who became quite a problem scene time bade. % was erigfinlly hired for a tabor job bat was promoted from a labor gang to a job of driving fork trpek as ooc of the materials handling men. He had bees very satisfactory on the labor job; had requested a better job and the foreman thought be deserved one. He was given very cartful instruction* by his foreman oa bow to operate this new job safely. In addition be was given a written copy of these instructions to study ever so that be would not forget them. It wasn't long, however, until be violated one of Us lastructiccis and aa accident oc curred, nonor in results, but it easily could have bees serious. His foreman icuatructcd and caotiooed him to re-read the instruction sheet It was only a few days later, how ever, that be was again involved fit an acci dent that was caused by aa obvious violation of hIs nstroctioos. A similar thing hap pened a third time before it was discovered Automotive tmd Machine Shop Industrie* Seme Elements of Job ettd Employee Control for Accident Preventtc'i 9 that this boy was a near illiterate, with toeh are considered more highly skilled the a low mental ability level that be coaid other* and some are considerably more coes neither understand his written instructions plex ia nature. nor remember the verbal ones dearly for Therefor*, among people with difference more than a few hoars. ta mental ability some are going to be sat. That boy's accidents started in the em eeufully traised for the high skills aaf ployment office where those very important others arc not. Some of these jobs may factors had not been determined so that his require more muscular coordination, or morr subsequent job assignments could be com dexterity, better virion, greater strength, or mensurate with his ability. Difference* in more bright than others. The highlit de mental ability do occur and may be ex gree of emotional stability may be vital k tremely important to job success. ooe and not too Important ta another. Temperament or emotional stability arc The answer ta "What can we do abe important factors from both the standpoint it?" is obvious. Uildi the charactcristia of productivity and safety. An emotionally of the nun as nearly ag possible to the r*> upset person is obviously more susceptible qoimoents of ibe lob. Bat proper job to accident mod serious injury than a calm, dear-thinking individual. Yet temperament placement has been a keynote in industry for a long time. Tbe real problem U getting it is a factor of individual difference that is done with the assurance that Wt done cor somewhat difficult to determine and tmder- rectly. It takes the combined efforts of loe stand and is, therefore, frequently over of people in any organization to acroa- looked. pH* It This is particularly true ocee we get to* know a person well. We arc prone to thick "He must have gotten up on the wrong ride of bed today,,--but we seldom look at him as a serious accident hazard while be is zn that "grouch** mood. Nevertheless statistical research has proved that a great many acci dents occur at times when die person or persons involved arc ia an iaddnUc aw* tional state or are emotionally iasnaiure per sems. Temperaments differ from cm zmvidaai to another and these differences "too are mighty important to os. There are tuny more specific pbyssioJo*!cat and psychological differences between tea man beings but 1 believe they are beyond the scope of this discussion. I believe we've touched than all In a general sort of way when we call them physical, mental, and temperamental or emotional diffemcea. Row do they relate to saiety, and what cn we do about them is predicting safety mp It's bonus nature to work with ophuoat We all da it every day to some rituatice or other. It's easier to form an opatios than to <fig oat all the facta before arrive* at a logical conclusion. Prove tint to youtsdf tbe next time you errestigate an aeri Amt Keep track of tbe opinkxta that ait expressed to you and the somber of ficO that arc given to you about tbe employee the job, what happened, bow It hapened eta The opinions will far oedsomher tht facts and a good many of the opinion* wfl he t&roctly contrary to the facts. What 1 . 'hat to do with ow KNnoae respeasu-thty . T paintsfaring a safe, healthy, contented and efficient working force for o raaragtxncnt? Remember my example ri tbe boy who was a near illiterate who gw oao so much trouble? Re was ooe of the# tint people are all too prooe to write o as jeat *Sej good" when he got into trouble oveaesi? Wiry? Becaasc everyone.responsible for The safe and efficient operation of a pmcii press doesn't have exactly the sac require* ments as the safe and efficient operation of an automatic screw machine, or the opera tion of a drill press, or a paint spray, or, fab fob airigmnCBt was working oe opinion --he bad Wen doing satisfactory work am seemed to W a good boy, be ws* jnat care kas with a fork truck--oo ooe took tit time to determine the fact* titt it was atmor a plating tank, or a simple repetitive as too tala. sembly opertion. Osec the facta were determined and a We know that there are many differences between these jobs. We pay people differ ent rate* of pay to perform these operation* They require differences in training. Some proper job placement was made; he agris proved satisfactory. If that had been dan Is the nwpiqymeat office, or by the focean, or by the safety engineer who investigated his first mcctdmt, all the later trouble would have been avoided. It was bo ooe person's fault, it was tbe fault of all who dealt with the bey from the time lie was hired till the matter was finally straightened out That sort of thing can easily be avoided if, starting, m tbe employment proas, everyone responsible makes every effort ta get fads upon which to pass judgment arid reader dedsioos. There are several ways to get these facta. For example you can Investigate tbe back ground of every job applicant that you are interested m hiring. Such investigation would taclode prior work history, school records, home and /amity background hob bit* and other spare time activities, etc. The investigation css be made by trained investigator* making personal contacts, or phone calls and reference blanks sent through the maiil, They can also be obtained by hiring tbe services of professional investigi* trim organizations such as credit bureaus, etc. They can sever be too complete bo* they can be misleading if done haphazardly. Yen on add to that information by giv ing testa to the applicants to determine as accurately as possible their mortal ability, mechanical knowledge; manual dexterity, emotional stability, Interests, physical char acteristics, and many other areas that may be of interest to you a* their prospective employer. Tests too can be misleading if me properly evaluated. A well-planted Interview with tbe appli cant by a skilled Interviewer wilt further wataw seme of the facts seeded. Facts that soon to conflict from these different cxploratices may need to be reebedeed to determine the most nearly right answer. Once tbe decision to hire or not to hire U made os the basis of all the facts obtained, the job is only half does. All these procafcaea together will sot produce a prefect rush. A mm picking apples in the dark has aboot a fifty-fifty chance of getting a good apple. The same is true of hiring pufk purely by chance, Tbe best you can hope to do with the facts obtained from all the amstigatiou, teat, and interview pro cedure is to improve that chance relation* *h>p eaiB you approach perfection. N* mertrr hew good a job you do ta the ukctioa ant orighuQ placement process. Wwever. some of the apples an going to pa sour a*ct they get on the job. Tbe real proof of your selection comes on the job and over a period of time; depending upon tiie complexity of the job itself. Therefore, tbe second part of this job of ours, and frequently the harder portion to. get accom plished. U tbe Collow-up phase. The foDow-op starts with the Indoctrina tion or introduction of the job to the em ployee and the various types of training gives to him co the job. It continues with die ffi&y observance of his performance on the job; and it sever stops as long as he remains an anployte. This follow-up, to be of say value, most also be based on facts. A foreman's statement, "He's do good," doesn't girt too a tiling to use in malting a coestx octree adjustment in cither his aa- ggimwnt or year employment and placement standards or procedures. Ob the other hand, there are facts, such as, "This man's hood coordination is so slow tint he "* to be all thumbs." or, "This person is aot able to see the difference bermn two mullar porta." or. "He has mixed than several tiznra asd is unable to sort them easily," or, "This man did an out standing job today became when be found an error ia a blueprint be corrected it and dwqwt the set-up before the job was run. If be lad let it go, considerable waste and scrap would have resulted." Those statements are facts that indicate some trait or ability that vary from ooe persoa to another. They also show how wcQ or herw poorly the employee is adapted to the requirements of his particular job a.encmaenE. They also serve as spotters to tbe CBTptoymem, department, sfeowiag wheth er their spots are hitting the target. They nay help them make adjustments m their investigation, testing or bterricwiflg pro cedures so that tantHr tested is the future can be pre \Vbat U the source of these follow-up tacts and how should they be bandied? The foreman, the safety engineer, and any other memher of supervision or any other em ployee who Una position to observe the things that actually happen is the source. Some method should, therefore^ be devised to fadhtate tbe easy recording of the facts on an tndrvidoal record for the employee involved. The information that siwvTiLled should be readily available for tbe oaployment peopk, safety engineers, soperrmoo, etc. 10 .iitfouiotive and Machine Shop Industries Fact* placed on paper are permanent aad ;ts meaningful ten year* alter the fact as the day they are recorded, Facts retained in the human memory deteriorate into opin ions or are lost altogether. Facts are oaly valuable when they are available and used --they may be needed anytime in the fu ture and the more of them that are available, the more reliable they become and the more sound the decisions that are made front them. This is an expensive program; ir does take lime, So are accidents expensive and time consuming. The Joss of one eye costs far more in dollars and cents alone than need normally be spent on testing 5,000 job ap plicants. The loss or permanent disability u> imr land or one foot costa more thoroughly investigating the past history* of hundreds of people Sevang employment Several thousand applicants can be inter viewed and closely followed sp for leu than the cost of ooe fatality. All this without regard to the increase ta efficiency of opera tions brought about by proper job placement Can we actually forecast safety respon siveness in our employees? Can we prevent accidents by stopping them ta the employ ment office? Can we actually meet our re sponsibility of maintaining a wife, healthy, contented, and efficient wonting force? Yes. we can if we search for the fact* about people and determine their ux&rkhal dUtacnees, determine if their abilities fit the re- nuirernents of the job. If they do, train there to use these abilities properly. Realise that you may have, overlooked something and be ever ready to change your decision if die subsequent facts show tbat am error of selection or placement has beat made. Get tlte facts and yon will discover the cause. Moving Death--Material Handling (A Pad Discussion) (A review and analysis of materials handling accidents in automotive and mar*ime shop industrial operations.) Discussion Lender; E. O. Psaxc*; Safety Director. Qendix Products Div, Bcndtx Avia tion Corpn South Bend, Ind. Sorroior; C. C, Dxarc. Dir. of Plant Pi tecuon ft Safety, Tbe OKrer CorpL. Smrth Bend, ind. PortteipoutMi Waltm Haag, Safety Supvr., Servd, Inc., Evansville. lad. T.R. LcAnaEAna; Safety Eng., Ford In strument Co., Div. of Sperry Corp, Long Island City, New York. H. M. Huktinotok, Works Safety Supvr, International Harvester Co, Chicago. Gil Swydo, Supvr., Safety.ft Sanitation, AlUs-Chalmcrs Ufp Co., La Porte, Ind. (A Summary) Case l Victim was pinned between an electric platform lift truck and a standard gauge gondola car resulting in his suffering frac tures to two ribs and a collapse of one lobe of the left lung. ---Xntpkwas parked on a concrete iproa awaiting repairs. The fact that the speed control lever spring was broken was plain)/ marked in chalk at the controls of the truck This truck .was equipped with the ''Tiller'* amt type of steering device. This device struck victim in chest and plintfl him to the gondola or. Investigation disclosed' that since the spring on the speed control lever was broken, gravity caused the lever to be m a fall "on" position. This permitted victim to move the (rude by use of the "Forward-Re verse* lever rather than by the speed con trol lever. In driving the truck, victim was not fac ing the direction he was going. If victim bad bees Is proper driving posi tion the "TiUeF* arm would have struck tbe gondola car instead of the victim. The brakes on the truck were found in good operating condition when inspected after the accident Moving Death--Maleriei Handling (A Panel Discussion) U Conctosioca Mr. Lmdbcatcr stated that there were a variety of causes of this accident The operating of a defective truck was, of course, a primary cause. Other causes were divided into two groups; Contradictory and underlying, The contradictory Causes numbered: No identification of the damaged truck, sot tak ing tbe truck out of operation, and the fact that the truck was operated improperly. The underlying causes included: Unsafe design of the speed coclrol lever, ignorance of supervisor, and ignorance of top man agement of the accident prevention program. Mr. Lcadbeatcr emphasized that for an acetdett prevention program to succeed, management must find ots Its respooribflltics. ta a plant where top management takes at indifferent attitude there is little chance that foreman and other supervising person nel will effectively enforce and take an in terest in such a program. Mr, Lcadbeatcr concluded that top man agement seeds mating as touch as any other group In tbe plant. Cm 2 This accident occurred ta a sheet petal itorage bay. Two lot tea cranes operate in this bay utrwifmg sheet axial Iren goodelta and trucks, placing the steel on ma terial handling cqaiporat, and distributing it to various fabricating meriting. A sheet metal lifter with angle iron jaws which arc adjustable and damp over the lift of metal with act low tong effect is used to handle this metal with the cranes. A Boor man aad a helper were instructed to restack a Bit of sheet metal by band on 1x4 cross skids and move it to another foGUfcm. This mtackmg was dooe by them co a truck both and used for transporting sted to the shears. The platform of this treek was 30 inches from the Boor. This pertiaiiar sled was 3/32 of an inch x 9 inches by 10 feet The steel was ratacked m three equal piles approximately S tadio high. Nearby on eoe side of the truck tWe was a stack of steel about 3)4 feet high and on the other end by a pile 6 feet high. Oa the other side close by also, was a stack 5 feet high. , After rcstaddng was completed the floor man signaled the crane operator to move the lift of steel from the truck. The crane operator lowered the lifter over the lift of steel and the floor man proceeded to close the lifter oa the steel supposedly under the 2 x 4`s, aad gave the crane operator the signal to hoist after receiving a aod from the helper tint his side of the lift was clay. As tbe craneman began to hoist the lift, tbe metal suddenly began sliding off the truck oato the feet and legs of the helper pinning him against the stack of steel on bis tide of tbe erode Tbe following point* were brought out In (lie investigation: The injured mao was 19 years old and a new employee. It was the first time be had worked as a floor man's helper. He had received only meager instructions from his wjerruor. Tbe supervisor admitted that the instructions were incomplete and not properly enforced. The injured employee and the floor man admitted that they had used poor judgment aad took a chance to save time. The metal was not strap-bonded to the dads a* it was not a regular practice Co do so. Tbe crane operator could not see whether tbe Utter jaws were ta proper petition from his location in the crane mb. He was a qualified and experienced operator. Ottriitokw Mr. Haag stated that sun the injured naan was a new employee the orientation and instruction procedure* in tbe plant were oot adequate. Particular emphasis was placed by Mr. Haag on safe practices is the control of crane operators. He mentioned several rules whkh srill greatly sd ia securing safe crane operation. Sale operating procedures should be listed and tailored to fit the needs of the particu lar situation. Personnel should be mature and level headed. The operators should be only ex perienced or kamcr* under qualified super vision. Only authorised personnel should be al lowed In the cab at any time. All operators should be required to pus a test and all should be given periodical physical examinations--with special attention being payed to eyesight and reflexes. Hear ing is important and nobody with heart or epileptic ailments should be hired. Operators should be required to be fa- miliar with the signal code. This code could be included in the test given to the operator*. Case 3 Three maintenance employees loaded aa eight sprndlc tapping machine onto a flat steel truck which was 10 inches high with a platform 39 inches wide, and 66 inches long, and equipped with caster type wheels. The hase of the machine was 3# feet by 4 feet and was 8 feet tall A the machine was being pulled down an aisle by a tractor, it was unattended except tor the tractor driver, the left froot caster of the steel truck hit a gauge in the floor and broke loose. The machine toppled over, striking an employee working at a beach S feet off tlie aisle a glancing blow. This em ployee was paying no attention to the mov ing activity in the aisle. This glancing blow was so severe that the crushing injury to his lower chest ab domen and right thigh, coupled with se vere shock, resulted in his death two hours later. Conclusion* Following are four corrective measures which could have been taken to prevent this type of accident, according to Mr, Snyder. I. A fork truck could have been used Z The load could have been carried hori zontally. J. The center of gravity* should have been tower (a smaller truck could have been used, with possibly two inch rollers). 4. One man could have accompanied the truck along the route, clearing the aiste, etc The accident indicates a lack of supervi sion. Case 4 For the past ten or more years motorized transporters, transstacker*, and jack-stack ers have rapidly replaced -cumbersome, saefficient methods for rapid transfer and stacking of materials. Instructions, rules, and regulations are definitely needed for their operation. Probably first oa the list should be that the number of employees given permission to operate the equipment should be held to a minimum. Definitely, this equipment doe* not come under the classification of a toy. incidentally, some em ployees regard it as such. No provision U made for riding on this equipment and rea sonable rules prohibit riding at all times User experience has proven that careleu operation of this equipment will lead u accident* and Injuries. Fortunately, most * the accidents and injuries are not too serious The following four examples are quite com* mon unless adequate control measures an taken: 1. An employee was preparing la move * skid of armatures. He accidentally touched the control button and the transporter forward catching his foot between the trar* porter and another skid of armatures. A bone was chipped in bis ankle. 2. An employee was taking aa empty fti to the dock and allowed the transporter u run over hU foot, which was seventh bruised. 3. As employee was moving an empq transporter and stopped to get some instnx tions. HU aRoition was drawn away iro*r 4he transporter and he presumed that it hk stopped, it had not, and his foot was rue over with a Severe injury resetting. 4. An operator of a transporter m oaktng a turn into an aisle accidentally struck the heel of an emplojce** foot, causing hur to lose his balance and fall backwards. He sustained a fracture to hU right hip CoacJurions Following arc some, of the poinu brougbt out by Mr. Huntington in connection wide the foregoing accident: t. Authorisation to operate cquipmoa should be mandatory. 2, Special controls should be set up control riding oa equipment, 1 The importance of proper training should be stressed, with plenty of folicw*ig on the safe use of equipment Mr, Haag added that more canrideratios should be given to the hiring of track op erators. The personnel office ha* a defiritt responsibility. Case & A load of pipe bracket* measuring IS K 18 feet in length loaded on a "puIT* type < material truck was being moved to a bo* car for loading. Ennwcr. it had to travel up g concrete ramp. This was accomplished by an electric truck pushing the material truck. The material truck wheel* were equipped with solid rubber tires. Fart of the tread oS one of the front tires was other worn or tom causing it to be difficult to maneuver the handle of the material truck to guide it Going up the ramp, the truck became lightly out of line. It was necessary for ifl employee to exert considerable pressure co straighten the tongue of the truck. An<*hcr employee pulled on the front stake of he truck and the stake socket broke loose atuing the nun to fall backward some 3 fret over the ramp embankment He boded ga a pallet loaded with steel floor plate actions causing a severe sprain to his spine M the lumbar region. Conclusion* Mr. Snyder said tint he felt there should have been better maintenance and constant checking, fn this case the puller should have Had some control over the pusher, with the reverse also holding tree. A guard rail or ramp should have helped to prevest this accident, Mr. Lcadbeater stated that there was a definite need for job analyst* m ia- stance. He suggested that an abrasive could hate been used on the runway. Cue 6 An employee was in the process of moving a large pari weighing 1800 tbs. from a cooling unit lo be placed in a jig fixture where the operation on the port could be completed. The port was ia a vertical posi tion while the blower cooled it so that it could be hahdted in the next operation. The employee was using a jib crane to remove the part from the cooler and place it in the jig fixture in a horizontal position. He had placed an eye bolt ia the end of the shaft ami hooked the crane cable iato the eye bolt. He raised the part, and placed the end of It on the jig fixture. He then in serted a bsur through die eye bolt to support the part while he lowered the erase cable so that the part could be lowered into a horizontal position is the fixture. Apparently the part became balanced on the pivot point on the eye bolt The em ployee did not notice that it was in balance and continued to press the control button lowering the cable to the extent that the hook became disengaged frost the eye bolt, thus leaving the part without any support. The part fell over, striking the employee on the head, fracturing hi* skull and caus ing a brain concussion. He also suffered a fractured knee cap and ankle. Coactusfons Mr. Haag suggested a safety latch oq the hoist hook. Mr. Lcadbeatcr suggested that there should have been a helper oq the job. Officers of the AUTOMOTIVE AND MACHINE SHOP SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 19S1-52 Central Chairman--F, H. HUMPHREYS, Manager, Properly Department, America: I Car A Foundry Company, New York, N. Y. Cwe-Chairmun--E, CLARK WOODWARD, Director of Safety, A. O. South Corpora-1 lion, Milwaukee, Wis. Secretary--EDWARD G. HOLTZMAN, Manager Safety ft Medical Service. WagntJ Electric Corporation, St. Louis, Uo. I Prggra/n ChairtHart--fRED G, YELTON, Director of Safety, Dele Rcmy Division. General Motors Corporation, Anderson, Ind. Engineering Method* dr Procedures Committee--Chairman; C J. PETERSON, Safctr Supervisor, Plymouth Motors lihvisioo, Chrysler Corp, Detroit. Mich; W. J. WALLS, `safety Lhrecior, Burroughs Adding Machine Company, Detroit, Mich.; If. F. BIAX> CARD!, Manager, Health & Safety Department, AU1* Chalmers Ufg Company, Uitvv-aukee. Wis.: WALTER HAAG, Safety Supervisor, Serve!, lac, Evansville. lad; R, D. HARVEY, Safety Engineer, The Murray Corporation of America, Detroit. Mich.; DAVID T. MOULD, Safety Director, Genera! Motors Corponboa, Detroit Mich.; B. J. PROVOLNY, Personnel Supervisor, Detroit Diesel Engine Divislcr. General Motors Corporation, Wayne, Mich.; EDGAR O, PRANCE, Safety Director. Bendix Products Division, Bendix Aviation Corporal!on. Sooth Bend, Ind.; EDWARD D. RAHDE, Supervisor 'of Safety, Wcstighoue .Air Brake Company, .Kir Brake Division, Wilraerding, Pa.; WILLIAM S. SMITH. Director of Safct>. Ford Motor Company, Dearborn. Mich.; GERALD C, SOUlEk, Auiitut Safety Engineer, Chrysler Division, Chrysler Corporadon, Detroit, Mich. iuQOiuI Harvester Company, Tractor Works, Chicago. 11L; GEORGE E- HUM PHREY, Safety Director, Cadillac Motor Car DiriAa, General Motors Corporation. Detroit, Ukh. HtaJlk Maintenance Committee--Chairman: FRANK A. PATTY, InthacnaJ Hygiene Director, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich.; O. C BOILEAU, Manager, Health and Insurance Section. RCA Victor Division, Rad** Corp. of America, Cam den, N, J.; LES'ifcR V. CRALLEY, Industrial Hygksast, Afornmnni Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa.; \V. CL HAZARD, Industrial Hygienist. Owcss-nimois Glass Company, Toledo; Ofua; S. V. HENDRICKS, Director, industrial H>giene Sectjoo, Medical Research Division. Standard Oil Development Company, linden. Si. J.; . A IRVIN, MJ). Medical Director, Cadillac Motor Car Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mkh.; W. W. JGCZ, M..D.. Assistant Medical Director, Chrysler Corporaticn. Detroit, Mich.; JOHN LISKOW, Chief Engineer. Dust Control Division, Americas Air Filler Cm, Inc, First ft Central Amws, LoutsnHe, Ky.; E L WALSH. UJ3, Auotut Medical Director. iateratkcal Harvester Cm, Chi* rag, HL Memberthifi Committee--Chairman; G. A SNYDER, Supervisor, Safety ft Sanitation, AlUs Chalmers Manufacturing Company. LaPorte. Ind.; W. E. GRUBER, .Assistant Chief Safety Engineer, Standard Aeeadcnt Tn--nrrr Company, Detroit, Mich.; PAUL F, HUNGER, Safety Director. FrigiditTa Dmsian. General Motors Corp,, Dayton. Ohio; JAMES A DOWNEY, Jr, Director. Pcnomd ft Safety, Slosa-Sheffield Steel ft froa Company, Birmingham. Aim; LEIGH GREENE, Safety Director, The Oliver Corporation. Orarks Gcr. I*.; KENNETH S. HEDGES. Assoc Safety Direc tor. General Motors Corporation. Dctrak. Ukh.; ARNOLD J. SCHILK, Safety Direc tor, McCord Corporation. Detroit. Mkh. Stef Rtyrttenfj<--ARTHVR. S, KELLY. Natkmal Snfet>- Council. Chicago. Education and Training Commi7f-""Chainaa: K. M. HUNTINGTON. Works Safety Supervisor, International Harvester Company, Traitor Works, Chicago, 111; Newt Letter Editor; JOHN E. KANE, Supervisor of Safety, Temstcdt Division, General Motors Corp., Trenton, N. J.; F. W. FXSKE, Safety Director, The Breveer-Titthene Corporation, Cortland, N. Y.; C C. DRAKE, Safely Director, The Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Ind.; S. B. HOPPING, Assistant Manager, Safety it Claims, American Car & Foundry Company, New York, N. Y.; A. N. CHAPMAN, Safety Supervisor. Pratt-Whitney Aircraft Division, United Aircraft Corporation, East Hartford, Coes,; E. 1, JACOBY, Works Safety Supervisor, International Harvester Company, Refrig eration Division, Evansville, Ind.; WILLARD A. KERR, Assoc Professor of Psy chology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; III; PAUL KAAMOS, Chief Safety Engineer, Butler Manufacturing Company, Kansas City, Uo.; T. %L LEAD* BEATER, Safety Director, Ford Instrument Company. Divisioo-Sperry Corp-* Long Island City, N. Y.; F, B. McNAMEE, Safety Director, OaytOQ it Lambert Manu facturing Company, Louisville; Ky.; Wit J, NEJDERAUER. Safety Director, Otis Elevator Company, New York, N. Y.; W, F. SHERMAN, Training Director, Inter* Other Volumes in this Series Users of this volume will find mud) value in ita eotnpsnioe volumes. Here U the list: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to aH Volumes.......... I 1 Aeronautical Industries................................................ ................... *................... 2 Air Transport Industry...................................................................... .................................. . 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries.......................... .................................................... 4 Cement and Quarry. Industries............................................. ................................ .................. 3 Chemical Industries ................. ...................... .......................................................................... & Coal Mining Industry ......................... ................................................................................. 7 Construction Industry ............................................................................................................... 8 Electrical Equipment Industry....................................................................... . 9 Farm Safety ........................... ................................................. ..................... ............................ IB Food Industry (Including Proceedings oi Refrigeration Safety Meetings}............. II Glass and Ceramics Industry......................................................................... Home Safety ...........................................--------------------------------------------------13 Industrial Nursing ............. 12 M Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)................... ............... ........................ IS Maritime Industries (Marine Section)........................ ..................................... 16 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries....................... 17 Metals Industry ......................................................... .......................................... ..................... 18 Mining Industry ...................................... ............................................................ . If Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section),...,.......^.......... 26 Petroleum Industry ................................................. 21 Power Press and Forging Operations................. ................................. 22 Printing and Publishing Industry..................... ......................... ........................ 23 Public Employment (Public Employees Safety Committee)................... ............. 24 Public Utilities Industries............. .................................................. ................. .......................25 Pulp and Paper Industry................................................................................................... . 26 Railroad Industry ........................... ..................... ......................................... 2? Rubber Industry ................ 21 School and College Safely.................................................... .................................................. 29 Textile Industry ....................... ........................................................................................... . 30 Traffic Safety ................................... ......................................................................... 31 Transit Industry .......... .................................... ..................................................................... 32 Wood Produets Industrie* ................................ 33 Human Undemanding--A Two-Way Communication (Early Morning Sessions)..........34 PUCES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMICES VOLUME SIZE I ts9espies Back 10 to99cepU* Back 100 to 999 copies Each tOOQermsrc Each Le* than 24 page*-- 24 to 48 page*---- 49 to 96 pages Over 96 pages- $d29 3S .46 ,69 $023 .40 .63 80.17 ,23 .35 -S8 $0.17 21 -33 38 Complete set of Transactions (34 vol*.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 630 (10 to 99 copies), 5.70 (100 or more copies), NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volume* 10, 13, 29 and 3L NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 42S NORTH MICHIGAN AVL CHICAGO II, ILL W " * 16 4M-z>*-WHP 1951 Current Safety Topics in the CEMENT AND QUARRY INDUSTRIES // / As pr*Mif*4 li Hn SmiIms ef 9I* Cnf ad Qaarry Section "at Ht 1951 NNm1 Safety Co*gr*ss J Whal's New in Explosives' Safety..................................... 5 Locking Out Machinery as a Means of Controlling Severest Hazards ............................................ II Controlling Severest Hazards ............................................... M ' On the Job Safety......................... ............ .......................... , It Cf. IL Off the Job Safety.............................................. 19 Practical Safety Training for Small Organizations............... 21 A VolMM 5 TnhucHoei 39th National Safety Coigrcss NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 No. Michigan 4vn * Chicago 11. III. What's New in Explosives' Safety By F. D. BICKEL Technical Sirnct Section, Explosives Dept, E. I. do Pont d Neznoura ft Co., Inc. Wilmington. DL' Tremendous stride* have been nude dur ing recent ia g ejyrwm.it* mIit ta handle oa the job. Mo* of this accom plishment concern* the fonnahrioa or make- up of the explosive itself, and many of you are familiar with these tV.vciufm.nU. Alto, we have karoed sore abort safe methods of |ttng In the bore boles-"what can be done with safety and whu practices are dangerous. The fact remains, however, that era tbe qaury grades of dynaaite with which yen are familiar are bbuSc to explode. As soeh. they arc relatively dangerous. 1 refer now to the ammonia and ammonia gelatin types that are most widdy used in quarry work aad k general are safer than the old type dynamite that cootamed high percentages of mtrogiyccrtn. However, they arc far from foolproof and for nit and successful esc require strict adherence to certain ftmdamental practices based oe tbe charactertdm of the czpiotsni Kor example, you all lstew they wifl ban and later explode, so t keep fire away. They may go off from too stack friethw. <o when we Bmp than m a here bole, wc da it carefully and without too mock fore Abo, they can be fired by a ride twice as sod! as a XL Tbe explosion of a half-pond 15a inch cartridge win wt off other as far as one to three feet away a eve* air. Fifty pomds wiB do kr waor king ta feet away. That jumtiiiry nr o4 hgti explosives has has Ac ewe of a game many fatal acodrmss over dhc ymr% Sev eral of mejoe prepertkw oeewrvd dariag the past year. As most of yoa know, a very naaco practice in loading tka driff htsJO la quarries Is to pile the Mr'ihil fawffs at each hole. The distances litreun boles assy be said to range from 10 to IS fat. The dynamite charges per bote vary accerffag to spacing and height* of face bat may he eonhdertd as ranging from SO peaads to 5,000 pounds. With explosives distributed over the top of x shot area in this manner, it can be readily sees that if a premature occurs in any portioa of the area, the entire amount tying oa tbe surface is bound to detonate, taking everything with it, both men and tqupiaaiti Aad this is just what happened in a amber of oat, including one several years ago that amounted literally to a nonropbe la my opampo. every operator is vulner able micas he ha* done one of two things: First, unless he has seen the light and Is handling has explosives on the top la ac cordance with tbe best available advice and in sock a ""> that the detonation will be very unlikely to propagate from pile to pile: or second, unless he is using a capmseositnre blasting agent sock as our MNttrumen." with which such propagation Is practically impossible even though the charges are placed at tbe boles in the usual I'adoatwdy. everybody sn tbe industry has mogsesed dm hazards of propagation cm the mrfaee for many yean, but the Du Pert Company deckled to do something drt it The >rcHm wu first submitted m ear riyfeem ilmsKi. who told us that tt was pevwUe to cakuhtr the distances at wfc*ch raraows qurothka of dynamite would jnipagirs or jmy. This was dene. Then m order to corroborate their findings, ac orn! tests were ewde m a remote seetkm of foeh m which amounts ranging op to eitnl Iwmdrcd pounds were exploded on the ground. AS of the standard quarry grades were bsed. mid these were placed oa both solid rode surfaces and oa soft ground m order to fuDy evaluate all couceivahlc factors. As a reash. we were able to determine the nrnxinani at which a given asoount of pfratlv* would fire another pile by in- knee or propagation From this informatiou, a tabulation was made up showing two classes of data: First, these maximum distances at which different qmntitie* will cause a detocatioe every 6 Cement and Qvorry indmtrus time; and second, the distances at which the same quantities would fail every time 'o detonate another pile. conditions a premature occurring down within the hole itself would not set off the dynamite on top, a few feet to one side. Each quarry operation presents a different problem in sate distribution, but we believe ail of these problems can be solved insofar as the layout is concerned by using the table. We have prepared a plan based oo a typical drilling pattern, using IS-foot spacing* and loads oi 2,000 pounds per hole. We learn from the table that 500 pounds will propagate 28# feet; so we Jaxnr that with this layout a premature la bole No. I will fire every pound of explosive ce top of the quarry. However, from the table, we cm see that by grouping four charges in one pile we can get a safe spacing and still maintain uniform dtitribuhon. Four spaces between holes total 72 feet, and die It is of utmost importance; however, that the "Pnmiconf* branch line in the Hele should be cut from the spool as soon as die tine it in place in the hole. The spool should then be moved several fact away Failure to do this has been responsible for a number of accidents that would not have occurred otherwise, so this precaution can not be emphasized too strongly. The spool nay still contain several pounds of PETN core, a very powerful explosive which tan set off dynamite several fen away. Of course, if a premature ocean in the hole and the spool t* still attached lo the down line, it win be fired with the explosive in the hole. If it is cot off, the 2,000 pounds containing the charges for force of the explosion being directed upward these four holes will fail to propagate 70 will normally not shoot any dynamite if it' feet, which we arc sure you will agree is at least six feet away on top of the makes * much safer layout than the first ground. one. The objection has been raised that the These piles are kept a minimum distance of 25 icet item the line oi holes, preferably to the rear. However, if this U not possi ble; modification* of this scheme can be distribution scheme we have just described tc too laborious. It U alleged that the blast will take longer to tend, and therefore the men will be exposed longer than if the ia& devised so as to accomplish the same ob jective. This 25-foot separation is impor tant ; in fact, it is one of the principal iictort comprising the whole plan of in victual charges are distributed at each hole It seems to us that this type of reasoning is entirely false; since the increase ia safety provided by the recommended plan is many creased safety. time* greater than the increased time of i 1Experience Indicates that prematures are exposure of the tocn loading Ac blast, I most likely to occur m or near the particu lar hole being loaded. If there i n tiynamite closer than 25 feet from the hole collar, then no propagation can occur. Another scheme is to have 100 pounds Actually, with a properly organized err* , containing the aielnnw mw of men re quired to do the job, we betieve the exposure need not be any greater than with the con- venbonal method. la the last analysis, it a piled at cadi alternate hole. This is for convenience in loading and making up prim ers. According to the table; these 100-peuod quantities cannot propagate each other, nor cun they propagate the main piles looted 25 feet away. However, one precaution is recommended for these 100-pound piks at alternate holes, They should be kept at least six feet from the bole collar. Actual tests were made as a basis for this iteonaucadation. These tests showed (hat the firing of heavy charges to chum drill holes, both stemmed and unstemmed, would not detonate dynamite lying on the surface at distances considerably less than six feet from the collar of the bole. Hus was done to be certain that leader normal up to each operator to woke bis owa choice. But in making this choice, be should kerf in mind one very pertinent factor. Each time a serious expiorivea aoddeat occurs, the particular state offrial* cmauuei and the lay public in general, 1--ncifiitdy become imbued with the idea of more regulation These bodies are seldom concerned wtii the practical aspects of the ataatioBJ a* a general rule, they arc sempfy interested far satisfying puhCc danaor, rtganBci* of the cost to the operator. I could quote several examples to ilhtftnx my point, but one will serve the purpose just a* welt Several years ago; a stria* explosives aeddmt occurred on a quarry Who?* Hew in Explosive? Safely blast involving propagation oo the surface and resulting ia a rawiihrr of fatalities. As a result, the stale authorities were insistent oa promulgating a code requiring dynamite charge* to be piled 400 feet back of the holes. Obviously such a rule would work a terrific hardship on the operators, but it was only by eating to the State the results of our research work just described that they agreed to drop this requirenent LcgisUtioo regulating the use of explo sives U pending b several states at this moment, and with each and every accident, these regulation** und to become mere re strictive. Our fmxrtkm as explosives manu facturers ha* beta twofold: First, to try la grade the lawmakers along safe but prac tical line*; and second, to try to advise and educatp the operators ia sound practices. Neither oi these is an easy task, but we are sure you will all agree that tf the second job U properly done, the first may not be necessary. Unfortunately, there axe a number of complacent operators who make this a diffi cult undertaking, Too many believe, **11 can't happen benf*--especially if they have never had a serious, accident; but 1 repeat to you men hers today (be old adage; MA word to die wise ta jaffirimL** The story of explosive* distribution for a quarry blue U incomplete without some mention of blasting agents of which our "Nitramoa** U an example. Oar principal interest it the awBWPt m to see how it com pares with dynamite from the standpoint of fiitJitmtk* ew d* Arc \Vhca propaga tion testa were made n dynamite to develop a dynamite table, parallel experiments were carried on with "Xrtrewvoa." This work produced the tabolaiSee we have here, and from it we on check the propagating dis tance for the 500-poaod load used a moment ago la the hypothetical dynamite blast. Wc have 100 per cod failure* to detonate "Nitramoo" at ten feet, so for this shot we can place all the charge* at the indi vidual hok* IS feet apart with entire mfety. The spcdal primer used with our blasting agent i somewhat more sensitive and is ristwd as aa explosive. It is kept several feet away from the "IsliramorT pile and from the bole, but otherwise no special pre caution* axe seeded. Again referring to the table, we find that our individual charge* of blasting agent ran go as (ugh as 2,500 pounds per hole without danger of propagation at 18 feet With only three feet more spacing at 21 feet, we can toad 5,000 pounds per hole and still distribute the charges at each hole in die usual manner. Such a blasting agent, tftcfl, offer* by far the best solution to Che operators' safety problem, eliminating all distribution hazard* without any spcdal handling, such as described with dynamite. Experience ha* shown that with the grades now available, "NitramofT blasting agent is applicable to almost every con ceivable quarry problem. In addition, it provides the ultimate in over-all blasting safety, generally with oo additional cost By way of summary, then, wc have at Hand two method* of virtually eliminating the distribution hazard: First, a blasting agent with its attendant safety benefits; and second, a relatively safe, if somewhat more laborious, method of handling dynamite on the quarry top. There are a number of other subjects which wc believe fall within the scope of "What's New in Explosives Safety,** and the fint of these deal* with short-interval delay blasting. All of you arc doubtless familiar with the general procedure and the very beneficial results that are being ac complished, especially with respect to vibra tion and general primary breakage. Up until bite last year, there were two method* available for short-interval firing, and these are still is us*. The first cooiist* of short-interval or millisecond delay electric caps. The second Is the electrically-driven timer, which energizes a number of circuits in scquotce. Whim using the timer, instantaneous cap* are attached to "PrimacortT down line* at the collars oi the boles at the last minute before firing. This involve* the minimum duration of exposure time to any hazards there might be arising from stray currents or lightning. A safer method, even, than this and one that is growing in popularity is to first attach the op to a short "PrinueordT* talk This is kept away from the down tines in the hole* until the blast is ready. At the last moment, after all personnel and equip ment are in the dear, the tail* are tied to the down lines with a square knot, thus providing the very minimum exposure to electrical hazards before firing the blast. Cement and Quarry Industries Short-interval delay* are attached to the "Primacord" down line* on surface ia a similar manner. A more hazardous pro you can see, they offer the tremendous ad vantages of both safety and ccertnience as cjmparcd with the other two procedures. cedure, of course is to use them for direct A safety talk on explosives would aee be priming o the charge in the hole. This is complete without a discussion of the varioos the universal method when firing wages drill hazards incident to electric firing and what and other small-diameter holes at short is being dooe about theta. la tins category intervals. It is used to a much lesser extent I want to mention briefly prenatwre Of ac in large-diameter churn drill holes, because cidental detonations from static, lightning. is such cases the spacing* are generally and short wave radio. large enough to allow short-interval firing froat the surface of the ground without risk of cut-offs. We have known (or a keg tine tint static ts quite a serious tszard m dry climates, such as are found co tiae Sooth- You I'm readily understand, of course, west. Low tumidity promotes the aoesaa- that with electric caps of any type^ placed iatioa of a static charge, which ts farther down in a bore hole in a charge of high ex plosives, the hole is subject to die potential hazard of premature firing during the entire period from the moment it is loaded until aggravated during a sandstorm. The result has been a history of prenamres irem tM* source, especially ia seismograph exploration for oil. The incidence of prmsatarss from the blast is finally made. This premature static is on the decrease. may be caused by lightning and to a much A iimiUr situation can develop If electric lesser degree by stray current*. Also, with a cap in the charge, accidental detonation is more likely to take place If a misfired charge is bong dug out by the sbOYeL caps are being used during a cold, driving snowstorm. Apparently the panicles of mem under such conditions any small charges of static that can accamulate aattleaeogfc Recognizing the need for greater safety potential is built up to fire a cap. We taw, in short-interval delay firing, we have de too, that In the case of a* airphng firing veloped the "Primacord'* MS Connector. through a snowstorm n&kr This device provides an interval averaging collect oo the wing* to give < )7 milliseconds without the use of any elec discharge having a sort of 1*' trical element whatever. As you can see. It ance around the edge of the i j* equipped with a short "Priasacoftf* tail at either aid, by means of which it can be tied into the trunk line wherever desired. This is Dot done until the blast is to be fired, and even during the short period of normal exposure, the hazard of m premature from an electrical source is practically nd. Judging from the number of < _ successfully in cold c&salcs. we Mere t*r danger is slight, but it U a pooohiSey. atm* thelesa- The remedy is "don't aw dmnr cap* during a driving snowmen* ** a dry. cold climate. For years we hare ad-rised against throwing out keg op kg wwca The demand for these coemectors by the quarries. quarry industry in general has bees tre Several prematures bore ooonrrod whak mendous, which indicates that they are fid- doing this, and we suspect that the sock- filling a definite need. Of course, the short- charged steam particles from a stoma ifawd interval delay ops will always be ta demand exhaust bad something to do with h. There for small-diameter Holes for reasons of cost aren't many steam sbovds aramd a*y and because the dose sparing* require direct more but it** still sot a good practice to priming of explosive charges to minimire uncoil tong cap wires by throwing than os. cut-offs from ground movement. If ypB built on doing it, don't bold the cap Also, the timer will still be la the picture to some extent where a more accurately ttwtrollcd shorter interval is felt to be necessary and where surface noise from "Primacord" is considered a auiwiae fader. On the whole, however, we expect that eventually the MS Coeneetors wB kt adopted on practically ail large-hole btasriag in quarries, strippings, and open pits. As la yocr band. Lightning is by far the non screens and widespread source of trouble m electric ring. This is not especially new, bat aever- of mew instances of prematures ire* this source. la spite of the fact that figbtakg k knows to be a bad actor la coanettkst with If'hat's New in Explosive/ Safety 9 cscctricxl many operators still insist on wring cap firing of churn drill blast boles beeaosc of the Idea that they get better revolts, especially la pulling bottom. This may be true in some cases; however, we know that in a 100-foot churn drill hole, the detonation travels down the "Primacord" from top to bottom in only five thousandths of a second or five millisecond* where in most cues the burden the hole does not move appreciably for anywhere from 30 to 50 milliseconds. On the basis of this rea soning; we seriously doubt that the improved bottom performance of caps over "Primacord" (if any) justifies the greatly inerased risk of prematures. A statistical record of the mariber of such occurrences per year bear* testimony to the fact that many people have still not learned this tcuoa of safety. Everything by way of study and development Is being done that on be done to make caps more light ning-resistant, However, at tht moment, we see but little prospect of anything on the order of a major improvement Unfor tunately, in marry of these instances involving fegbOuag, the men wyu allowed to stay oa the blast tmtil the storm broke, and. of coarse, fatalities were the result. We can't pre yea a safe electric cap to meet this hazard, but we cas give you some advice. First, nse "Prinuccrd** wherever possible. There is not a single case on record wherein "Primacord* wa* ever fired by lightning, and we seriously doubt that this can occur. If row insist on bottom detonation, as pro moted by the advocates of electric firing, we tan give It (o you with "Primaeord" and "Kitraroc*" (not with standard explosives). Second, if you must use electric firing, as in wagon drill or jackhammer shooting, use a radio or some other detection device to wars of the approach of a thunderstorm and get the mar off the job fa tunc. Mo protection, such as a shunt, burying the ends of the wires or hooking them in series. Is effective in the prescore of light ning. A direct hit is not necessary- to set off eaps; a strike anywhere ta the vicinity will do the job. By far the newest hazard to electric firing is short wave radio. At (rest one serious accident occurred from this source about three years -`ago when a 50-watt sending Station oa a seismograph boat fired a charge on board. Since that time, a tremendous amount of interest baa arisen regarding the possible danger of blasting near broadcast ing stations. Of course, this has been due principally to the amazing increase in the use of portable short wave equipment In all sorts of vehicle*. The radio hazard problem in electric blasting may be divided into three parts: First; transporting electric blasting reps in vehicle* equipped with two way radio; sec ond, transmitting with mobile equipment ta the vicinity of electric blasting operations; and third, carrying out such operations near broadcasting stations, either commercial or the central transmitter in a mobile set-up. Our conclusions and recommendations are based oo tests that we have made ourselves, data supplied by Motorola, Inc, and RCA, and information submitted by certain of our customers who have used the Ump test we recommend. This lamp tret, incidentally, has been approved by both Motorola and RCA. We believe there is no hazard in transport ing electric blasting raps in their original rase* or cartons in vehicles equipped with two-way radio. This ts principally for the reason that the wire coil lengths are far shorter than one-half the radio wave length. Nevertheless, we recommend that the caps be carried in a metal container Uned with wood, rubber, or similar material. Tb" metal, oi course, effectively shields the r inst radio-induced currents. We also advise that no transmitting be done while the caps are either being put into or taken out of the container. In the tests that have been made to date, even the highest powered mobile transmitter* have failed to produce enough current to fire a cap at a distance greater than ten feet. Thre tests were made under the worst conceivable conditions; for example, frith wire lengths exactly equal to one-half the radio wave length and held parallel to the tnicnna. In our opinion, however, there should be a large margin of safety. Conse quently, we are recommending that no trans mitting with a portable set be permitted within 100 feet of an electric blasting operation. Central broadcasting stations might con ceivably represent a hazard at distances so great as ooe mite. This depends, of course, on the power, frequency, height of antenna, directional effects, and other factors. Our suggestion la this ease Is that bo electric 10 Cement end Quarry Induttriet blasting be done in the vicinity of a fixed station until it has been established by a suitable test that oo hazard exists. Oar recommended test is this: Place a No. 47 radio pilot lamp in the center ol a straight piece of wire of a length in feet exactly equal to one-halt the radio wave length. This length can he determined by dividing the figure 500,000 by Use frequency in kilocycles. For example, if the set has a frequency of 30 megacycles, which is 30,000 kilocycles, the half-wave length would be 500,000 divided by 30,000, or 16-2/3 feet. Next, hold this assembly two or three feet above tite ground in a position pxrtlld to the antenna. Tbe lamp will light to full brilliancy with a current of 0.15 ampere, which is about half the mhthnm firing cur rent for any electric blasting cap manufac tured in this country. However, we strongly advise against electric blasting, if any glow at all is observed. You doubtless realize that we do not pre tend to be radio experts. However, the de mand for information oo this problon has been so widespread that we found it neces sary to investigate tbe situation from the standpoint of blasting safety. All of the evidence we have acetsnuUtcd thus far in dicates that if tbe precautions just outlined are stridy followed, there will be oo chance of a prematura due to radio'indoced current. In electric firing, as in all other kinds of firing, our main concern for over-all safety should be to fire the blast in a safe, dependable manner. la other words, Vc want to fire the blast at the intended mo ment, not before, and in a manner that will insure complete detonation of mil holes. Wc knew that none of you relishes tbe prospect of digging into misfired holes containing dynamite, with or without a cap in it. Here are what we consider the three prime essentials for such a system: First we have Unit No. 1, the power entrance switch. Any good double-throw safety switch will do. The pertinent features are tbe positive break provided by this jumper cord between the switch and the blast and, also, the grounding of the switch box, which is the only ground used on the entire system. Unit No. 2 consists mainly of our specially constructed blasting switch with the other accessories, including the jumper cord, pilot light on both the hot and cold side, etc. The main feature of this switch is that it is a quick make-quick break, spring actuated, otlimmersed type, providing an automatic short on the blasting fines wbes it is in tbe "oS" position. This switch is not especially new, as it was designed several years ago mainly for underground work. However, it it equally adapted to electric firing anywhere, and in the interest of safe blasting in quarries, we are recommending this system. Unit No. 3 represents one or more auxil iary switches instailed between the blast area and tbe firing switch for safety or to ti ia several separate sections of a blast being fired at the same Lime, This is pri marily a regular double pole, double throw Square *D" type with a shorting bar in the down position. A somber of operators, how ever, are adopting our regular Wasting switch for this purpose also, with a slight modification of the handle which permits locking it ia both the "off" and **oc" posi tions instead of in the "off" position only. It is frequently desirable to fire large electrical blasts in quarries or on construetioa jobs that are beyond the opacity of a regular push-down battery. Shots containmg over 250 caps arc ia this category, which means that they must be fired with a power tine or by means of a portable power or lighting plant. It happens quite often that Mather of these Is readily available^ and to meet this need we have devised a ocw type condeoserdfoefiarge blasting machine. This battery la still under development, but we tave a model which will fire well over 1,000 caps m parallel series. Wc believe we have stilt not fully exploited this principle to the limit of its capacities. Yon may wander what all this hod to do with safety. Bet you will remenber we awautined csrikr that safety and economy are --cpe.rafifjr Belied together, and tbe beat way of patting over a safe practice is to --In- it alae ike most economical practice, if rt is pnmfblc to da so. By providing a tiibcqaaty, permWe machine at r--onabte oat for firing Acts containing several hundred boles, we riaa- inate the necessity for step-shod methods and the resultant htanis Wc ibe the human dement that is sack an important factor ia the performance of asset of the common types of filming fmtlrt ica. Lacking Out Machinery as a Means of Controlling Severest Hazards 11 There are only two more points that should properly be taeJuded in this talk. The first deals with a hazard that has just come to our attotioa relatively recently. On a Peauylvaria Turnpike job, the dyna mite as a 6-foot wages drill hole exploded fast aa the shooter had finished loading and loaning and was bending over tite bote coding the cap wires. Lightning; stray currmts, and static were ruled out of tbe pic ture became of local coodidoes. However, subsequent tnvestigatioa devel oped that the material being drilled was very bard and drilling speed was slow, eves with the carbide insert bits bring used oo the job. Steel breakage was high, especially ia the threads at the bit end, and we have found that genera) experience Indicates this might"be expected under such cooditioaa. Evidence prints to the fact that the bit Woke off is this hole shortly before it was dews to depth. The driller allowed the machine to run for several minutes with the broken sted pounding oa die bit, which raised the bit temperature to several hundred degrees, far above the ignition print of d>TUunite. We loiow that the shooter loaded tbe hole ody a few minutes after tite driller moved off and presumably before the bit had a chance to coot As a result, the dyna mite was set on fire, and since it was under confinement and contained a cap, it was bound to explode a short time later. The use of carbide insert bits has evi dently introduced a new problem m steel breakage. Tbe same conclusion was reached as a result of tests described at the AIMME meeting ia St Louis. Under the circum stances, it behooves us all to use every pre caution to avoid loading dynamite on top of a hot bit left ia a bore hole from drilling operations. Aa old hazard that is still with us on all lands of blasting is the danger from flying material. Every year records injuries and fatalities from this source. All of them are due to faulty judgment or carelessness by allowing observers to watch a blast from in front of the face or within the danger area. There is, perhaps, no simpler means of savings lives than to keep people out of the way. Always allow for the unexpected-- even though the blast is planned and loaded perfectly, unseen weaknesses in the rock structure can and do cause wild spurts of flying material that are still taking their annual toll. Locking Out Machinery as a Means of Controlling Severest Hazards Sr O. A. LAWRENCE Plant B(r^ Universal Atlas Cansant Cix, Buffington, Xnd. The human body is frail indeed what com pared to the forces exerted by the machinery vet operate. For this reasoa accidents caused by moving machinery carry such a high severity rate ta our industry that the need ior guarding moving parts has for a good many years bees accepted as an absolute necessity is reducing accidents. This guarding of moving machinery', which we now consider basic to any good safety program, required a great deal of selling by tbe pioneer safety engineer. To those who fought for* the guarding of machinery, foil credit must be given for the reduction of severe injuries is industry today. We soon found, however, that the guarding of moving parts alone did not fully eliminate moving machinery accidents. We found that men would reach through guards to feel the tension on a moving V-belt We found that men would reach behind guards to oil and grease machinery. We found that men would clean pulleys and conveyor rolls while m motion. We found through bitter experience that our guards did not give 100 per cent protection from injury, and so wc gradually adopted another practice which has been accepted throughout the industry, that of shutting down all moving machinery when repairs or adjustments are accessary. 12 Cement mi Qnarry indeutrw It does -Wei that adequate rariimery guards along with the practice oi slanting down operating units for adjustments and repairs would once and ior aU end anatoms caksed by moving machinery. Thro^ti sad experience, however. we focsd that the iitsnaa ehsnent again prevented absolute control of machinery accident*. Thirty-abe accidents last year were re* ported to the Portland Cement Association which were the (fatfl result of {adore to properly loci; eat smJuae/y until repairs were completed and all worioncs were a the dor. These 36 accidents mclodcd two deaths, one jNnoexflt total Suability and 14 per manently crippling injuries. This year todate the story is very near the same; two deaths reported from this oum in the fast seven mouths. Since this problem of locking out ma chinery is of such major importance sr controlling severest hazards, I would like to relate our expe-icoce ia dealing with this problem. Unfortunately, it sometime* takes an in jury' or a close call to stir us to positive action in this safety work of ours and we confess that our plant safety lock program, *i it exists today, is the result of our being badly scared. An electrician working on a motor just missed being seriously, if not fa tally, injured, when his safety lode wai re moved from the switch of the motor oa which he was working and the switch put into the closed position. After our scare we were indignant. We had a locking out program. We had fur nished employees with safety locks. We had disetuMd thdr use in safety meetings. Why then should we have narrow escapes such as this?. Well, a closer look at our program revealed that several keys were available for each lock permitting easy removal by any one securing a key. Lodes sometimes were left on uncompleted job* by off-going em ployees, necessitating removal . by other employees when the job was completed. And wc found different departments administer ing die program differently. Obviously, unless we were content to risk another near serious accident, w* had to tighten up our locking cut program. The more we ccsna'dered what was acces sary to a good kicking one program the more wc raMied dot a completely revamped program was necessary at oar plant; a pro gram whereto we most set forth cemto baric fandamenrals about safety lories that all must foOow. We must answer suck ques tions as what happens when the worker reaches the aid of fds tuna sad the job u not completed, docs be remove his lode or does it remain to protect the equipment Certainly the oqtnpuxm must be protected, yet, whit if the job is completed while the employee is at borne, who removes the lock and how? How many keys should there be to a led. etc.? There were many angles to oomiiV' and during the dticjsstoes prefennary *o preparing our rules we fend nuor ud vmned opinions. A subcommittee was selected for the purpose of preparing a proposed set of rule* for coosideratioa by the plant general safety committee which mast pass on afl rofa before they can become effective at our plant This ceasButtee reviewed rules tor loclasg out Bmciiuniiy used by other Indnstries. These rules were found to vary among plants and few of them were considered to be satisfactory is oar station. The subcommittee first derided that **fet\ lodes are designed for the protection of the employee and, therefor*, the lock must be with him at all times so that H always is available to perform its duty of protectme its bolder while he is working on plant equipment- Thus came into being a bark fttfimental at the plane concerning safety locks, namely, that the safety lode is a person! tool to protect the employee WcD now, a repairman working on a piece of equipment goes home, or Is called to another job and take* along his safety lock. To alt intents and purpose* this would Indicate t* a casual observer that the equipment it ready (or operation. Starting equipment m such condition could have serious results, so job number two was to provide a lock pro gram olio for protecting toe equipment. Other questions were euatidered by the subcommittee sudx is, who was to bang the locks, when, who ws* to remove toon, when? "Effective Usrck 26, 1949, toe following rules cooceruiflg tbe use of safety locks shall prevail: 1. "A standard type of lock shall be is L&cking Out Machinery as a Means of Controlling Severest Haiardt 13 sued to cacti individual, who has need for a that we shouldn't have any more dose calls personal afety lock, os determined by the to anyone working oa machinery, through dtpertaenc head; failure to lock out the machinery or through X "The personal safety lock shall be con sidered to be exclusively for the protection oi toe totoriton! and shall be placed on the witch ie such a manner as to lock the wiadi to aw off position on any piece of qtopmaC so be worked on. The lock shall fee vumownl oafy by tbe holder of the lock; X *UlMwnr an individual leaves the wb (tot K assigned to another task, end l mow, vac.) be shall remove his personal mtovy Wfc amt sake it with him; 4 "to toe stmic toot an employee is remeigwal to toother task or reaches the end ai tor M before tbe job Is completed he toaS mcare fnua an authorized person in las now topajtiutiit a machinery lock whkh to dtoff pfcw* ow the locked out switch be promiscuous removal of locks, that is it the men abide by the roles. There was the bug, "if the men lived up to the rules." We derided that the program could be a success and that the men would live up to the rules if properly trained. The rules were made known to our union officers, they were pub lished on the safety bulletin boards, they were discussed in safety meetings and a copy of the rules was issued with each lock. In addition, we provided for dealing with the occasional offender who cannot abide by rules as follows: "Management desires to provide to the greatest degree possible a safe working procedure and to that end the following shall prevail; fore irui iring faU personal safety lock. "Any employe* starting or attempting to J "Ctferase colored personal safety locks toff be immuI to the employees of the ww deportments. This color coding will aid to toienuning the department working am toe Mniipuinit. A "Machinery locks lor the various de- par--caU' wiB be of the same eolof as the prrvto! safcftr lock and will be* further itomyg--t by addition of a yellow stripe on the lock. Such locks will be in the possesvkb of as authorized person in mch departmot whose responsibility it will be to dis start a machine while a safety lock is oa the switch or who removes a safety lock, other than his own 'personal safety lock* without proper authority from his supervisor, shall be subject to disciplinary action. Such dis cipline may extend to suspension preliminary to discharge." 1 wish to add that to date we have not had to discipline anyone for violation of this rule nor have we had any injury or near accident through misuse of safety lodes since the effective date of these rules. pose ---h'Ty lodes at the request of the It is not my intentioo to infer that our wrrtrmm and to remove such locks upon safety lock program works perfectly. We twptecoof tbe job; from time to time find a safety lock oa the ?, "Whoa a group of workmen are en gaged ew a job tbe leader of each group will to rcspcawflJe for placing his personal safety lade a toe switch of the equipment tomg worked oa asd any individual work employee's locker. We immediately check the number, find the employee who Is the offender and have him remove the lock and at the same time explain to him again its purpose. man way, a* to dmlrea, also attach his per It is necessary to call in locks* from sonal safety lode The leader shall be re time to time and Have than repainted in sponsible for seeing that all employees are in order to identify the department or u the dear before removing his personal safety identify the machinery lock. In other words leek,'* toe program requires constant policing. New, we tod what we considered to be We believe it is another step toward abso a good set of rules governing the use of lute control of riaachinery accidents to see safety locks at our plant. We concluded that the safety lode program works. 14 Cement end Qverry Industries Controlling- Severest Hazards By H. RTEFBNSTAHL Safety Dir., Alpha Portland Cement Co, Boston, Pa, Through the extensive studies of the Port predominant, tc is generally agreed chit land Cn<ent Association's Accident Preven mechanical guarding sad corrective of me tion Bureau during the last decade; the chanics! and physical hazards it the funda cestMmt industry has coroe to regard moving mental and first requirement of a complete machinery, electricity, railroads, and high* safety program. places, as our severest hazards. These four accident causes account (or a large portion of nil severity charges each year. For ex ample, during 1950, in the cement industry, these hazards accounted for nearly 90 per tent of ail time charged; 100 per cent of all deaths and permanent total disabilities; and 70 per cent of all permanent injuries; yet these same accidents during the year ac counted for only 40 per cent of the total. There is little doubt that when attention is Despite adequate scehaniol safeguards, it is often necessary to analyze reasons lead ing to the unsafe acts committed by workers. Job training and safety education play an important part la safety psychology. Obviously, tbe rarest control method of any hazard U through its elimination. Elim ination or reduction of hazard sometimes may be possible through engineering revi sion. When this is not practicable, then education of the worker is a necessary con concentrated on severe hazards, amicable trol measure. relations exist between employees and man agement. Consequently, severity control should not be neglected. But neither should Selective analyses and inspections, with supervisory and worker partiripitioa, appear to be safety educational tools. For example, it be segregated from the general accident prevention work since severity U reduced only through general control of all accident causes. 1 am reminded of a phrase that the difference between a serious lost-time injury , in 1946, we were plagued with a number of electrical accidents, apparently caused by bek of proper operating Imowledge, Several oil switches exploded and serious injuries were suffered by our employees. Contact points and a minor wound or insignificant accident is merely the matter of Inches of space or seeoods of tune Possibly the near serious accidents si your own personal experience wifl bear oat this statement. on both oil and safety switches were con tinually being burned by "teasing** or "Itch ing'* the switch. This was a poor operating practice and caused additional tnaatcunce and repair work for the plant electoral Tbe three "EV of safety--Engineering, department. Education, and Enforcement, the basic safety principles applicable to controlling all acci dent causes, also apply to the control of severest hazards. However, the modem ap proach to industrial safety indicates a strong trend to substitute for Enforcement more and broader educational features, including visual aids and demonstrations. The basic fact behind this educational approach is that accidents constitute a serious We interested our supervisory group in the problem and they developed a practical, educational, visual deroecutratien in a naoiature glass-enclosed oil switch. At plants where this demonstration was performed, workmen responsible foe oper ating rwitchca remarked that they mi realized what "teasing* a switch could do and that m the future thdr switch opera tions would be performed correctly, fad- preventable loss to management and workers dentally, and perhaps luckily, we have not alike and through mutual understanding, had any electrics! injuria since the Institu both out jointly practice accident eliamatioe. tion of this program. However, tbe demon- Mutual understanding can be achieved by the stration is revived from time to time as a cooperative efforts of masagestmt and work means of job-instnxtmg and safsiyedocat- ers in a planned program designed for action ing newer employees. and sparked by a two-way, uninterrupted Engineering revision or better design may consmmication line. help to reduce severe accidents. Let ua con Although man-failure accident causes are sider, for example, some case histories under Controlling Severest tJasardr 15 urrrinc tnariwatry; la January, 1929, one of ocr raw ofikra removed a strew ttmvtyor cjwtr, He bucr stepped into the opening and was lolled, leaving a wife and four children. Through selective inspections and analyses, other innovations, designs and educational programs may be developed for controlling severe hazards. For example; a number of Prior (0 tbae time it was oot tsiusuai to have tad falls caused by defective wood ladders u oesssioeal screw conveyor death due to tbe failure of the cover plate or unsafe act an the part of a workman, However, following the above accident, an ingvwirrrag.gnaagcaicnt policy was canhtisbed requiring full-length installation of grnaag eeder cover plates on all new screw eatra/or installations. Instructions were tsmed that this same policy should be followed en afl rcpHccnmUa. The fuU-ltogth grating etstaBaacm beneath cover plates facilitated daanp routine; materials could be safely returned to conveyors at any point; and they rinjiaited the necessity of spedallyeccwtnseled clcan-op openings on all doors. Although tbe above tragic occurrence 21 ran ago was oar last screw conveyor fatality, we continued to have a few screw eenrayor accidents, but oot sudi serious sacs a* m the post For example, in 1930; a Reiter polling cement into a screw conveyor with a pole stepped on a best grating bar and his foot slipped Into the opening. The conveyor (tight caught bis toes, secesseteing their amputation. la 1947, a oooi choke-up shifted an un were responsible for an extensive ladder in spection program. Tbe result of this inspec tion was an aluminum ladder replacement program, requiring ladder safety shoes and spikes, wall and pole grips, a program which not only minimized ladder-slipping accidents but pleared employees as well be cause of easier handling. Likewise, a latching tool was designed for fastening the hatch cover on railroad bulk ears after years of tuing an ordinary bar for this purpose. Frequently, the bar would slip; but it was not until a 14-foot fall from a bulk car, resulting in several fractured ribs, and an accident report, that attention was centered on this hazard with the sub sequent development of the tool Analyses of welding accidents and eye injuries resulted, respectively, la a welding clinic program and safety prescription glasses program, both well received by employees and local plant management. Coincidental with these programs, lost-time injuries in these fields were greatly reduced. Often, specialized equipment manufacturers offer programs designed to job-train and nietyeducate employee-operators in the proper belted section of grating, allowing a laborer handling of their particular equipment. We u step csto the bole. Fortumtdy, only a have found such programs collectively bene- braise asd cat foot resulted tidal and generally educative. Oar most recent acrideat of this parties- Speaking of education, we have heard that hr type oepared la 1946, when a coal a good definition of modern education con passer's shoe tip slipped between the grating sists of information passing from notebook bars of a running screw conveyor. The of teacher to notebook of student without Sight cacgfet his shoe tip; causing a lacerated passing through the heads of either. Safety and hnased right foot. education is probably no exception to this htswy aeridests is our industry are caused definition* However, with practical demon W the* exutenee of a& ucuafe condition due, strations; visual aids, and group participa to aumytr or inadequate guarding. The tion, employees become informed. They may anit practice or position of the employee evaluate what they see, hear, and do In rela ran W ooatidervd as an auxiliary cause. The tion to their jobs. above accidents are no exceptions and could Tim* asd space will not permit further Save been prevented if: outlining of specific methods and other pro L Tbe grating had been bolted or per- grams used to control severest hazards. Suf mwentiy fattened. 2. Tbe grating tars had been stronger s? dm constant beating with shovels or bars etadd sot have spread them. fice U to say that supervisory and employee education, human psychology and engineering design play most important parts. Perhaps (he greatest of these is visual education. 16 Crmewt and Qnmrry Iniurtri*x On iho Job Safety By R. M. COX Treasurer ud Geacrtl Atutor Asfe Grave Lrme 4; Portland Cement Co. Kmw City, Uo. The basic ca-dw*job safety problem is shears the jme--Kow to keep workers from being the victims of unnecessary accidents. We have made splendid progress u* the prevention ot mdastriaf accidents but be cause of this very progress and changes in tabor relations it is otfaeal we now ap proach dits problem from a different viewpoint Our efforts of yesterday centered around the writing of rules and practices, providing mechanical guards, protective equipment, bunding rafety organizations, and the evangelistic spirit of the early safety leaders. This basic safety problem will be solved ii we learn to control the human dement, We have now reached the point is our program where mechanical and envi ronmental causes have decreased in impor tance while the human dement has became the major factor. The psychological reactions foimd in our Almost any analysis of current day indu*. trial accidents wilt demonstrate that & juries are mainly due to tack of prope safety attitude rather titan lack of safet> knowledge. To continue our advancement is safety, wit! requite a compelling urge it eliminate all industrial accidents. This urgr must be supported by an unwavering befitthe goal can be readied, sod the rededkatioit of our talents toward accomplishing il This problem of individual safety atti tude is not a condition which has just cock to our attention. It has always been pretest but our talents have been largely directed toward the task of developing safety knowl edge and equipment, There comes a tic* when, because the level of tocwlrfgc and equipment has advanced faster than tM ability (o make effective use of then, it u essential to give top priority to the job os' improving the safety attitudes of all tuff. early safety work are somewhat similar to wduals. With the improvement of thu those exznusg is the job of pulling weeds safety attitude, the knowledge and equi> in our front yard. At first, we arc prone mait already developed will become men to believe the job U utterly hopeless but and more valuable to our efforts. vine* there is unlimited opportunity for use ful effort, we go ahead. As the work con tinues. the visible evidence of what U being accomplished is *a outstanding our spirit receives a tremendous boost and the job is carried ob. la the hut twenty years, major industrial and political changes have taken place m the status of labor. Today, the worker u exerting direct Influences oo the ceoduct Of local and national govermenta as writ oo the actual operation of many tndustnti As it becomes more difficult to Sod weeds plants. This means lus actions are no longer to pull, the resulting stimulation grows entirely cootrolled by being told what M weaker and weaker. After reaching this do or by the fact it has always been dose stage, unless we have a strong conviction a certain way ia the part. Instead he a that the final goal justifies the work, a weed- honestly attempting to arrive at hi* own tree lawn wdl never be attained. persona] conviction as to whir is right, Right now. many industrial plants, after energetically digging at safety hazards for years, have reached the point where they see tittle tangible progress from their con tinuous safety activities. With the stimu lation of visible improvement lacking, a great cany of us lose part of our deter mination that an accidents can be prevented. Ceekseqncndy, toore and more iiM&viduals are takzag ttaaee&mry chances is the per formance of tbdr daily jobs fa spit* of safety training and knowledge. particularly lor himself. To obtain the best cooperation in present day labor relations, every contact with em ployees must reflect an boom considcraticm for their personal rights. N longer caa safety be promottd by passing out rules as4 regulations prepared by leaders who hart little interest in the personal welfare ot the worker. The proper safety attitude mutt include a true and vital concern for the health and happiness of our fellow workers as welt as as active conviction thst strident* can be prevented. On (he /ob Softly 17 The more I see of the workings of any guards and various types of protective eedetvor where the human dement is in equipment being manufactured, die innumer volved, the more l realize the importance able schemes for stimulating the interest of oi thst word attitude. Our most pressing the worker, procedure to follow for job gaiety pueblos therefore must be---How can safety analyses, and many other phases of *e produce the proper safety attitude in accident prevention. the employees of our industrial plants ? We will all quickly admit the need for To improve the attitude of others, we this knowledge in carrying out our assigned {-st first be concerned with our own. The responsibilities, but too many of us are ipirit behind any endeavor or activity in- prone to let up on our learning. 'There are tttases or decrease* from the top down millions of word* written or spoken oo this ward. Therefore^ It U obvious, to develop subject each year, all for the primary pur the proper safety attitude la the individual* pose of helping us to do our j'obs better. It working under our supervision, demands behooves us to make full use of this help Out first we |^ve consideration to our own. by continuing our studies and constantly Wc must resolve to transmit this proper looking for new ideas. attitude to other* through the moditan of Frequently, the thought which a writer teaching and living. or speaker is developing wiU not elide with Gur op-the-job safety problem ha* tar- us but from the knowledge thus gained tewed down to--How can we produce the we cut work out another approach which proper safety attitude ia the supervisors and may prove extremely valuable. Certainty, a ether leaders in our industrial plants? supervisor, who trie* daily to improve his Several months ago, the minister at toy safety knowledge, will gain more confidence church peached on the subject "How to (rota his men than if he assumes a know-it- Become a Vital Christian." He described all attitude. the following step* to accomplish this: No man can actually supervise unless he 1. To leans about religion. himself knows what is expected of his de 2, To believe and live the towwledge re- covcd. i To teach or pass on the conviction* and beliefs thus attained. These three step* likewise outline the way to create the proper safety attitude ia eumivc*. Thus, we mutt Icara about wfety, Uve it every day ia every way, and teech it constantly to our triends and fel low workers. Such an attitude cannot be produced over night but rather the process will take continued effort over many yean, if not for the rest-1 of our Uvea. Attitude refers to a state of mind and its relation to taunta brings, neither of which is ever static. A continuity of influence can only be m.ifnrained if we are able to adjust promptly to the changes of life and condition* as they exist t^ our sphere. partment. This gives need for a thorough knowledge of all policies and production schedules of his company. The policies and schedules must be interpreted and applied to the one department A supervisor is ex pected to be informed on the operation of the department for which he is responsible. This docs not mean a mere speaking ac quaintance but rather an intimate and de tailed concept of everything which his work ers are required to do. The day* when you could order m worker to do what you want has passed. The super visor must leers how to control the activities of the men working under him so as to obtain the best cooperation aad the desired lesults. The subject of human relations may appear to be too complicated for most of us ,u obtain much help from our studies. Looming Our needs ia this field of though* do not require us to be students of psychology. The proper safety attitude will have to They are primarily concerned with the rec be brilt oa a foundation of safety knowl ognition that each of our workers are per edge. There are many books, magazines, sonalities with likes, dislikes, and the ability aad pobEratiem readUy available from which to think. The help we need will come from the fimdasumtal facts of rale operation can a study of die Golden Rule and from the be Uaracd. From a study of these sources, effort to apply it ia our supervisory duties. wc will leant the different type* of plant We must team how to gain the respect and Safely organizations, kinds of mechanical admiration of our workers and continually Cement end Quarry Industries guard against doing anything which will de stroy or reduce this feeling. Teaching To keep abreast of the times, every super visor must continue his teaming ia all phases of his responsibility. UaJcs we keep up with the constant changes in conditions and homan qualities, we may find oortelvcs behind the times. Tlx challenge to Industrial mpcrvUen and leaders is the same as the ehalle^f to other teachers. Gradually, we are com( to understand that the paramount respoea b&ey of any supervisor is to teach. TW teaching nam include satisfaction and cos' testment as well as safety and job pc | Living fonnaace if we hope to be successful The mom effective way to convince others our efforts, i we arc sincere in oar safety convictions is A most important factor ua oar cflon to tire them every day. If we do not believe to tench safety is the degree of Impjruae i m safety soffirieolly to make it a part of we give it. as related to our production r? I oar daily lrrcs, both at work and at home, spootihiUty. Pretest day iwhilril led* I bow cs we trad*, it to anyone else? n*quo give* oqral importance to the th*w | Fundamentally, the principles of accident prevention a way of life. Someone itas said that oar safety effort is worth* white because it offers one of the best opportunities for people to apply, in a very elements of pcActic*--quiSty, quantity sac: safe operation. It i* highly BCprebeble thn 1 satisfactory remit* can be maintained in set of the throe safes* aU arc developed on the1 same level of efficiency, practical manner, the Christian principle* of IS are will be hottest we most affinit whea living. Safety aneass to protect oursdvt* an employee does oot carry out an assigned from injury hot (he real vital fore* behind job as iastradsd, the fault lies entirely is its success comes whan each ot os recognise the teaching. This condition may be the our responsibility for keeping our fcfiow result of iasufficient knowledge, lack of ex> workers from being injured. They will be pcncpoc, or aa indifference to the falfiUrae* encouraged to follow safe practice* if we of the rctpoosibtUties whkh have been as lire our safety beliefs. The Goldrn Rule signed to u*. could very easily be used as the primary safety rule. Teaching involves human beings, and riocc each of us U different, it requires a varied Since we have been designated as super approach to accomplish the desired job ot visors or, in other words* leaders of men, instruction. It seems to ate tt would be it is extremely important to be aware of well to remember the advie* a school super our actions and how they may effect others. mtcndcat gave to bis teachers each year-- Because of the position of leadership which "When you get the most exasperated with has bees assigned us, we will create impres your students, stop and remember they are sions every day on the men working under in your class because they were assigned us through our words and actions. These there and not because they chose you for influence* will never be dormant. They will a teacher.0' This is also true of the workers cither be good or bad. The kind we produce under our supervision for while they may will depend to a large extent on the per have asked for a job at the plant or office sistence with which we pursue our loaning. they certainly did not request ooc under our Each of us should take time every day supenrusoo. to analyze impressions created by contacts. In toy opinion, too modi importance cannot be given to this port of our responsibility. The safety, contentment, and efficiency of any worker depends upon the type of influ ence which his supervisor exerts on him. If * truly want to Improve the safety atti To teach effectively, a supervisor must have a better knowledge of safety and job performance than the worker. This knewt* edge is of little value if he has failed ts gain (he respect of his fellow employeesOur t**rhlng requirements arc sot fulfilled by specific job kutruetioct but must induck tude of our workers and thus prevent in every contact we have with a worker. juries, the most powerful force we eaa ase Teaching by infinerve is as important as is to show this desire by the way we live giving factual information. and associate with our fclkrw workers and not merely by Up service. The paramount desire of each of us if to karm bow to operate our plant* so as C. F, & L. Off the Job Safety 19 to eliminate injuries. This, desire can be attained if we are wilting to work for it and concentrate our efforts in the right di rection. Certainty, everything which tt now being done must be continued and further developed. In addition, a crusade must be started to develop a proper attitude tit the hmrts and minds of every worker. This attitude must be made to grew out of a full job satisfaction, a confidence in the sincerity of the supervisory and minagenent organization as well as strong saltry convictions and beliefs, ft cannot be produced unless all phases of his industrial life are developed on the proper basis, Supervisory employees are the designated voders and there can never be a proper altitude cm the part of workman unless the supervisors and foremen lead the way by developing such an altitude themselves. is improper safety attitude or not following instructions. 'These are merely alibis be cause the responsibility for the accident rests entirely on the shoulders of the as signed supervisor. His job is to instruct and he should be expected to use the neces sary teaching technique to sell the employee on how to do his work safely. Do you remember your emotional reac tions the last time you had a disabling injury in your department or company? That deep feeling of sympathy, the worry as to what you had not done to prevent its occurrence, the resolution you would do all possible not to let it happen again--these are the reactions which, if made a perma nent part of our personality, will produce, the proper safety attitude in ourselves and our fellow workers. Therefore, w came back to the same Most workmen want to be led. But they want leaders whose sincerity of purpose commands their rapeyt and trust; leaders whose own activity sets the pxrrere they are premise that, if we realty want to eliminate all accidents, we must provide continual guidance and inspiration; we must set an example of safety consciousness from the highest executive down. In the famous to follow. There is conclusive proof that accidents do happen because instructions have not been followed. It is easy to tty the cause word* of Thomas Burke, "Example is the school of mankind, and they will lenm at no other." C. F. &L Off the Job Safety By A H. ZETLINGER Superintendent of Safety, The Colorado Fuel and Iroo Corp* Pueblo, Colo. For several years we at Pucbto realized that more of our employees .were losing their lives and limbs in eff-the-job accidents than in accident* while ott the job. We also realized that we were doing nothing about that bad situation. So we came to the cnoelonoe that we would do something about it. We began making safety talk* to the schools and P, T. A.'*. In thU endeavor wc'were happy with the fine cooperation we received. We felt the youngsters and their mothers would carry some of the safety we presented into the homes, and dads would absorb seme additional aoadeot prevention matter to take with them on the highway, oa hunting and fishing trips and elsewhere while not oi the job. We feel that it does the worker is brought to the worker's job to see. him work, view the hazards of Ida job and become more safety minded so she would discuss safety more with him white he was off the job. In this feature a pic ture of husband and wife is taken aa the job and she is asked for her comment oa safety, what it means to her, to the hcxne and to the children. The picture and com ment* are published in our house organ for the benefit of other employees. We find additional opportunity for off-the- job safety work when our safety men are giving first aid and fire precaution instruc tions out in die community. Thi* hat other values in addition to accident prevention. Better employee morale, better community ----* *--*-* t-nderitandins are some of 20 Ctmenl and Quarry IndtulrUt We alto take advantage of opportunities to talk safety to employee* about ready to go on vacation. One of our activities was distributing safety sheets about poison Ivy. This sheet contained a sketch of the leaf of the phut for identification, how to avoid the plant and first aid remedy in case of contact with this plant The theme was avoid the plant and yon avoid the poison. Book matches with safety messages is another off-the-job feature. They are given to all our employees so they may take their, along and use them at home, on the street, on the vacation trips or wherever they go. The wife also uses these matches, so we feel that the husband and wife will discuss the safety messages displayed and benefit jrom them. To increase the interest wc are offering prizes for completing the word "Safety*' with covers containing the letters. Much additional safety material is printed in our plant paper whieh finds it* way ta, the homes of all our employees. Last year it won a safety award, is looking for another this year. One of our field safety supervisors is fire captain in a nearby rural district He inject* much safety is hi* fire prevention and fire control work. This is important; btcause the employee's home is foremost in the picture and since borne is where the heart is we know much of this safely work registers and finds outlet m action. Recently we entered off-ibe-job sfety from another angle. Wc made a wire re cording of a panel discussion on safety. This recording was made ts eoooecttou with a program which was pot on for the crippled children's organization. The recording is being used before group* of children and adults as weft. Many adults were preset Some were relatives at the panel members. The panel was made up of ooe child injured in a home accident, one injured ta a play aeddent, a youth'lajored ia a sports accident, a woman injured In a traffic acci dent and a maa injured ia as industrial accident. These were all questioned ia turn by the moderator, the C F. H safety di rector. Each explained what injuries he raedved, what losses he suffered, what caused the accident and how the injured thought such accidents could be prevented. The moderator summed up the case* and made further com ments oo aeddent prevention and what could be done to prevent aeddent* in the banes, ob the highway, in athletics sad oa the playground. Another safety activity in our program is that of conducting groups of school children through our plant at Pueblo and anphariring safety, all along the route of their vide These youngster* talk a lot of safety to dad and mother when they get bade heme. Their teachers go with them oa these visits and arc placed ia positions which emNe them to speak m behalf of safety. We get whole packs of cooiphtneetary and thank you letter* from the youngsters and User teachers. Rarely do they fail to mention scodhlsg about safety. We fed that many of these young folks wilt become our future employees. That ts another advantage point for they already have some knowledge of safety and some realization of the need for it This feature has been extremely popular with yotatgrteni teachers and parents alike. I might add we like it too. Another opportunity for off-tbe-jofe safety is taken advantage of by one of oar staff who is a counsellor for the Boy Scouts. The mala activity under his leadmabip ts firstaid, Safety is emphasized is this work and the boys retain modi of their safely instruc tion Again this activity is not directly offthe-job safety for oar employee* but it is for our future employees. We toe oar focal newspaper* to promul gate sfety to oar employee* and to the whole ccmannuty. tn this wock we art happy with the fine cooperation we receive from the management of the paper*. From the twelve activities rjrplimfcd above, we fed that a lot of good safety work U carried oa for oar employees who are off the job and for the community as wtU and we are happy indeed to have these oppor tunities for greater safety service. 21 Practical Safety Training for Small Organizations By CHAS. R. ZESKEY, JR. CUef Eng., T. H. Iffsatin ft Co,, Kansas City, Mo. Whether or not a training program is of them fail. Unless the foreman and practical depends entirely on the particular superintendent, and the big boss himself, conditions which exist ia the plant where have been well trained and instructed, the the program is to be put iato effect. What time spent in training the employees is may seem practical for one plant nay be bound to be largely wasted. quite unpractical for another. In spite of tills, however, it seems to me that there are three main dements of any training pro gram which are important whether the edu cations! work is at the college level or if it is to be carried on within an Industrial plant These elements are good instruc tion; good subject material; and a suitable place for the instruction to be given. In my opinion, it is impossible to overstress the importance of thorough prepara tion in each step of the training process. A good instructor must be interested in his subject and must know it thoroughly. He docs not have to be a good public speaker, but he must be able to get the idea across to his audience (hat he know* what he i* talking about and has the authority to pass Good*iutructioq requires thorough prepa his knowledge on to them. ration. A safety training program is going to be no better than the quality of its in struction. The safety engineer or the loresum who appears before a group of em ployee* to instruct them even on such an elementary subject as the wearing of gog gle*, and who falls to prepare his talk in advance is bound to lose the confidence and respect of his audience sooner or taler. The job of the plant safety engineer in the training program, it seems to me, should be something like this: He must first sell the chief operating executive oa the Idea. This is a training job ia itself for if this execative has been untrained or poorly trained in accident prevention work, the safety engineer must be very carefully and thoroogfily prepared on his subject material before he tackle* the job. Then, with the help of the safety engineer the big boss U responsible for training his superintendent. Kow muds responsibility rests with the nafcty director or with the person who Is in charge ot safety, depends entirely oa whether he is a staff or tine executive. In a small plant he may be ,a foreman, and his job of training the superintendent will require the wholehearted help and backing The second element of any training pro gram is certainly good subject materialjust exactly what subjects are to be covered m a training program is again a question which can be answered only with reference to one particular plant In any case; the man in charge of the training should de velop his curriculum logically so that the training will be progressive and remain in teresting to the employees who will remain on the payroll from year to year, but he must also foresee the need for preparing a cycle of training which will apply to those employees who come and go, and who are; tn general, responsible for much of the bad aeddent experience in industry. It hardly seems necessary to go into any great detail oa where this instructional ma terial can be obtained. Even' aside from the many pamphlets, sound slide films and other information issued by the National Safety Council, each National Safety Congress provides a gold mine of first class instruc tional material. In addition to this, of course, there are casualty insurance com panies, Federal and State. Departments of tabor, and Trade Associations. of the chief executive. The superintendent As in the case of the first two elements should then be responsible for training bis of a good training program, no definite toremca, again with the help of ti.e safety specifications or recommendations can be director or the safety engineer. made in connection with a proper meeting The fiml job, helping the foreman train place In some cases, this may be the tail the line npIo>*fe*, ts where most training gate of a trade or the superintendent's programs start and where a great many office. It might be the tool room or eves n Cement and Quarry Industries under the shade of a convenient eta tree, in any event, it should be appropriate, and due consideration should be given to the type of instruction which is to be given and the comfort of the employees. As I mentioned a few minutes ago. some thought should certainly be given to the question of who needs training. A certain percentage of your employees can be depended upon to show up for work day after day and month after month. Perhaps this is 50 per cent and perhaps it is 90 per cent The remaining 10 per cent or 50 per cent are the drifters down to a warmer climate when the wind starts getting cold. Any training program must be flexible enough to include both of these group* and to keep both of them interested. The job is net a simple one, but it is not impossible cither. Very little that as aew can be said oo die subject of training programs. The basic principles have exasted for years, and the programs whkh have followed these prin ciples have been successful The failures have resulted when these principles were ignored. The safety engineer or safety di rector has available all the necessary tooti and materials to solve this problem as well as nearly all the others which he may cm Counter. The wise safety man will avail himself of these tools which, if used prop erly, will assure hhn of success in his work. Officers of the CEMENT AND QUARRY SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 General Chairman--LEA P, WARNER, )fC, Warner Company, Philadelphia. Pa. f`jYr-C`haiVmon-- W. G M. POLLARD, National G.vp.tm Company, Buffalo, N, Y. Secretary-- KENT JANDER. National Lime Association, Washington, D. C Yews Letter Editor---SEYMOUR B. FLEMING, New York Trap Rock Corporation, Newburgh, N. Y. Engineering Committee Chairman--L. D. COWLING, Louisvilte Cement Corporation, Speed, Ind. Membership Committee Chairman--T. W. JONES, New Haven Trap Rock Company, New Haven, Conn. Program Committee Chairman--HARVEY F, YOTTER, The General Crushed Stooe Company, Easton, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--FORREST T. MOYER, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash ington, D. C Final Aid Committee Chairmen--H. G. COLLINS. Lehigh Portland Cement Company, Allentown, Pa. Members-at-Large--V, P. AHEARN, National Sand & Gravel Association, Washington, D. C,; E. W. BAUMAN, National Slag Association, Washington, D. C; }. R. BOYD, National Crushed Stone Association, Washington, D, C; *F, J. BUFFINGTON, New York Trap Rock Corporation, Newburgh, N. Y.; *P. N. BUSHNELL, Univer sal Allas Cement Company, New York, N. Y.; EL E. COPELAND, National Con crete Masonry Association. Chicago, 111.; A_ J.'R. CURTIS, Portland Cement Associa tion, Chicago, 18.; F. R- DITTOE, The Keiley bland Lime fe Transport Company, Cleveland, Ohio; *0, 1L Graves, The General Crushed Stone Company, Easton, Pa.; C A. GUSTAFSON, The CaJIamw Road Improvement Company, South Bethlehem, M. Y.; A. HERZOG, Keystone Sand and Gravel Company. Pittsburgh, Pa.: IVAN LaGORE, Portland Cement Association, Chicago, I1L; JOHN NATTIER, Loo* Star Crawm Corporation, New York, N, Y.; *jOHAN NORVIG. Pennsylvania Dixie Cement Corporation, Nazareth. Pa.; WALTER J. SCAHELL, Missouri Portland Cease Company, St. Louij, Mo.; LOYD YEAGER, Gypsum Association, Chicago, BL; W. E. WING. Marblehead Lime Company, Chicago, III. Stag Kefrestntative--G, G. GRIEVE, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. 'Part General Chairman. 'h ! . 5- Other Vttlumes in this Series User* of this volume will find much value in its companion volumes. Here is the lot: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions Detailed Index to all Volume*............... ......a................. 1 Aeronautical Industrie*........... <......... 2 Air Transport Industry ................... .......................................... . 1 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries............... .................................... ........................... 4 Cement and Quarry Industrie*............. . Chemical Industries ..................... .................................. ............................................ i fa Ccal Minin| Industry ...a...<**** I Construction Industry 8 Electrical Equipment Industry.......................................*.............. f* Farm Safety ................................................................................................. . 10 Food Industry (Including proceedings of Refrigeration Safety meetings),...,,....... 11 Glass and Ceramics Industry........................................................... . 12 Hook Safety .......... ................................ ............... ............................................................... . 12 Industrial Marring ................. ...................................... 14 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)............................. .............................It- Maritime Industries (Marine Section).......................................................... Meat Packing. Tanning and Lather Industrie*.................. ................................. .. 1? Metals Industry........................................................................................ Mining Industry ......................................................................................... If Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)........................ *8 Petroleum Industry .................................21 Power Press and Forging Operations........... . 22 Printing and Publishing Industry......................................................... Public Empbymmt (Public Employees Safety Committee).......................... 24 Public Utilities Industries........... ......................... .............................................. 2S Pulp and Paper Industry.............................................................................................. 2b Railroad Industry .................................................................................................. . 2? Rubber Industry ................ ........... School and College Safety................................................................ 28 Textile Industry .................. 36 Traffic Safety .............. 21 Transit Industry ...........................................................................................................................32 Wood Products Industries ............. ............... .......... ............................................ 22 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Communication (Early Morning Sessions)...... 24 PRICES OP EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME <zrTF 1 to 9 copies Each Less than 24 pages--' 24 to 4J. pages 49 to 96 page*-- Over 96 pages-- $029 2$ .46 .69 10 to 99 ce^tx Both $023 29 .40 .63 100 to 990 eofits Both $ai 7 23 25 M 1000 ormore Each $ai ? 23 25 M Complete set of Transactions (34 vol*.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 6JO (10 to 99 copies), 370 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER price* are double member prices, except volume* 10, 13, 29 and 31. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 41S NORTH MICHIGAN AYR. CHICAGO 11, IU. 24 INM-Y1P 1951 Current Safety Topics in the CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES As presented ii tfce Sessions of tfce Chemical Seetloa at tfce 1951 National Safety Congress Cz7 Ifa Laboratory Safety (A Symposium).......... ........... 5 Training Laboratory Personnel ........ ......... --. * It Aecidutt Prevention m Research and Development Program...... c Safe Handling at Cwrotivt Material*............................ . 12 Flammable Liquid* in tbe Cbamkat Laboratory............................... 14 Hie Importance of Proper Labeling in Preventing Accident*....... . lb Discussions of Fires and Explosions Which Have Occurred 22 in the Chemical Industry and Their Causes and Cor rective Measures............................................. . ...............- IP Treatment of Tank Car Wash Water Wastes.................... 27 Safe Practices Through Visual Education.......... ........ 34 Where Are the Accidents in the Chemical Industry?----- - 36 29SDaisfaestyterCConotnetsrotsl in in the Chemical Industry.................. Chemical .Plants.........................- 44 40 Top Management's Safety Responsibility and the Benefits the Industry Will Derive from Safe Operation......... 4/ Achieving Safety in Fertiliser Plants (A Symposium)........ 49 Handling Sulfuric Arid ....................-..........* *_-** ** Safe Handling of Anhydrou* Ammonia and Ammomaling Solution*. 51 Handling fell Storage ............... .................................. . ** Importance of Good Housekeeping Lowering Carts.................... 5* Operation el Mobile Plant Equipment ............................ ..........* * Volume 6 Transaction 39th National Safoty Congrass NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 Nm. Mlcklfai 4v.na. * Cklcago TI. III. s Laboratory Safety (A Symposium) Training Laboratory Personnel By A, H. CHRISTIAN Safety Eng^ Merck & Co,, Inc., Rahway, N. J. The usual Staff of technical personnel in zene, or that serious aniline poisoning can clude* eminent specialists, together with result from contact of aniline with the other personnel po&essing varying degrees intact skin. They just seem to have tittle of experience, down to the newly employed appreciation of the fact (hat many important fscent graduate with a Bachelor's degree, <ummon chemical* are quite deadly. but no practical industrial experience. Along these tines some harards seen to Now, a specialist may know alt about his chosen field but can't be expected to know *11 of the facts that may be pertinent to his safety*, particularly In view of the many revolutionary (hough o/ien potentially haz ardous new techniques that seem to develop be overemphasized. 1 believe most graduate chemists, as well as laymen, fully realize that cyanide is bad for the system, that mineral adds will do considerable damage tn your skin, and that sodium should not be promiscuously brought in contact with water. almost overnight Spoking in generalities, the average tech Doubtless, lie has had little in the way of direct safety training during hi* formal edu cation. Tn fact, it U general!} true that most college graduates have had little formal a/tty (raining; although currently tome uni versities are attempting to rcctity this over nical person does not need to be convinced of the necessity for working safely. Neither do I think we'd have to convince him that it is better to learn from the experience of others than Irom one's own bitter expe rience. sight It is encouraging to know (hat several centers of higher education are now thinking actively of safety matters. In some cates, they are actually Incorporating safety in struction us the courses, where it logically should be. In addition. Alpha Chi Sigma, the na tural professional chemical fraternity-, b ar. active National Safety Committee and is doing much to further safety, both at die collegiate level and in the industrial laboratory* Also, the Neu's difu>R of die Amencui Chemical Society now includes a Safety Forum in most issues which contains pertinent safety information of interest to rftemisu. fa at least one case a local sec tion of the A.CS. has formed a safety committee. However, all of these programs are, and always must be, merely supplements to the basic aim, which is the direct appli Assuming that we don't need to do a soil' .g job on the fundamental need for safety, there is a vast amount of work to be done to make safety a natural, ever present, in stinctive habit. We must tell the new person what he is likely to encounter, sell him on .remembering what he's been told, sell him on being constantly on the lookout for.other potential liazards, and taking the proper pre cautions. Certainly, the experienced, recently hired* technical person has some Idea of (tie haz ards he will encounter in a typical research laboratory, unless he U changing fields en tirely ; but we wonder if recently graduated technical personnel have a full comprehen sion or realization oi exactly what is facing them, as they make the transition from an academic atmosphere to the pressure of the industrial research laboratory. cation of safety by the individual chemist. Let us take as an example a young chem Surely everyone will agree, however, that there is still much to be done, and we have a kmc way to go before our universities graduate fully safety-conscious personnel, ft t* still rather appalling to see the number of terimkally well educated chemist* who don't ist, fa the average laboratory, in addition to the hazards encountered by most people, he should be fully cognizant of the fact chat he can be exposed to highly flammable and explosive materials, toxic compounds, corrosive*, and insidious sensitizer*. True, rally trailre the insidious towdty of ben the Quantity, ia most instances, is small. 6 Cfiemlcof Industries but U takes less than 10 ml of concentrated caustic to destroy an1 eye, and a like amount of certain peroxides can detonate and de stroy a hand. Moreover, he may be confronted with the unknown; new materials whose hzardous characteristics have not been felly explored; the danger of reactions that arc not anticipated even as a result of a liter*ture search; and, possibly the greatest haz ard of all, the unsafe chemist across the bench. As background information, our young chemists should know that the company has a sincere interest in the safety of its em ployee* and has established specific safety policies for their protection. To support these policies, and to insure good morale, a safe working environment must be pro vided and maintained. Management most In sure that, wherever possible, hazards are eliminated. Tills will not be possible in all instance*, for, obviously, in attaining the successful culmination of some research projects, haz ardous work must be accomplished. When this is necessary, all concerned should be advised of the hazard, that it onset be mitigated or eliminated, and carefully told how to safeguard themselves and others. A new man's first day is usually difficult; there is much to remember, many people have been introduced, copious forms have been completed, and everything is just* lit tle confused. In spite oi all this a member* of management should at least inform the new person of the existence of the com pany's safety program. In our own case this is augmented by something tangible; namely, a requisition for safety glasses to be procured before going to work in the laboratory. This should go far toward im pressing the new man that the company is interested In him as a person, and in his safety. Some time during the first week of work it is well to discuss safety as applied to the man's specific job in more detail. The im portance of safety can be established by the department head's chatting with the new man for five minutes about safety, cover ing the general company safety policy and impressing him with the need for working safely. Hts immediate superior can then lake over and elaborate, for example, oa the correct method of safely operating specialized equip* ment and facilities, wars him about any tinusual hazards of materials in the area, indicate the location of emergency equip most and explain how to use it, review the correct procedure for turning in fire alarms, insure familiarization with personal protec tive equipment and how to obtain it, discus* the correct method of transporting, storing handling and disposing of solvents, stress the importance of good housekeeping, and other similar points of significance. To insure compliance and uniformity, a check list showing the points to be covered wilt be helpfut ft may be signed by the supervisor, indicating that he has explained the various points to the ocw man, and then be sent to the personnel files to bcixrae pen of his permanent record. To keep the safety program alive in the man's crowded mind, some representative of'1 die management--either his immediate su perior, or if a safety committee syston is used, possibly the applicable representable could present to turn the laboratory nitty manual during the second week. The safety manual caa reiterate the com pany's safety policy, present aa exploration of the purpose and uses of personal protec tive equipment; and explain common types of laboratory fires, and fire hazard prop ettics of flammable substances. The man ia! also should include recommended pre cautions for the safe handling of selected hazardous cfaemieais, and the Ofintitw et potentially dangerous laboratory equipment To insure that new teoi arc at least i* traduced to the more common or anticipated hazards of our industry, all new technical personnel tn our laboratories are given a two-hour indoctrination course, called a "Re view" rather than an "Instruction" session, which (ouches generally oa the usual haz ards in the Merck Laboratories and is de signed to explain more fully the reasons for the editing laboratory safety regula tions. In view of the diversification of our re search, it is impossible to give specific safety instructions at this session. Instead, thtic instructions must be the responsibility of immediate supervision. This, incidentally, is an important point, for some supervising chemists, who toy be toy flight socntilts, may be under such pressure that they do not have the opportunity to realize fully laboratory Safety (A Symposium) 7 their safety responsibilities and adequately diKharge them. As part oi this two-hour course, w* show colored slides of typical situations which re are attempting to explain or clarify. 11. The hazards of mouth pipetting are explained and the uses of the rubber bulb for pipetting discussed. 12, The advantages of good housekeeping are mentioned. L We explain our eye protection pro gram and explain that for optimum protect ion, safety glasses still must be worn even though the hazard may appear no greater than that encountered m the normal kitchen. By way of selling this point, it is men tioned that statistics show humans yet do e*t possess extra sensory powers that warn them lhat aa acddent is about to occur, so that proper personal protective equipment .my be donned. 2 We explain the fire alarm system, feovoog a oup ud a close-up of the tele phone dial, which bears Instructions for re porting a fire. 1 We show typical location* of fire extinguishers which serve as a basis for explainlag the various types of fire extin guisher* to be found in the plant, and their Utt. 4 \V note also the "NO SMOKING" tiga affixed to the door jamb of a spe cialty restricted laboratory. 5* Pictures serve as a basis for explain ing the difference between explosion-proof equipment and vapor-proof equipment, and xrwn cadi is used. One of the most important single aspects la the thorough indoctrination and training In safety of new laboratory personnel U the utilization of the knowledge of senior men. In my opinion, it is singularly im portant that they fully realize their safety responsibilities towards new personnel and discharge them fully. Until the new person Is fully acclimated, the senior nun, in giving assignments, should include safety precautions together with any other general of specific instructions. He should tell the new person where he can get more information; for example, from a search of the literature or from staff agen cies such as the safety department or fire department. At this time in his tramuig, the new nun should be impressed that it is no disgrace to have a lack of knowledge on some point, but it Is regrettable to have an accident because he didn't explore fully all poten tialities. No matter bow well indoctrinated or well trained research personnel may be, constant follow-up is oecrasxry to keep their safety consciousness alive. The promotional as pects may take quay forms Forcxamplc. 6. Ia the explanation of the hazards of eecsprmcd gases, we emphasize that cyl inders toon be adequately supported at all time*. Hydrogen and other cylinders of flammable gases must be grounded to dis sipate static electricity and proper reducing nlm amt be rued, 7. The use of portable shields U dis cussed, and thdr uses under certain con ditions emphasized. This applies equally to from time to time as the ceed arises, sup plements to the laboratory manual may be issued. These can be either_ quite general la stature or have very specific Instructions. They serve not only to keep the manual up to date, but in addition, often serve to re mind the chemist that he has such a manual for ready reference. A monthly report to supervisory person nel which discusses both general and spe gvards for vacuum desiccators. cific safety problems, together with signifi 3, The hazard of solvent handling, stor cant trends in recent accidents or near age and disposal is discussed. The design accidents, can be quite hclpfuL and use of the safety can is explained. If a literature abstracting service is avail 9. The hazard of storing solvents in roingeratora is explained, together with an explanation of tha modifiestioos of refrig erators necessary for safe storage. UX There Is a discussion of equipment sale for use in high solvent vapor concen trations. Aa air-motor stirrer is an ex ample. able, chemical accidents or hazards of sig nificance la other plants can be circulated. Any zarhmral advances in properties or safe handling of chemical* of interest to the organization might alps be included. Moreover, if there is a safety committee, an occasional general announcement to all personnel from the committee is helpful to s Chemical Industrie* remind the staff of the committee's exist ence. Problems of current interest can be included in this announcement, is, for ex ample, a reminder of approved methods for the disposal of toxic chemical* or solvents. In summation, l believe. typical labora tory personnel Will receive the optimum of safety training if we will insure that they are: 1 Fulty advised of the company's afar policy; 2. Aware of the type of hazards the? may meet and how to eliminate d*cns or safeguard themselves and others; 3 Constantly reminded of safety V? i well-organized promotional oMBpaJgs; 4, Given a good example by all repre sentatives of management. Accident Prevention in Research and Development Programs By JOHN K. WALDO Dk, of RcMBdi. BM USy azid Ctx, IndUnapoSa. XbA One of the main jobs of research aad development groups is to determine the qmbplete requirements for \nanul*cturing new ever, these adjustment* arc s^kwusiJy fif. ' fieult to make that they are seldom used, but sir velocities, sack as aentiooed pre products. These rcqnirmxsia, among other viously, will compensate for this bek oi things, include safety. Ok of the responsi 'adjustment. bilities of a research or development group As a protection n<W explosion within is to accumulate all safety information pos a hood, the glass ta the sliding door should sible. and pass it on to the production de be of a shatterproof type, or if doors arc partment in whatever form is apropriatc not a part of the hood construction. shat within the company involved. terproof shields should he provided. One Very often nothing is known of the safety requirements of a new product, and they cannot be predicted definitely. Therefore, it is essential that safe working facilities be provided for the worst hazard conditions problem of the safety-cniaded supervisor oi laboratory persooDd is to get such penoemd to pull down hood doors routinely in order to protect their face* and bodies against breakage of laboratory glassware. which can be imagined. Such facilities must With such air velocities through hoods, be incorporated in the design of the building it Is obviously accessary to provide replace housing this work and into the laboratory ment air In suf&dert amotstt that the rooms and'pilot plant equipment which is used. In. are not under reduced pressure. Soda re dealing with this subject, I aa going to dis placement assures not only the desired sir cuss both laboratory and pilot plant require velocity but also dean air ia the rooms. ments. In the pilot plant, the standard laboratory The best way to provide protection against noxious and toxic vapors is through ade quate ventilation. In the laboratory, this U done with hoods. Hoods are quite uniform in design, being constructed to provide rea sonable variation in air removal. We prefer air velocities in hoods of not less than 75 feet per minute. Hood design should be tuck that closure of sliding doors will prog ressively increase this air velocity aa needed. Hood design should also permit, by damper regulation, a greater removal of air free the bottom of the hood if heavy vapors are involved. Facilities for this purpose are provided if the worker will take time to make such adjustments. Unforttmatciy, how hood will not be encountered, but means ot ventilation for a greater degree of air move ment must be provided, again with a com parable air replacement Id a pilot plant designed for the study of organic com pounds, we lave provided facilities which are working admirably. In a line with the pitot plant equipment, we have constructed under-the-fioor tacts 18 inches in dUmctcr. Opening from these at floor level, at 10< foot intervals, are smaller ducts, five and one-half inches ta diameter, which are capped when not hi ase The fan on this system is Urge enough for each opening to pass 1,100 feet of air per minute when ait duct caps are open. laboratory Safety (A Syinfosium) 9 Flexible five-inch hose is inserted into the floor opening, and the other end is directed taward whatever piece of pilot plant equip- ramt requires ventilation. If one hose is inadequate, two eus easily be used, and in euc oi extremely bad conditions, small port able hoods with three vent outlets are pro vided. This arrangement has eliminated any need for enclosure of equipment setups in a tad ftawef. t have discussed ventilation in consider able detail because it is the safest way to deal with toxic noxious, or corrosive vapors. With adequate ventilation available the need it* gas mask use U much less frequent Has masks must be available however, for ate as demanded--generally, emergency use. Roth canister type and positive air-pressure >p* gas masks should be available Each has recognised advantages and disadvantages. ta meat eases, and for more general use t prefer the positive air-pressure type-- largely because 1 have observed a greater readiness and willingness on the part of the [m wnwl to use it This stem* item a greater personal comfort to the operator when gas mask use is required for extended periods of time and also because its length of use is pot limited to the life of a car tridge nor to thd concentration of noxious gas in the air. Dust respirators must be available. Since pilot plant manipulations involve working with relatively small quantities of product with the ventilation available, as de scribed above, there is, however, infrequent eeaon for their use. Eye protection has been indirectly reierred to in discussing the use of hood doors. It is one of the most difficult safety meas ure* to enforce and one of the most im portant. Safety glasses should be provided and worn during a large part of laboratory or pilot plant work. Goggles art specified for use ia our organization when acids, alia ses, or other materials known to be harmful > the eye* are izrvolved. If there seems the least probability that there eaa be flying lartklcs, goggle* should be wont. Our general safety regulation* specify dal goggles or safety glasses, whichever type U appropriate; should be worn when the eye* are endangered by flying objects or particles, or by hanafal chemicals or drugs, i Bccaosc of the discomfort which results I from constant wearing of goggles, the dc- cisioa as to the proper eye protection U left up to the deportment head and the General Safety Committee, if possible, it is desired that therd shall be no general dogmatic nil* requiring constant use of goggles. Other types of personal protective equip ment supplied pilot plant personnel include gloves of various loads. Although it is im portant on many occasions to require the use of rubber or nibber-like gloves, expe rience has shown that frequent skin irrita tions can and do result from their use. This is particularly true in hot weather. Scene cream* provide adequate protect!oo in certain eases, but die use of gloves i* recommended only when the need for pro tection is known to be greater than the possible irritation which may be caused by their use All laboratory aad pilot plant areas should be supplied with fire extinguishers and, of course, should have a sprinkler system. We locate a four-pound carbon dioxide ex tinguisher ia each laboratory and have ad ditional 10-pound carbon dioxide cylinders available nearby in each hallway. It is not able that only on infrequent occasions have the sprinkler heads been set off in our laboratories, and in every case so far, the fire department faas been met with smiling faces because the fire was out before its arrival. This means that alt persorarct are thor oughly instructed in the use of extinguishers and are not reluctant to use' them. In the pilot plant area, there are several 10-pound carton dioxide cylinders, one 50-pound car bon dioxide truck, and on* 40-gallon foam truck. In keeping with generally accepted opinion, we fed that carboo dioxide and foam are preferable to carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride has the distinct dis advantage of producing extremely toxic va pors when subjected to fire. It has been observed also that carbon tetrachloride pro duces corrosion which frequently plugs up extinguisher outlets and render* them use less at the time of the emergency. Proper storage for the elimination of haz ards is essential. The proper storage and handling of cylinders of compressed gases is one case in point, Nothidg could be much more destructive than a well-filled cylinder which had been dropped so that the head or valve was broken. Storage areas for cylinders should be well ventilated, prefer- 10 CfumUal Industries ably with duct* at floor and ceiling levels, alt possibilities exists abort of continued per. in order to assure removal of Iralong gam. social thoughtfulness large cylinders should be stored on tad and It Is helpful to locate grounded patches chained against the wall. Small cylinders in the floor la front of iB entrances to sa should be laid oa their sides is baas o* explosion-proof arc*. This wilt tsid_ to re slightly inclined shelve*. move electrostatic charges bait up in per Moving of large cylinders should be o* sons outside and coming to the area, but cylinder trucks, which permit* holding them it cannot preclude the possibility of aa in securely. When in use. cylinders again should dividual creating electrostatic build-ups u be securely supported with chains or rings he works. Only a cumml awareness ' or in cylinder trucks. It is a good practice this possibility by the penocmd and a to equip all hoods or appropriate hb benches proper cue to discharge oneself of sud with chains for this purpose. charges under safe ccoditiees wilt gnarirtec In most laboratories and pilot plant*, con the elmnnatioa of this hazard. siderable volumes of many flammable sol* It Is urtcresting u note tint the potential vents are used If the giflonage is great ity of electro-static bntid-op varies in enough, the safest storage is in underground mensely between ifftreat people A f*tanks. Normally, however, galkwr.je of all tenfislly fatal mMiw oconTod to a cbtuuer solvent* is not sufficient to justify this ex engineer who was rocting sotfiwas mi pense. Storage in drum* is then necessary ethyl alcohol as the p3o* pfane, Kta work but must be under conditions which assure ing operation* iuwdml Us going vyt aaf tire control down a stairway several tuu in the count An explosion-proof area should be pro-* of a reachoa vided, separated from other area* by fire Hydrogen erefred in the mck was ig walls, and ventilated to assure that an ex nited apparently by an ckeZRBtatic (Eschar** plosive concentration of vapors never occurs. Ail vent ducts to such an area should be equipped with lusible links to provide clot ure of the duct and stoppage of the fan in which, fortunately, <Sd not result ha seriotu bums or permanent Injury, but which pw him in the hospital for about a week. \Vhcs he was measured at a later date for electro of flre in order that flames will not be static charge potentialities, it was found that propagated through the vent system and will his skin possessed Ugh resistance to passa** be confined to the storage area. of electrical carrect--in fact, as high i> The room should be equipped with a has ever been recorded In the literature sprinkler or fog system, All drums should be connected to a reliable ground. In turn. henever flammable solvents are being run from drums into other containers, the two should be connected with a ground to as sure do undue build-up of static electricity in the drum outlet. This connection should be made as close to the outht orifice as possible since the major electrostatic charge build-up will be at that'opening. Containers to handle smaller than drum quantities oi flammable solvents should be safety cans, and probably neva more than one gallon of flammable solvent should be kept in glass bottles in laboratory or pilot plant areas. Metal safety cans are prefer able for volumes between ooe gallon and SO gallons. 1110 build-up* of hazardous electrostatic charge* is ooe of the most lasidlous.dasjger* which eviet*. Although some precautions, such as the above, can be outlined to rep resent partial safeguards, do kk cure for Proper grounding of all vessels In which flammable solvents are betag processed an4 in which friction possibilities exist shook always be observed in order to asnzre draa> iog away electrostatic charges before tbc* caa grow to a discharge potential. Sparks from other source* must also be guarded against. All wheel* on portable equipment tool*, and other metal objects should be spvfcproof. E never hare bees able to figure any wif in which a laboratory could be equips to meet explosion-proof requirements asf stilt permit normal laboratory operations. But certainly, pitot plants cut and sbevM meet l. Group D requirements. Tt* means that all motors, switches, tights, sM electrical plugs and outlets must be explo sion-proof. Air motors can- be used ad vantageously on many operations usd is pennit some economy as compand with ex plosion-proof ciectric motor costs. Laboratory Saftty (A Sytnfostum) U Safety cans for flammable solvents have The chief lines of variance are with re referred to above. Our safety com gard to wall thickness of buildings. Obvi mittee has developed a safety can for bot ously these would vary greatly in propor tle* of adds and alkalies. This can has much tion to differences In working pressure* in merit and, I believe, has sot been described the pressure vessels. Certainly, specific wall publicly before. thicknessm In all cases cannot be accurately It is designed to hold a one-gallon or similar sized bottle, such u t* routinely uted for concentrated adds. It can b used a& a storage container, a carrying case, and tor ate pouring of such liquids from the Urftlc, protecting at all lime* against die breaking of the bottle. These cans are pref erably made of stainless steel. There is a swiveled carrying handle, a handle toward the bottom to permit easy tilting for pouring, and a clamp that fits wound the node of the bottle and snugly ipiim the* top to bold the bottle in place. A rubber pad m the bottom of the can preiou breakage by jarring. In recent years, increased interest in pres sure reactions has developed. Pressure is catrcmdy helpful ca many organic reac tions; therefore, much thooght must be gives to the adequate protection of people engaged si such work. A discussion covering thU fidd of operations was given by A. B. Rit ter of the Hercules Experiment Statics in the 1930 Safety Congress, but a discussion rmm be included In this paper for purposes of completeness. Pressures normally encountered will vary from five to 5,000 pounds. Many low pres sure experiments, up to 50 * * -ndt, can be studied in a laboratory way by using the standard "pop" bottle naita available from return equipment supply, bouses. It must be standard practice to enclose the "pop*' bottle with expanded metal or similar guards. defined because of the unknown conditions which can result from unpredictable explo sion waves and because of flying fragments of ruptured vessels. [ lave seen walls surrounding pressure vessels which lave varied from one-quarter inch steel to one and one-haif feet of re inforced concrete. Certainly the one-quarter inch steel is very inadequate. Many have used dirt embankments, and, where location and space pennit, this protection is excel lent; but tt does not satisfactorily serve to separate the operator and instrument control room from the pressure equipment. A safety enclosure would be obtained from eight-inch heavily reinforced concrete walls, or 12 inches or more of concrete atone. Frangible portions can be made by having ,one wall or the eeUiag of wood construction, or ooe wall open, and this open or frangible surface covered on the inside with explosion malting cnade of Sve-dgbths-tiscb woven wire cable. Such an arrangement will pro vide for possible explosion wave* and con fute any flying parts. Entrance to the pressure area nay be through an adjacent aisle when an open wall construction is used, or it should be a mini mum sue door at floor- level. The door nay be built of one-inch steel which can be hung in two or three manners to permit opening without undue effort. All pressure vessels should be equipped with frangible discs or pop-off valves, and all electrical equipment should meet explo For pressure above SO pounds, special sion-proof requirements if there is a possi equipment made oi metal alloys and de bility that explosive concentration* of flam signed and tested for higher pressures must mable vapors will be reached. A11 pressure be provided, and they should be located vessels should be tested at routine intervals under special housing conditions which will to be sure that (hey will continue to with assure safety to the operator. The safety stand the working pressures involved. designs must recognize the fact that in this The supplementing of open flame* in lab type of reaction, flammable solvents and oratories by electric and steam heating is a explosive hydrogen are going to be handled. safety blessing in disguise. Because of the fa the last two or three years, several ha gird* which opes flames create, smoking descriptions of pressure vessel housing have m laboratories aad pilot ptants should be appeared in the literature which showed ade prohibited and tinted to approved locations quate thought for personal safety. In most ur rooms where so chemical processing is respects there seems to be agreement as to carried on. In many Instances, the difference means of providing adequate protection. in insurance rate* in cases in which smoking 12 Chmticai Mutlritr Laboratory Safety (A. SymfarwtiJ restrictions are exercised wilt have dictated into nearly any academic subject, but most Seme corrosives should not be stored with the corrosives you use; A* you know, some this policy to management, assuredly should be routinely included in certain other materials or chemicals be of these chemicals are quite special and it |' .1. ,f. Hoffmann, tn the IfWfl Safety Con* Kress, has correctly remarked that Supplying safety equipment may cause a sense of false safety, and that intelligent handling of safety nutters through thorough training is most important 1 am more and more convinced as time goes on that safety should become a subject in routine academic training. Very tew colleges give any thought to this ex chemical and engineering training. Too many technically trained college graduates are going into industry with oe school train* tng along these lines and are Inclined to believe, therefore, that soch things are not important to them. It U a noticeable fact that the ooncollcgc worker accepts safety measures ranch more readily and follows them more willingly cause of the possibility of devious reactions, dtoufd the two substances come mto contact. The storage area for the corrosive should be chosot with are and immaculate house keeping preserved. In general the stock con tainers out of which reagents are drawn feeutd be kept at floor, level, if possible, te prevent accidental overturn. Seme cor rosives must be stored in cool places; others, is asking too much of the doctor, who ts not a chemist, to look at a burn and automatically know how to treat it. You should advise your physician exactly what corrosive you are handling and, by use of published information on these corrosives, help him in formulating hi* first aid pro cedure Another important item is to be sure that tremely important subject Safety ooosooosBom gives the bet approach to present freezing, must be stored at room the people handling the substance* know Safety can appropriately be incorporated tn capuknciiUl aurk temperature. what they arc. I am sure this sounds rather Before a container for corrosives is elemental to you but there arc routine pro Safe Handling oi CoxroeiMaterial* npmed the workman should equip himself with the necessary protective clothing. This riff vary according to the corrosive being cedures in laboratories frequently handled by workmen or ho,S*y paid technicians who do not know what they are handling. As a By B, V. SISUX. Safety Inspector, General Chemical Dir.. AlSed Clswnfcil A Dye Corfu Chicago TsndBed. For example, operations involving gating and transferal of HF should in* riric full face shield and respirator, while result they may show tip In the doctor's office with a burn and yet be unable to inform the doctor what the burs had been rid* coctwaves, soeh as sulfuric add, which caused by. Published information defines a corrosive the tcebnkm caw ga home arad wake g> fa boc grre off vapor, a respirator is un- It Is necessary to mention the hazard* of as an agent which in contact with living m the nddfe of W -gto wick wtaolV wmAary. Industry has devised and adopted over-treatment. Many laymen who are tissue wilt cause more or less severe de pain iron a iphcli *a he gw bie iw tkr struction of tissue fry chemical actios, In afternoon. The npri Snm rahydmu* HF * aiding procedure which should be studied, turned with corrosives athtuiastially "neu ad ami followed in the handling of all tralize" the bum. That is if they have a this section of the program I shall discuss arc extracly dangerous m cewccagoaed wrorav* materials. Job safety analyses caustic bum they doase it with vinegar; if only chemical corrosive action and retrain Conn and with loaoer gywn* Acre is * <twU be written far each of the routines they have an add burn, they plaster it with from discussing X-ray, radioactive sub serious hazard of long dm mntvocL sodium bicarbonate or even ammonia. This stances, or occupational diseases that arise Before rooming awd wring HF yon AonU from corrosive*. adopt the following yatabu; Soiaws or noo-authorixed personnel practice has two bad effects. dari4 net W permitted to have access to In the first place ft prevents the rapid Probably the first thing to do in Consider l. All penoowd in the laboratory. acbf t,rm osBQBjers of corrosive*. The trana- and full appliatioo of water, which In 99 ing how you shall handle corrosives in the mg janitors and glass washers who arigfir cmi of ewererirts from storage containers per cent of the cues is the best first aid laboratory is to find out what they are and ime into * with it, sbodf he atfriKC rewg--w bonks should be done with are procedure following corrosive burns; and how corrosive burns are to be treated. The H-hat the hank are and what the first aid National Safety Council and the Uonutac- tratmeat U. mi preferably mechanized as far as possi- secondly, the oeutraHrmg technique is likely `<4e that in oq the market some exed- * farm a rnk which becomes lodged In the turing Chemists' Association publish extenti\ pamphlets on handling of corrosive*. As a partial list, some of the corrosives encountered and used in industrial labora tories are adds; especially hydrofluoric, sul furic, nitric, perchloric and glacial acetic; alkalies, especially sodium and potassium hydroxide, ammonia and sodium peroxide; I- You should obtain the antidotes sug gested ra the pnhlubed material. In MCA Data Sheet No. 25 these consist of mag. ucsium oxide paste, oxygen for inhalation, lime water, talara glaccents, and alcohol If your use of bydrofinooc aod Is not large enough to warrant the purchase of sense or all of these materials you should satisfy w owwenal orhy filter*, ptmpa and i priaaj, Froqocrtly oo finds a laboratory Mcnpring to transfer the contents of a arboy or gtus container by the use of air pressure. This is a practice to be con-learned as the carboy or container may fracture and its contents thus be sprayed all ,ver tbe laboratory. tufs* that by the time the man gets to tlic doctor he ha* both the burn and the effect of the nit to treat. First aid pro cedure should strictly follow the published data and you will find that this data Is bused primarily ea tbe copious appliatioo of water to the burned area. We In industry have found that although bromine; phenol; phosphorus and phospho yourself that they will be hnmn5itely avail rous compounds; glass washing solutions; able In a nearby hospital or on an crocrgw> Safety for students and trainees is a sub- corrosive burns are frequent to the point wa Iw itself. Laboratory directors all too of being common, permanent damage from and, of course, dozens of other corrosive* ambulance irutoesaly forget that the student may not corrosive bunts are almost nonexistent This either tested or used as reagents depending on the type of laboratory you have. M an example of the procedure to fol low in handling corrosives, let's take a typi cal one, hydrofluoric add. This U perhaps one of the most dangerous corrosives you use. Anhydrous HF produces immediately painful and severe bums. Weak aqueous HF is insidious in that U may produce bum* that are not immediately felt so that S. A laboratory' safety shower is essential The receipt of such corrosive* as HF U a subject which should be studied diligently. If you are going to unload the truck or the shipping padoge, you must be on the alert for broken containers and know what )os are going to da with them. Some containers require periodic -vetting in order to prevent build-up of hydrogen pressure and you should enforce a rigid schedule to do tins tasrir eke properties of cvca the simplest (hernial, tet alone know what to do if he is ^pfcubcd with it. Some laboratories have adopted the procedure of devoting the first bioratory sessions to an explanation of rbonial hazards and requiring the students t* take written examinations on tbe subject. If you have a plant physician, or a doc tor on calf, you should not assume that he know* how to treat burns aused by all exa tie attributed to two sources. One, that the body, including the eyes, has an aston ishing regenerative quality, and the other is (hat in industry aa general great pains have been taken to Install safety showers and adequate well-stored first aid rooms. The same technique should be used in labora tories. The laboratory worked U actually engaged in more hazardous work this the chemical n 14 Cknmcat Industrie* process operator. For one done N is likely to handle a odder variety of mb- stances and In fragile container*. Host of his woric Is Mpuiaimtal and tbe oatcome of his experiment is sot always known. Furthermore, there u a feeling among tech nical pcrsocmei that their B.S^ UA or Ph-D. grants them a certain faarmmity to chemical injuries and that they can handle reagents with an abandon that weald get a plant process operator discharged. In coodusice, let us 'review the lernreiili toward adaming nic Imuffling of tarredre materials in the laboratory, 1. Prepare a fist of aO comaircs in be used in the laboratory. 2. last available data tlutti relative to handCag and precautionary smrore* a**, dated with the materials. 5. Prepare a Git of and have available necessary protective qrripucnt, 4 Study the chemical characteristics oi corronve# as regards to proper storage, 5, Establish proowfnrea as to method of handling corrosives and review these fre- qomtly to insure sound practices 6. Establish fim aid uwinrrM and in clude of irqii aiming doctor with ah available ufgnmtwa and pwaiWt expo- Soda rifyocw, if inte&gcntiy applied, will assure good results and remove the baric **** of most laboratory aoridmts, Flammable Liquid in the Chemical Laboratory By AXXBN L. COBB Dhw Safety and Fire Prevention, Bactrom Kodak C*. Rochester, K. T. Most of u in industry have been rather familiar with the handling of flammable liquids in our production operation* and know that rather strict rules have heal hid down regarding containers, allowable quan tities, acceptable handling methods, and so on. We may, however, sometimes lorget that the reagent in a 500 cc. bottle on the labora tory shelf may be just as flammable as that in the red label dnan in the yard or ta fhe safety can is the operating part of the plant. In fact, with the variety of woric dooe la the chemical laboratory it will not he at all unusual to find flammable liquids in the average laboratory far more volatile and more susceptible to ignition at low temper atures than those commonly used in manu facturing areas. Accustomed as we are to the common use of open flames in laboratories it is sot un usual to find very volatile flammable liquids used m laboratories under' conditions which would be unthinkable in any manufacturing plant The fact that this is laboratory work and the man doing it may hold a degree of doctor of philosophy and be well acquainted with the family tree of the material he Is handling is not in itself a guarantee of safety. 'fbe newcomer in the plant, distrusting all chemicals as somewhat mysterious and prob ably dangerous empomh. Is often a far letter man from the safely porat of view due the mfltge minor! dtesshe who hit perhaps acquired an Mdse familiarity with some of these sMeruk la other words, what's good for the goose ha good for the gander. The use of these nrinhh In rdxtivdjr snail quantities feeds ta pvt a feeling of security. Few people expect taodh of a fin from, let s say, 250 cc. of a flimnnHc liquid. Yet such a liquid If fafiy vofatiUred and adzed si^ air iriglif easily give up 400 or 500 ca. ft. of as erplorire gas mix ture qmte opeMe o EtaaDy raining tbe roof la the laboratory, fwthcr, if we w^l fiance arotmd, we vnfi often fad that the smalt quantity k often taoes repeated Some times there may be iandradi of refiativd? email glass containers ia one laboratory ag gregating, however, to sale a quite respect- able bonfire Further, these mlnult are wimwiy a glass. Technical <fcuiwib are --inTTy ridpprd this way and to avoid uaitawMOiitkw, gtss* is usuaUy the best confaawr. Often it is possible to buvJhr larger njeiirrTrfu io safetj cans, particularly ia safoy cans made of stainless ittd or mood suittil, but the use of glass for rogest containers & probably unavoidable. Generally speaking; is ordinary kbora- Labcdratory Safety (A Symposium) IS lory usage the gta*s containers stand up which a bound charge may collect to jump ptetty welt They do. is fact, lave some off at a single point. However, the chemist merit as static sjnzVs do not jump around hbnf*lf can get charged, and the results wbca a flammable liquid is pound from one when he reaches out to mice bold of a glass container Into another. However, just beaker of flammable liquid may well be drop a bottle or a flask and you know what spectacular. Humidity and the habit of hippm*. Glass containers just don't bounce. frequently touching grounded metal surfaces If we couple the use of glass containers with the familiar laboratory opca flame, we build p a hazard of no mean proportions, ft is Hfortisudy net rare to find an ether txuwctiow being conducted over an open Pna>Mi Same. Suppose we tuarider jnri a few subject* will prevent a lot of troobtt Is the really hazardous situations, conductive pouring coupled with conductive shoes may well be In order. One real trouble with tbe chemist is that he produces so modi waste material. The disposal of waste materials from labora tories is a very serious problem Dropped- with which i am sore you are all very fa- gditar. For example, the tittle brows jug ndnnqne la not aa Ideal way to fill a snail gra^te from a large container, especially with tkae handy tittle Bunsen borate in the bsckgroaedT You win, of course, my that this is Idadergartm stuff, but X am quite down the drain they may result ia a man hole explosion later on and some dimne* away. Drooped in a container intended for aa inrinerator, they nay came plenty of trouble to the tsaa who loads the kemerator. Remember, this fellow doesn't have a degree and isn't supposed to know much sire if you will analyze some of the labora tory accidents and fires, you may conclude H sene of wr FluD.'s have not yet been to kindergarten. about the materials delivered to him. Unstable material* sometimes fad* ther way into the regular waste collection serv ice and go off with pretty vigorous results. How many of you have ever seen the A review of the waste material handling ether bottle open on the shelf, or ether bring program, setting up provinces for the han hetted ta a bcdccr over aa opca flame? Fire, dling of unstable materials, flammable liq arri lots of H, is only minutes or second* uids, various nitrated eompocads, and so oa away. You say a one would be stupid should be one of the very first interests of enough to do such a thing ? A mantle around the safety engineer in considering his labor the flask is not rated as explosion proof but erol experience with rich nanties has jrJR+mtrJ! good fire experience. The cork haA ! the bottle, and a reflux ccluam on the fiaak keep vapors from boiling out into atory hazard*. Finally, just a word on fire protection in rase something docs go wrong and a fire does result Best of all, of coarse, is tbe old , familiar automatic sprinkler. It may not directly put out a fire in some dry These, of coarse; are juit a few of the flammable liquid* but it cools everything r.ar^tirma. and they really err of the kinder* down and prevent* tbe fire from spreading. gxxtca variety, bat I am very ranch afraid I will admit that automatic sprinkler* make tint time I* jme where our teaching will s'xnewfeat of a mesa of a laboratory. Bat have to begin. erven so, the roaring up of a tingle labora Oat la the abac w are careful to groixtd tory is a lot better than burning down the containers. We mike sure that the contain whole building. ers are w*D banded togetber before pouring We shouldn't pass water protection with from one ta the other and so on, but I out mentioning the bob shower. Mori med wonder if we dn the sew In tic tab itself. ical people are agreed that there is nothing Satie ekoridfy m m respecter of persons, better for a fire in dothmg than water and ffaaea, er of dcjirrv A static spark caused, lots of it Fortunately tbe same holds trot (or by pouring a dry liquid through for adds, caustics, and all flic other chemical a wool fitter inti ignite jc*t a* surely in the materials that can be splashed into a face or Ulumw/ a* ia the plant. spilled oa dothing. Tbe safety shower Is a Owe mvk fature that I mentioned earlier was is handling liquids is glass con tainers there is no contacting surface on must for the chemical laboratory. Finally there are various types of firri aid protection which may be used. Mori ebetn- 16 Chemical Industries in! laboratory people handling Rammable liquids have become quite stalled in the use of carbon dioxide extinguishers and hate been able to control the ordinary laboratory tire without damage to equipment Somewhat mere messy but with greater extinguishing power is the dry chemical extinguisher, very useful on spill fires of flammable liquids. Generally speaking, water type extin guishers do not find much chemical labora tory use and the same also holds true of foam, which white suited to flammable liquid fires is limited io those which arc not readily miscible with water. Carbon tetrachloride bad boa used to a limited extent in bberaieeics, but it u in itself toxic, it give* oft toxic vapors in con tact with heated surfaces, and nay react vigorously with some material*. Obviously the fir* aid cxtmgutslier if only a* good a* the man tying it, so that a training program in he Me of these extin guishers is m order, both the carbon dioxide nd dry chemical extinguisher require quite degree of familiarity with the method of extinguishment, undemanding of the gen eral nature of fire, and the he* method of attack. The Importance of Proper Labeling in Preventing Accident* By FRANK S. LOW Research Consultant, Westvaco Chemical DIv., Food Ifachfoccy A Chemical Carp. New York, N. Y. The incentives for an adequate labeling program probably date back to the intro duction in Congress of the Bingham Act in 1932. This act was prepared in response to the activities of the late Dr. Yandcl! Henderson ot Yale University's Medical School and Dr. Alice Hamilton---at that time the head of the New York State De partment of Labor. The bill was introduced into Congress by Senator Bingham of Connecticut. The act ailed for the labeling of certain chem ical products, particularly those evolving potentially injurious vapors, requiring a* a warning the word Poison and the well- known skull and crossbones. The act called for nothing in the Way of specific warnings as to the nature of the hazard involved or preventive measure* for overcoming such hazards. The introduction ot this act, however, caused a vigorous awakening on the part of the chemical in dustry and a committee was organized by this industry- to meet with a group repre senting the proponents of the bill in die office of the Surgeon General of Public Health, Dr. H. C Gumming. As a result of this meeting, a permanent committee was organized to work out with the Surgeon General a series of agreements between the manufacturers of some eight or tea chemical products asd the Surgeon General's office whereby the manufacturer* voluntarily agreed to aMx a warning label on alt shipments of these products from the manufacturers' pivot. The text* of die various label* were worked out by the comoaltee and repre sentatives of the Surgeon General5* ofSce These agrccmoit* were entered mto earl* in 1934 and have been lived op to faithfully by all of the manufacturers party to the agreements. The next important incentive mi totmd in a pubtlcatioa of the Manufacturing Chou> ists* Association mailed to the president* of all member companies entitled A Confiden tial Report on Adequate Labeling--It* Im portance to the Chemical Manufacturer, The report was prepared by Carl M. Anderson representing the legal department of Merck Sr. Company. Part One ot* this report desk with the question of adequate labeling and Fart Two was entitled "The Manufacturer* Duty as Interpreted by the Coons" and comprised a very complete nrmiy of court decision* involving the subject of precautionary label ing of cbnaieal prodoct*. The report also carried a summary of court decisions award ing damage* resulting from dtmhittty due to chemical exposures, Ac a resuk of the interest and anxiety aroused by this report, a conference of ttp- Laboratory Safety (A Symposium) 17 rcscatabvcs from all M.CA, member companics was held on April 12, 1944. This fonferoce wa* widely attended and as a , jult it vat voted to organize a permanent committee to study the whole subject of libeling. ThU committee was accordingly set up and adopted the name of "Label* and Frecautionary Information Committee," promptK abbreviated to LA.P.L Committee; This Committee originally consisting of tea mem bers hdd their fin* meeting oa May 17, 1914. The Committee was made up of members of the legal, medical, research, peraiia& asd sale* representative* of the participating companies. The Committee arrived at the decision chat the loUowvag subject matter should be t-ooridcred for iademae on a wonting label: A, Name of Protfact-'-Tbe accepted chem ical ftamc is addition to any trade name. E. Signal word designating degree of hazard -- DANGER!, WARNING 1, or CAUTION! C ASrexativ* statement of hazard*--sod? as. Flammable, Vapor hazardous. Harmful dost, etc, D. Precautionary measures covering ac tions to be followed or avoided---such as. Keep away from beat asd flame, Do sot brathe vapor. Avoid contact with skin, etc. E. Instructions Is ease of contact or ex posure, where advisable. Under some laws intidotes are repaired when the word -POISON" is ased. F. Instructions for the ale handling ud xerage of container* should aln be eonndered for Inclusion oa the UbeL I will Dot elaborate oa the evolution of the labels otrtt ia eoeamoa use under the terras of the above described system, but will refer any interested parties to pages 7 t* 17 of the ItCA. publication cndtJed ll'amatf Labels--Manual L-l--A Guide for (hr Preparation of Waning Labels for Hazardous Chemicals. This manual also contains typical- labels for over 200 commonly used chemical prod uct*. The firm edition of the manual was published mriy ia 1945 and met with almost amvemi acceptance, especially oa the pert of various federal and state regulatory UxSea, , At the time our committee was prepar ing titis manual the State of California was afso busily engaged in the preparation of labeling regulation* covering the use of a targe number of potentially hazardous chem icals within the State of California. As a result of close asd cordial cooperation between the state authorities and our Com mittee die California regulations when enacted asd published were practically iden tical with our LAPI system asd representa tive label*. The action of California was followed by Oregon. Hawaii, Illinois ud similar regula tions are now pending ia Ohio, Rhode Is land. New York and several other states. I think it Is obvious that so much activity would not have been encountered if the state authorities had sot beeoc&e convinced of the desirability or perhaps necessity of promoting some iorm of adequate labeling. Having reached this point Is their activi ties, the LAPl Committee then undertook to study the question of the beat meats of obtaining observance and enforcement of the labeling laws or regulations they lad recommended. The weakest point is the old Surgeon General's Agreement* lay la the fact that they carried no adequate enforce ment provisions. The chemical manufac turers who signed the agreements Uvcd up to their obligations concerning tabling is every respect; but having sold their prod uct, there was no means of compelling the purchaser to apply a warning label similar in text to the one used oa the initial shipmeat by the manufacturer, to any shipcsent of repackaged material. Alter a careful study of the situation ex tending over more than three years, the LAPI Committee cafse to the eoechisoa that the best way to handle the label problen was through enactment oa the part of the various states of legislation enpowering a suitable state agency, such ax the Depart ment of Health, Department of Safety or Department of Labor, to issue regulations spedtying the safety provision* that should be nude ia eonnectioa with adequate la beling; mfeguards ia handling; tire preven tion, and so forth. Authority should be granted to such authorized agency providing for the enforce ment and zmpositioa of penalties for ignor ing the regulations co the port of setters or users. After cartful study of tins situation front all angles the LAJPI Comnuttc* reeoo- Chemical Industries mended the approach by means of regula tions rather than the writing of the label control measures into the organic law of will be greatly relieved if and when ade quate regulations are widely adopted accom panied by suitable enforcement provisions, the states. It is much easier and quicker In our opinion foe greatest offenders to to change such regulations, after public day against labeling regulation* and usage* hearings before the designated state regu are foe small formulators and distributors latory agency, than to bring about such of potentially hazardous chemicals la foe changes by amendment of law, which re form of household or farm products, such quires favorable action of both houses of .xi cleaning fluids, detergents, insecticides, the state legislature and approval of the fungicides, rodentiddes, and so forth. governor. The initial bulk shipment of any of these One highly important requirement (or products is usually covered by an adequate these regulations ts covered by the word warning label, but when U reaches foe hand "uniformity." Obviously, it increases the dif of foe repackagcr or formuiator, he fre ficulty, almost if not quite to the point of quently neglects or refuses to make use of a impossibility, of compliance os the part of similar precautionary text and the only re the manufacturer and distributor if these course foe manufacturer has is the dubious various state regulations call (or the adop one of refusing to accept his orders after tion of different label tests. For example, a manufacturer may ship his product to a warehouse in Chicago from which it may be sold in any one of the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wis consin or Iowa. Unless the label require ments. of these states are uniform, there is no assurance that a label complying with all the requirements of the State of Illinois may not end up in Michigan or Wisconsin where quite different label tests are en forced. it has been dearly demonstrated that be is not complying with modern label rcQutrr- ments. I cmnot dose these remarks without re ferring to foe importance of reading foe label. This statement is emphasized by foe fact that foe Federal Government lot recently published a pamphlet prepared un der foe auspices of the U. S. Food fc Drug .\dranritralkw ^ obtainable from the Govensues* Printing Office tn Washington The title of this pamphlet U Read the Label, The "rcdoctio ad absurdum" in this sit uation may be found in the State of Cali fornia. The State Board of Pharmacy and the State Industrial Safety Commission re quire the affixing of two different labels on foe same product The poor manufacturer or distributor in order to escape all hazard of tine or imprisonment will be required to use two different label tests on his ship if I may be permitted to mkc a teg. gestioo to as orgini Taiwan u wclt-kncwa and widely respected u the Nations! Safer) Council, it wueld be that they make an ef fort to inform the public oo foe vital neces sity of reading the labels found on an? fabebbeortRff package purchased or used whether is the factory, in the laboratory or in foe home. ments in California. Our committee recognizes, however, that this whole labeling question is a relatively new problem placed before the regulatory bodies and that, furthermore, in almost every case these regulatory bodies have been found to be very cooperative and sympa thetic with foe problems and difficulties in volved, and are almost universally disposed to correct any anomalies, such as foe one This afternoon's syreposkaa, according to foe program, deals with the subject of lab oratory safety. Since many of tut employees in a laboratory have had technical training and practically all of them are more or less familiar with chemicals, the necessity for using warning labels on products used the chemical laboratory might appear to be less than foe requirements tor use on mate rials employed in foe factory or boose. just dted in foe ease of California Moreover, most laboratories arc equipped I might state at this point that the manu facturers of chemical products are just as actively interested in foe advancement of safety through adequate labeling as are any of the state or federal authorities having these matters in charge. The manufacturers with adequate facilities in the way of gen eral exhaust ventilation and well-designed fume hoods so that the opportunity for foe more commonly encountered types of chon* icaj exposure occurs much leas frequently is foe laboratory than in other locations. Pint mmi Brpiojiont Which Hove Occurred fa the Chemtcei Industry 19 We believe, however, that with the ad vent of many new chemical products, the characteristics of which arc not to wellknown, that the use of these warning labels ts thoroughly justified even oo packages of reagent chexaieals for use tn the laboratory. The situation ts somewhat complicated by the fact that laboratory reagents are frequently caoraitcrcd in relatively small packages which naturally limits the size of the label and foe space available oo it for warning text. The LAPI Committee has this problem at proeet under review by a subcommittee comprised of members of force of foe prin cipal manufacturers and distributors of reagent chemicals and we fed quite sure that some satisfactory method can be found tor condensing foe minimum waningr test wifoin foe maximum space available on snail labels. One other point that will contribute ma terially to laboratory safety is strict ob servance of foe rule to apply a wanting label to any refill containers of reagent ma terials. Original packages containing such materials are frequently placed in the lab oratory or plant stock room and used to refit! smaller bottles or containers for use on the laboratory bench. In any case where foe original package tarries a warning label a copy of the chem ical name of the product and the warning text found oo foe original label should be printed oo a gummed labed and affixed to foe container actually being used in foe laboratory. A quick drying varnish or lacquer brushed over foe label will serve to protect it and maintain its legibility and also assist in re taining the gummed label oa the glass sur face of foe bottle. I have frequently observed tn laboratories refilled bottles with such illegible markings (or perhaps no markings at all) as" to ren der identification of the coateets difficult or impossible. This not only results in a hazard, but raqocntly in a waste of material since in many eases the only safe thing to do with chemicals of unknown composition is to empty them into foe waste disposal can and even such disposition may involve some hazard through possible reaction with some other chemical in the waste can. I again urge upon foe managerial staff ol all laboratories as welt as all of the personnel employed in them that they care fully follow all precautionary measures set forth on reagent labels. Discussion of Fires and Explosions Which Have Occurred in the Chemical ` Industry and Their Causes and Corrective Measures Br W. H. DOYLE Chemical Engineer, Factory Insurance Assn., Hartford, Coon. 1 find that everyone outside of the indus try think* of chemical plant fires as result ing from weird combinations of exotie chemicals, .when the truth of the matter is that fires in this iodustry mostly come from just foe same causes that they do ta a eottoe mill or a machine shop. Most of the fires still ea*.ur because some- me gets careless with * welder's torchfoe only difference is that when a maa is careless ifl a chemical plant he can usually do much more damage- than elsewhere be cause chemical plants usually have sizeable quantities of flammable materials. I want to talk chiefly about the more unusual fires, but I will say oce careless welder recently caused a chemical plant loss estimated at two rmtlioa dollars, a case of a spark on tar coated cork insulation. In another instance a welder connected the ground oo an dectrie welding machine to a rail oa s siding where a flammable liquid tank car was befog unloaded. The man who disconnected foe car was fatally burned by the flash fire set off. by foe spark nude when the cocacctioo was broken. !t 20 Chemical Industrie! On the other side of the picture -- * In another case, a sulfuric add line was thirty million dollar expansion by Dow in nor identified as such and a pipe fitter was Texas involved multitude of outside weld ers but was completed without a single fire from welding. It does not mean no fires that resulted in losses, it actually mass seriously bunted because the line was not purged as it should have been and hydrogen iatide exploded when be broke a stubborn joint. no fire. Naturally, I went all out to get Another man went to replace a cylinder the trade secret involved, and like most trade secrets, it didn't turn out to be So much after alL The procedure was to have a meeting of all prime and subcontractors about once a week, at which the law was laid down and to hire a crew of clcan-up men who worked so fast that when a man dropped a wtench from a scaffold, he had to go to the waste dump to find it of nitrogen for use ta blowing out a kettle eoctaining a flammable liquid, but the light bulb was oat and he connected a cylinder of oxygen instead. Turning now to losses that are a link more apt to occur in the chanical plant than elsewhere, there is die ever present question of gauge glasses. When I started getting together date X was very modi surprised The next greatest lass cause in our ex to find that there was only cqc esse where perience is the misuse of electricity. la* fire was said to have been aused by the dustry would save a- great many dollars breakage of a gauge glass and resulting annually if people could oaiy remember that contact of the spilled liquid with a source 14 wire means 15 amps. There is ooe dec* of ignition. I will get to that a tittle later. txical problem, however, that presents no I did find, however, plenty of cases where easy solution and that is the repair of ex* once a fire started ordinary gauge glasses ptoston-proof equipment If a fitting is put were broken from hat or hose stream im bade with a cross thread, if the wax seal pact and added fuel to the Set is broken and not repoured, if a lamp cover To find a realty bad case of a broken is put back only two turns instead of the gauge gins, I had to go out of the chemical required five or cveu, the equipment is no industry to the aircraft engine test cell ex longer explosion-proof, but the defect is plosion which was in tbe, papers a couple practically invisible. A, periodic check on of mmsths ago. That was not strictly a how thoroughly your chief electrical main gauge glass, but the breaking of a glass tenance man supervises his employees Is rotameter which spilled gasoline and where well worth while. , the loss estimates vary from one miltioa A typical esunple of an dcctrical loss dollars to five million dollars for the re is ooe which cost fourteen thousand dollars sulting damage. a few years ago. A solid product was bring Tbe other ease I mentioned preriourir extracted with isopropyl alcohol bat the ma occurred where benxoe was bring used te chine was not running smoothly. So, the purify a chemical and there was about a operator took off the nxzu-bolc coves' and ooe hundred and fifty thousand dollar lire looked inside with a strictly explosion-proof The operator said that be saw a gauge glass extension light; he then poshed the starter button to give the apparatus a quarter tarn, the heavy cord aught is the gears with a shower of sparks and the resulting fire. break, got out ot the mom and the fire started as soon as be left Plant safety people were not entirely satisfied, however, and when tbe explosion-proof dcctrical wir Here are a few odd Items that cm hap pen anywhere, but did occur artaeffy in chemical plants. In the first case, a fire department came roaring in to put out a fire in umc asphalt-coated metal and were told that the hydrant was over yonder pointed red. So---they hitched on to a red painted ing was takas down from the eoeercte celtag they examined it very carefully and fated that tbe wire iatide the conduit was melted at ooe point, and that this poiat was pretty remote from tbe broken gauge glass A tittic farther lymirinrilinK disclosed that the operator had bees fining a tank and had outlet on a fuel cQ fine and rally homed the braiding down. It doesn't matter whether fire equipment is painted red. gfiecB. or ha that color should be re disobeyed orders by fatring tbe mom with- ot slatting off the flow of bouox. Ac taaSy, tbe tank bad overflowed while be was away and tbe fire oricrnaXcd at the served for am oa fire ayjqauqfl only. point of orciflow. * Fires mnd Exfitosions Which Have Occurred the Chemicol.Industry 21 However, the gauge glass did break and did add fuel to the fire, and the damage would have undoubtedly been less, as in many other cases, with a better system of gauging, Incidentally, it is obvious that if this tank had been equipped with an over flow pipe back to the the storage tank, there could never have been a benaen* spill. In a great many instances, gauge glasses can be completely done away with by the use of pipe tine meters which can be set SO that they will be shut off after a pre determined volume has been passed; by the use of weigh tanka or by the use of measur ing tanks with a heavy glass "bull's eye" at Use proper JrreL Where gauge glasses must be used, they can be of the type orig inally built for heavy pressure steam, of if the tiqtiid la cion the "Shomatic" gauge made by the HdHford Machine Screw Cornpay an be used. This is a simple device with a spring loaded valve at each end and with the valve* held open by fitting the gius with ball bearings. Break the glass and the boll bearings roll all over the floor and the valvm shut. It used to be fashionable for insurance inspectors to recouagend ball check valves m gauge glass connections, or gauge glosses connected to weighted or spring loaded valves, so the operator Had to bold than open while taking the reacting But ball check valves are 3pt to gum up and (hey don't work very reliably at low pressures and operators always seem to develop the obnoxious habit of propping up the weight oa weight loaded valve* or tying up the handles on spring loaded ones, so something less subject to tampering is more desirable. A further thought on the previously men tioned overflowing of the banco* tank te that St U always good practice to provide good overflow drainage at any place where a flammable liquid spilt nuy occur. For obvious reasons it is better te have this emergency drain independent of all other fewer tine* but, if this amet be don^ dis charging through a good sized trap into a storm sewer can be coosidcred. Tbe trouble with storm sewer* a tint you can't ttS aha will threw a cigarette sat a ma bole half a oak anay ad Mew op the sewer. Kot to* long ago sack *a apbskwt Ad occur where cubm dfoatfific m a sewer na* ignited. prcneaMy at a am bole is a bar* eng city dmnp located cot of of the plant involved. Furthermore; with control of stream pollution becoming increasingly important, this may involve a decision as to whether you would prefer to risk burning a plant down, or spend the rest of your life in jail for kilting the fish. f mentioned a while back the case of the operator who inadvertently used oxygen in stead of nitrogen to transfer a flammable liquid. ' I purposely did not mention what happened, but all of you must have guessed correctly that the vessel blew up violently. Fortunately the operator escaped by reason of being behind a sled column at the time. Everyone realize* Instantly how dangerous it would be to use oxygen to transfer a flammable liquid, but quite a few plants still Insist oa using a 20 per cent oxyga mixture called air.1 Periodically a fir* or explosion results and another convert is made to the cause of safety. The worst loss of this nature that I re call occurred when crude benzene was be ing agitated with air to prevent stratifica tion. Somehow a spark occurred and this one tank ruptured, spreading fire throughout a sizeable storage area and resulting In a claim for $1,090,000. Flipping the coin over to the other side, if it I* dangerous to mix air with flam mable vapors, it is likewise dangerous to mix flammable vapors with air m a confined Space. The worst chemical plant losses hav* resulted from such accidental mixing. A sixty thousand dollar example of the first case occurred when benzene vapor was be ing transferred raider a slight vacuum; a gasket failed and air was drawn into the vapor pipe. `_ Two milfioa-dbitar examples of the sec ond cut hav occurred, one xhtn alcohol vapor was discharged in targe volume from a Still vent that terminated inside the build ing and another when maintenance men re moved piping between a rupture diaphragm and the oetsade of a building, that when the rupture diaphragm failed, the'-buildlng filled with bulsdiesnc vapor. The tetter case iUusfrates what can hap pen when these is a slip in cooperation be tween pfas* Maintenance and plant safety. The firs* case Is as example of what tap- pees by raxa of taking the first "No" for as answer when the alcohol tax unit was aeind for pmiUiiut to extend the vent 4 ii The ioK* M **** hhm * far, with iter Prnrnmit *M*tgte*n tiw * invoh-jos oeyem. Mr *M nuaigta *f a mild tiqpkwaoD. nutt *ugtowUD te*^ ea* soke beats tbe mixture to a point wk**r k m jos* about ready ta born without a <arU; Ae spark plog ignites a small pnr 1-- aari the test of it goes ah at core, where the vwo* W*w a tom ffc* w 4m** TbwvticaPy. there are two different sets hack ta place tt tor wipflreu eMt gftrw u* jam--rairrf seder which a ddcaatkw <9/ Ae waffs (af eug emi miie pher *ad, anfortnmrrft; l aot able Pina cm W AraW l.,ai., W h*~ stand mild cplw*na by ttee D^ * top- hinged wuiAmi wate frtCM* 1Wring. T tbe me of %hs tefcag. wdi a* i^iam or corrugated iron. or a kg roof, or mm* thing of that attune. It ie the war i as dewgumg a htthftag to withetrod a heavy wind. If you arc down soeA is tbe barricane c-oarery. >od design to withstand wadi of up to 125 miles per boor; if there is a remote chance of a n&id etpJocon, yoe provide explosion relief venting ta tbe ratio of one square foot of relief area to each 30 to 50 cubic feet of room volume. However, just as there U no economically justifiable design to withstand the 400-odd* mile per hour wind in the eye of a tornado, there is no reasonable way to design a plant w mt very optatlit "'--"pto* of each bad la beitb cases ttee vapor and air sixttee twat be right ie tbe middle oi tbe exafeerve range. Thee, fnsl as la an antosobQe engine, this mixture nst be bated almost to tbe temperature at which it would sgaite spontaneously so that tbe addition of foot a tittle sore beat free what starts out to be a mild explosion win heat the rest of the mixture so that it all burns at once. It it pretty hard ta prodoce both of these cendttiens stenulonenesly except in a laboratory where a deliberate attempt U made (o do it That is why flammable vapor detorations are are so rare in industry, However, let us get down to specific cases. In one plant a flammable liquid war being treated with a very finely divided to withstand a flammable vapor detonation. catalyst. If tbe liquid was bone dry and All you can do is make extremely sure that the catalyst likewise dry, and if several the detonation never takes place and carry other special conditions Were met, tbe rela> insurance in case you guess wrong. lively cheap raw stock was changed to a The difference between an "explosion** ;vnd a "detonation," as I am using the words, is rather difficult to define. Professor Ten ney Davis of M.LT. wrote a book on "Powders and Explosives" and defines an more valuable product which could be dis tilled off. The chemical reaction produced considerable heat so tbe reaction vessel was equipped with a rupture diaphragm of ado* quate sire; it had cooling coils for tonper- explosion as "a loud noise accompanied by the rapid departure of things from the place where they hare been." A detonation is more of the same (this is 00 longer Pro ature control; and the agitator and the liquid supply lu>e were interlocked so that the flammable liquid could not be na ante the kettle unless the agitator was running fessor Davis) except that the gas expands In case these precautions were not enough fo fast in a detonation that a vacuum is and the temperature continued to rise; there momentarily created where it took place. *1* a pressure tank of a neutralizing solu Therefore, any wall nearby that is not tion that could be dleaped into the kettle pushed out hy the shock of the detonation to stop the reaction by opening ooe valve falls in toward it as tbe air rushes bade to The vapor space above the kettle was filled break the vacuum. with inert gas. All this adds up to the fact The amplest illustration of the difference occurs when you drive a or with a high compression engine using low test gasoline. that the reaction was protected against every conceivable accident that the designer could foresee. As long as you are going on tbe level, tbe At this point I would like to interject the engine runs smoothly because of the ex thought that a good modem chemical plant plosions in the cylinders. But when you design such u this is so far ahead of start up a hill, pen of the mixture explodes normal insurance requirements that insurance and the rest detonates, giving you a knock. inspection and underwriting is inevitably a This occurs because your foot is down on good many years behind. Having outlined the accelerator, to the mixture is richer the exceptional precautions and if I now and the engine is rawing slower; the com* tell you that bo humas failure was involved. Fkm md &htek Km* CtiawrW dm Chemical ImUrtry m a |i|C aha* slow speed doesn't say slow very long Ttee products of combustion are but and have a moth greater volume than the antwrnrrf go, so tbe pressure ta the pqinstbur wws fck pipe incnascs a* tbe flame travels to furrash tiw energy needed to push the burned gas cot to tbe open air. By the time the coaid codecs mmde tte hectic. e Ac e*alyw ikt saw wick dareag dte Aar dowa. Accordingly, ttee wweaned keltic contents were pmiipiit a* Ac staff. Ae catalyse was allowed to male an*. Ac raw stock distilled off and tbe prom* samd again. For a second time ns reacttee took place and the mixture was again pumped to tbe still Then, unexpectedly, tbe reaction started to take place in the stiff which had bo cooling coils, no rupture diaphragm, bo inert atmosphere, 00 agitator, and do pressure tank to put m flame has traveled about 15 to 20 pipe diameters the gas pressure in front of the Same has beta increased enough so the temperature has been raised and conditions are ideal for a detonation. In the book. Safety at Petrolam Refining and Related Inkuilriei, by George Armistead, Jr., there i* a picture showing what happened when a Texas oil pipe line was bring cleaned by an air-powered "go.devil" ud a detonation took place; Twenty-rix miles of ten-inch pipe line detonated. the inhibitor, "Tbe very hot liquid in Ae Still, hot because of the reaction, foamed out and filled Ae building wriA vapor so that the conditions of high temperature and ' perfect mixture were reached and a detona tion took place. A somewhat similar acadent occurred la a chemical plant where flammable vapors were bring drawn through a duct over tbe roof to a solvent recovery system. For a long time the master mechanic had a work order on his desk to cut another Inlet into The building was of Ae best possible the duct to remove vapors from some new construction for Ae occupancy, with steel machinery that was going to be installed. 1 rime, with small floor area, and with cor Naturally he would not do the work while rugated asbestos sides and roof, so there the plant was operating, even though tbe was explosion relief la Ae ratio of about vapor concentration in the pipe was supposed out to thirty, but Ae building was com * to be automatically maintained well below pletely wrecked and walls sad windows us the tower explosive limit There was never jJjaceot buildings were pulled out toward any indication that this safe condition was the dctocstion. All three people ia Ae not complied with, but he had a healthy feultding at the time were IdUed. While it respect for flammable vapors and would is hoped that this loss will amount to less not take chances. than eee and ooe-faalf million dollars, it docs not seem likely that it will be leu than ooe million dollars. After the loss, it is easy to see that a filter should have beta installed between the reaction kettle and Ae stilt. Tbe rebuilt plant will incorpo rate that feature. Accordingly, when an electrical power failure occurred , during a thunderstorm, causing a plant shut-down, he got Ae plant electrical people to give him an estimate of Ae time required to restore Ae outage, found it was tong enough, told Aon not to start solvent recovery even alter power was it is somewhat easier to produce a detona restored until he gave Acm Ae word, and tion ui a pipe tine. If a pipe contains a sent a man wiA a torch upon the roof mixture t* Ae middle of Ae explosive to cut a hole in Ae duct range and Igaitioo take* place at an open end, tbe flame win start to travel back up Ae pipe at Ae normal speed of flame at sea level and normal temperature--which u about ` seven feet per second or about 45 seconds for the lW-yard dash. Most oi us here are probably over-age and over weight for seme athletic,events, but it would be easy to outrun a flame. What everyone tost sight of was that Acre was a certain, amount of residual solvent vapors even though it was techni cally not running. About the time Ae welder sorted work, Ae duet was filled wiA vapors in Ae middle of Ac range and an explosion took place. Theory was on Ae side of Ae welder because the flame in the duct traveled away from him in boA Unfortunately since we started Ae flame directions for a far enough distance before . '\ 1 24 Chemical Industries detonation took place, so that all he got was a bad ware. When the pipe detonated it broke the concrete roof immediately below it, showering fragments down into the oper* ating ana, again without hurting anyoae, and coping tile on the parapet was tucked m toward the pipe. This lot* amounted to fix hundred thousand dollars. Before leaving the subject of detonations, l do want to mention the possibilities in herent in acetylene, and acetylene to which one molecule of water ha* been added, under which situation it is Imown as ethylene oxide. The materials can be detonated if they are in the vapor or gas phase, eves though no air or oxygen is present The industry cross-section I am familiar with does not show any explosions of these chemicals other than an infrequent acetylene generator explosion which may or may not be attributable to the property of these gases of being susceptible to detonatioo in the absence of air. This record is partly a result of the fact that use of these chcmirats has so far beeen limited and on a relatively unall Kale, but mostly to the extreme pre cautions taken by design and maintenance personnel in chemical plants where they are used. In the case of ethylene oxide. Carbon A Carbide, Dow, and Jefferson Chemical all do their utmost individually through the medium of engineering booklets, trade maga zine advertisements, salesmen education, and jointly through the Manufacturing Chemists* Association to see that consumers are fully aware of the hazards involved and this edu cational pmgiaiu will undoubtedly keep the number of losses to a minimum. Now that a)1 the easy chemicals have been made and the research department* are 'continually working on the hard ones, I believe that such iction in the public interest win become in creasingly comoctL A while bark 1 mentioned the. problem of getting rid of accidental spills of flammable liquids, and I also mentioned a sewer explo sion in that comecticn. Another type of loss occurred in connection with waste dis posal in a plant where all the liquid waste from a fermentation process was being brought down to m neutral Ph before dis charging it into a city sewer. The system involved putting the waste into an agitated kettle and neutralizing it with caustic, and it worked to the foil satisfaction of the muoidpal authorities. So when a new fer mentation process was pot in, the same sys tem was followed. Unfortunately, the waste from the newprocess contained a material which polymer ized, giving off a great amount of beat when treated with cxastic. No ooe suspected it until the mating kettle exploded. The operator heard the kettle hissing and sent everyone else out of the building but be was killed when the explosion took place. While on the subject of waste disposal. 1 might mention two other tmusua] cues. In one, a flammable waste was being'burned intermittently on an experimental basis using a home-made burner rigged up With an aeetylene pilot light for ignition. When the pilot light was turned oa one morning, the main waste pipe exploded because, appar ently, the valve oa the aeetylene cylinder leaked and the acetylene* backed up Into the main pipe In another case, excess chlorine gas from a chrotination process was intermittently absorbed to a tank of caustic soda. Eventu ally the caustic soda was all neutralized and when more chlorine was introduced the tank became a chlorine dioxide generator. This gas explodes spontaneously when it reaches about 10 per ant cooctatratioo, so the neutralizing tank blew up. Apparently the plant safety department now has another duty added, tliat of personally seeing that Waste is escorted out of the plant la a reasonably safe manner, Right at the pres ent time this will probably be sracthing of a headache because moot waste disposal plants are on pretty much of a pilot plant basis. On the subject of pilot plants, these arc undoubtedly good things even from an in surance company viewpoint because while they do have a somewhat excessive number of losses, it i* undoubtedly better to have these tosses in a small plant than ia a luge one. On the other hand, perhaps if the pitot plants were omitted entirely, much mere thought would go into the design of the large-scale plants and the accident* which show up in pilot plant operations might not liccur at all I am told that Oak Ridge fas an extremely good safety and fire record, even though it started oat with no pilot plant and ts one of the world's .largest chem ical operations. I would like to give a frw examples of Fine mtd Explosions Which Have Occurred m the Chemical Industry 25 pitot pilot looses that could have been avoided by a tittle more thought to safe design. Ike first case involved a catalytic reaction where the hot vapors given off ran ta a water-cooled coodencr and returned so the reaction kettle to help keep the tanpenture iwkr control. What was over looked was that water poiscoed the catalyst so when a condenser tube leaked the nac* tioa stopped and a flow of flammable gas continued through the kettle; resulting in escape of gas mto the building and a subse quent explosion. Installing a small auto matic decanting tank in the return tine from the condenser would have eliminated this loss. In another cate, a chemical had to be reacted with a boiling flammable liquid imder conditions that^reqmrai the use of a Havcg i-es&oL This rvactioc. also; was cooled by the condensate from a water condenser and the condenser was made of Havrg. Coding water to the wwkww failed, so the tem perature went up and the resultant violent boiling caused bumping and the Haveg kettle broke, releasing the hot liquid. Forfumldy, in this case the liquid was bmiene and benzene has an extremely high ignition temperature, 1,000 degrees F, so the resulting expiation was a simple explo sion, and not a detonation. A water flow alarm on the coding water line to the condenser, or a thermostatic alarm oa tbe condenser would lave prevented this loss. In another case, lithium hydride was bong added to a brand new pilot plant unit and the addition was bong made through a sys tem of double gate valves so the top one could be opened, tbe hydride poured in, then, the top one dosed and the bottom valve opened to admit the hydride to tbe reaction kettle; Before starting the reaction the vessel bad Uca very thoroughly dried, in cluding a final interior wiping with dry cloth. This was necessary because lithium hydride reacts violently with. water. However, an explosion took place when the bottom valve was opened, because it had bees forgotten that the manufacturer tested off the valves hydrostatically and because this test left a little pocket of water in the body of the valve which was forced out when the valve was opened. My m experience vHth an industrial accident was along somewhat similar tines. I wad to work in a brass mill Airing ua- raer vacations and one summer the job was to dip the ends of tubing into a molten salt bath, and one day I dipped In a tube handle that had been hydrostatically tested but from which the water had not been blown out Another pilot plant loss occurred when an organic material was being oxidized to an acid with nitric acid. The reaction worked fine in laboratory glassware, but blew up the stainless steel kettle in the pilot plant. Apparently there was enough material dis solved from the pilot plant vessel, probably manganese, so that it catalyzed the formation of an explosive agent, peroxide, instead of the desired add. Along similar lines, at another plant a ves sel exploded because a stainless steel kettle was made of steel containing molybdenum instead of ooe which was free of this mate rial, and it was later found that traces of molybdenum catalyzed an explosive decom position of the chemical involved. The question of how far to go m design ing for safety is always a troublesome one Every added safety feature usually means an added expense and it is poor ecoocmics to spend so much on safety equipment that the product cost goes up arid sales go down. On the other hand, if the remote contingency does come to pass and someone is killed, or customers are lost because there's nothing to sell, then it always sewns possible when rebuilding to devise some means to atull a repetition of the accident A few examples of trouble along these lines include the accident at a plant which Is ew of several under the same ownership. There was an extensive flammable liquid recovery operation at each plant and at tbe plant in question the recovery equipment was producing a recovered solvent of about 97 per cent purity. 'Hie assistant operator had previously worked at another plant of the company and had heard from a friend employed at that plant that the recovery equipment there was producing 9&5 per cent purity. He had worked with that equipment and figured that if it could be done at the other plant, it coukl be dooe here. So, ooe day when the chief operator was tick, be started changing reflux ratios and employ ing simitar tricks so that he could show unproved results. What bis friend bad not told him was that tbe equipment at the other plant had bees modified, so that when tbe 26 Chemical fndiutriet increased reflux ratio was used there was adequate venting, which did not exist here where he was trying it. With inadequate venting the room filled with flammable vapor and an explosion oc curred when an outside contractor came in and started to light a cigarette, in defiance of *11 common sense, posted signs, and previous verbal instructions. After the loss, all vents were gone over and over-designed, but prior to the loss this has not a condition which could have been foreseen by an insurance.inspector or the plant safety department and, even if it had been foreseen, it is doubtful if the expose would have been approved when it would have served only to provide protection against such a remote chance. Incidentally, this loss cost die insurance companies about three hundred thousand dollars. Another similar case occurred when two nonhazardous chemicals were reacted to mmt another nonhcaardous chemical No flammable* were involved, water solutions were used, and die vessel was heated only by low pressure steam in order to hurry up the reaction. Naturally, under such con ditions there was no rupture diaphragm oo the kettle and yet it exploded after some eleven years of operation- The only con ceivable explanation is that somehow a wrong chemical got in this one batch- In- reconstructing the plant, a rupture <fia> pragm is being provided on the kettle, but this is another case where anticipation of the accident would have bees practically im possible. I have a set of cards on which 1 have noted some typical accidents. Here are a few tosses picked at random; Alcohol was bong evaporated from a solid product in a 24 by 30 by 18 inch labo ratory dryer. Ignition took place and the damage was seventy-two thousand dollars. >\ night watchman was walking along a laboratory corridor and saw a refrigerator body appear through the tile wall corridor and scop in front of him. The doer of the refrigerator was found m the plant yard. This was an automatic electric refrigerator and Someone had pot in a flask containing seme material dissolved in ether. Appar ently the ether vapor got up into the re frigerator switch by following along the thermostat tube, so whea the switch oper ated the box exploded. A laboratory helper went to get a sample iroen a mcihyl-ethyl kctooc stin and dropped the five-gallon glass sample bottle. Thinking quickly, he fetched a broom and started to sweep the liquid out of the building, but unfortunately a welder was working over bad just outside the door. Hat one cost twelve thousand doOars. In a somewhat similar case, a bcasoi Spill wax being swept into a drainage trench atn which some Steam traps also discharged. If you will look tack through the literature, you will find that the Dutchman wbo - vented the Lcydca Jar corresponded with Benjamin Franklin and mentioned that one of flie easiest ways to generate static elec tricity was to discharge steam from a nozzle, whereupon the nozzle picked up a heavy charge of static. A atom trap dis charged just as the benzol reached the trench and die fire followed. There is another type of loss which gives everyone red faces; that is whea the first, or the second, or the third toss occur from the same cause, all with nominal damage but the next one u a tag 004. The first 'time the residue from a still in one plant caught fire, a little painting had to be done, but there was no insurance claim. The next time the loss was one. hundred and fifty thousand dollars, Now a safe method of waste disposal has been worked out. At a synthetic ammonia plant, synthesis gas escaped and ought fire ia a valve pack ing and the plant people spent about two hundred dollars to make repairs. The next time it leaked along a piston rod and caught fire, and the plant people span about three hundred dollars. The property I am speaking about was government-owned, so the tax payer paid the bill* The tax payer Also paid the three million dollar loss re sulting from the third leakage. 27 Treatment of Tank Car Wash Water Wastes By G. GUTZBIT Director, Wtor*neb Testing Laboratory- General A- mean Transportation Corp, Bast Chicago- tn pipping of liquids tn tank cars, from a very modest beginning initiated by the petreieum Industry, has today grown to gi gantic proportions. In recast years, the trend has been to wards increased bulk transportation of manu factured chemicals and intermediates, which, in tuna, has involved the development of specialized conveyances,*** The following data show the shift: Owieb a . Sulfuric And rrtroteuw These figures should not be misinterpreted. They do net mean that the shipment of petroleum products (whkh utilizes today a carrier rapacity of about 700 million gal lons) bas decreased In the least, but that tiie proportion has changed in favor of the chemicals. The General American Transportation Corporation (G-A.T.C) owns and operates a fleet of over 4200 tank cars, which are used to ship more than 700 different com modities. In order to perform the necessary repair and maintenance work, about 40 "General American** shops are strategically located throughout the country. One of their Important functions is the darting of the empty tanks. This operation gracrally involve* draining, steaming with <*r without atomization of a solvent, and riasiag.A M The wash waters, including con densate represent the waste ol these plants. It U quite obvious that the Utter is not naly complex, but also highly variable in fewposition The only favorable factor is its raUxfrvfy low volume (from 5JXO to <0,000 gaia/day). In terns of the corresponding treatment autaJlitioc. this involve* a relatively comSpiraled system- but allows a compact de sign eosrpristag small units. Of counc lo cal coo&tion*--topographical and geological features. State poUutioa laws, population, existing Industries, etc--may change the pic ture lor betlcr or for worse Under certain favorable circumstances, such as, for in stance a large river to dilute considerably the tifiuent, a sparse population with a sepa rate unpolluted drinking water supply (deep wells), a high evaporation ratc^ etc, rela tively simplified treatment systems might be acceptable. On the other hand, there are areas where practically total purification is required. Functionally, the basic complete flow-sheet involve* the following steps (not necessarily in the indicated sequence) : Separation and removal of free oils and greases.--Destruc tion of oniusiofis and removal of the or ganic phase.--Separation of solid suspensoidt.-- Clarification.-- Removal or destruc tion of phenols and other water soluble taste and odor producing compounds.--Re duction of B.O.D. (specifically O.C) value to an acceptable figure,--Sterilization. Task Car Wastes The nature of the wastes produced by tank car cleaning operations changes from day to day--even from hour to hour. The distribution of commodities shipped also changes to a certain extent as a function of geographic location, i.c. of area industry, although this factor tends to level off as time goes on. By comparing the following data from a six-month survey of commodities shipped in California (GATC Los Angeles shop) in 194S with a simitar survey made in East Chicago. Indiana (Plant No. 2), during the same general period, the difference in com modity distribution will be noticed/*n Out ol CowmoditT Ari<fa ....................... >. A&ilat AbL S*ki............ J.S ZMnlna Products .............21.} Vmtxfcft Oils. f*a, tu..., II.J *w*- ..21.6 S. S,9? 11.ri 12.71 C.l Before the cleaning operation proper, tank cars are drained to remove as much as pos sible of the commodity residual, la the case of greases, asphalt, pitch, etc, this in volves heating by means of the steam coils 28 Chemteat Industriet or even treatment with hot air, or super heated steam. Tank car cleaning methods, of course, have to be adapted to the last toad carried. But, generally speaking, they can be classi fied into six techniques; namely*1* *; 1. Removal o{ solid residues by mechani cal means, 2. Simple wishing with hot or cold water. 3. Washing with a solvent, reagent or detergent solution, by Ullage or by spray. 4. Steaming. 5. Steaming with simultaneous atomizing of a solvent such as kerosene; a reagent such as caustic soda or a detergent. 6. Wiping. Ordinarily, several of these methods may be combined to achieve the desired re- StlltS.** * For the purpose of waste treatment, it is best to segregate the tank cars to be cleaned according to the nature of their last load. This segregation also depends upon local conditions and requirements. The most gen eral case calls for three or four cleaning stations. In certain cases, segregation is Impossible or impractical, and therefore has Co be fore gone. This of couse places as additional burden on the waste treatment installation. Ajt to the volume of the wastes, it is a function of the number of cars cleaned per day and of their last loading; in other words of the cleaning method applied. For a cleaning rack able to handle 20 can in eight hours, the maximum quantity of wash water and condensate is about 50,000 gal lons/eight-hour day. A good avenge figure is around 25,000 gallons/eight-hour day. In order to reduce as much as possible the variation in composition of the waste, tc is important to collect each category of waste, or the total, if segregation is impos sible, in luge holding basins or lagoons, prior to each phase of treatment. A targe reservoir is particularly important ahead of the final biological oxidation step, as the organisms have to be accustomed to certain concentrations of toxic compounds, such as phenols, and are highly sensitive to varia tions in either direction. The separation of free oil and grease is a preliminary requirement. In the case of segregation, it is only carried out on the effluent of the cleaning station for wattr insoluble liquids, etc. Note that the wane of this category also contains adds; which enhance the hydrophobic character of this type of compounds, and thus faalitate co alescence of the droplets. Any proven de sign involving gentle, slow agitation, auca as the AJM, or the Gale Interceptor, art suitable for achieving the purpose of form ing a surface oil layer that can be collected u an overflow. Destruction of emulsions and remora! ai fuspessoids. Including most of the coloring components; can be obtained by different means, of which at least two have beta toand practical asd dSdenL One of them is based on tbe meet knows as "chenies! precipitation* or "them, teal cnguhikm,** and btqItcs tbe foewatioa of as absorbent, coOoidaJ. iaorgatic gef is the waste. This is dose by fccxhng sbj amounts of a aea-tanq bayeidrt nto! salt able to yield a griatiaocs praripiute when the pH value Is properly adjusted. Is practice, ferrous sulfate, ahariantn wi/art or magnesium sulfate arc exdatirriy asei Regulation of the pH is generally achieve: by addition of sulfuric add or of lime, prt= (errably as by-prodacts soeh as ccBacat plut dust or by-prodert carbonate-time slurry, and should be sotooatically controlled Tbe other method combines the destruc tion of emulsions with tbe removal of the major amount of phenols and or ganic compounds of addle character, sue! as creosote, merraptaas. fatty adds, etc. It ts based on the fact that certain types oi hydrophobic solids, nock as bituminous coals have a remarkable tendency to absorb os their surface polar-ooepolar compounds u described above. To take full advantage of this fact, end or another writable hydrophobic solid u finely ground in order to taocace its sur face, and suspended a the waste, after tbr pH has been bsuugUt to the proper vahx by addition of add* and aBowteg for sui- fideot cootact time to vtifixe the fuB ad sorption capacity of tbe reagent. The latter it then separated, winch eaa be dooc by flotation, filtration, etstrifagang, etc Flotation Is preferi ml for at least two reasons: by the adsorption of the orguk constituents of tbe waste, tbe solid reagent is "activator* adSticntiy to attach to the Treatment of Tank Car Wosk Water Wattes 29 air-bubbles, without any further need for a into aa underground basin which represents eeticctor; furthermore, the additional aera the mala water supply of that area. tion required for flotation oxydizc* unstable compounds, and removes such gases as hy drocyanic Kid. liberated by tbe previous acidification. As can be seen, both methods achieve a Advantage was taken of the high rate of solar evaporation (up to 72 la. per year) for the disposal of aliali compounds, and of the existence of a natural sand-filter, comprising a depth of 40 ft of loose mi double, but differcot result If used sue*- caceous loom gravel strata and an Imper lady, they will, after clarification by set meable day bed, followed by sandstone and tling or filtration, yield an effluent that Is limestone formations, for clarification and highly purified. oxidation purposes. If only the "chemical precipitation" proc ess is applied, and if the waste has a phenol content over 80 ppm, it Is advisable to fur- il*r treat the clarified liquor. Chemical oxydation, a* with chlorine dioxide or ozone, is effective, hut quite expensive. Finally. UoJogiezi treatment, eventually followed by <ltBuca! .sterilization, will result ia a produ cer acceptable-in any receiving stream. The waste treatment system can be sum marized as follows; Tank cars having con tained alkali-compound* sod: aa caustic soda, brine, sodium silicate, potassium salts, etc, are cleaned on a separate rack. The resulting solution is discharged through a cement channel into a stxnp, and pumped Irora there, at a stow rate, into an imper meable, solar evaporation toxin. The latter ' It should be acted (fiat the above outlined has a flat bottom ISO ft by 45 ft and slop process u not only applicable to tank car ing (1 ft in 20 ft) sides 20 ft wide. wutca, lot to many types of .effluents from organic manufacturing or refining plants. Tbe California Works In oily March. 1948, the sew "General Amenem" repair asd maintenance shop lo cated m West Colton, St Bernardino Czwty. California, started operating, after ua waste trcatznmt installation had been vfxspictGd and tested.* Tbe Sate Bureau of Sanitary Engineer- sog, u that time the policing authority, re* plsead today tn this Inaction by the Re^wooi Water Pollution Control Boards, restricted the type* of commodities that fooSd be contained H tbe treatment inffumt Ir prohibiting the cleaning of all can hav ing b*ca Use loaded with aromatic and toxic compounds, such as phenols, cresots, tar oils, ryamdes. arsenates and arsenites, etc; and, (secondly', required that no sodium or potas sium salts be discharged into the ground water supply. la view of their objectionable effect on the citrus cultures. U'tik (he first ruling actually simplified the Asw-ihcct, but reduced seriously the over-ail usefulness of the shop, the second point called for further segregation and aa additional treatment step. Fortunately, local geological and climatic conditions are fa vorably so that a relatively simple Installa tion could be devised,.Respite the fact that ne river Is available for high dilution pur poses, asd that the effluent has to be fed It U built of concrete, and coated with an asphaltic concrete mix. It Is surrounded by a reinforced cement curb, Id in. high (8 m. above ground), 9 in. wide at the bottom and 6 in. at the top, sealed with bituminous emulsion. These generous di mension*. combined with the high natural evaporation rate prevailing ia that area, where the yearly rainfall averages only 3.04 tru will permit several years of use before the accumulated solids will have to be re moved and dumped In the nearby desert Tank cars flat require caustic soda treat ment for cleaning; such as certain vegetable or animal oils and greases, are first drained and steamed on the "insoluble rack,'* then switched to tbe "aSoti reck,** Cars faring last been loaded with water insoluble solids, such as asphalt, pitch. Ful ler's earth, clay shiny, etc, are cleaned mechanically on a side track. The residues are dumped and eventual]y burned. Special task can haring last contained liquified gases, such as chlorine, carbon di oxide, butane, etc, do not present any water pollution problem. They are simply vented, and can be rinsed an the "solubles" rede, if necessary. Cart having been used for shipment of water-insoluble commodities, such as oils (whether of vegetable; animal or mineral origan), gazolia*. ketones, ethers, etc are cleaned over a separate flume by steaming JO Chcmimi Industries and washing. If they contain volatile chan* ittais, the bottom valve is kept dosed until the product has evaporated, alter which they arc rinsed. The resulting liquid waste Sows first through two pre-settling basins, then alter* (lately through one of two (Hie oil sepa rators (while the other can be deaaed). Most of the free non-imsrible organic liquids rise to the surface, and are pumped to a storage tank, where, in conjunction with standard fuel oil, they are utilized to pro duce the steam needed for the cleaning operations. The underflow from the oil sepa rator* is collected in a large covered holding basin, for storage and equalizing purposes. The wash water and steam condensate tram cars having last contained water sol uble commodities (with the exception of alkali compounds) is directly discharged into the same basin. This cement reservoir, ca pacity S3.000 gallons, has a sloping bottom (2$ x 28 ft.) with a sump at the lower end, and is equipped with a 40 g.pjn. float valve controlled centrifugal pump. The col lected mixed waste is pumped at the above rate to the chom'cai treatment instillation, housed in a steel building. The liquid is first dosed with a *atv.:.'.td Ferrous sulfate solution, prepared and ?: -rid in a small turbo-mixer, by means of a 0 to 4 g.p.m. centrifugal pump. The amount fed varies from zero to a maximum of 9 Ib./hr. The zero figure is used when add cars supply enough if-e iocs through shell corrosion. The mixture is then fed to a turbo-aerator of 1.200 gallon capacity <13-20 min. rctcraicxi time), acting both as -.1 netitraJizer-preerpiiaior and as an oxidise*. A Beckman pH flow ecH, located ia the overflow pipe, regulate, by means of an electronic ccaurol and aa air-operated valve, the auomt of 10-20 per e*m time slurry (up to 15 JU CaO/lxr.) neettary to main- urn the pH between 72 and &Q. The lane slurry is prepared and stored st a 540 gal lon turbo-mixer, equipped with Icrd otrol, and delivered by means of a 0 to JO g.pjn. centrifugal pwufi wrth by-pass (recrmlaExoa) hoe. Precipitation of gdsnaoat ferrous hydrox ide occurs at pH values between 3j and 6XL The aeration adaercs transformation to the faster settling ferric ccopoaad. and oxidation of many orgaeac submwne*. TW mspensioQ of feme hydroxide flows son one of two large ponds (155 by 261 ft, each), separated by a 10 ft dike. The water percolates through the mentioned 40 ft. deep natural mad bed, and finally readies the ondergrotsd barijj, where it is diluted approximately in the proportion of 1;1500. Plant operation is fully automatic, with ig timers, visual and audible signals, etc A specially constructed well, which pro vides the water for the plant, U located in such a manner as to allow testing of the ef fluent Analyses have been performed regu larly by the County Health authorities. The plant has been naming bow for over three years, and results have bees very ade quate. As a matter of fact, the California State Department of Health has expressed thdr complete nusiaruce. The Earn Chicago Works Tb repair and maintenance shop located in East Chicago has bees ta operation since June, 1937. Originally, the waste resulting from tatnk car cleaning was simply lagooned ia a large pood, approximately 150 x 50 it. When the Utter was filled, and until the naste treatment installation was completed, the aqueous phase; separated inrthe pond as a strata between a Sooting top layer of light ou and the settled heavy sludge; was sent through two baffled oil interceptors la se ries to the city sewer, by means of a pump mounted co a raft and equipped with a specially designed vertical intake sleeve. This arrangement required constant super vision oi the luifle height adjustment, in order to avoid transierriog an excess of cti, and involved the risk of poisoning the istanopal sewage treatment work* (Gug< gtnhrim--biologkal system). Ia 2949, ft eras decided to design and oooxraa a zm rftnng rack and a chemical treatment post. After a few trial mas and subsequent modifications of the original Sow dujensa. rtgalag cytruion was started in April J95L The ptcAikm was n.uxolnf more cooplieased that that oi West Colton, California, leeanse there was sto liaaettioo as to the water ccnyuNSaou. and m segregation whatsoever ctse&d hr jeaoaccd. ia view of the lack of araiblie tffe. For the same reason, the zreaeuBoC aMeaSation had to be very compact, Treatment of Tank Car Wash Water Wastes J1 On the other hand, the effluent; which tsuld be fed either to the municipal sewer (11,000,000 gajlooi/day) for secondary biotegicil oxydatieo, or to the Calumet River, ia. eltixuiely into lake Michigan supplying a very high dilution, did not have to be purified (o an extreme degree. The system can be described as follows: The waste produced by the cleaning of all type* of tank cars, with the exception of those having carried Insoluble commodities, solid at ordinary temperatures, flows into the lagoon. This pond, which has been partly filled to provide the necessary area for new construction, will be leveled in the future, except for a small scctioo with a opacity of about 100,000 gallons. It func tions as a large equalizing and holding basin. The bquid it presently punped through the,two baffled oil interceptors mentioned above, then, through a cement sludge set tling basin; to eoe of two JOG gaUona/mia* ate Gale OU Separators ia parallel The overflow (ott) is stored la s 20,000 gallon steel tank equipped with level indicator and signal The underflow is collected ua a lump, and ted to three horizontal, intercon nected steel tanks having a total capacity of 30,000 gallon^ and provided with auto matic level controls and maximum level signals. These tanks act as additional equal izers and cushioning vessels. The waste is then pumped into the "head box" of an lofiko Accclator at a maximum mi oi 100 gpot. where its pH value is recorded. From this "head box'* it flows by gravity to a mixing tank. A fixed amount of alisnimxa sulfate is added, according to * daily determination of optimum dosage for doe formation and clarification. The aver age amount of "alum" is about one pound ter ton of waste. Either sulfuric acid or a lime slurry are tben fed to a predetermined, automatically controlled pH. The selected pH value de pends on two factors, namely the original pH of the raw mixed waste (as measured m the "head box") and the results of the preliminary flocculation-settling teat. The (iqufd then runs by gravity into a pre-settling tank. The latter has s capacity of 15,000 gallons; and a surface area of 340 square feet It was built ffotB a half car rink, and is a rather original contraption. The flow is perpendicular to the length, at a rate of six foet/hoer, both fewd aad ow- flow being through slit pipes. Retention time is over two hours. The thickened sludge Is collected along the sloping bottom of the vessel, and its discharge is achieved through automatic timed valves. The overflow is collected in a sump equipped with Scat control and pump, which elevates the liquid to the Infilco Accclator feed pipe. Again, a fixed amount of alumi num sulfate (averaging 0J2S pounds/too) is added under the hood. Additional time dosage for secondary flocculation is con trolled by a pH system. Discharge of the sludge is through automatic timed valves. The combined sludge from the pre-settler and the Accdator are presently returned into the lagoon. A pressure filter will be installed, and the cake will be incinerated, together with over flow oil and heavy sediment from the Gale Oil Separators, as well as the combustible solids (such as asphalt, naphthalene, creo sote, etc) from tank cleaning operations, in an existing Coder furnace. The pH value of the overflow is checked, and can be con trolled to any desired value by automatic addition of the corresponding amount of sulfuric arid. The dear effluent from the Infilco Accep tor flows through a large pipe equipped with sight glass and sampling codes to a man hole, thus incuring a minimum of 5-6 min utes total retention time before the outfall conduit is reached. Chlorine dioxide solu tion is directly injected into the stream, a few feet below the Accclator discharge. It is produced by reacting an aqueous mixture of high calcium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite with hydrochloric arid In an acrylic plastic chamber, according to the method developed by Mathleson Alkali Company. Both reagents are dosed by means of a duplex proportioning pomp, tygon plastie tubing being used for the transfer of the produce Chlorine dioxide is a strong oxi dizing agent, with a selective action on phenols and some other odor-produting prod ucts, It does not lead to the formation of highly obnoxious chforophenols, as does. chlorine. It is also a potest germicide. Theoretically, two pounds of sodium chlorite (as CIO,) are needed to destroy one pound of pore phenol This figure was checked in the laboratory, and found to be correct. In practice; however, and ia the presence of other organic and inorganic 32 Chemical waste, it coes net hold true. Pitot plant downstream as a source of drinking water work sponsored by the Ohio River Valley supply by the tows of Franklin. Sanitation CoiTgnisaoo and performed at The Amico Steel Corporation in cooperation with Mathiwon Chemical Corporation and others, showed that, in the case of phenolic ammonia still wastes, about 2500 ppm of CIO* was required to completely oxidUe 140 ppm of phenols. in the case of tank car wash water waste, about 10 to 12 pounds of chlorine dioxide are needed to destroy one pound of phenolic compounds. In other words, at the maxi* mum flow rate of our East Chicago instal lation, namely 100 gpm. a phenol content of 20 ppm corresponds to one pound of phenols per hour, and will consume 12 pounds of sodium chlorite at 72c per pound, or $$.64 per hour! As can be seen, this method is very expensive, as a result of high reagent prices and high reagent demand, In order to keep this cost as low as posa ble, it is necessary to closely control the chlorine dioxide consumption. This can best be done by automatic methods, because anal ysis by ordinary procedures would involve both a serious time lag and the salary for a. full time chemist A system has beet de veloped which, by means of a pbotocolorimetric device and electronic instrumentation, allows continuous automatic control propor tionally to the phenol content of the waste. Therefore, in addition to chemical treat- meat, as practiced tit the Co!too (Califor nia) and the East Chicago (Indiana) shop, a coal adsorption system and biological oxi dation were installed. The former proem was developed by the Research Laboraton of General American Transportation Corportation* particularly for the removal oi the major part of phenols and other organ: compounds with acidic polar groups (tatty acids mercaptan!, etc). Moreover, it re sults in destruction of emulsions, in dis coloration, and m considerable reduction B O D. (specifically O.C). The bio-filtration step U, to our knew!, edge, the first one treating mixed wastes It uses the sanitary sewage of the working population as nutnezrt, and achieves oxldalion of the phenols remaining after adsorp tion, as wen as the usual stabtliation of tix effluent. A chlorine dioxide generator, wwh a maximum capacity of 12 pousds/hour b installed at the discharge end, both for &ra! sterilisation and for unci get>ey oxidation *; residual phenols, should biological treatacr fait or be insufficient Except for a few detail modification* an! major change (addition of one coo- hotter), the flow sheet has remained u originally planned and described elsewhere1 The East Chicago waste treatment in stallation has now operated satisfactorily for several months. Suspended solids have kept at about 0-01 per cent or below, and organic matters (as expressed by a dichro mate O.C test) have been reduced from 25 to 50 per cent, The effluent is free of oil (less than 8 ppm) and very dear. The cars arc first segregated into thre categories, according to the nature of thee last lend, namely (l) products which an solid at ordinary temperature or aqueou suspensions of such solid*; (2) liquid cexmoditics, immiscible with water, insolutk or only slightly soluble, and adds; (3) i! other material*. The Sacgertown Pennsylvania Works Category 1 (solids) in tuns, is subdivide! into (a) combustible products; (b) iaese-- 'Hie new shop in Saegertown, Crawford County, Pennsylvania, on French Creek, was completed early in 1951. The waste treatment installation started discharging its effluent by the end of April. In view of the fact that the Pennsylvania State Laws require a high degree of puri fication, before industrial residue liquors on be fed into a "clean river," it was neces sary to design a plant that could meet this requirement Particularly, no phenols or other taste-producing compounds cut be tol bustibfe products. The first group (a) I incinerated, while the second group (b) cs be simply dumped. A particular problem was encounter, with solid materials such as napfttxfc* waxes, etc, that have a tow melting peri and therefore as be cleaned by iteamias Cars having shipped soch commodities vrtr placed on trade (2), vrilh the result tis the products solidified in the channels, aludp basin* and oil separators, dogging then ak causing ranch trouble. Retention pools w erated in "French Creek," which is used Treatment of Tank Ce Wash Water Waste* 33 constructed to avoid interference with normal operation, and have proven satis factory. The wash waters from category (2) are (ruled alternately (for periodic cleaning purposes) in one of two Gale Oil Sepa rators, removing the largest part of free in- lobbies; such as liquid petroleum products, animal and vegetal oils, turpentine, ketones, etc, which are collected in a storage tank. The aqueous underflow is stored in an equalling basin of 50,000 galtoos capacity and pumped, at a maximum rate of 40 gallons/imnuJe, to two turbo-conditioners ia series, assuring a retention time of over 40 minutes. Bituminous coal, ground to 100 per cent minus 35 mesh. I* added in these condition ers, and the pff t* automatically controlled a value around 6.5. Under these condi tions, the hydrophobic, solid particles adsorb nonpolar oris, phenols, fatty acids, mercap tan*--generally most organic chemicals with an acidic functional group, and, thereby, also destroy emulsions. At the same time, they cecrtribute to clarify the waste, and to reduce its O.G. load (respectively B.O.D.). The coal, after adsorption, becomes float able without addition of any extra collector. The slurry flows into a bank of three turbo !*, where a snail amount of frothing ageit Is supplied, resulting in separation by flotation of the solid*. The foam U scraped off by paddles, and filtered. The okc U dryed, and can be used aa a fuel. The flotation effluent, together with the wash water from ategory (3), pumped at (b fuelnnaa rate of 20 gaHons/mimne, is treated la three turbo-aerators with enough ferrous sulfate and Erne to form a good floe. Addition of the alkaline reagent is controlled aalomatieahy by a pH system. The gelatinous ferrous hydroxide; as well as organic matters, art oxidized. The ef fluent is clarified in a thickener (80.000 galtoos capacity). `the thickener overflow, in view of bio logical treatment, runs into a Urge imper meable lagoon having a capacity of 150,000 gallons* This equalizes the character of the pfttrealed waste; avoids "slugs'* of undiluted products toxic to biological life, and allows a storage o( five day* or better. The pre treated, dear waste U -fed continuously, at a rate of 17 galtoos/ minute to a pump well of 6.000-gaXloa capacity, where It is with ground sanitary sewage from the work ing population, expected to reach soon 150- 200 men, flowing at the rate of 0 to 50 gallons/rmoute. A portion of trickling filler effluent is also recycled into the nme well at a rate of 43 to 93 gallons/auautc. The mixture is fed continuously to the trickling filter, 28 feet in diameter, with a media depth of six feet Before discharge into the river, the filter effluent is settled in a clarifier, and sterilized by addition of chlorine dioxide. It is Interesting to note that the installa tion was designed for a waste containing 50 ppra of phenol, plus a 100 per cent safety factor (total: 100 ppm), Le. a coal grinding capacity of about 50 pounds per ton of waste During the initial operating period, through improper management of the car cleaning schedule; loads above 800 ppm were encountered, and bad to be taken care of. Even so, leas than two ppm of phenols were contained in the fan! clarifier overflow, and could be easily oxidized by QO For in stance, on April 2nd, the influent waste con tained 864.0 ppm of phenol*. Adsorption treatment with coal reduced this figure to 304.0 ppm, Le. a removal of 64.81 per cent The lagoon had a phenol content of 111.0 ppm; while the clarifier overflow analyzed 1.76 ppm. In this eooncctioe, it should be under stood that the amount of phenols that can be removed by adsorption in a given time, per unit weight of cool, is a function of several factors, such as initial phenol con centration, particle size (or, more precisely, available surface) of the hydrophobic solid, its physical aad chemical constitution, tem perature of the slurry, presence of other adsorbable compounds, presence of foreign loos. etc. In a plant, designed to grind a fixed quantity of coal to a predetermined particle size (generally 100 per cent minus 35 mesh), the only independent variables are the temperature, and, to a certain ex tent (dictated by transportation economics) the quality of the adsorbaot. The Sacgertown plant, prototype for com plete treatment of complex industrial waste, has been operating adequately, despite tem porary pollution load* amounting to 5-10 tunes the design figures. This has been pos sible thanks to the great flexibility of the combined adsorption -- chemical--biological system, 34 Chemical Industries p^rtRjENCia 1. }. Jtabert SprtuL Trett>S*rWiea h XoJtrenJ O21i,eaIP. JSIt. tag, News, A.C.S., VoL 29. p. 2029. Miy 2, G. Outwit. Dirtiafmtnli in RojI Tremperto fi*n / Cittnicalt, (Stisposren on New Methods for MitemU Hiadiingl noth A-C.S. Merticx, New Ye.k, N. Y.. Sept 7. (9JI. kC ' - -- --C*m Mn/rritit. ftper prwwacgr; u the S7t2i N*uuJ W<tT OwtRii, utolal SrttMe. Watt. U1., Owiit IMf. 4. G. Cut***, TVmi/** T*4 Cor Quni. nl Kukittmc hurai (A.I, Ch. E.) Vet. 41, No, juir *. p. >. 1, G. Gotztk, Treatment *1 Ctmplt* Citmictl ZPnjttf JtnrJrfot from Took Cor Ciromtog Qprtt> Slant. Uwago Woito Jml. 21, Ns. t. Jtaa<T 1949. Safe Practices Through Visual Education By T. J. WHALEN Safety Eng., Solvay Process LHv., Allied Chan, snd Dye Corp^ Solvay, N. Y. In considering "Safe Practices Through Vina? Education" it a important that we recognise the part the safety engineer plays in the overall training of' the worka. Much as he would like to school each individual in the fundamentals of safety, the hazards of his individual job and the precautionary measures provided for htf safety, time iocs not always allow (or it The safety engineer, therefore; relies on supervision to carry the major portion of (he burden. He must supply supervision with the new* ?5t and best material available and with the best means of presentation of this mi* ferial. He will need educational aids to give them additional help to successfully carry out this program. Educational departments of the larger chemical companies do the planning and preparing of this helpful ma terial to supply their supervision with the necessary aids to enable them to better carry out the actual, on the job, instruction of the individual. Since these departments are well organized and have at their disposal the most modem educational means avail able, it is not necessary to dwell upon them. However, the safety engineer in the smaller plant also has a responsibility he mnot mhirU- How can he best discharge this responsibility? Heinrich, in his book. Industrial Accident Prevention, tells us that one of the basic principles of scientific acci dent prevention is the creation and mainte nance of an active interest in Safety. What means or methods can he use that will be best suited to creating an interest among his own people? Perhaps many among you recall the heavy weight championship match between Ezzard Charles and Joe Walcott? Sportcasters and advertisers alike gloried in the fact that the largest audience ever to view a fight re sulted from televising this contest. This was voluntary attendance at the television sets. For years we have been accustomed to broadcasts of dumpioaship sports event* on the radio, but. if we can believe the sportcasters, never before was such an audience assembled for a sports event. What made the difference? ft was the opportunity to see it as well as hear it. Recognizing this, the Intelligent safety en gineer will make good use of the motion picture projector as an interest creator. If limited safety budgets are an objection to purchasing oae, then rests) may be the answer, 'there usually are several source* in the community where they on be readily vented. We did that aod the results were so gratifying, that it was not difficult to sell management on the need for one of our own. A word of eastiod here; be sure you have a competent operator available If not. train ooe, as there it nothing quite so embarrassing as a poorly presented film. Vou can readily lose your group and what starred out to W a good otcetuig dovoiep* into a comedy with comment from the group surpUnting the safety message you had hoped to put across. No doubt you have drought at some time or other how much you would tike to have a motion picture film of some of the safety aspects of your own processes that you could show to your employee*. Like many others, you no doubt have found the eost of making such a film prohibitive. .ft Practices Through Visual Education IS That is true in most instances, but don't In it upset your program. It is no prob lem to obtain good safety films. The Ns- netul Safety Counci] has an excellent film library which is available to you. Safety Urns can be rented at a nominal cost. There xre.available through this source films dealsat with the safety aspect of many subjects. this medium to bring the discussion right to the employees door. He see* and recognizes the thing that he will dal with himself. He is not exposed to a portrayal of some hazards from far away places, but rather that which is within his owe area, la fact, he and his work become the stars of the production. Insurance companies, chambers of comntfce, manufacturers of various products, fttch as fire extinguishers, etc. are good purees to draw on. Since there are many calls on them for the use of their film, A is well to coataet than far enough ha advance to insure showing the film when >wi want it. Last minute arrangements arc He sees and is interested and being inter ested he gives more thought to safe opera tion. Here again, we require a competent operator. The success or failure of your program will depend to a great extent upco the presentation. Don't chance losing the interest of your group by a poorly planned and executed presentation. Mt good and usually backfire So get your fjagrxm planned well in advance. Vou may not want to dcpoid or bor rowed or rcmed-fiim bemuse of your own fpcoal need for repeated showing*. Is that ok you can set up your own film library. This can be an expensive item, but with a litdc shopping araad and careful selection to get the films beat suited to your needs, t can be done with a reasonable expendi ture of funds. Tn this manner your film ill always be available for use at your own convenience. Film strips or slides, will effectively por tray, at a nominal cost, those safety features you wish to put across. Good slide and film urip projectors arc available for less than ooe hundred dollars. Their use as aa aid to nitty education is invaluable. Having at tended -the sessions here at the Congress, foe have had an opportunity to observe the me of the motion picture, film strip and tilde projectors and to note their effective ness. Those among you who attended last year's teutons here remember the fine talk and dmaonstrabon cocdactcd by Ur. John Boll- aui, He sad member* ot hi* staff at Procter seed produced, in color, their 7wn fifes uh*. Ym who might be tnter- weod OSS get (Mi M nbjtct iram tcixi. It is *e* eecetsiry, however, to pro- fix* year mm fibs strip or slides since may aad varied types are available for rtsca) ami sale. Film scrip* oi job cement* have bom %ed to good advanoge to point exit to new aapiuja* Ac hazards of %thdr job and the {wrwtirs ntiarii instituted to guard , agajjnse soeh hazards It is possible through The use of bulletin boards is recognized as a good advertising medium. However, it is not a* simple as some would make us believe. I have found that careful planning of bulletin board displays is a must. They should not contain too many posters or mes sages. They must be constantly changed and kept up. Long messages or slogans Should be avoided. The old adage of mak ing messages fit the pattern of "so he who run* can read" is a good one to follow. Your bulletin board* should be placed ia prominent spots in your plant arcs. They should contain only information pertaining to safety. We have found that a glass front, locked board ha* aided materially to dis courage those employees who would cluner them with other notices. Small boards for purposes other than safety notices should be erected and employees encouraged to use them. Only safely messages should be posted oa the afety bulletin boards, A study of types of accident most fre quently occurring in area* of your plant should help you determine your choice of posters. We are rather fortunate fa having * good artist working, as a fire marshal in our Syracuse Plant. We have used his talent to good advantage. Some of his poster creation* dealing with subjects peculiar to ur own plant were excellent interest cre ators. Not all organizations arc as fortunate as to have within their ranks a person possess ing such talents. You can, however, obtain poster* suited to your needs from many sources. Good use can be nude of the poster service of the National Safety CountiL They hav? a variety of posters to fit most any need and are constantly trying to im- Chemical Industries MKJtENCSI {, J, Hobwt Spnul. ImtperUlie* h Chem. * tot. New*. A.CS.. VoI. 19, p. 20ZP. May it. Ml. 2. o. GvtacK. Dttel*pmr*H r* /Ult Tt**lt>rU litu f Cbtmit*it. (Syapocnu* New. Method* lot Material* Headline) 12OU A-C.S, Mtrtoj, New Yotk. N. Y.. S^t. ?. m. 5. G. Gutter. Vetkite eed Cittning tenkCmt -- <,*et*t'rrr M*ttri*b -- Fummeltt MMtrtth --TIOC Mettrieb. r>K r* Ceaem*. Ch--<a mi. i2st,Msry& 4. G. Gworit. TtfMrtt Ckpi c*i toteioc t'liiuk* (AJ. Ck .) V*L 44, No, 7. j>lr t*. p. s. >. G. Gwaet TiwWwn* of Cwfer Cii Fe/rr Ruthtet Item T**k tw Up 1 < */#*. Sr-tee Wi JnL 21, Nk I. Jiwrr p, W. That is true in amt instances, but doo't la it upset your program. It U no probka to obtain good safety films. The Na- cem! Safety Couooi has an excellent film horary which Is available to you. Safety fibn* can be rented at a nominal cost There itt available through this source films deal ing with tbe safety aspect of many subjects. this medium to bring tbe discussion right to the employees door. He secs and recognizes the thing that he will deal with himself. He U not exposed to a portrayal of some hazards from far away places, but rather that which Is within his own area. In fact, be and his work become the stars of the production. Insurance companies, chambers of eora- He sees and is interested and being inter swree, manufacturers of various products, ested he gives more thought to safe opera <*dt as fire extinguishers, etc. arc good tion. Here again, we require a competent Safe Practices Through Visual Education surest to draw oo. Since there arc many operator. The success or falture of your calls on them for tbe use of their film, program will depend to a great extent upon By T. J. WHALEN Safety Eug,, Solviy Process Dir., Allied Cbera. and X>y* Cocp, Solvsy, N. Y. it is well to contact them far enough in the presentation. Poa't chasec losing the Evince to insure showing the film when interest of your group by a poorly planned )tt want it Last minute arrangements arc and executed presentation In considering ``Safe Practice* Through Visual Education" it Is important that we recognire the part the safety engineer plays in the overall training of the worker. Uoch advertisers alike gieried In the fact that the largest audience ever to view a fight re sulted from televising this contest. This was voluntary aOmdancc at the tclevisfoe ant good and usually backfire. So get your program planned well in advance. You- may BQS want to depend on bor rowed or rented film because of your own tpeoal need for repeated showing*. In that The use of bulletin boards is recognized a* & good advertising medium. However, it is not as simple as some would make us believe. X have found that careful planning of bulletin board displays is a must. They as he would tike to school each individual sets. case you cut set up your own film library. should not contain loo many posters or mes in the fundamentals of safety, the hazards of his individual job and the precautionary measures provided for his safety, tune {foes not always allow for it The safety engineer, therefore, relies on supervision to carry the major portion of the burden. He must supply supervision with the new ` por years we have been aeozstocned to broadcasts of championship sports cveets on the radio, but, if we caa believe the sportrasters, never before was such an audience assembled for a sports event. What made the difference? It was the opportunity to see it as wdl as hear it. This cut be an erpemve item, but with a little shopping arotasd and careful selection !* get the films best suited to your needs, it an be done with a reasonable expendi ture of funds. In this manner your win always be available for use at your own temwknee; sages, They must be constantly changed and kept up. Long messages or slogans should be avoided. The old adage of mak ing messages fie the pattern of "so he who runs cut read" is a good ooe to follow. Your bulletin boards should be placed in prominent spots in your plant area. They est and best material available and with Recognizing this, the intelligent safety en Film strip* er slide*. wifi effectively por should cootain only information pertaining the best means of presentation of this ma terial. He will need educational aids to give them additional help to successfully carry out this program. Educational departments ot the larger chemical companies do the planning and preparing of this helpful ma terial to supply their supervision with the necessary aids to enable than to better carry out the actual, on the job, instruction of the individual. Since these departments arc well organized and have at their disposal the most modem educational means avail gineer will make good use of the motioe picture projectors! an interest creator. If limited safety budget! jue an objection to purchasing one, thenj|rental may be the answer. There usually arc several source Sat the community where they can be readily rented. We did that and the results were so gratifying, that it wai sot difficult to sell management on the seed for oce of our own. A word of caution here; be sure yew tray, at a nominal cost, those safety features J wish to pea across. Good slide and film strip projectors we available for less we hundred dollars. Their bsc as as aid to w/ety edomoGB to tonleiM*. Having at tended ehc scatwas here at tbe Congress, ><*i have lad as offermaty to observe tbe toe of the ovation pictar*. film strip aad Side projectors and to note their effective- MS*. Those among yoe who attended Lm year's to safety. We have found that a glass front, locked board has aided materially to dis courage those onptoyees who would clutter them with other notices. Small boards for purposes other than safety notices should be erected and employees encouraged te use them. Only safety messages should be posted oa the safety bulletin boards. A study of types of accident most fre quently occurring in areas of your plant should help you determine your chose* of able, it is not necessary to dwell upon them. However, the safety engineer in the smaller plant also has a responsibility he canned shirk. How can he best discharge this responsibility? Heinrich, In his book, industrial Accident Prevention, tells us that one of the basic principles of scientific acci dent prevention is the creation and mainte nance of an active interest in safety. What means or methods can he use that will be have a competent operator available. If not, tram ooe, u them is nothing quite so embarrassing u a poorly presented film. You can readily lose your group sad what started out to be a (pod meeting develops into a comedy with comment from the group surpianting the safety message you had hoped to put across. No doubt you have thought at some time or other how much you would like to have wsooos here remember the fine talk and deaoQstration ccedected by Ur, Jats3 Boti na* He and members of his txff at Procter and Gamble produced, in color, their ew* film strip. Yon who might be toler ated can get facts oa tbe subject from lobs It U ooe necessary, however, to pro-, 'tee ymw own film strip or slides atom aasy aad varied types are available for 'Atal and t- posters. We are rather fortunate fa having a good artist working, as a fire marshal m our Syracuse Plant. We have used bis talent to good advantage. Some of bis poster creations dealing with subjects peculiar to our own plant were excellent interest cre ators. Not all organizations are a* fortisate as to have within their ranks a pence possess ing such talents. You can, however, obtain best suited to creating an interest among his a motion picture film of some of the safety Fikn strips of job cements have beet posters suited to your needs from many own people? aspect* of your own procase* that you to good advantage to point out to new sources. Good use oa be made of the poster f Perhaps many among you recall the heavy could show to your employees. Lite many weight championship match between Ezzard others, you no doubt have found the cost Charles and Joe Walcott? Sportcasters and of making nek a film prohibitive. ptayoss tbe hazards of their Job and the service of tbe National Safety Council. protective iwsures Instituted to gtarti They have a variety of potters to fit moot tfainjc sack hazards. It Is possible through any nmd and are cnattwzly trying to un- 36 Chemieat Industries prove their service. We, of the visual aid committee, are anxious to obtain any new ideas or suggestions you might have for better posters. Many manufacturing con cerns have posters, via. safety shoe manu facturers and they are only too gtad to supply you with them. We have attempted to cover here a tew of the visual aids that you can use to fur ther your plans for safety education among your employees. Much of this is old stuff to many of you. The fact that it is old ktutf indicates that you, like so many other safety men, have recognized that after all your big job is the "man." Statistics have proven that the preponderance of accidents occur because of man failure. No safety program could he complete without a thorough, well planned and regu lar program of inspections for unsafe coodidons. It is necessary--it is important. But, it is more important to develop in the individual worker a safety consciousness. A consciousness that will make him a safer worker and thus a more efficient worker. if is possible for you through films, fits strips, bulletin boards, special posters, etc to carry the message of safety to the infi* vidua! man. Constant repetitioa of reeeg ntzed safe practice*, repeated in an interest ing manner wiU keep him interested. Knowing well that every picture tells a story, use the visual aids available to ys* to tell the story of safety. Keep it con stantly before your men. In this manna you will make great strides towards > goal. We are not trying to prove that the uw of visual aids is the complete answer u your workers educational program, They are what their name implies--aids. \V)m we hope to do t* to point out some oi the valuable aids available to you at nominal cost In our efforts to create and mainuie interest in programs we must be ever vijilant to Seek out the best mca/u available We have such means at our disposal in out viral aids. Let's use them. Where are the Accidents in the Chemical Industry? B, E. R, WALLACE Safety Engineer, Eastman Kodak Co^ Rochester, N. Y. Many of us feel that the accidents which occur and are reported in the chemical industry' are those involving severe chemical bums caused by explosions, fires, major spills and the like. As a matter of fact, l was of tlie same opinion until we started on some statistical research in an attempt to `get a better picture of our accident record. We discovered that the accident picture in the chemical industry is net-much differ ent titan it is in any other industry. Too many of us have been accepting this misconception for too long a period of time. When this assignment was accepted, it was feft that in order to give a true picture of what is going on, a survey should be made from the records of other chemical industries to determine the type of accidents being reported. So on that basis, a question naire was prepared and sent to the safety directors of some thirty differcot chemical plants in an attempt to accumulate mouse data to substantiate our findings. It was found on reviewing the questioe* ttaircs which were returned that the expe rience of other industries in the chained held is similar to ours. From the informa tion received os the questionnaire a sens oi conclusions have been drawn which wifc illustrate where the accidents are occurriet in tin: chemical industry. I admit at this point that tsot all the k* fonJUliOQ was used, the reason bong that the numbers of accidents reported on the questionnaire would prove rather unwjdtfc tor this sort of discussion. However, * checking over the total results, we fowl that omission of these figures did not change the ratios appreciably so that we are uric* approximately 1,000 accidents as our source Where cw* the Accidents u the Chemical Industry 37 which we feel wiU be a representative picture of where accidents occur ia the cheiuexl tn- desity. designation of responsibility U the report of all companies who answered the ques tionnaire. Xahtre of the injury. Here we see that % of the total reported arc hcentioas; about 20 per cent are fractures; and approx imately 11 per cent arc bruises, contusions, What does this prove? It proves, in the first place, that our supervisors are doing a rather slipshod job of providing those things necessary to eliminate accidents. sad strains. However, looking at the chart, we see that the accident type one would normally expect to bad, chemical boms, accounts for approximately four per eat while fame inhalarioog, asphyxiation asd tystemk toxic effects take up one per cent of the total. Years ago we had a very simple way of analyting accident responsibility. In review ing some very old records, I find that over 99 per cent of the cases on the report stated that the injury was the result of employee carelessness. Today we have expanded the definition of farts of the My mfmed. Nearly 25 per cent were smashed fingers; 15 per oat were damaged faces; strained hades, about seven percent; and beset, hands, fast, tegs, and toes aecmt for abase H of the balance. carelessness so that we now have many breakdowns which I feel are another way ot saying the same thing. It looks as if we are still shoving the responsibility on the employee himself. Unsafe get-, Owr 4B0 of the total acci dents ir/ffwl wore caused by striking agrinst or being strode by an object or !ag esogbe in. on. or beta ecu two objects hile canq with rbemerik or the inhalasaos. danrpeaua. or aegmion of toxic mate rial* iicrvj--v toe la* Ann ten per cent of Our charts show that it is oot often that supervision is charged with the responsibil ity of the so-called accident. However, bow many of us, deep down inside, realize that U is more likely our responsibility as safety people and the responsibility of the super visors to provide the training, the additional the teal supervision, the investigations, the job lay These three eandnanw* show ns definitely outs, and the constant checks necessary to that cm uaifrmng the Oguim-t of several keep the employee safe and wclL plants widow A* admery Arongbeut the country Ae reeks ur oeeh she aaesr. On t*a$nrinc these tonka nA the results of other indaetric* ngara ec find Ana the upt - How many of us have a definite formal program in oar orgnnuatiea of on-the-job instruction and training for the employee? How many of tie take the tune to re-check ricnet is similar. a new employee to soe that ho has been Where the fmds Sea. Quant qnmioaaairc fully instructed on the job and is aware of we ukrt for a tnonew cwpeocability every detail on that job? and Iron the kee sac ns. we find that No doubt, we all have oar indoctrination per cast of Aw lrodmrt reported were program fairly well established. How many caused by faster* to cacrdse a revocable of us col! our employees back for a review amount of care e Ac port of the mjurtd at the end of six months or a year or isdvihei W9M dirifinl of rales ac longer? How many of ns has* sight of the count for b per oar. where ehnace-along [act that the employe* is the man who re cussed U per ant, bbef ietetx to note flects the type of job we are doing? that iertnrre.'on. ttwnoihr weakness, judgoet faikr* and bde of knowledge of the job accwr for a seal of 25 per cent col- kcurdy. You might think from what has beea aid already that 1 am saying that we should throw the mpoosihUity for our accident records directly on the supervisor, and in Tw seal percentage of employee failures a sense I am doing just that. I have said is M percent. We &ed superrioon failures, the lota] of which is lb per cent; failure to instruct; five per cent of the li per amt; failure to establish safe practice, three per cent; and failure to provide proper equipment, six per cent. Now remunbu, this supervisory that, by and large, our record Indicates the same trends that we have ia other industries and yet we must mnonbrr that this is the chemical industry we are talking about and we have mote to consider ia oar safety pro gram normal gordmg of machines, setting up of programs, etc. 38 Chemical Industries We must remember that while the ma jority of the accidents that occur m the chemical industry* are due to the familiar causes, in all instances that the truly chemi cal accident occurs, it results in serious in juries--the kind we all wish to prevent As an example of that, 1 would like to review an accident which occurred in an organic laboratory recently. The picture was something like this: A graduate chemist was running a vacuum distillation with phosphorous tri-bromide, using as a receiver a 13-liter boiling Sash. In order to keep the reaction cool, a stream <ti water was played over the outside sur face of the glass flask. Mow this laboratory was a part of a pro duction department so that (he chemist had more than one thing to watch at a time. .-Vs the first reaction was running smoothly he started to set up a second reaction using phosphorous oxy-chloride In the same hood. Tue hood was a walk-in type with a counter balanced vertical door on the front. The ventilation in the hood was sufficient so that if the door was opened ample movement of .iir was available. The chemist opened the vertical door of the hood and picked up a [3-litcr flask of phosphorous oxy-chloride and stepped into the hood to place the flask on m ringstand. However, he then noticed that the rings(and would have to be moved before it could be used because It was directly in back of the distillation apparatus. He grasped the top of the ringstand with his free hand and attempted to lift it around the side of the receiver and as he did so, the base strode the glass flask al lowing water to be drawn into the receiver by vacuum through the crack that appeared in the side. Fortunately for the chemist, he was a quick-thinking individual and he moved very rapidly. Dropping the flask of phosphorous oxy-chloride and grabbing the handles of the open door, he lifted himself upward as he pulled the door down. The vacuum distillation equipment ex ploded throwing glass chips throughout the general laboratory area breaking all the glass inside the hood and driving particles of glass of high velocity considerable dis tances completely through empty glassware on the other side of the room. The chemist sustained second-degree bums on the lower portion of the body and a very severe laceration of the vein oo tbe inside of his leg. Fortunately, for the in jured chemist, adequate first aid was ap plied and the medical department was readily available so while His injuries were rather severe, they were minimized considerably. What can we lam from an accident of this type? First of all, is it necessarily an accident? Did the employee have full con trol over his laboratory and should the re sponsibility for the injuries he sustained be bome by Him alone? Too frequently the supervisor or safety engineer say, "What can 1 do about it if* In this ease some advance thinking on the part of tbe employe^, supervision and the safety engineer would have prevented the aeddent, For altogether (oo frequently our chemical laboratories become cluttered with apparatus not in use at the moment. Too frequently we allow chemists who; be cause of their familiarity with these highhazard materials have no fear or respect for the danger, to run two reactions of high hazard in the same hood or alone in the same laboratory. Of course, in this ease U in most cases of this order we have locked the bam thoroughly, but have we gone far enough to determine where the next Incident may oc cur? Would it not be wise to definitely place responsibility for safe working condi tion* all the way along the line with the employee taking his just share, the super visor in the control capacity loving the safety engineer time away from the smaller details to spend his efforts on a search for the reduction of the major chemical ac cident As another example of this sort of situa tion, we might mention briefly the numer ous explosions that have occurred across country m chemical plants storing highhazard flammable liquids. There 2s no need to review cadi case individually for we are all familiar with them. However, I would like to point out that without question, had more time bees spent by top supervision and safety supervisors on the investigation of possibilities of msjor disaster and had adequate thought been given to disaster plans, some of die loss of fife and property could have been eliminated Where we the Accidents m the Chemical Industry Imesligaboos made by imumnee comparuts weh as the Factory Monads, the Fac tory insurance Axocolxc, or by other orprisatiort* sedt as the Katiecal Fite Projrrtion Assodaboa after the serious fires that occurred ia ffwrwnqhkr liquid storage adds have shows us that had each inefi- due to the old familiar causes, we still have the very real responsibility of doing every thing wc can to prevent' the major type of Accident whether chemical or otherwise and it is in this field that the trained safety en gineer can be of great'deal of service to bis organization. videal in the org^eetatzott beat justly aware No doubt you are reviewing certain sit o( his full reifoerihtfity in the prevention uations right now as you are sitting here on ei accidents litis saoy of the unsafe condi which you would like to spend more time tions could have beat cSnunatcd os the and effort. Or you are wondering how such drawing board and touch of the loss of fife an idealistic program eaa be put Into ef snd property could hare been prevented long fect. I cannot tell you the answer for each before Recently, t visited the storage ares of a Urge international chemical company and the first thing that was noticed was the tact that the immense storage tanks of iammahle liquids were located so dose to gether Out it Ifouki he aknost impossible tor two sen to walk ride by ride between plant, company, organization differs sot only from the management standpoint but on a production basts as welL This idea is a challenge to you as a safety man or a production supervisor or a* a member of management to do something that is urgent when you return to your job. But something must be done and be dooe than. Ko diking wu be evidence and to quickly. top it alt off, gas tents were burning 10 or If we have the aid of every employe* 1$ feet above the tops of the tanks and with us, we can eliminate this 84 per cent not too far away. of employee rcsponsbilty injuries. If we Tbe first thought that occurred wu that have every supervisor In our .-Jruer sharing a great deal of distance should be put be- his just portion of responsibility, we can no i tween me and the storage tanks. Perhaps i you know the answer as to how such a eoc| <tto could edit Perhaps this plant like | many other* with which we are much more familiar grew like Topsy. Whatever the answer, it is our hope that doubt reduce our rate, likewise, and if we give the safety dqartincit that additional time for research and advance investigation wc no doubt would be able to prevent the major disturbing situations that cause u* all so much difficulty even though they are i this organization is aware of the things that may occur and that the newer installations arc laid out according to accepted standards. We know that it is impossible for any safety man to be aware of what is going on in every comer of his operation at all times . We do know that cadi employee and each supervisor is aware of what is going oe wttliin iiis own sphere of responsibility and infrequent I do not know what your job is or what company you represent or why you are here today, but l can assume that you arc Inter ested in knowing where the accidents are in the chemical Industry, t trust that I have beat able to point the way to determining where those accidents are and how to elim inate some of them. if tlvcy assumed that responsibility and do something about it, safety personnel can be assured of the opportunity to investigate ua advance those areas where major difficulties ran occur. I do not mean to say that we are even soggestiag removal of any of the responsibility for overall nfety program from the nitty department because that responsibility should never be removed. E hope that I have stimulated your inter est sufficiently so that you wilt accept the challenge to do something about re-organiz ing your thinking in terms of where re sponsibility lies. When we have all com pletely sold the personnel in our plant from management to employee on their share of responsibility, I think we will have started nn an accident prevention program that will While the majority of accidents may be prove successful. Chemical Industries Safety Contests in Ike Chemical fntiurtry Safety Contests in the Chemical Industry Ini wood Is meet contest* the names of pensive, are similar in Afn and are also the wissen were inscribed on the awards, weather-proof, mounted oa pedestals and By M. A. SNELL Supervising Engineer, Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co, Hartford, Coon. (a ooe esntert the winners were allowed g Keep the awards pcnmneaUy, but in meat asri they were allowed to keep than for marked to indicate whether they are second, third or fourth pljce awarda. These docks are awarded on an annual basis and at the ;vJf ooe year. However, if a plant or expiration oi the contest, arc transferred In addition to competing m the annual One plant reported a 66 per cat reducoj dfpsrtmcnt wen the award for three years, (o the new winning plants. contest conducted by the Chemical Section their accident frequency as a result m< necessarily consecutively, they were la order to maintain interest in the of the National Safety Council, many com* the operation of their coolest jfofftd to keep it permanently. contests from day to day and from month panics have their own safety contests either between plants, or between departments in a plant, or both, it was decided that infor mation about such contests would be of considerable interest and assistance to all ot the members of the Chemical Section. In order to obtain this information, ques tionnaires were distributed with the May, 1911, Chemical Section Newsletter, with a request that nxsnber companies fill them out and return (baa to the National Safety Council. Unfortunately, there were only 11 replies 3. What particulor features of your */>. fa order to impress employees with the ty contest have been responsible for duu tieportance of wiaatog, many oompanict fcmejitjf qent ooesdersble was of moeey and went The greater Interest in safety among tV employees resulted from a desire to Wj awards of various lands. Apparently, iol seme axes employees were more internttc ia winning individual awards than in helping! their department or their plant win as! award. ^ 1 i ce a great ties! of trouble. Frequently, all {v*ung employees were invited to a dinner *r an evening of cBlertaioHStnt or sometimes i both. Writs or eves otire faradies of em[ptyvrt were freqoeatjy Invited to these fraction*, Oan plant Staged an amxial dlnew d*j*ee for the BQsten of the wuntiag dtpartraest Itraaotbcx plant the men- Some reports indicated that employee* art Ktrs of the wasting group with one guest interested in any kind of a contest becunc far rach were taker oa Sazday tnornisg by to month, records and standings of depart ments or plants were posted oo bulletin boards or published In bulletins or maga zines given monthly or weekly to all em ployees. Interesting article* and pictures were frequently included * various phase* of the accident prevention activities. Ia one plant, flags were displayed cadi month in the department that wo* leading the contest Importance ts frequently attached to the establishment of records for no tost time injuries. One plant has handled thi* by awarding an appropriate certificate at a received treen the members of the Chemical . people generally enjoy competition and if k Sccocn. Of iliese, 19 reported no contest, is properly conducted, will take as active' and 14 reported contests of various type*. part in it. Apparently, many people are meet Some of these contests had many features apt to enjoy participation ia a competition in ccbluob. but in other respects they if it is operated on a team basis rather than1 differed radically from one another. Some among individuals. This is probably due to of them had developed very interesting the pleasure derived from the feeling of tc* iimomkeis that should be of considerable longing to a winning group, which la mam h* to the city soo at company expense, Alter eating haads there; ah of them were takre to a major league ball game. App*rertly it was bdieved that greater interest was created ha the coatcst if the rives or families were Invited to participate tn the events gives by the company to the suitable ceremony wbca a department has completed 100^000 maa-hours with do lost time injuries. This recognition u repeated at the completion of every subsequent 100,000 nan-hour*. However, at 500,000 mashours the company invites alt employee* with thesr wives or husbands to aa evening pregram. At the completion of ooe aufllon interest to all of us. These wit! be described cases, is much strooger than a similar feel man-hours, employees and their wives or in demil m this report. ing derived from winning as an individual One company kept the dcpsutmoital fore husbands participate * aa excellent chickra Let us consider the replies to each of the six questions that were listed on the forni. I. Da you Operate your own safety contettf Nine companies reported that they operate comens between the departments in a plant Seven companies stated that they operate contests between separate plants, fo some cases a company operated not only interplant contests, bvt also interdepartmental ones within those plants. These contests were is addition to the one operated by the Chemical Section of the Counol. Ip each case there was no connection between this contest and those operated by the companies. 2, If you operate your oven contest, what benefits have resulted from it's operation? Most of the replies indicated that one of the prioripi benefits was the greater Interest in safety and accident prevention that had been created among the employees, including supervision and even management Two re ported better housekeeping. From the material standpoint, there were many reasons foe the benefits resulting tn--> these contests. Frequently all of the mem bers of a winning deportment were gives individual merchandise awards, such u cigarette lighters, sets of plastic pbyrif cards, automatic pencils and bafl'potnl peas In one case all the employee* in acridcstfree departments participated hi a drawing for two $25.08 U. S, Savings Sfeodc met mocuh. Cups, plaques or certificate* were fre quently awarded to winning departments or plants, to one case, the cup was persceaflr presated to the winning pilot by the presi dent of the company, with a suitable cere mony attended by all plant employees Apparently, there was keen competition aoi much greater interest in safety activities because of the desire to have the pnaidcat of this Urge corporation attend a ocrecnoay of this type. In ooe case these plaques wore nude free expensive bronze rather than the usual men oa their toes by annually awarding very attractive statuettes to the lamnea'of winning departments. As a result, ail the foremen la the plant Spot considerable time w the cEmuatioa of onaafe condition* and onsafe acts, and In the enforcement of all dinner. This same company has solved the prob lem of giving recognition to departmots that are too small to qualify osier the plan mentioned above. Ia such departments, *t the end of a five-year period with do lost safety ndca. time injuries, each employee za the depart One huge ooesposy has purchased four ment is given a very attractive znezehaadise electric ckicks awarded annually to the four award. At the oorsplctioa of tea years, or Pbas having the lowest frequency rates. one million trua-boora, whichever cornea One dock lnewwa as the "Master Trophy1' first, the employees and their wives or hus a awarded as the first prize to the plant bands are invited to a chicken dimer. having (fat lowest frequency rate. Three ctedea, aS of liaflir design but not quite as atmetrve as the Master Clock; are given as ibkwI. dud sad fourth prizes to the Mull With frequency rates Is that order. One Urge company ha# a plan which U used by all of their plants. It does not in volve any actual competition between plant*. Instead, each plant attempts to reach one or more of three established goals of num The fim prize dcctric dock is attractively ber of days' operation without a lost-time designed ia a weather-proof cose, mounted accident Whenever any plant reaches one of <?o a pedestal aad Instated fa xn appropriate these goals, all the utsshbers participate ia a outdoor Vxatioa at the plant The dock dial worthwhile award determined by a com ts deetricslfr Qlmtnaxted osad the letters, SAFETY ALWAYS, arc used around the dbl ia place of numeral* to indicate the hours. The other dodo, although teas ex mittee. 4, Will you send us a copy of your safety contest pim or program? 42 Chemieoi Industries Six replies included a copy of the contest plan. One other company agreed to send a copy as soon a* it had been completed because apparently at the time it was in the iormative `stage. 3, Do you object to the Chemical Section nusking a summary of the material in your Program, together with that of other mem* hers oj the section, end distributing it to all interested members! .Apparently there were absolutely no ob jections to the use of the information sup* plied in the questionnaire*. 6. Do you wish to receive m copy of this safety contest summary! Thirty companies of the 33 that replied stated that they were very much interested in the results of this study. By mean* of this report, we are making it available to all the members of the Chemical Section. it will probably be of interest to mention wmc ot the interesting innovations that !ve been developed in these contests, al though we do not have time to discuss them m detail. In some plans the different plants ot- deportments competed with one another simply on the bans of thdr current cumula tive frequency rate for the contest period However, m many eases it is questionable if that is a fair basis for the competition be cause ot" the great differences in the opera tions and the accident possibilities involved. To overcome this, one company had the departments compete with thdr own past accident record rather than with that of other departments. They were very positive in thdr belief that as a remit of this change in thdr contest there is moch greater interest in winning the contest and in acci dent prevention generally than before the change was made. Obviously, it Is oftrn times discouraging to a department with many serious acadent exposures to attempt to match the .frequency rates of another department that has comparatively few. Up until a few years ago our own contest in the Chemical Section of the Council was operated by grouping the plants by type* of industry without any thought to the accident-producing factors involved in the plants. Several years ago that was changed M3 that now the contestants are grouped on the basis of their own previous aeddest record. Although they are still competing with otic soother, they are nevertheless, grouped with other plants who h\e i past frequency rate similar to tha'r own, We believe that the coolest U much more interesting and has attracted many more par. ticipants due to this change. Another problem in connection with the operation of safety contests involves the vast difference in the size of departments This is usually handled by having depart ments or plants compete with ethers tiut develop approximately the same number ot' man-hours during the contest period Gor own sectional contest is operated on this basis. One member reports that thdr comer includes 25 department* in the plant. These are combined into live groups of five dc< partments each. This grouping is acerenplishcd in such a maimer that the resulting accident hazards or possibilities .-in each group are approximately the nmc Two other plants have done exactly die sane thing by combining the departments talo teams, each made up of several simitar department* hi order to nuke the cccnptti. lion on a more even basis. Within a singtc plant or among several ptanU in a company, it is often diScuk to apply a proper method of grouping using man-hours alooe. This problem has beta expertly solved in ooe contest plan by de* i eloping a method of scoring that automati cally include* the size of the department, is (hat grouping by size is unnecessary. At the beginning of the contest period each tsih or department receive* a credit consisting oi a number of pdat* equivalent to eoe-half in average amber of employees multiplied by twelve months. As as example, the base point* of a de partment of 50 people would be 50 (No. of employee*) x OJ (points per employee) x 12 (No. ol months) or 300. At die end of the cosiest period if they receive no credit* nor penalties, their score would be 300 divided by 300 or 100 per cent How ever, it would be very unusual for a depart ment to end up with a score of exactly 100, because of the credit* and penalties used during the contest year. For example, credit points are given t a department for any safety suggestions submitted by member* of that department that are accepted and paid for by the sug gestion committee. Also, during the year employee* are selected at random sod at Safety Contests in the Chemical Industry 43 (gtjpeeifted times throughout the plant If jech an employee at that time can accurately quote specific safety regulations that have ken posted on tbc bulletin board, additional credits are given Ms department However, inability to quote correctly results in no penalties. This contest pka fas also developed a very interesting system of penalty charges. Far example; if as injured employe* loses any time, or If he eamot do his regular trorK or is temporarily or permanently dis abled, and the accident is due to controllable on systems using demerits. In one of them, if an employee U injured and sent to a doctor, one dorerit is charged. If the injury results in tost time, five additional demerits are given. If the accident occurred through the employee's failure to wear pro tective equipment or management's failure to provide such equipment, the result is an additional five demerits. The winners are these that have the lowest demerit fre quency during the contest period. This frequency is the number of demerit* per 100,000 man-hour* worked. cause* or coold have bem prevented, the ikpartawnt Is given an appropriate penalty charge according to a published table. If a fir* occurs is a department and It is due ta controllable causes, that department is In the other plan, cadi coolest covers a six-month period. The score is based on (be frequency rat* and demerit* for unsafe practices, non-reporting of Injuries and poor housekeeping, determined by safety inspection peelixed 20 points, tours by a committee. "Monthly inspection* are trade of all de In aU of the contests, except two, the partments and penalities are given for poor winners were picked cither on the basis of hoesefcreping or safety violations, using an the accident frequency or demerit frequency extensive table that involve* Boors, a pos as explained above. You will note, however, sible tailing object. cabinets, equipment, that in the demerit frequency plans the materials, personal protective equipment and severity ot the lost-time aeddal was taken general factors. into consideration. One of the exceptions The method of scoring at the end of tbc rootect period starts with the department's lose posits calculated from the number of employees. To it are added the credit* and from h are deducted the penalties. The wore is expressed la a percentage of the net total points. Obviously, if a plant de velops seme credits, but fas no petaltic*, they aut hare a score of over 100 per cent. This scan* to be a very interesting approach involved a plan that added the frequency and severity rates together in determining the winners. Both of these were the usual rates established by the American Stand ards Association. However, the severity tale is multiplied by ten before adding it ta the frequency rate. If this factor of ten were not used, the severity rates would have very little effect on the frequency rates of the contestants. to the safety coolest problem because it at The receipt of a greater number of re tempts to take into cooridesatioo every kn- plies to our questionnaire would probably portae* factor. .Another company uses a shmfar approach, bet developed a system of demerits. How ever, rt apparently is a fairly simple plan rompored to the one mcntloocd above. Un fortunately, we Sd oot receive any details <a this plan and because the questionnaire wa not signed, w* were unable s to write to them for additional information. 'Hie have resulted in a more complete section of the coolest* used by the chemi cal Industry. However, I hope you will agree that even these few replies have con tained some very Interesting and helpful information. Perhaps it will help you and other people in the chon!cal industry in the development of a better plan or program for operating your own contest. questionnaire id state Out every lost-time It may assist you not only in operating accident is gives three demerit* with one your contest on a more equitable basts, but more demerit for each day of lost-time. it also may give you come ideas on how Two of the plans give demerits for poor housekeeping. Another contest is,based en tirely on housekeeping, the quality of which is determined by monthly inspections of do- partznaiis. Two other plans are also based to create gzeater interest in the contest and the benefits that result from it. Actu ally, the only worthwhile benefit is an im provement in your own past accident expe rience. I Chemical Industries Disaster Control in Chemical Plants By REUEX. C. STRATTON Supervising Chemical Engineer, The Travelers Insurance C<x, Hartford, Coca. The modem safety campoiga projects it self almost entirely toward the education or protection of the individual as an Individ* ual entity. It U true certain fundamentals underlying joch a program bring into the picture the question of preventing loss of property, but Is very few is or his there been any definite approach made to* ward th prevention of the so-called spec* tacular accident or disaster until the recent ` emergency through the GvH Defense Pro gram attracted attention toward the need for such controls even m peace times. What constitute* a disaster? I formerly considered for the purpose of discussion that the term "disaster** would be limited to the result of any accidental event which might take the lives of more than three persons or might cause substantial property loss. Webster define* a disaster as *a unforeseen or ruinous mischance or misadventure which happens, often suddenly, cither through culp able lack of foresight or through an adverse external agency. Personally, for this pur* pose, 1 prefer to consider a disaster "any thing that provides a major disruption of production regardless of loss of life or prop erty." It U peculiar that under the circumstances of a disaster the first thought usually ap pears to be the initiation. of an official in vestigation by civic or other Interested agencies chiefly to fix the blame. By such investigation It is hoped to create a danand that something should be dooe about such things. However, such efforts generally diminish rapidly as time goes oa and arc tost sight of eventually. This diminution of effort dearly proves a point which l desire to emphasize; namely, that disaster control should be just as much a part of a plant safety program as any other and must be carried on day in and day out regardless of whether a disaster has ever occurred or whether on* U expected to occur. Examples of what may constitute a dis aster are as follows: sl Those resulting from the military operation of an enemy such as; bomb bunts, incendiaries, bac teriological attack, chemical warfare agents. sabotage; b. Other agencies; cyclone*, earth quakes, floods, Area, process exploders, building collapse. It may be that this discusso wilt appear to be directed toward a large pbss but there is a purpose to doing this because It is considerably easier to sale down a program to fit a small plant, while It must be remembered that a large plant Is gen erally only a group of re*ll plants banded together by traruportatiew or other process equipment. Obviously, the responsibility for diswitr control rests milk top management. Is these, days, failure to consider disaster control and to provide a means for meeting disaster and survive may be only a forerunner of indus trial bankruptcy. It U human to avoid chinking about unpleasant episodes, such u going (o the dentist, until that episode through pain or actual occurrence forces oee to consider the need. The need for disaster control ia chemical plants today is ever present Proper executive planning is necessary. The steps in the derefoprneat of disaster control can follow easily the steps suggested by the Carnegie success formula and If fol lowed wilt establish a smooth fusctiorucc organization. "Organize/* "deputize," and "supervise** are the three baric lundamcatah necessary. Each plant should hud-tailor a plan to fit the particular plant, but In (he adaptation thereof a sufficient slmHariiy should be maintained So that plant-to-plant liaison assistance may be nude available. Again for the purpose of this ditcosakw I am going to assume that I have bom de tailed by top nsamgcmsTt to establish dis aster control for a medium rise cbonkal plant I am going to go through the es tablishment of the disaster coaLrol program step by step aa if I had to do the job. Con sequently, if I use the first person it is solely for the purpose of clarity aad sot to attempt a any way to develop the print that this ooe particular plait fs the beginning and the ead of all disaster control plans. Such U not the ease. Every pUa developed must be fitted to the exposure which U is Dimeter Control m Chemical Plants AS w protect or control. This is simply a pat tern. The first important step t* to establish the See of plant emergency defease with sne person entitled the "Defense Director" appointed to take charge of all protective requirements. The next step is to appoint a deputy to take complete charge when the primary pcrsoc is absent or might have be come a casualty. If a plant operates around the dock then a deputy and an assistant to that deputy should be appointed for each gloves. Those appointed for messenger serv ice should be thoroughly familiar with all parts of the plant. Liairon with local civil defense and ether Plants: ThU function may be accomplished by one or more persons specifically selected because of their contact knowledge of sur rounding ptints and facilities. The duties are to establish liaison with local civil de fease authorities as well as with other plants so that mutual aid and assistance can be received or given in the event ot a disaster. jrift Such appointments iscltxfiag the de This Uiisoo should create similarity of fense director need not be frees executive function between the primary plant and the personae!, but may be cade from the plant other plant contacts so in the event that stiff with rise choice being influenced by assistance is required or must be given the the persons experience, his attitude toward the problem, and bis ability to secure cooperatioB^from all others who cay have to fu/xb'os with him. The selection of the de organization from one plant will blend into the ftractional operations of the others with out confusion. This same thought applies t* the relationship with any local dvil de fense director and his deputies and the as fense program, sistant* is most important and shook! be /mvstiffatioft team.' This team should b* carefully considered. selected from persons proven as to their The next step is to establish a safe beadquarters for the office of plant caggeney defease. Sods a headquarters should be es tablished in a relatively strong btalcfiag away experience and ability to seek out the cause of any disaster. They should be provided with proper safety equipment and author ized to enter any disaster area immediately from hazardous areas, preferably in a base ment The headquarters should he equipped with telephones, emergency lighting, seattary fadfiti'e*, and at feast one extra eat. after any episode to obtain the earliest and most authentic information U to what oc curred, how it occurred and what might be remedial measures for any future protective After the defense director and his depu requirements. ties have established the beadqmrteta. con Few persons really know how to investi sideration of appointments for the staff face, gate a disaster. It means long hours spot tion* should be entertained. There are dim* "picking up the pieces and fitting them to staff appointments. These are: l. coezzmsu- gether/* 'Interviewing eye witnesses and in esttiens; 2. liaison to toad aril defense and jured." "putting together parts of stories," other pbats; and X the investigation team, CommmieoHons: Gonuaunfeatfens should be arranged trader the direction of a chief messenger, 7n the event of a dbaster it ts probable that % portico of all normal means ef coRsmrakatioa service* will be dtrruptcd Therefore; the chief messengers should ar range to appeal a staff of younger men who "discounting over-emphasis by the wit nesses," etc: until the cause is actually de termined. Under and directly reporting to the office of plant emergency defense should be five important groups. These are: FU* chfef, police chief, medical Services chief, air raid warden, maintenance and salvage chief. will under lb* direction of the ddef mes Naturally, if the plant involved is a large senger be located at a central point aad be ooe these positions arc already filled and prepared to act as runners between defense the personnel will be available; but If sod) emergency headquarters and the various is not the case; then a chief and a deputy service traits. The headquarters for the metaesger serv ice should be equipped with emergency Hghta, telephones, waifcy-talk!**, and ctbar itesu for the codsmrakaticn of messenger*. Each messenger should be equipped with a flashlight, safety goggles, stem helmet, aod for each should be selected from plant per sonnel. When such is done, each person selected should either be completely familiar with the plant, or be should be trained so that he wsB know the ptant completely, have complete knowledge of his own particular field and porition to the disaster control jii 11 1.-4 Tl \ 46 Chi mirttf fmimrtrirs plan- Each should also be a leader by tea* pcrament with reasonable quantities of moral and physical courage, and last but not least, an ample sunply of good common sense; The functions of each of the fire divisions will he considered now. Again reference to the organisation charges suggested. Fire chief. The fire chief should estab lish and assume responsibility for: The se lection and training of fire fighting brigade. Select and train rescue units, together a liaison with the medical dtpnrtnsmt and supply with all necessary root cqidpusmt, Select and develop the personnel for iarttrr tion unit, whose duties will be to not only make regular Inspections of plant properties, but also in the event of a ifewa win move in and inspect the area oonalckefy xc well as surrounding areas to determine dae extent of the damage and it* effect fee surrounding areas. Organize a training pro. gram so that each plant employee will be come familiar with the encrgtPty fire fight ing equipment placed in his department sad thus be prepared to assist in fine sad fisv fighting. .-fir raid warden chief. The air raid war den chief should be held responsible for: The selection, organizing and framing of personnel to serve as air raid wanks*. Such people should be chosen because of their calmness in an emergency and their ability to set an example for other*. Train ing: toward the control of employee* by themselves should be established This u particularly necessary if panic is to be avoided Supervise process dmtdowa. This unit should be selected from personnel fa miliar with plant procedures asd produc tion programs. Members of the wait should move into an affected area immediately aad shut down electric, control, process, steam. and other lines so that the effect of the disaster will be minimized. As education and publicity unit should be appointed to maintain a continuous program whereby aS employees will be continuously advised of techniques, procedures, and the fact the con trol plan is functioning and U a necessity for plant operation. Police chief. The police chief should be appointed and held respoostble tor: The selection of personnel to act as plant guards and to direct all of their activities. A traf fics control squad should be developed who will move in and assume charge of traffic when a disaster occurs. A dezao&ticn aa| missiles squad should be appointed. Sod personae! should he fantdZar with the plam equipment, but also should be selected so that they can be trained to take care of unexptoded missiles in the trot of oh attack. Thar chief job wifi be to anJ* structures safe by demolish!*^ tnstafe stnx tores or e**- r. mt foUovtog a fimto. A group to s-.'pcn.je and be uyiiUc for personnel idem ikation, visitor utoiuis iod possible espionage, showld be MtobfiilLd THs is more or kn self uqti-sary. Medial senders chief. The did mScal officer should be affdtod ml told sponsible for: The obtfiMC of --adoj hospital KTTfccs and toe aMsatotog of smd dapeasary w4 metool Ms lnl t g selecting nd nrgmineiun sf fine aid Tto --nfir of tow stow Ml to toiriutoml upon tto tools to toe aaoto .. uojicyto a* mbhIbI by or in iscntoKt wito loot rivS ifefws twnptotoMK, / toltocis service dtor by tog (tot an lance. f ewe is awtoik n ttotoffi togd trweto, wr fioaoon wafc aaaa avaOaUe wtohoraj toto to m I First aid truing: fc'ini^ fine aid an for *B uigliij oca Sofctfe mi ofslfi e M A t appointed peefmb|y fnn toe MSM (kputao* tonntd to told ngndto 1 An HtfpccAion and rtgoir at doll appointed. These iMho Ml Ittn phto staff fitoVir toft M ^ tieas, who wifi nm mm ton mm hi ing the doner awd iiig irr mi tooo to lish cowjgcocy tcpnlri a* noemwj1 Im cummunkatioa, water and pescaia ton. fev hydrants and sa forth. Am mpsapmem | tectiao mb Ml be agynnandL tto t wiS fMatson tanmto sMhr so tor s*3- vace sgnod iftsrhil so facto fire deponBKBO. They to* by OMono to pcoWctM, wpapnunt innc to faMdmwstcr dim- age, ih--pt front hWmg amsow, esc. A ckouMgs and Mnmnnoe Wjond should be apputotod. Tto Mu of tod* sgM arc to dean away debris and to aatoat a other mamrntange fnactfani in rcanufog the pknt to eprrating caodxtkm with as mach speed a* jxwable. - Investigations: WhSe 1 tore dueassed the function of Urn investigation team viously, I moat esspbatue the tojirn fmrr of this team. Every yltnt cas--erupln i Tof MmteffemenPe Softly Responsibility 47 gardlesc o rant* or v1* should be investi gated cccnpletcly and the stoty as to muse and effect spread to all personnel. Unfor tunately few are qualified to conduct an investigation The training is long and ar duous, but pays dividends in the end. It is essential that the team should know what to look for. They should know how to piece together the material and other eviioxx. they should knew bow to evaluate photographs takas before a&d after if It U possible to secure previous photographs and they should parttadarly school themselves ts the way (o reject the misleading data which may be wholly cimanstaarial when teeming information from witnesses. How ever, the time takai to train upon this sub ject is welt spent as the conclutinns obtained ought save the cetir* industry a wood episode. ' Panic; Panic most be avoided at aS cost. Oftoattme* panic is a greater threat Vs <ecarity and safety than eves the threat of a tombing. Psychological defense plays a anjer roQ in tto development of a (pod wme defame program. U is necessary to fall amoleyce morale now so that it may to nUr So witonand possible shocking events \ paogfana sp pwwt pome may be sdmemi im tone major steps: 1, Prcpoxav4fei tocfadcs proper planning and permto gimmati 2. lafonmtioo--it is rmnt in keep aS plant perweed adwel awtimaath by some meu* so that they will law not only what the plant U doing for their protection in Une with dis aster control but what part they individually will play in the program. 3. Artioo--all plans require action. Training and condi tioning of personnel U essential. This can be carried out by educational and inspiring talks and discussions. It may be done through public addresses or by means of plant no tices or a plant publication. Actual dem onstrations or "dry runs" are essential This is particularly true If the plant Is a large one, as inch demmutratioos made with rep resentatives of other dqsitox&ti or other portions of the plant will give those who may have to assist outside of their own arm ia the event of a catastrophe, a realiza tion of what they will have to do if they move into that section of the plant, ft is Important to watch for signs of Interest breakdown with all pcrseeseJ, The pro gram must be excited continuously if it is to be successful. In conclusion I would state most emphati cally: 2. Plant disaster control plana are important to any chemical plant. 2. Your disaster control plus should have been com pleted and fimctioning the day before fast year. Let os hope it is not too late to Mart now. 3. If you have not done *o--start immediately to assign responsibility, to pre pare your personnel, and then to train, train, train and to continue training. Only t>y ac complishing the above can you be prepared for any disaster great or waall arising out of production or easy action. Top Management's Safety Responsibility and die Benefits file Industry Will Derive from Safe Operation By W. N. WATUOUGH. JR. Vkw Pns, Tim Dmuoh Chemical Cotp, Baltimore, Md. U order to do a better job of safety to five future we need to tike a tittle fast into history, <Hg lato the past. What was the business tike 33 years ago when this young hopeful started out ra the plant at 17, stcadllng hraod names and analyses oa 200 pound burlaps begs by toad? The bag rocra was adjsccst>to tbc rode grinding department The dost to the air so thick yoa literally could oot sea across the roost. Tm hours per day, 6 day* per week and la the heart of the shipping SOSCB much foogcr hours. You aa imagine what tbc coocfitions were out in the plant as to dost and fumes; Superphosphate was cut out of hot data by pick and shovel am hour after the phos phate rode tod bta treated with sulphuric add! Nitrogen materials were largely of organic origin, dusty, bad odors, In fact. the mention of the word fertiliser caused by attracting skilled and Sedwkal pent--el. noses to go up in the air with a derisive effected ccoBaritt that hate imgctmd the Mtiff J earnings picture of the industry. Movement and processing of tnstermls A large part of this miig baa ham w8 by pick and shovels and the hand track passed cai So the fanner. The price he pays employing unskilled labor. Sixty per CCBt for a far superior fertiHrer twirl on neat of the tonnage was moved in za eight week index figures lutKAri by tbt Mtiaaal period in the south and during a 16 week fertilizer modifies stands at 152 as asm* period In the north; an industry as highly pared with 272 for the index coming al ef seasonal as you could uoipoe Over M the commodities he boys. per cent of the personnel laid off during the slack season. Have we an tie the sane progen cs oftty? Probably so, if we had the MJrtirtitA Tonnage consumed by the farmer to prove it Bel only femme oar record amounted to eight million teas at that time. was so dugnccfaL Wc have wot gnaw for* It dropped to five' and one half million e ward at the rate of other bury iafcaWij. 1933, the worst depression year. ^ Seasceal for example; chemicals or fieri. Oar conn operations, poor working conditions, uo- paier, as ft* suw is tree with assay other skilled labor, Ugh turnover, ail contributed wdvidal organisations, bos made progress to what seemed an almost insurmountable at * rats wc didn't believe to be pamftilf problem to obtain funds from management ' a few years ago. to implement safety. The chart show* the past Icaar and one Let's take a look at where we stand half years rsoard of the fertilizer dhrssioo today. Our industry is largely a cbawal of our company, entirety separated fxtwa the one now, synthetic nitrogen irons the air, record of the corporal*** as a_ whole. As sulphuric arid by catalytic conversion of most of you know, the injury indexfifwt sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide, joptr- ts the product of frequency mmItiptied by phosphate by mechanical means, mechanically severity. Starting i* 19(7, we stood at fast excavated and stored. Gases and fames arc slightly better tbaa the average of these recovered as a by-product to produce siBco- fertiliser plants eoretd by Ac rather fluorides for diversified industry. sparse statistics available. We now produce 18 million tons compared to five and one half in 1933. And since frvrwwy Semr&y Injury Index fertilizers are much more concentrated, tljit 19J7 ... 056 2227 18 million is equivalent to 21 million toes 1946 ... 5.47 10609 when compared with the plant food coatent 1949 ... 1001 1Q&SI of 1933. Since most materials must be 1950 ... .... 5.49 0.13 .71 handled three times, received, manufactured 1951 ............10.14 029 2.94 to storage and shipped to the consumer, we (as of 6/30) move 63 million tons. This major materials handling problem has been largely solved by the use of over head bridge cranes moving four to five tons at one bite of the clam shell bucket, and in other type plants by every kind of modern mobile and conveying equipment you could possibly imagine. Dust conditions, while tremendously improved, still leave a great ileal to be desired. Turnover is still high. By manufacturing products of greatly improved storability we are able to move finished goods to the dealer and to the consumer well ahead of planting rime, cat ting down somewhat the extreme aeasoral characteristics of the operation. Wc have, by unproved efficiency ta operating tech' niques, by progress through chemistry aad Our medium sized fertilizer plant at Sivarah, Georgia, passed tire foor year mark without a tingle lost time accident la S^lumber of this year. Naturally we are proud of this accomplishment, I wish I eeeid say to you that we had dbeovered souk shutting new, unheard of method or system to guide tbe industry aad our own company m the future. But we haven't. There is bo asagk formula; our own record show* it. No, it s just the mm old taram* sense forroula; t. A setnd afdy program, The son charged with this responsibility fey the in dustrial relations soaim is * key member, 2, One feimdrtd par cent kapUsneftatioa by tine authority is doe to rise full backing 3s*t tw fact the slrtuane of top manage- 3 Oat hendred per omt interest and cofcnfin of every employee in the company a itffing job of Itoe management, the tin and tbe hvdostrial relations staff. lx awny comtadsles the job of getting rtx ihiklianti backing and enthusiasm of vp awBsageraent is a tough one, but the ties safety sec up isn't worth a "tinker's bn" without it. $ 1 my to you safety men, get after your nmgiwuiW. Keep hammering for the dimtitwi of bards to your plants. Organise pfaart safety committee with rotating wakn from few authority and the rank ad file And If you do, there is no reason that a fertilizer plant can't be as safe a place to work as any other in a similar type industry. Sure, you have to invest money for safety, a lot of tL But the return on that investment in the form of injuries eliminated, lower turnover, higher grade personnel needed for a modern industry, will repay us ten times over. Frequently those returns are not all indirect IVe recently received from the insurance companies $75,000, retrospective return premium on a premium whidt had already reflected our good experience. So there is proof that safety can pay off in cuh. A safe plant, a plant with good housekeeping, ts an efferent one It puts out quality products. It makes for low costs. Those are benefits worth going after. Achieving Safety In Fertilizer Plants (A SjBpedtss) Handling Sulfuric Acid By DAVID P. DSIA.VAN Chemical Svpti, Pasadena Fertilizer Plant, Matbsesoa Chemical Cocy* Pasadena, Tsu f In order to discuss "Handling of Sulfuric Arid* in an orderly manner, the subject vriD be developed from three viewpoint*. Tbe first is a discussion of tbe material itself. Sulfuric sod is outstanding re its peculiari ties, such as its specific gravity, or Baume a* it ts generally knows in the fertilizer Industry. It is the heaviest of aQ acids gen erally ujed. 60 per cent' acid has a specific gravity of 150 aad 90 per cent add \M. Above tills percentage the specific gravity tarmacs. The weaker adds are more corrosive thaw 36 to 100 per cent adds. The most out standing peculiarity is its frearing point. At 33 per cot, it has a lreeling point of almost --130* F, yet at about 83 to 9S per cmf aad at 99 to 100 per cent it freezes shore 46* F, 93 per cent add freezes about --II* F, This shows how confusing it be comes to operate a fertilizer plant re (he winter time, A word of caotioe, however, is maodatory. H the add is frt&es, the first impulse is to add water ix order to change the add concentration sad thereby decrease the freez ing point. This is the worst thing you can do, as a considerable of heat is gexntcd, enough to boil the sulfuric acid and splatter anybody in the area. In fact, extreme caution should be exercised when adding add of one strength to an add of another strength. From a safety angle, pur chasers of sulfuric add should buy only 93 per cent add, or to be on the safe side, 72 per cent add. These; of course, are more corrosive and other problem* are presented that will be discussed later. Hot water or waste steam coils m the storage tanks are used frequently. Tbe second impulse with frozen add is to melt it, using fire This also Is extremely dangerous, as sulfuric add reacts with the iron to form iron sulfate and hydrogen. The latter forms a* explosive mixture with the oxygen of the air. It is easy to visualize what woold happen if a storage tank or tank ear of sulfuric add exploded. Inci dentally, this reaction between sulfuric add and iron goes on even without heat so that 50 Chemical Tndiulrier the explovc mixture is always present is tanks, tank cars, pipe Cue* and ether metal containers. This moms that welding shoold never be attempted on sulfuric arid contain (ratios where corrotiou of these metals u relatively high. However, temperature* is this rang* usually aren't owiwngatii la the fertilizer industry. ers unless they have bees thoroughly cleaned of arid and are writ ventilated. It follow*, of course, no smoking or open flames should be permitted in the immediate area where sulfuric add is stored and handled. Th* most satisfactory metal* foe punpa are th* skM-dnahn-cotper alloys. Leaks at (be pump's psr-Vlwg sba^ prob ably account for more add bents dan any other location. Therefore, it U of prime From an equipment standpoint, the sxua importfue that the pump shaft and ta< problem is the corrosive action of this add ptiki are tree, not corroded or pitted, yet on materials of construction. Although this jiSliJiiifj free to tarn without friction is not a corrosion form, this subject is im portant ut handling sulfuric arid safely. Ho power least, and hence generation of heat to loosen the parking rings. Shields nude metals are absolutely resistant to sulfuric of old robber belting sboeld be pt* arewd add but with proper inspection and main parioag glands. tenance leaks and spill* can be reduced to almost nothing; If a steel pipe add line has been is service for several years with out a leak; serious thought should be given to changing the line completely, especially if there are manerous elbows, tea, valves, and other fittings in the line. Even from an operation's standpoint^ let alooe the mfety angle, management will be dollars ahead to soap the pipe. When one leak develops, I can assure you others are imminent, with the resultant hazards and down time. There is an art to tightening a pomp packing ghnd that every operator must learn before be cut be culled a ctfe opentor. Better js( perid**; ,wmtpc are recom mended or Evrfagtcal sea] rags imtafied in place of the padsag gland There are several types of each offered, and I refer yog to the nanihetwers for their mowstcadatious. IsridmtaOy, afl j--raja, hot* and tanks should he thoroughly grounded, especially when using two or sore types of metal* even when they are similar m chem The old standby of the sulfuric add ical analyte*. Each should be grounded industry is lead. At room temperature separately to prevent electrolytic action, whk strengths up to 93 per cent can be handled the maltant rapid cerroctan. and leaks. successfully. Up to a temperature of 425* the concentration should not exceed 85 per cent. High velocity or abrasion will remove the protective lead sulphate coating For packing on peaapa the best tsaterul is asbestos ring*. Usvatfy three are spe cially prepared and combined with- graphite " Plain asbestos make* very satisfactory gas For concentrations greater *** 93 per ket material for fenced pipe. Teflon o* cent steri.can be used at room temperatures, atee be need for this a* well as for wire and cast iron 19 to about 190* F. Steel I* stem parking commonly ased when handling'Olcugt. Other materials such as glass, high titicoo taj carbon and allied products can he used hot are fragile to thermal and mechanical shock. The high nickel molybdenum alloys Plain steel is satisfactory tor storage tanks at room temperature*. A tiring of arid proof brick; lead or certain tbmnopkutic should be added if the arid coo* centratkn is below 93 per ecat. are used successfully in the lower concen trations and temperatures, and the high chronutaa-mckel-copper steel m alt con centrations at room temperature. These last four and other rnerei^ suds as *!-- and nickel alloys are relatively high in cost and are used only fa special application*. For dilution pits, the standard Caiag U aim arid proof bndo. For snail muasg pees lead is very satisfactory. Arid proof. or carbon kick* should he used cadnaively for flooring in tik* area of the pumps, where arid drips and spills arc Valves made of the chramhsa-eieicdtopper alloys are very satisfactory, although the high silicon steels give good results. Far the first one named at temperature* ap proaching 176* F. there is a critical range of between 70 to 90 per cent arid cooceo* The last sad most Important consider*- tien b th* employe* himself. If be dots not know what kind of material he is dmlteg with and is aot provided with the proper handling equipment; no aramne of saiuty schools, posters, or tafia are geu*g to wire drikmr Safety im Fer*it*rer PlmUt (A Symposium) St k>s trea'acoduria On ti> other faondL if ke is provided with tbc best equipment aa Uk world and knew* all there ft to kww about the add, burn* wifi still remit, wa its the osptoyce protects himself.. It baa bees our experience, and other plant* can confirm this, tint the qa are the mot vulnerable for acid buna. Therefore, tbe isc of goggles should be strictly re torted, and l don't mean just around erne's neck other. Although I don't pretend to be as expert re the proper design of goggle*, 1 wifi ratiwinenti any type that fit wefi ventilated, tight fitting uf with re Mini areas to tbc sides. All of the goggles; of course, must be arid resistant and the eye piece shatterproof. A fare shield is also cxcrilmt, but luma from the arid ere still rods the QWw . The react mote vulnerable spot Is the kinds. Gloves, of eccrae, trill grre ample protection. However, a word of uwticu. These flora should be made of rubber or ttmprtrte, either doth dipped, or pore rub ber, The tatter, with proper care, wiS tote u&fbildy, and have the added advantage of bring cleaner. Farther, they ere be tjukldy removed if add gd* inside of than Tbc cloth neoprene or rubber dipped gloves, however, can probably stand sore rugged service and are not so cumbersome nor aa slide aa the pure robber. The feet, legs and anas receive the lowest percentage of arid barns. For foot protection, numerous styles of rubber shoe* are side that will provide satisfactory protection. Three are a antte m areu where adds are coed. For protection of the arms, leg* and body, several type* of elothlag are available In my opimoo, some ot them are not sat isfactory aad since they are not porous they are balky aad hot, especially in the ho^ bread area of the Gulfcoast, or in the ammer months elsewhere, la recent years, aamerres plastic materia!* have been intro- sfcsred. and dothing made of them. They are very premising, and should be investi gated. The ones I have see are'of tight snongh huh to prevent tb arid from go ng timmgh, "yet loose enough to allow dr- enhtfen of die air. They remain practically inert to sulfuric arid. To complete die wardrobe of this' em ploye* some typ* of bat, preferably a hard bat anst be iadaded. la gptte of all the proper handling and precautions acid buna wiU still happen. If the arid is washed off promptly with liberal resonate of water, serious melts will be prevented. Therefore, safety shower*, that always work, most be ia th* general area, in strategic locations. For further treatmart, the case mote be Immediately referred to the first aid attendant, or doctor. Delays tray rattle in penaaroeai injury, especially with eye boras. The operator of the equipment should conduct hiauclf fit a safe and workmanlike nuaner at all times. The usual precaution* of arid pumping such as opening valve* slowly aad carefully, not pumping against dosed and standing away from pump pack*-"-- *. - should be even more rigidly eefoi `.-a handling sulfuric arid. Sob Handling: of Anhydrous Ammonia and Aamonkttirig Solutions By H. R. KRUZOBJt Director of TrehnkiZ Service, FtoQSpn rhantiril Co. Bartlanrilk, Okla. Aahydroas ammonia, ananoafit "B" Kqwor, ammonium sitrait-aqua ammonia, mod tuea- aqoi ammonia sofatiena are now in ranai me im coimnercsaI fertilizer plants tikroogb- eut the United Stales. The merits of these as tounn teats of pbcopluU. laiiiftjg fertiizera are not to k dotted teres they provide a oe* anmkal source of nitrogen white, at the uat taase, greater improving the meehud- cad condition of the mixture; hot it is some times alarming to note the laxity and Gtreteanesa with wh*& these materials are handled at many gl aciti Anhydrous anaaoute, containing setae 8Z per rate satiogm by weight, is the most oanceatratod wans of available nitrogen used by th* fertilizer industry. However, became it is stored and transported as a ciowgremd gu, it does require 52 Chemical Indtutruz equipment ami a more specialised technique tor handiuiff> Its properties should be famil iar to all of you, but it would be well to remind you again that its boiling point is ~-2S*F-, at 70*F. it exerts a vapor pressure of 114 psig, and at 9G*F-, a pressure of 164 psig. It volatilises immediately upon release to the atmosphere and up to 100 ppm are per missible for a worker to endure for as eight-hour period. Four hundred ppm cause throat irritation and 700 pjxn cause eye irri tation, with usually no serious after effects, providing exposure is limited to relatively short periods of less than one hour. With slightly greater concentrations, exposure is unbearable with 5,000 to 10.000 ppet usually being fatal Contract-rial grade anhydrous ammonia as used by the fertilizer industry U shipped almost entirely in 11.000 gallon ta&kcars of l.C.C. specification 105A-300. Cars spotted for unloading should be on a level track, have brakes set, wheels blocked, and regula tion blue "Tankcar Connected" signs affixed to the rails. Derails should be placed at one or both ends of the unloading trade, approxi mately one car length from the car bring unloaded, unless the car U protected by a closed and locked switch or gate. After the car U properly spotted ud protected, the following safety equipment should be readily available for any and all workers who are to engage in unloading operations: 1. Respiratory equipment, approved by the United States Bureau of Mines, and used in strict compliance with the manu facturer's instructions. A canister-type in dustrial full-face mask may be used for gas concentrations of 3 per cent and under for a brief exposure period, but if gas concen tration exceeds 3 per cent; is unknown, or if exposure is prolonged, supplied-air respira tory equipment of proper design with fullface masks and protective clothing should I* used. 2. Protective clothing, consisting of felt or treated fibre hats, rubber suits, gloves, ibocs, should be available at all times for emergency ase. Safety goggles should be worn at all tunes when handling ammonia. 3. Emergency equipment, consisting of the following should be located as dose as possible to the area where atnmonta Is being handled: 3~ Safety shower of treadle type, b. Bubble-type drinking or eye-wash foun tain, r. Respiratory equipment <L Stretcher and blanket. Anhydrous annotia tankears arc equipped with four valves ta the dome, working as pairs; the two along the longitudinal axis at the car are lbc Bqttid valves and axe connected to cdoctioo pipes which octetd almost to the bottom of the tank, while the two valve* across or pointinf to the sides oi the car are the vapor lines and axe con nected to short pipes which extend into the vapor apace above the liquid. There arc some deal purpose askui ta ammonia service that are iqrfpjmd with excess flow valves; whose purpose id ta sfant off immediately the flow in crest of a hrfag or ruptured Kne Utem teeflocar and storage. Taakcar connections should be made with ten-ply flexible rubber steaa ham, wire braided and armored, with high peumti screw coupling*. As vnsvsa cotrates ay per and some aBoys, all pipe, vdm, deriogv and couplings should be made of extra halt? black iron or designed i.iperisHy for ammoms, service. Only eeBijtaien "dcaigacH tor ammonia service shook! be wmdL Stonge tafdcs for aafaydruas --UMoa should be constructed and tested la accord* aooe with the ASHE Code for Uared Pressure Vessels and for the worioag pres umes indicated below. Paragraphs U-68 and U-69 of the 1446 ASUE Code--200 prig- Faragraphs U-200 aod U-201 of (he 14* ASUE Code-- 250 prig. 1950 ASUE Code--450 psig. Construction ta accordance with the APIASME'Codc with a dariga worioer pres sure of 250 prig is likewise satisfactory. Tank* mute be equipped with owe or mote spring-loaded safety relief valve* set at 2p0 psig gauge pressure with vest pipes directed above and away from worioag areas. In warm climates, a light shed covering is recommended to afford protection from direct rays of the sua oo the storage tank. In very hot locations, the additional protec tion of cool water sprays over the task are helpful in keeping vapor pressures km*. Tanks should be coated with Hgbt-reflcct* Achieving Safety in Fertiliser Plants (A Syrnfotium) 53 ^ paints, preferably white or alumintan. tor thdr wide acceptance is the fertilizer Ml tanks, valves, piping, and fittings should industry. Due to the high corrosive proper be inspected regularly, valve* kept ia top 1 ties of all of these solutions, most fertilizer reridrtg condition, with safety valve* tested plant* use compressed air rather than pomps m regular schedule*. to transfer than. After the installation is properly engi* seered and all equipment is in top working trio*, the human element enters the picture. These are the men for whom all the proper <qpncnt and safety devices have beet .feagned. If the personnel is not trained in tier proper use, the best designed equipwear will net prevent accidents. A new operator should never he allowed !4 beadle anhydrous ammonia until he has adwr bom apprenticed to a skilled open- w or has been takes step by step through Pe eemptete. operation by a supervisor. ietxs* should be placed Oft disca'iftcclmy ywatoic, which is just a* important as is iitiiiq procedure it is not possible to place too Bloch im portance ee safety rules and the necessity ct qrirt compliance with them. The carem tpcnlor is a burnt not only to himself, W m all others in nearby areas. Anyone who has anything to do with the sandbag of anhydrous amenta should aitrafiy scatty Chemical Saiety Data Sheet 5D-g of the Manufacturing Chemists Assoaatios or Pamphlet G-2 of the Compressed Anocwtioa. The technique and equipment for handling -atqdrou* ammonia is more exacting than dot required for the other fertilizer amswmabag solutions covered by this paper. The same goners] preaatioes, however, bottld be followed for thp other ammoniatrag soWions, as shoald die time protective equipments be kept available. There are two types of amnociating sola* tico made specifically for'the fertilizer isdattry in common usage today. Six nitrogen producers arc manufacturing ammonium nitrate fortified solutions ooeiaiobg from S to 49 per seat N by weight with, ooe ^reducer offering a orta-anxoaeii solution remaining wooed 45 per cent N. The vapor prawns at 104*F. of these ichnioos vary froca one psig foe the 37 per ct solution to 50 prig for the 49 per cent tefetioo, while the urea-asssienia solution, x the same temperature, has a*vapor prttmre of 50 to 64 prig. The lower pressure* i these ammoniating rotations, as compared anhydrous ammonia, la owe of the reasons The ammonium nitrate type of solutions, due to tbrir lower vapor pressures, are usu ally shipped ia 10,000 gallon welded steel tankears althoagh several manufacturers are gradually changing over to aluaiman ears to combat corrosion. Mote of these ears arc equipped with cither lead or aiminuot rupture Sacs rather than spring-loaded valves, bat in other case, the receiving plant should check the rupture disc pressure tor mkorfrog. so that they will oot apply too high an air pressure in transferring. The urea solution* are shipped is two type* of tank are, some bring high pressure ears with relief valves set at 225 psig while others are low pressure cars with 75 prig relief valve*. Relief valves on these cars are of the spring-loaded type, automatically re rating, and the operator should check the relief valve pressure which is steoallcd both em the end oi the car and oo the relief valve before applying air pressure to imkarf- Storage tanks for ammonium nitrate solu tion should be fabricated of welded steel or preferably aluminum with a worioag pres sure of at kast 65 prig. Storage tanks for urea solutions should be designed for a 75 prig worioag pressure and a hydrostatic test pressure of 150 psig. Storage tank* should he protected from freezing to prevent crystallization of solids, and from direct rays of sun ia summer to keep vapor pressures toW. AH should be equipped with the necessary relief valve*. Before installing any storage tank, a review of applicable state laws should be made to insure compliance. Piping fittings; and valves for all types of solution should be, ia order of preference, stainless steel, aluminum, or black iron. Dia phragm valve* are best, with lubricated plugcode valve* as second choice. AH valves, piping; and fittings should be specified for ammonia service. Measuring or weighing tank* should be of all welded stainless steel or ahaniman construction, equipped with pressor* relief valves with free vents to the outside atmosphere. No copper, brass, bronze, or simitar alloy should be used any where fa the system. AH of the producers of fertilizer am- 54 Chemical Industries maniatins solutions rrramhiin service depart* menu to assist customers in the proper in* stailatioo of equipment and hi methods of Handling their product so it would be Well for any user to take advantage o this free service when coatcmptiting making new in stallations or modifying old onto. There are entirely too many accidents resulting from working on and around tankcars and unloading racks--the purely physical type accident resulting from falls, slipping; etc. Most of these accidents, as far as Hanning ammocia la concerned, re sult from improperly designed or poorly nlaintained nkwrfing racks, improper toots, shoddy shoes and clothing. The unloading rack should be sturdily constructed, having regulation railroad clear ance, secure stain with landrails, and a hinged bridge also with 90 that the worker has safe; - sure access to the car dome. A locker can usually he con* vemently built under the rack in which should be kept the proper tod* for conced ing lines and the required safety equipment A safety shower should be dose by. ISrnce 15 to 33 per cent cooceotratioos os ammonia gas arc flammable, no arc or acet^tone cutting or welding should.be performed a armsonia tanka or tine* ttd they have been thoroughly purged. There is bo reason why atnencnti or the ammonia solutions Cannot be safely handled providing these cardinal rules for (he han dling of any hazardous liquid are observed: Approvrd Installations, knowledge of physi cal properties, available safety equipment, and competent operators. Handling Bulk Storage By U. C. ELLIS ' General Superintendent, Plant Food Swift ft Col, Wap, TTL Any operation in the handling of bulk fer tilizer materials or mixed goods Is hazardous if carlcsmess or indifference to safety is permitted. The of bulk is probably the most hazardous aspect of fertilizer plant operations. There are assy ways for acci dents to oQjor in all phases of bulk handling. Some, potential dangers, however, are lawWu. and something can be done about than. It is to those Imown hazards that I want to devote this report. Ia doing so, though, many possible hazards which are considered less frequent and less severe must necessarily be disregarded. There are many different types of bulk heads in use but probably the three moot commonly used are the bag wall, the sheath type, and the bookshelf. The hag wall was quite extensively used tome years ago but has been gradually abandoned until sow it seems to Joe used only ia special cases and on a temporary basis. A bag wall is a safe wall if properly constructed. It U built by partially fitting hags with the product being stored and lay* tag them Hat with the mouth toward the storage pile. The wall must be constructed as the pile builds up. The product being stored ties ia the bags. Safe, bag walls rannt be built o* aa absolute pcrpemScnlar under normal stor age condition*. There is always the danger of a backward miswep waiting in a fab and obviaaafy wad* an weiilrnt could result in a fatality. The tjsath type waff Is am effective aoi safe type; if property constructed. It is btnh by edging boards, usmlly 2 by 12 inches, 00c no top of the other, latatui tw building columns, then tying than to tbe columns. Frequently a wall of this type is re-raforeod by the ate of a bracer of 6xS or SxS timber and socaetirotf, depending upon conditions, the wall a fur ther strengthened by niiiag steel rods, usually I Inch in Junnrigy from bracer to braner thru tbe bay or ban. Tbe bookshelf type a9 bos come isis qmte ccnaacp me and i| as safe or safer than the bag waff or the rfwarii type. The boolcsbdf type wall is fertiadarly adapt able, where tbe wall is to be pcrasasetl Tbe mala biaidt with this type sent where the wall is on an alleyway and cbtrasce must be gamed to the product. - This means that the boards making of the wall must be removed as tbe product Is taken Croce the bin and the. employes meat Adueamff Safety to Fertiliser Plante (A Symposium) 55 ik at high levels when removing tbe and the dynamite man moved a few feet boards. If careless,' a serious fall could but didn't clear the overhang. It gave way, result. covering tbe enployt, and he was suffocated. Dynamite and dynamite cap* thfldd be Hus was ta a mixed goods storage section. stored separately. Safety rerrunvenditioni Tbe third fatal accident occurred in a mill of explosive manufacturers are always re type bolding where superphosphate was liable and if followed, the storage and stored. Tbe dynamite man was getting ready handling of dynamite and explosives art to make a shot near the base of tbe pile. relatively safe. Tbe face of the pile sloped back at from Iht real hazards of handling bulk ia 18 to 15 degrees off of the perpendicular. fertilizer plants are not in tbe storing or The pde had been observed by a manber the retaining walls but are ia tbe work in of employes including a former dynamite csencction with reaoriag the product from mas who was at one time sutured storage, that is, the disintegrating prepara ta a slide, aod there were do obvious dan tory to removal Mori fertilizer raw male- gers. Vet, within a ooc-ounste interval rials and mixed goods get hard or mice while tbe tractor nan was on the way to an during storage and diszategratica is neces elevator with a load, the dynamite man was sary prior to removal. covered by- loose material sloughing off asd Dynamite u comsndhly used for the pur pose. Blasting tbe pile* frequently leaves sliding down 00 top of him. Probably an examhotioa of the top of the pile would overhangs,' loose material on p3e face, and have disclosed tbe danger. deeply cracked piles with dsageioa* slopes. The result of tbe investigations was a Herein lies the real danger to employes determination to make the use of dynamite removing the material* * with peytoaders, ta fertilizer plants a safer operation. The buggies, or wheelbarrows. Overbcucnoe problem was given considerable study by type plants do not present these hazards, the Company and several outside organiza sioce the operators are working above tbe tions, including the manufacturer fromwhom kvd of the materials in storage. we obtain our supplies. The results were Swift ft Company Flsst Food Division that: has had, over a period of yean; time fatali 1. Our framing <fiws*oa was asked to ties attributable to tbe Me of dynamite but develop a safety progmu dealing partiadariy none due directly to the explosion, AO three with oar estafeflihcd practices in the u*% of occurred daring preparations for tasking a dynamite. This was for the purpose of shot or blast Consistent with company malting the fob safer until a less hazardous efforts to raicgwti employes from acckknU, plan could be established. This was done the three fatalities werecarefully investigated. sad the program has been presented to Tbe first accident ouawred la as "A" every plant that we lave except where mate frame building. Superphosphate was being rials Httnrnmg is done wclwiuly by crane. removed with a dragline Tbe tiac bad cut Reports from superintendents lave, with a treach almost to the Boor level. Tbe sides out exception. bees very favorable to the leading up from the trench were qmte steep. program. As an educational program, it in The dynamite man was ia tbe treach getting volved sot ody all supervisors connected ready to make a shot. Some loose material with dynamiting, but also hourly paid em (roes near the top of the ptle slid and cov ployee who have aay connection with dyna ered the employe, saffocating him. miting and who are in fww**TM* to contribute Tbe second fatality was hi a nail type to the prevention of accidents. Tbe presen plant where the prefect was piled .ahent tation reqmred from 45 mlnntre to an hour, fort deep. There was an overhang to depending upon the amount of discussion the pile earned by a blast ( The dynamite developed. man started to bore a horizontal bote four A very Important development, u our or five feet above the floor level aod the organization views it. is the emphasis on foreaua to chuge of tbe operation instructed boring stogie shot boles perpendicular Instead the employe to move over Crop that point of horizontal. The theory ia that if the to a safer location--that the overhang was employ* is on top of the pile, the pile can't dangerous. be on top of the employe. Ow study has The supervisor proceeded to another point Indicated tbtt there ia no good reasoo why. .A j-ir------ Chemical Industrie* when single shots are made, the pile cannot he bored perpendicularly. This applies in all cases where the pile or any part of it, it steeper than the angle of repose of the product stored. 2. We have done considerable work with the aid and direction of an expert from the dynamite manufacturer on multiple shots instead of the single shot practice we have heretofore followed. This work has ted to the conclusion that multiple shots are touch viter and, metdentally, more economical. In a typical storage pile, instead of using about four sticks of dynamite in one hole, we placed 25 sticks of dynamite into three holes across the bottom of the pile approxi* nately four feet from the floor, two boles about four or five feet above the bottom lute, but the two holes equally spaced be tween the three bottom holes, and into each iiole was placed five sticks of dynamite. Delayed firing eps were used to give three bring stages. The results were that the pile was left with a safe slope on its face and the plant chipped more than 200 tons without further dynamiting. Agari, m a pile of superphosphate in an '\V* frame building, 76 sticks of dynamite with delayed action caps were used in a planned boring arrangement In this in stance about 450 tons of superphosphate were well disintegrated and the pile vru left with a safe slope If (he pile has bees 55 feet high instead of 25 feet, it was esti mated chat 700 or 800 tons would have been put into good condition for handling. The work so far indicates that the ptsiishment to buildings U less severe than shooting one hole at a time. Dynamite blast follows the way of least resistance. Therefore, by arranging the order of firing the different holes, the shock on building cottBoaf can to some extent be controlled. Another desirable feature of the multiple shoe pbea i* that the direction of movement of the product, due to the blast, can in a meassrc be centrolled! la wnsrary, kt me recommend that seri ous conaderaiian be given to the two prim ripal poises that I have tried to present, which are: 1. Drill vertical holes when a single shot is to W node and that no exception be al lowed unless the dynamite man U authorized by the supervisor to bore a horizontal hole, and then only if the pile presents no ques tionable slopes, 2. Institute a multiple shot program, augmented by single shots as necessary. Mul tiple shots greatly reduce tlte occurrence of overhangs and dangerous slopes thru con trol of tlte force by placement of charge* and order of firing. Importance oi Good Housekeeping in Lowering Costs By M. F. WHARTON Vke-Prts, Arizona FcrtSxcn, Inc, Phoenix, Artx. The subject of good housekeeping in in dustry- as a whole has been generally well covered in various articles, in trade maga zines and particularly well done by bulletins from the National Safety Council. The fertilizer industry has not had particular attention given to it, and if there is any in dustry that has had a reputation for poor housekeeping it certainly has been the fer tilizer industry. This may be understand able due to the type of materials used and the manner of processing them. - In many cases a makeshift of cheap equip ment was the beginning of many of Our reasonably large fertilizing companies today and dac to the nature of their beginning, habit of chop operation with cheap labor has held on. There arc a few of the newer and more elaborate plant* that have been especially designed to provide onxinan safety and opportunity for easy housekeep ing. It U ray intention to pome out a few poor housekeeping methods that in my opin ion are qmte costly. h Light. Generally speaking fertilizing plants are poorly lighted, ether because of lade of windows or Insuffiocst artificial lighting. In some initwm the facilities arc there but negligoic* in keeping the windows dean or bulbs replaced brings about an un Achievmg Stftly in Fertiliser Plants f.4 Symposium) 57 desirable titu&lioo. A dim and gloomy atcsovphere can bring about costly mistake* is many ways. Probably the greatest of these is improper weighing or improper lormutation when visibility is Improper for reading dial* or formula*. unloaded ^sogwe car of bags and threw them aoto toe pile in a careless manner. When they had finished, the stack was leaning dangerously to ooe side and it was impassible to count the begs properly. The men did oot know what was going on and an accurate time was kept on this crew 2 Dust Control, Practically all fertilizer which put up both stacks. materials are very dusty and to control this dust in processing u often the major prob lem. It is easy to allow this to liecome neglected, and as one manufacturer re marked,- "Wtat difference doe* It sake cornfared to the cost of tafdng care of It?" I have seen pUnt* where the mixing room bad yr mack dust as the air that a lighted electric globe was barely visible for tee fret. How can labor be accurate and dh- Aerially it took twenty minutes less time to stack fifty tons of bagged material prop erly than it did m a haphazard manner. We kept accurate trade of how many bags were broken as these stack* were taken down and delivered to cooauraers* truck*. There were six bags broken tn the orderly stacks, and fifty-three a* the aidoily piles mate rial. Resaddng this is costly. dcot iptda these conditions? How can achmety be well* taken car of when covered While this experiment was in process an accident tappened in s competitor's plant llh a heavy layer of dust and grease? not far away, A stack of material was How an the package that goes to the con- caretail? set up- The workman saw a pro swaer be dean, not and attractive if han truding sack two-thirds Ot the way down dled wider dusty conditions? It Is impossible for machinery to operate efikkotly since dost is abrasive and tat- orally shortens the life of the machinery. It is sspofcribk for management to property cheek dirty machinery and know when It is m wed of repair or muntotance attention. I have scon plants, where, as the saying gees, "ft is dean csoogh to cat off the floor," and remarked. "1 am going to pull that out and it will all fall down and we can load the truck quickly." He did. the stack fell on him and at the end of three months he i* still In a cast with a broken tack. Costly? 1 would say so--from the standpoint of in jury. of insurance rate; from the number of bag* broken in turning over the stack, and the tune wasted cleaning up afterward. I have ravcitigited their maintenance and Poor housekeeping breeds an atmosphere breakdown records and Bod thm modi less than those of dirty plants. The life ex- of carelessness, and carelessness breeds mis takes, and any mistake costs money. paetancy of wirhlncry therefore is greater. 5, Labor. It ***"* necessary for the E Tsaintaia this makes for greater savings. writer and his partner to rebuild their & Ctrmfinesr. Cleanliness Is another very uuputUa* Has in good housekeeping, ptr- ticttSxrfy ns it refers to safety. We all know that preset i--ur|Hn rales arc unnecessarily ' fertilizer aad mixing plant after 15 year* of operation. We (fid this with aa ides oi providing plenty of fight, vrrsibtion and dust control. Without increasing the zalary l*fh nod It i* believed that they will be scale we found that ta a short time wc were modi lower if good enticing conditions are provided, A floor that is one or two indies actually getting a much higher quality of labor. In talking with these men we found deep hi Amt, spelled la chemicals and plain dirty U coadodve to accidents. The very that many of them were from other fer tilizer plants. When asked why they made slqwdowu brought about by having to work or move materials over a floor with a coat the change, invariably the remark was, "l had much rather work under clean condi ing of inert material is costly in itself. tions for less money," Perhaps this docs not Indicate lowering costs, yet we were sur 4, Orderliness. Ordertines* I* another prised to find increased efficiency of better very important point Recently I had a titan 20 per cent a* measured by output crew of men put up two piles of sacks. One of them was piled in a straight and orderly earner. It dsdyttt lean to one side or the ether and the bags were easily counted In inventory. The tame crew was sent to the other end of the warehouse and There is soother thing concerned with labor that we have noticed as I am sure most of you have. While a piece of raachineffy is new and freshly painted, it re ceives careful attention. As the machinery Sft Chemical Industries becomes older the dirt is accmpulatlng with the grease sad hiding the fresh point and it gradually receives tecs and less attention. In talking with an operator of a muting plant in California is July, he remarked that his program of cleaning up and repaint" tug each slack season had very greatly re* duced his repair bills. It is only human nature to have pride in something dean and orderly. Where there is pride there is go* uig to be efficiency. Where there itefficiency there will be increased output and unit costs will correspondingly be reduced This is my first introduction into the or* ganisqf ranks of safety precaution in my industry. Good housekeeping certainly is an outstanding safety measure. Create working conditions with good lighting, freshly painted rooms and machinery, a clan floor and, as the saying goes, "everything in its place and a place for everything" and you have a situation in whidt labor will be proud to work, prood to maintain Its ordertineu and clean appearance, and this will make tot quality products, produced rffioeally. 7, Frid< and Mere!* wUk a labor team In industry it is jest as important as oa the football held or in a military battalion. This cu only be bad under favorable work' mg conditions. Favorable wotlong coed tions can only be had by good bousekeeptog The last thought that 2 woold kc Ui leave with you may not have a direct box. ta but to me it is essential to good Selling practice. It is a oocaplkncnt to management when the salesmen and fiddmen bring cuttenters through the processaog pbwt Whei a customer sees an orderly, dean processiag job being done with good tabor proud el what tbQr are doing, 1 Where t ties tun to the company and makes Ida a toys! booster. This inocases sales and any time you increase production we all know it * turn reduces unit cost Operation of Mobile Plant Equipment By C. IS. DLL2BRSW Saks Mgr., Frank G. Hough Co^ LffiertyriBo, BL Our reference to the Frank G. Hough Co. and "Payloadere" is not an attempt to convert the meeting into a wire session. Generally the comments will apply to various ' makes at mobile equipment bat we arc most familiar with "Paylaadera." A manufacturer of material handling equipment must decide what phase be is in terested in. In our particular case, we have stayed more to the bc3c <ic, whereas, the lift trade people deal more wiih the package side. For years we built lenders for installa tion on industrial tractors, which found their way into fertilizer and chemical plants. In 193S we decided there was a fcroneadous held which could not be reached by the loader attachment held, so we started de veloping the "Payloader" for unloading ears and working other places where luxated face was a major factor. The baric requlraueiats were pretty well in mind before the first drawings were made. The oust tad to be easy' to handle, fast, powerful, ragged, have good visibility and operator comfort; be highly maneuverable; have good service accessibility. The first Model HA was hand made as4 after a little preliminary rasing at tlx plant, was taken on a toor of all types ot plants (fertilizer, chemical, foundries, meal working, sand, gravel, crushed stone, etc.) for checking its adaptability, using Ue onk tor inside hard surface and outride yari work on semi-tard surfaced areas. The original transgdsrion high gear speed was a top of 16 nsph. la reverse. Much ts our surprise in every plant we were toW the taut must be sktvred down. The spree was too dangerous. Our reply was that there were two speed ranges and a foot ac celerator, so in effect the speed was any thing from l mph. to 16 soph, and tie operator could control the set to fit tlx job. We drew m comgwrjsoa to care, some of which will go 100 Mpfa, but even though they rt". mast people drive 60 to 6S M act the road and maeh kws aroimd tbary curves and In ooejested traffic. We were told all we ware saying wat quite tr .e, but (fid not apply to mobile plus equipment. They sold mobile plant eqwp meet had only one speed and that was high gear--wide open. Achieving Safety fn FrrtHiaer Plants (A Symposium) 59 As a result, we seduced the top speed forward to about 7 rupfa. and top speed reverse to about 10 to 21 caph. Perhaps afl of us would agree that this would en force safety to some extent much the same si if 50 tnph. top speed was the limit for cart. Some of you would probably ray the na* chines arc still too fast--others would like to see faster travel on long straight hauls m wide aisles. Some plants have removed the speed range lever aad have the sort locked m Jew range living 2.9 mph. forward and <175 mph. re verse. This applies to car work only and where there la a narrow platform. In scene plants, we find oaks operating at speeds well over the specification speed. It t done by (fiscaanedscg the governor. The reselling eccaiht eagrac speed will seri- auijr affect hydraulic pomp life and engine life. We use a rotary vane type pump on the Model HA and its critical speed is about 1,900 rpra. We Me gear pomps where engine speeds axe 000 rpeo. to 200 rpra. AH (Tunafsetarers would certainly agree tiist governors should not be tampered with. We woedd like to see higher speeds built into toe vats for the benefit of the people who cm safely use higher speeds so we are at it again. The new tfodd HAH with four forward and four reverse speeds will do op to 28 mph. and oe a reasonably smooth surface handles nicely at that spend--re canting empty. Those who desire to do so can lode out fourth gear, giving a top of 12 fa 13 soph, in third, or lock out third and fourth gears, giving a top of about 7 tnph. io second gear. W have two reasons for higher reverse speeds. First we require a crowding action ta toe fare of the pile for loading the bucket. The engine power through a higher gear ratio (slower speed) gives os that In reverse we eouvut the power into speed for a last working cycle, also higher travel speeds la reverse, particularly with a load, gives toe operator better central if he has to stop suddenly, The cuchine retains its lability, where** a aside stop going for ward orriccs toe Machine stand on. its nose. Also ta fast travel in reverse, dust from to* bucket Hows away from the operator instead of la his face andicyes. There are exceptions--<m sloping raetpe. the bucket should always be on the uphill end of the machine. Go forward op nrapo and back down them. Steering control is a safety "orast" I am amazed to see operators travel at high speed* with a half turn of slack m toe steering wheel. There are only two simple adjustments in the steering bousing, aad toe tie rod ends can be easily replaced. The bushings can be replaced in toe beS crank when needed These points should be took*** after more closely, we think- A good lubri cation program will extend the fife of the parts. ^ We have found some machines la opera tion with a dirty rag os the gasoline filler cap Instead of the regular cap. The results --fire hazard, dirty fod, dirty carburetor and inefficient combustion. Also, we sometunes find a leaking carburetor bowl, doe to a sticking float. We ms go owe step farther oa fire protection to supply, oe re quest, a gas filler cap listed by the Under writers Laboratory. On the air intake side the o3 bath air- cteancr is far more than just an air cleaner. When property serviced it is an air cleaner but, equally as important, it is an Under writers approved type of backfire arrester. Its cffectivroess fads ceenpJrteJy as a cleaner and fire protection agent if it is not serviced. There U ooe further and equally scrims toonderation. If the stack becomes dogged, preventing toe free flow of air, it amounts to the same thing as naming the engine with toe choke oa. It is bod enough that It result* m crankcase dilution, rapid ring, piston, bearing and cylinder wear, and high fod consumption, but worse when the oper ator and perhaps others arc injured because of the carbon meoerride and other poisonous gws thrown off from the engine, due to inefficient combustion. An efficient fori air ratio adjustment at the carburetor is not possible if there are obstructions other places. We do pot bare toxic gas problems where ccmbustioo is dean and complete, as in engines in good repair aad adjustment 1 have mentioned only one phase of com bustion control. Other phases are compres sion ratio, coodttiee of spark plugs, fad quality, etc. A good program of preventive mainte nance is, therefor^ essential to operating safety. A further elaboration of the value of pro- 60 Chtmteal Industries ventive maintenance is the plan used by Cadillac Motor Car Company, which over a period oi five years reduced the plant equipment breakdown time 83 per cent At the beginning their maintenance crew was divided--7$ per cent to preventive maintcnance and the remaining 23 per cent to breakdowns. At the end of one year the preventive maintenance crew was reduced by 5 per cent and the breakdown crew by 50 per cent, making those men available for productive work. Such planning reduces costs, increases production, and everyone benefits. Water mufflers or dry type exhaust spark arresters are available as fire prevention equipment, but neither has any -control over toxic gases. Whih* talking in the fire control category, it is wd\ to mention good main* tenance on fuse bloo.es, terminals, wiring har nesses and battery be down fitting^ any of which can cause a fire. Another item U the careless use of light bulbs or heating dements under the hood during overnight storage. It is a type.of coadotation control and an aid to starting the next morning, but should be handled carehilly because of the fire hazard. In some plants a definite safety aid would he more adequate lighting, and more effective dust control, if possible. We have observed bin partitions in ques tionable repair and tie bars or cross braces too tow to permit the operator to get under without ducking. Operators have suffered injuries by striking their beads on crocs braces. One operator fatality resulted when he tried to reach the bucket under a dock only steering wheel height His foot slipped off the clutch and he was pinned between the machine and dock. In our current literature there is a picture tj{ an operator who has dug under a pile. The picture wag napped as the operator was looSang tip seemingly expecting the pile to come down oa him soy second. This b a dangerous practice. The pile should be "shot* A loose pile is osier to work. j higher rate of product:on win result and it is easier on the machine. The operator should climb oa and off ,the machine only when the bucket U oa the ground. A higher rate of prodnctioe asd grater safety will result from the use of good quality plates to go between dock and car.' We see cases of machines that are damaged and work stoppage rendu from plates slipping `and dropping machine wheel? between ear and dodc. We also find cues of docks in questionable repair. la the garage area we see me* working and around machines without sufficient safety precautions, a unit supported oa a chain hoist without safety blocks bekrw; working under bucket without safety measures. A good many injuries have resulted from buckets bring lowered on men working down in front of the machine. Individual plant managers and superin tendents should establish thrir own code ei safety regulation* to fit plant oocxfitioaa, W favor regulation stops or speed regulabotu at dangerous intersectfoot, Drivers must be forced to adhere to the established rule* Operators must be cautioned not to carry the bucket too high, thus raising Che center of gravity, which will resale h* otiu turning the machines. Where the operator dixnpa into a large pit or hopper, heavy timbers should be installed to stop the machine, providing the operator fails to stop. Injuries have resulted where drivers have driven through the cads of buildings, .off loading dories, off tbip doria and Into hoppers. Ample lift eyes and har ness should be provided where ins juuits are lowered into ships* holds. * Officers of the CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 Gmrral nati, Ohio. R. BOLLMAN, Th. Procter * Gamble Co, IrocT*lc. C3do. Pu.-Ckcir-- - Ctarj. of Prornm-J. E. NICHOLS. RwoU. U.&1. Co, fUd>. mood, Va. Sterotary--E. J. MEYERS. Safety & Fire Protcettoo Div, EL* Peot * Ncmxn & Co, Inc, Wilmington, D*L Norn, Utter CommMte-G. L. &ORBELL (O-irooo). Chootof Co, Sc Lotus. Mo,; V. R. CROSWELL, Hercules Powder Co, Xac, WUmmgtem, D*L; C. A. HEBERT, Ethyl Corp, Baton Route, La.; ANDREW RITTER, Heresies Experi mental Station, Wilmington, Dd.; S. F, SPENCE, American Cyaamaid Co, New York, N. Y. lUoineenro Co--rilee-E. & MEITER (Ctoirioa.). Etwees UonH. UBwaokw Wis.; P. C LAMB, Lever Brother* Ox, New York, N. Y.; EX 0. MASON, Gen eral Chemical Div, Allied Chemical A Dye Cor*, New York, N. Y.; H. F. R^h' HARD, Uaioa Carbide & Carbon Corp, New York; N. Y,; J. J. WHALEN, Sohay Process Div, Allied Chemical 9c Dye Corp, Solvay, New York. Public Motions Committee-E. B. WALLACE (Omnnan), Eastman Kodak Co, Rchester, N. Y.; R. a WHEELDON, The Drackett Co, Onrimri. Ohio. Datma eS^hfecet caSnTd NIneslatruPcatiorkn. CCalervdelaCnodm. mOitthee*--; RG.. S. R. MACKIE (Gnirsan), General CUMMINGS, Efi Lilly It Co, Indianapolis. led.; FRANK GAUGUSH. Sherwin-Williams Co, CUcsgo, BL; ROB ERT L. HOLTTZ, Post Safety Officer. Army OKmkaJ Center. MA; J. A TARDIFF, Hooker Electrochemical Co, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Health Committee-S. W. GURNEY (Chairman). Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Boston, Mass.; R. L. ALLINSON, TeJras Div, The Dow Chemical Co, Frttpotl,Texas; MER- RIL EISENBUD, Dir. o Health A Safety Dir, Atomic Energy Oronhoco. Ansonh Station, New York. N. Y.; DR. LEONARD GREENBURG. Dir. of Industrial Hygiene A Safety Standards, State of New York, Dept of Labor. New York, N. Y.; T, W. NALE, M. D, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp, New York, N. Y.; H. H. SCHRENK, Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh, Fa. Membtrshifi Committee--W. W. FLANAGAN (Oiainnaa). Atlas Powder Co, Wil mington, DeL; J. E. SMITH, Spencer Chemical Co, Pittsburg, Km.; 5. D. SALTONSTALL, Celanese Corp. of America, Bishop, Texas. Foster and Visual Aids Committee--H. H. FAWCETT (Chairman), Rcacanb Laboratory. General Electric Co, Schenectady, N. Y.; D. W, GIBSON, Safety Sujrr, Pittsburgh Plate Gtas* Co, Columbia Chemical Dry, Barberton, Ohio. Statistics and Contest Ctmmsitlrt M. A SNELL (Ckrimzan), Hartford Anodes* and Indemnity Co, Hartford, Coen.; G. C. HENDERSON, Carbide A Carbon Chemicals Corp, Paducah, Ky. Fertiliser Industry Committee--}. S. FIELDS (Guinma), Phiffipa Chemical Co, Bar tlesville, Old*.; J. E SMITH, Spencer CbstzkaJ Co, Pittibnrgh. Kjw.; VERNON S. GORNTO, Smith-Daugtus Co, Eee, NorfoBc, Va. Advisory Committee--HL H. ALBISSER. Ucrdc 9c Co, Rafawxy. K. J.; A L. COBB. Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester. N. Y.; R. O. KEEFER, Ahnaemra Cm of America, Pittsburgh, Pa.; S. M. MacCUTCHEQN, The Dow Choeknl Co, Midland. Mich.; K. L. MINER. PTuTadc^hia. Pa.; COL, ft. C STRATTON, The Travelers Insur ance Companies, Hartford, Cob. Staff Kefresentotrte--FLOYD A VAN ATTA National Safety Council, Chicago. 62 63 rttirrsa <0 a.*.*. Current Safety Topics in the COAL MINING INDUSTRY 1951 As imitiM Is tfc* SmsImi of Hw CoJ MUh SnUm at ttn 1951 HoMho) Safety Ce^mt C/ Prevention and Control of Bra Hassids In Belt Conveyor Installation* .......................................................... Cooperative Safety Training of Safety Committeemen end Miners.............................................................................. tO. U. Safety.............................................................................. Accident Record In Roof BoM Section* As Compared to Timbered Section*........................................... ............... Ufc Long Safety In Coal Mfnlnf............................ ....... .. A Program for Prevention of Haulage Accidents................ Safety Tbroufft Uidtisnud Trolley Phones,.......... Safety^ Aspects of Underground Haulage in Coal Mine* In Great Britain ............ AlUyina Duet During Opweiiuw of CjwBwwui MiaSuf Machine* and by water fnRHmtfon.. ............ Banc and Dust Survey* of Blasting wHfc MHU-Sccend Delay Detonator*......................... ........................................... Roof Drilling with Oust Control Equipment.................... ... .3 .6 <dc is to a fire . II .W t . 16 . It . 21 34 41 Tranodfon 3*tfc NaHaaol Sofaty Cwifms NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL S Hr. MlcUfaa Anm . Cilcago II, w. 1 'T Ai n 'Tfecv FttroU V*owe . Prin Pul P If safety ts to keep pace with to<ky's rapidly advancing technology, we must continually have *bew ideas.** Each year, at tba National Safety Congress, the ideas rad zapcirjujuj of many of the nation's top safety men are presented la the various Marions. Many of these ideas; devices and methods, first presented at a Congress session. Utcr become generally accepted within todr fields. In order to present this mfoonatsoa conveniently and at Small cost, tiie Congress Tracnsctioas arc puhlitocd aa Toluenes, cm for each Section or Division, along with a General Sradons sad Detested Index to aS volumes. The 34 volume* of tba 19S1 Congress Transactions are listed on the last page of this volume. Safety doctors everywhere have fand the Congress Transaction* a useful aid ta their accident prevention programs. 1b iadostry, for example, their judicious distribution to key personnel la imn|i uw nf and supervision has proved to be of invahnhlc sendee. In preparing these Transactions; the of Ac Congress Inre been condensed and edited for reference purposed Gsurpkie original manuscripts, with any charts or iHustrations which m used, are available in National Safety Cornell files. Views cigrerard at toe Congress or in this record are those of the Congress partkipwuts and are not occcssardy those of the Natiaoai &ftty GtoneH. THE COAL MIHIIIG SECTIOM This vohxne is, a record of the sessions held at toe 1951 National Safety Congress by the Coal Mining Section. The crextoct of these Congress sessions each year is only oce of the nuny cooperative activities which the Coal Mmmy Section carries on la behalf of ha members, and for the benefit of aorideat prevention woric la the coal mining industry generally. The Section gives guidance la to* prep aration of a great variety of technical and educational material useful la the day-to-day safety programs of cool mines. The activities of the Section are under the direction of !ta Executive Comorotte^ the inembers of which arc listed at the close of this volume Prwvontkm and. Control of Fire Hazards in Belt Conveyor Installations By GEORGE H. SAMBKOOK Director of kfiw Tnepoethw. United Stats* Stcd Co, Ptttaborgh. Pa. More oool it transported by belt conveyor i;-tcae* today than ever before is the hu< ysry of the coal axhatry. As a read), toe peventian and control of fixes m tfacir use las mewil a plies of vital kaponance in the protection of fife and property. Whoa oral was transported by i<Mk tbctx was practically ao dugrv from fires. That Industry fringed to motor txmsportanow wbkh resulted in lean fires, bat they acre more *e*}y controlled as the motor sod efeetrieal ryitcan were protected by automatic breakers and fuses. At preseat, however, with coal bring trans ported by belt coareyora made from highly inflammable robber winch ran be readily ignited by friction, together with other causes, the fixe hazard feu increased greatly. There are two major tips of belt con Of the two be!t-cemxyor systems, the permanent belt is nsuafiy a reach better in- stallstion. rad there is tench less danger of a fire. PcRBaaent coptcjoc zteuame should be iMpporied by sted or trentn, lined and leveled by engreecrs, thorn properly training toft belt. If toe belt i* wt kreied and lined tt wiO ran to one ride or the other, thus requiring belt gnicks for coated to woke the belt foBow toe roSerx. Any Bocreaness is toe not of toe belt g fire hazard. **<jalberiac belts are traoUy installed with km attention bring pro %6 pioper training of the belt, canting oodne brit friction and pwribSitic* of a fire, la too many instances, the Job of iartaltaticn of gathering belts is aot dm* toorocghly or completely as m toe penoaneit belt *rert^tsng- The installa tion is aot expected to be sxd for any great length of time, so a more casual attitude is veyor system*; taken Is its tostafiatibo, This reseha m a First, toe yarmarwiH system. which hauls very inferior Job znd greatly increases fire the coal from toe nk dumping pool to the surface The lefts are usually of various lengths, seme belts rranmg from a rotary &sap kraws toe coal swan, with the belt iLvlnafing through a rod: dope to toe tipple. Others seny ran from a noun dtiping pood hazards. A fire coated from a awill gathering belt System is as dragenms and can cause as much psupexty tonnage as a fire caused from a jeimiwirf conveyor system. nnilngrfd and utod through toe nuse One canoe of brit fires, the failure of for a distance of several sea-- MW* reach hrari^i, W mmiiiiiiut by installing a ing the rasas fcrafog paeut cratrafitod fabriatsag syztteu or permaaentty The second Qrpe is toe gatoeviag or room ud retry system. ; This type of system transports the ceel | fra* sections of toe arise rad damps it onto | a mother bdt which In tom discharges vt soled bearings. .The latter eliminates the danger bearings rrasung dry and becom ing m' , anted. It also prevents leakage of eH aud grrase which baerenra a very dan gerous fire hazard when mixed with fine nto suae care. I From a fire hazard steodpomt a belt conf vcyor intern requires rarefel consideration nf toe type of uqsipaxwt to be used; md toe cottect installation, inspection, aad main- I tcnraca of this equipment The electric no) jooctioa boxes aad switches shoeld be coat There should be a regular inspection of the rollers to see that they are turning and oot rourang hot. They most be greased or oiled at definite times. They must at all tiraes be free of grii and other foreign sub stances wbkh ought cause undue friction of toe perstisslble type. A belting of flame when toe belt is nmtung. | ] resistant qualities such as neoprene wocld be meet desirable, Considerable work along experimental Cam is now bring done with the me of stcd as Ifclting to b used In ' If accnrnnktioo* of oil or graze are al lowed vand toilers, rad if for any cause the rollers fail to revolve, the belt witf in- iBStSatol/ start to generate beat and day it i' } ' Ctt*i Marring Industry Frtvtrlum aid Control of Fin Hotair m Brit Coaoryor IntlottoHonr ignite the oil and fine coal accumulations, causing, in a very short time, a fire. belt, or at any transfer point along tbe lute to control feeler conveyors, it ia drives by the conveyor belt and is adjustable for op. A careful check-up should be made oa eratioo at any speed within tbe minimua the length of time rollers may be used. 'Hus and maximum rang*. may be done by carefully noting the length ot time former rollers have been safely used before becoming worn enough to discard. Additional information may be gained from the manufacturer and from a study of the type of bearing that is installed. Contacts in the centrifugal type switch coupled to tbe roller of the switch are opened and closed automatically at the predeter mined belt speeds. Tbe switch will operate when turning ia tithes direction and may be installed on either ride of the canreyor. Electrical installations, with proper main' However, when installed for use with feeder tmance thereof, should be given special at conveyor* it must be wired for forward tention, as they are the source of many belt tires. The motor and electrical cables should be of sufficient size to carry the mirimum load. If the cables arc too small to carry the load, they will heat and may cause a tire. The cables should be insulated and .supported by insulators and not touch any other object. direction only. Tbe twitch os be wired to any magnetic type controller and has a definite operating range. Should the belt speed fall below a predetermined point tbe tomans of the switch opes and power ia astomaikaUy cm off. This affords protection against exces sive belt slippage at (be drive peUcy wfakh Fuses or circuit breakers should be of causes undue bdt wear and may reaolt a capacity that will protect the electrical sys tem from short circuits or over-loads. The belts should be wired so that if for some reason a belt stops, all other belts by the stopped belt would stop immediately. If for any reason they continue to run, they will tischarge a pile of coal, resulting is friction, belt 'fire. When tbe belt is haded beyood its rated maximum carrying capacity it places a steals on tbe drive motor and electric, wiring If this over-loading eootinoea for a period oi time; the msolatias will beat and eventaiBy fail, canting a short-rirotit of tbe electric which creates a fire hazard. motor or cable. There U a commercial de Poor electrical ground cooaectiops are an vice available which may be placed rode? other cause orf fiitreos. Gvaroiuuunuduc--o-r--o--c-c--t-i--- tbe belt to Gat off the power when tbe bdt should be checked to see. that a proper is loaded beyond a predetenmaed capacity. ground is furnished. The practice of plugging or wiring aroaod fuse plugs or over-load switches is one that should not be tolerated for any reason, as the cHectiveness of the electrical protection A sfetr fall, doe so the brie of vdfitnur roof protection is another carer of bdt fins. Roof protection of permanent belt Sosttibticoa is roroBy done u a wuwluronFVe Kro ner. Quite often tbe roof is mgprirtrd b ts lost ia this manner. steel timbering and lagging. Ia other cases, This practice is sometimes used to save a few minutes when no fuse is immediately at band or the circuit breakers, for some unknown reason, will not stay closed There is quite a tendency to resort to "plugging.** These time-savers might save a few minutes at the particular point or gain a few extra tons of f 'al on any particular shift, bat if carried on for any length of time, will* eventually result in a fin with a probable loss of life and equipment. When a ciraaU is subjected to an overload the motors and cables give way at the weakest point. Fire resulting from a cable or motor failure is usually a very hot one. A roller switch is adaptable ?ot use re practically any belt conveyor. It is installed at or near the head section to protect tbe masonry is oted. If these types are not osed, wortaainldr jobs of wood timbering or roof bolts mar be employed. Thus careful attention to roe* protection results ia a TM*wtnT daegs of fires from roof hazards. Usually a man belt mstsllttSoa is traveled by store work men and is inspected at more frequent in tervals than the gathering belt systems. Tbs results in detection ok loose or dangers* roof conditions before a possible faU ocean. Tbe roof protection of gathering befe does not usually receive the same carefri attention as that of permanent belts. Fez* Miatt belts usually transport the entue outpet of tbe mine; while tbe gathering bdt, in most cases, transports only the coal fre* one section of tbe mine. It is, therclart, a uturri economy to use a .amiemrn amount si protection over the belt. Fewer workmen piles, door frames or the like; If the bdt rub* against any stationary object it may be oa fire in a short time, travel gathering belts, with a subsequent "Tflqnlincss ts a very important function failure to totmcffiatcly become awax* of around a belt installation. Grease and fine anil. If doubtful roof conditions exist cool should be cootrolled around drive mo over a gathering belt, there ia an melontice tors, head and tail pulleys and at transfer to neglect their immediate repair. stations where the coal discharges from one If the roof is allowed to fall thee ia a belt to the other. dance that tbe electric wiring ny be torn down whkh may cause a short carcmt or a possible fouling of the bdt. Either of these a'cht result in a daegcroBS fire. The spot at which fine real accwnalatcs around roller* and pulleys is ooe of tbe moat difficult places to keep dean, and a steady clcan-up program must be maintained to pre Tbe maintenance and mtpeetiou of tire vent bdt fires from tins origin. belt is a smut. there is always danger of fires n bdt eeaveyor iwralfauices cawed by friction at tbe nv* pulley or at rollers along the length of tite roiuw. A fine at a roller may be rented by the rotation of the roller while1tabbing against a piece of wood or mterial at only a snail area of contact. Thu may ignite any fine coal dust ia coo* tact with tbe hot surface rod lead to a sraoMeriog conbostioe, which any serortime (tier set fire to the bdt. Tbe detection of seek a ooodstion ia a hard one, aad stress One of the main points to keep dean is underneath the belt carriage. This should be checked frequently as it is a very diffi cult Ooe to see and Clean and on* which workmen have a tendency to miss. The acasnulatioa of grease aad fine coal under the return roller* sad belt fa"-""*-! a fire hazard In order to dro this area efficiently, ample clearance should be provided on each ride of the bdt to aSow emluutu sufficient space to perform thesr work. east be placed on the need to psevent con Control of cool dost pfays a very im tact of the roller with foreign botfies and portant part m tbe pmanion of coal fires. of avoidance of acensmlatioa of cool dot The initial defease is rock dost. Tbe bdt and graze aroead the roDpre. heading should be kept ckan at all tiroes aad A check root be made of the bdt to roe a very liberal coating of rode tet shoold Hot there are no tear* or bereks iatiebdt- be (Sftrihdd ora te floor. Bags of ndt ieg. A loose piece of bdting might still (best shoold be stored ia qnantities at all tbe bdt or ooe of the rollers wfale Ac driv drive motors, ffisdmzge power, tail pulleys ing pulley continue* to rotate, thro extaring and at freqwret kermis along tbe bdt line. smeent friction to Wart a fire. This board rosy be riSmtmted by retting one any wore tom spots rod fpSang a new seetin if bdt, or by vuloutziag the wont or tore Fire u,ringeirim f then in. shoold be Stored n iflartiirgr, prat*. drive motors rod at least roe dwell be placed at tbe working f*ot of reck mh. Throe oa be employed spots, Tbe adjustment of the bdt ana be cheeked regularly for tighten*** S&fpage at tbe drive rapidly generates re carAterve to grot >J range in aJtrogitdmig a fire if rood irereiSntJy open is tiseoscy or be fore the blue baa erode badway. At or near throe locations Acre should hr available isnoent of beat. To miaimixe the abase of the bdt*, as* tnt)9B should be 'paid is the drirware An Material has to drop from cac bdt to the hr. Care atut be takas that muawl) huge pieces of coni or slate a* rot tended ; oa to the bdt, and that scrap iron is roc | leaded at the face, which might bn retried protective cqagaoc, sack as aS-wrvice ga* nmtTii or Chenicii for men fighting the fire. Wrier as *e prieripef roots of allaying ton. Dree S pniffn.ij| by roeny epemiew in the rearing f cnl At the hoe, the renroffi biroring and brihg of coal pro J| akog with the real frore the leafing font. cutting or fooling the bdt with a ranking serious damage or fire * Belts or roUers nest not reh agairot on contact stationary objects rods as prog, shat to rend threngk the cotter bar of aS Getting madron* and on fit bred of laiikg arechore The on af can! after k to bleated than!* be tpriricM. V.I 1 Cooperative Safety Trminmg of Safety Committeemen and Miner* The importance of fire fighting equipment Is recognized that, because of the large along1 a belt system cannot be over-empba- volume* of air required, die acccmpluhmott sized A water line should be bid aloof all' of this objective may overload airways be belt lines. It should be of sufficient size yond practical limits tawicr some plus of to deliver a minimum of one hundred gal rainrog, particularly fa the thinner seam lons per minute through a 2*/i inch hose mines. corrected to a H inch nozzle. The water A careful scrutiny of the general mining taps should not be, further apart than the plan is warranted in th? case, because ia distance the intervening hose win reach. many mines the principle of mining one side Telephone*, as of sow, are the only oa advance and the other side oe retreat satisfactory means available for communica can be adopted without any sacrifice { tion with raox who may be trapped bade of economy or production, and at the me a belt fire. It, therefore, becomes very nec time it will make possible the lsnttiag of essary to have telephone* at strategic lora- air requirement* to reasonable mlani i tion* as determined by the focal omo|6* Admittedly, as with most schemes that are meat At this point it might be well to mention thoroughly planned and carefully i--rl the vtnbiatioa plan described here for belt the use of sdf-rescoera u a means of escape installations is initially more eapeatite tea for mm trapped by areolae. There are now haphazard and poorly maintained systems, available on the market *df-re*coers ap bat in case of a belt fir* its sJoffirs weald proved by tbe Bureau of IGaa that are pay dividends in the saving of hmaan fcm* designed primarily for storage at convenient and property and in helping to control nd locations where they would be readily avail extinguish the fire. able. As has been demonstrated. wnnwm f*e* All permanent belt installations should tors enter into the prcrmtioB aod ceofrol be on a separate split of air. This minimizes of fin hazards is belt conveyor lascaHa- the danger of smoke being carried into the dons. The highly inflammable materials working sections and endangering the lives used la tbe construction of belts, the danger- of the workmen. eus accumulation of dust sad grease at The extension of this mine principle to vita! points, the many points of friction, gathering or room beading belt* is more the hazards of tbe roof, the euy ores- difficult of accomplishment, but eta be of alignment of tbe belt, the menace of short lesser importance only because of the gen circuit* and many other eyer-Iurting damgen erally shorter distance* involved. Good prac . to life and equipment must be goszded tice demands that these belt* should not be against at all times. on the main intake air current, is order The proper installation, and uupcttwa of that the men may have a means of escape belts, the removal of oil and grease at vital through .an intake heading that is independ point*, training of' the belt, efficient win _ ent of the belt hading in the case of Sec. safety switches,- adequate supply of rode To provide this independent heading a row dust water, proper rcotilatSos^ sad tele of stoppings must be placed on c*cb side phones installed, as well ss many other fac of the belt heading and a regulator estab tors, all of utmost importance to the guard lished cm the iaby end to control the amount ing of human lift; nut be carried out and oi air flowing over the belt. However, It adhered to rigidly to reduce fire hazards. Cooperative Safety Training of Safety Committeemen and Miners B, CHARLES FERGUSON Assistant Safety Director, ZntazutiocnJ Union, United ICoe Workers of America, Washington, D. C. The International Union of the United of safety oommitteeara and miners in anaMine Workers of America, through its doit prevention as a component part of Its < s-afety division, has adopted the training safety program. The United Ulae Workers of America recognized as having a part in the safety It and has every tight to be gwindy iotcr- effort, and resulted In a very notable increase efted mi the hralth and safety of Ha nest- tm tbeir iatcarst and activities. 'Hus in turn, benhip, and subscribes wholeheartedly to ocaled a desire in the coearntteemen for a isr practical activity that stiff# tend to reduce injuries. After all, what memmg U there to good wages and working condition* if a mine- loses Hs life or health, or is pnvmted through injury from nojoytog tber benefits. greater knowledge of the principles of mine safety in order that they might better per form their duties. Such desire was revealed by request* from many committeemen for a comprehensive safety course that would in clude instruction hi tbe provision* of the Tb organisation** attitude toward safety Code, tns beat well demonstrated by tkc coo- The United States Boreas of Mines, want and intensive struggle it has waged (of reasonable safety la tbe Irelurfij', These effort* have been carried os m Cesgrem and stale legislatures, at the bargatotog table aad through our membership at the jntom. Sorii efforts, together with the cooperation of the safety.-roasdous ngiimiti of the to- frutry, have resulted- m same safety toprowiebti. aware of this opportunity to improve con ditions through safety training, formulated a course of mstroctiaq late tn 1946, and organized the first das* for instruction at Welch, West Virginia, early in January, 1947. Originally, the course was intended for safety comrnitteejnen, bet tt soon became obvious tin! many rank and file miners . also would participate m the activity if My organization U not ooctrot with tbe given the oportuuity to do so. rijnry rate as ft now stands, konowr, k will not be satisfied with aoy rate which inctodq injuries tint eoold Vy reaseBsfife precautions hare bees perigated, Hw or* gamiaticn will coatintte to operate with The Bureau of Mbcs consequently broad ened the scope of training to include any and all men engaged m the reining of ceaL The original course dealt witb safety measure* is bituminous mines, and shortly determination and through every daoxl ivajlzhk in an attempt to rerise the sordid story o unnecessary deaths and injuries to its membership. Tbe organiatiou has for wnmy year* con thereafter a similar course, adapted to the safety need* at antfareoit aumt, was pre pared and offered. The training was sponsored by the United States Burma of Mines and ear various tended that its roanbera at each mine were district organizations; also by oar safety emitted to a cQRBtattec from thor own rank* and of tbeir own choice to represent than h matters pertaining to safety. As a result of joint negotiation* m de jtar 1941, provisort* for rock a ooffleurttee were for the first time writtem Into owr wage jgm- division shortly after its establishment by the International Union m June; 1947. Our district office! s jpirouraged and promoted the training through circular letters of en dorsement and by pointing out the value of tbe coarse to local tmioa officers and MSt committeemen at meetings railed specifically The organization continued to grirc for for Jhat purpose. crater partidpatiou in safety --ttrrt and Our safety division also has cooperated ior better stay coopersbon on a antioml in this endeavor by urging all loaf unions local level on the part of tbe operators. to portiapale ia the training; our menberThis effort resulted in several iliwpi so ship las been encouraged to avail themselves (he safety provision* o the contract agreed of this training by means of circular letter, >e by the operators to 1947. These amend publicity our Journal and through per ments changed the noicr ha which tbe ' sonal contacts by members of the safety rererailtcemcn were selected, removed the gratis service clause; climmsted the experimee requirement, granted them authority in instance* of tomuoeat danger, and incoepo- rated by refotne* the Federal Uza Safety Code. ,* The sew provisions caused the safety com- division staff wherever the Opportunity has been present. Inasmuch as safety education is recognized as a vital factor tn any mine safety pro gram, and tbe success or failure of such a program affects proportionately the mine costa, we bad hoped that the operator* would mttemm to feri tfaar they were ad hat take fall advantage of tbe opperttsuty by >31 8 Coat Mining Industry 9 making the training a cooperative under taking. We were soon to find, however, that many operators were very skeptical of such training and either openly or passively op posed it. The argument advanced against the course was that it would cause a know-it-all atti tude on the part of the committeemen, thereby resulting in a wave of unjustified withdrawals of men from the mines. These predictions, however, failed to materialize and the more progressive operators soon began to demonstrate an interest in the training by providing facilities for bolding classes. Up to the present line, twenty operators have cooperated to an extent that made it possible to secure 100 per cait participation tn. the training at their mines. During the period *h* training has been in progress--January 1. 1947 to July 1, 1951--approximately 35,000 men have com pleted it Of those completing the coarse, approximately 34,000 were members of oar organization. Eighteen states and some 3.000 mines are represented in this cumber. The value of safety education has been well demonstrated at a mine where all of tiie employee* completed the standard acrident-prevention course in 1949. At the end of that year the mine had a rate of 9&J injuries per million man-hours of exposure --nearly twice the avenge rate for the nation. At the end of 1950, the first year after the training was completed, the rate had taken a nosedive to 11.0 injuries per million man-hours, a pVaoiatnil redoetke of more than 86 per cent in the injury rate. For the firvt half of 1951, the rate was re duced still further to 4.6 injuries per million man-hours, which wdoabtcxQy U ooe of the lowest rates m the nation. 1 do not imply that safety trainee alow was responsible for tb remarkable improve, meat in the safety record at thia mine ! do. however, cantata it was a vital component part of the safety piugiam an* was Indispensable is the achievement of J*4 a record. Notable redactions in iajuries also have been accomplished at ewaay other mtocs where there was eoostderafcle portia* patioa in th training. During the present calendar year, the Bureau of Ifines formulated and Is now conducting classes in two additional safety courses. These course* deal with roof-fall and haulage accidents, the two largest killers of miner* Classes m the coarse deetgnad to prevent roof-fall accident* are conducted for all underground employees. Generally classes are held at .or near the mine im mediately before the men enter or depart. The length of the instruction period is determined largely by the trainees and usu ally i* from one to two hours. The haulage accident-prevention course is I do not fed that It is necessary to grit further proof of the merits of safety fram ing; because I believe that it is the ctmtaskm of this group (hat such training it i*fepcnsable, if the best interest* of safety are to be served. This leads to the question of what cm organization and the operators as and wH do to further promote sad expedite the Praia- mg program. As 1 stated previously, am safety division has adopted total safety traisibg as ooe of the many objectives as in safety effort. It smut be borne in ood however, that the thated Mae Woden given in a similar manner to afi haulage employees who desire to participate. Thoe courses are proving to be very popular and a* of August t, had resulted ia tha training of !4,799 men this year; 3,879 in the rooffail course, and 10,920 is the hau&ge cearec. of America is truly a democratic orgxnv zatioe, and that we do cot have and de not desire the authority ta force am mem bers to participate m any activity afww their ova wIL This being the arcamstaace, ft loginf; Even though these courses are very brief and each deals with only one type of acci dent, they undoubtedly will produce a favor able effect on the injury rate and cor safety division endorse* them wholeheartedly. We do not, however, regard them as a substitute for the standard 20-hour coarse, but rather as a supplement to it. follows that our method of approach max be to develop ia our members an smwekix of the vital importance of the training aaf the desire to avail themselves of the eppur tunity to increase tbdr knowledge of aait inliuufl practices. I assure you tbac tie safety division will employ every means at its command to this cud. L O. U. Safety By O. a GIBSON Superintendent, Dsn den Ho. 11 Moe, w*""* Coal Company, Dm Glee, Ohio "1,0.11. SAFETY"* happen to be the nitty slogan of our company. It was chosen from some approximately Z500 slogans sub mitted by our employees. This safety slogan is part of the propaganda which we use la eer attempt to bolster up interest m our accident prevoticej program. Ky use of the word propaganda is ia It* proper sense. This word has wrongly come to anas the type of opiate* spend widely abroad by dfcsators and subversive dements. One of Ac meat effective media In sclliag hay ar ticle or btQ of goods s through weff gotten p sod well drculfHaed information de signed to create a desire oa the part of potrntml easterners to pmoem writ article. Our ngiriiyj, newpapers. noe and telerimon are fell of propaganda d**3gn*A to wS goods to prospective catoaea The banc Ida krhinrf a safety slogan Is idrnrical with this. Safety it an article aback we want to aril to onr people and we hflrrr that, when we look at the sucres* of aihxitinpg propaganda genevaHy* we are forced to the eoodtokn that any copying et wnctw/al adrcrtisxag tcchaqocs should help os ia oar job of sefltng oar fill of mfety goods. Daring the latter part of 1946, the openi ng rdfkiiTv and safety department of the Kama Coal Company began vfclng serious humor/ actually bow good a misty wngrwn we had and how effective It was m radacnag the ocBUtnot of accidents. At dot thac, the accident freqoency rate of our nadcrgicanid mine* was 7468, which we con- Akrni to be iacxcambly high. Wlile this paper is Mt intended to dis cs* the riefifls of onr revitalised yugua >Udi we altcB^tni to Initiate at dat ds>c it ariSoe* to say that it hadoded. as a prime ymt of It; tbe pranbe tint the safety pro gram port be taken to the man at the work ing face through his supervisor with the ranprratlon acd awhtwt of the safety do|w Trent. Tins nwtnt tacreased emphasis n dm m'i work bihiis acd (tavchxd the aocxaairy of lanpfag his thinking along mgr fim se far as the accident ptum- tioa program in general was concerned and so'far as his day-to-day safety performance was concerned. After four full yean of hard work, we took Inventory of the results to date and found that the 74.68 frequency of 1946 had bees reduced to a frequency of 23.06 for these three underground mine* for the year 1950. We credit this measure of success to taking the safety program where it belongs --to the nan at the face and his supervisor. We foond it desirable and helpful to use safety propaganda to aid and abet this fun damental aspect of oar acodcut prevention program, fa order to spark initial interest in our revitalized safety program, we con ducted our first mfety slogan coolest during the first part of 1947. In tilt coolest, we invited all of our union employees to sdanit owe or more safety slogans. We offered a* a prize for the winning slogan as airplane trip to New York Gty for the winner and Ms wife for three day* of seeing the sights of tie "big tm." These slogans woe judged by a jomt tmioo-managfanent committee at each sesne with the committee at one mine judging tiie slogans submitted by employees at another mine. Ia this way. we avoided any accusa tions of favoritism oa the port of the com mittee at Fcsderiag their jodgments. We offered prises of lesser nhc sods aa furni ture and hoosAold appliance*, for the winocr > at each hadmduai tmoe. Then these winning slogans at the bsms were sub mitted to a committee composed of the operating vice president, the general man ager of nSergsoaod mine*, general manager of smfacc Bases, safety director and man ager of Industrial rebtiom, who chore the wirming company slogan. Is thia first safety slogan contest, 218 employe** submitted entries with a tool of 250 individual eatrie*. Our last coolest, which waa held approximately a year aad a half ago, brought forth participants to the extent oi 072 employees with 311 slogan entries submitted, which we believe was m remarkably good response. 10 Co* Ummg taduiry Artiom* Record it Roof S*ici Section* As Compared to Timber^ Sections 11 Our base thinking behind these safety slogan contests is that, while we mat to get a short, terse and meanrngfol slogan, we believe that even more important than arriving at a good slogan is the thought provocation which is provided on the sub ject of safety. It is not only the employe* who is trying to think up a good slogan but the subject is discussed at the dinner table at home, the youngsters discuss ft at school and, in many rases, we have fond that family caucuses were held to try to arrive at a good slogan to submit in the contest, Wc have thus accomplished ooc of the main objectives which we set out to do and Chat was to get our employees about safety and about good safety practices. It i* probably needless to point out that there are Emitatioos to the number of ap propriate slogans which can be invented. We held four safety slogan contest* and each time h became more difficult to choose a slogan which would have the rip and brevity which a good slogan should bans The last contest resulted a T.O.U. SAFETY" being selected. We believe that this slogan is the best we have bod and has infinite possibilities for development and publicity. After the slogan was chosen and when the first publicity was given to tt tn our house organ, Hama Coal Hems, some of these possibilities were developed pictortatfy. Wc showed a series of cartoons, beginning with the employee himself as he faced him' self in the mirror in tbc morning. We fad him,. in the cartoon, teOiog his rvdtdxe that "LO.U. SAFETY." Then. "LO.U. SAFETY" were his porting words to Ins wife and youngsters as he left for work. He next met his supervisor and, as they greeted each other m the morning, each as sured the other that "LO.U. SAFETY." He met his buddy and they vflang--I a pledge of the debt of safety they owe each other. Tbc series was climaxed with the president of the company, from *** his desk, giving the same pledge to the em ployees of the company. We had printed a number of T.O.U. SAFETY" pledge cards which were wallet sire. One group of these cards read: To My Men. LO.U, SAFETY.", with a price for the signature ot the supervisor. Each supervisor signed one of these cards and presorted ft to ou. oi ..ii.toat, The mine ropcriaifwkul signed *,ieh cards and prc< rented ooc to each member of the mrom` safety committee as safety represcatatha of the na; and the safety cecntrattre signed cards reading: "To the Hamfeclient, I.O.U. SAFETY." Oar method of farther peblkiriog oer safety slogan consisted of the foQovrirg: Each price of among eqaifueg^ sadndoig loading Boehmes, anting naadanes, drill*, locomotives and mine ears, has a reflector* iaed ribbon bearing At words; TO.T. SAFETY." We lore hod deeari made up for each of oar imfifn'j'CCJ to attach to their Irard hats. We hve also (flstribaccd to oar employee* reflectorixed deeari of the company Inrigna. is red, which we he&erc is an added safety factor, partiaalariy ondergrocaaL Tboe de cals are fiWird on the boric of the hard hai and, of course, they provide a safety pre caution hi that any light betting them will cause s reflection from this insignia. We had several thousand wmdihkM stickers hearing oar mfetyslogae, and there were dritriboted to all of oar enpfajere who wanted them. We food that mure of them pat stickers both on the wmdshkH and oa the rear window of their aotccno. biles, foot ucuitly, we jimfrTii i nf some reflectorucd bumper strips bearing the T.O.U. SAFETY" slogan with the mmr of the company also imprinted thereon. These have boos in great demand by oar people and we have beard many interesting I ernmnents abet* them. In tom lug various ! ports of the conwy wh3c m vacation, aaet , of our employw reported inquiries mode of them as to trimt the tipi means, where it originated, etc. There U another interesting skhfioe it there bumper strips in that some of our people are eoemimtiocs enough that they ttH ws they don't want them cm bccuHe H might place them in an emlnmuring peaties aa cose a highway patrolman stepped them for a highway h.w or a speed ia= fraction. While ta one sense of the weed tide scant to be tosaorons, towedy it pin ns some iasghe nto tbc safety rhlwHng of suck individuals; and we betiere dot periapt those fcsdividnais are ones upon wham wt need to devote soma special safety effort ritaoee. if they law ideas m tidr beads dal they mighe vaaimr some highway Uws, sis she miumlli so hide thus than same fmple might dank Ary can violate same has of mlay x Aar work. Wc have farther pnkfiriaed this safety tbpa tbnru^h large refloetorised billboards, ahead rmigicsl/ ariimd cam properties, tab on tiw mrfuce and ondergroraxt, At iniuas Ham bigbusj aafmmvtioai sear nr miacs, we harr placed signs indicating Ac doutrioa to Ac mane; and we have thrud refleewimd verrions of oar mfety irigm in one mnr of these signs. Oar Hmme Csof Hems carrim the mfety degm m Ac booam of each page; and Ac oftry page, gotten up by the mfety Apartment. always carries, sane reference w the safety slogan~ Our safety calendar, which is prepared each saunth and mailed ta our employees with their copy of the ffaoma Coat Hems and whkh depicts pho tographically the right and wrong way of driag sperifle jobs, carries the safety slogan ia large type. Our employees are not allowed to forget tint "LO.U. Safety" pay* became, oq their fey checks, the words of the slogan ap- pari end they mfire that, as well as tbdr >ob paying titan ia a amnetiry sense; mfety aim pays in this same way by Inceying them able to ora a firing said taring tbcea from the high cost of an accident and the offering and fctmt corned by an accident ee ticanhtt and their facuEct It SCSM pUndoariGal time W h--nawc tboold bare to be W|d to do things whkh nhcmd to am* own good. It trerai strange, kcrit it, that yon and I hove to be cajoled and urged to work safely when the absence of safe work habits may cost us our lives. W oust, however, recognise that this is oe of the basic frailties to which human laud is heir. It is not t-ffrvnt by any mretit to occasionally "put on a drive" for safety. We must cootxnuaJiy hammer at this thing aad mast rontimally work with men on tbdr work habits bestuse we have found that any let-up causes an almost immediate increase m the occurrence of accidents. We believe that cootinual advertising of safety, continual **Pdg about it and the ccntiaal pUrieg in front of our employees of sodh minders as a safety slogan, are fundamental. We bcEeve that many of our smartest advertisers is the hmrncss world recognise the value of lids. While we do not believe that a safety slogan tecum, as such, os wake a material decrease in oar accident record, we do be lieve vu7 strongly that propaganda of this nature is aa iavaluable adjunct to a well recreated, down-to-earth safety program. No phase of the mfety program can stand alooe. Wc can't get a safety program by merely potting oe a safety man; we can't get a safety program without properly trained su pervisors who know hew to train a mas in safety; we oat get a good safety program withom the cooperation of the risen, indtridaaSy and offiaaDy; nor can we get a good mfety record with just a safety slogan. By twog a well proportioned balance of all the various elements which affect human behavior, a good mfety record can be. at tained; and through constant attartkm, cos- scant reminder asd constant effort, men can k taught to habitaaSy do their work safely. Accident Record in Roof Bolted Sections As Compered to Timbered Sections By JOHN W. WHJJAMSON Twit, Peabody Cool Co., Hina Ho. 40, Galatia. IB. By far the greatest came of a<xidents ia the reining iadostry is roof Calls. More than half of the ytarijr accidental ikafTii and more than. a fourth of alt aeo ffilal injuries ccmriiug in fitBoaeui <1 mines result from sodi oases. To alleviate roof hazards wc have, siece the begizarisg of tit* mining of oool, utilized some phase of roof support. It it a known fact that the meet danger- on* arm m a cool mine U at or near the jmmwfate wwkhlg face. A study of a large number of roof fall accidents discloses that 12 Coti Uinhtg tn&afry about 85 per cent of all fatalities from this vertical supports as there aren't atjj aiBT<N^ cause occur at the working face of a ram and there are no "hitehingaf* to ad, which or entry or in pillar work Inasmuch a* 65 to 75 per cent of the underground employee spend apnrrimately 90 per cent of their working hours at the face, it is logical that most injuries will occur here It is Important then to Areas have sometimes loose ended rock and has resulted la accidents. We can comprehend then, that the accident potential Is greatly rcdsrcd wbea the mining operation u made safe by the use of roof bolts. The origin of roof bolting as a means of roof control in this locality particularly If we are to insure the safety of the worker. We all recognise that taubering, cither cross,taring or tmag vertical leg supports. Is a potential threat to cvctjwc connected with the operation. There are records of fatalities to men digging hitching*, or taking down-loose rock or coal, knocking safety timbers, failing to set safety timbers, roof support Is ofasccre, Dnrog the put 23 years a method was developed by the St Joseph Lead Company, at its xesaes ta Southeastern Missouri, ranging from s. siocal tac of single bolts with small bearing Plato to systematic wtwoda of bolts wtUx> mg caatmooas baring pisses. Hatty instances of occasional we of roof bolts have come to light toxriog the pare resetting straight timbers for loading ef few years ex widely separated minlog dis ficiency, knocking out legs and crossbars tricts, A few of the known jnBattiticns with mining machinery, derailed can knock- biw beat in place as long as 40 yean. lug out timbers and crossbars, and the con- These, installations totally were made to tisuous danger of timber failure anywhere supplement wooden timbering is rrmc open in the ings where space was cevutrkted, although During the period front 1906 through Juoe it has bom reported that roof bolting was 1951 inclusive, 34,269 fatalities occurred un started as a systematic means of roof sup- derground in the bituminous coal mines of port in at toast three iatonnes hot wax the United Suites from falls of roof and abandoned because the cost of fatttalhticB coal. was excessive. This would be comparable to two full Infantry divisions sanBalated. These acci dents occurred (faring the attended root control through the use of timbers, mossban; safety jades and a systematic form of timbering. It is easy to understand that it has become a necessity to develop a roof control plan which will offset the accidents aad. handicaps encoiatered in the shore system. Up to the press** time the prevention of roof fall accidents has beet the most dif ficult problem is the attempt to brag aboa greater safety in mining coal. Falls of toot receive tittle public attention, became they do not arouse the >pa.t*.'iilir interest that a disastrous mine fine or pjiloaeB uoml In order to hwrrrc at the wmUug arena, increased safety, freedom of movement of equipment, and higher efficiency m mkdng and loading cod, root bolting mt Jffinitely the answer. There is bo dinger of bek of safety timbers tiace each roof bolt pcopcily installed is tin factor, cncdan are BOt needed, liamt as w* know tint in mol bolting the priodple of tying the layers of rock together Conns a bum or atnlur, no danger of iisx'Kng kgs or crombar With r&wng sow completely medomzed, it has shown in the pact twa years that greater effideary on be realized in jamitfiriwy lost time and fatal wegifonH as well as Unresting pcodoctlm in all phases of mramg through the nation. Howe the original cost ta htftaHation of bolts Is new negligible. Timbering on a 100 per cent basis an a number of ntats b> ffitaoi*, is the part three years fas* decreased in peosMBeaoc since Ur, C. C. Conway, then Part Eagi- oco for Consolidated Coal Ca, new Chti Electrical Engineer for the Peabody Coal Ca. first aaccesrfolfr anfftml roof bote. The widespread vypGc-itinc of fuel bolting sect then has been pbwnmsT. In tats. wiihia the last two yean, roof bote have been mS*M h over 450 mines to won jgpnsmhmtriy L000 nQn of mine xueC, Tins eertabtiy io&aia predict program in the (esc f roof bolts to control bad top; tian deermtug accidents (raa Mi twn. Oat of the toojfcst problem of noi bdtsg was that of cwrrineang toe men that tfas lota of roof snppait wm netea^rprse- tics!, but sctasBy sttee than tm&eeag. Among dm first explanation* vu | can- Aeeiimi Record im Roof Bolted Section* At Cemfaeti to Timbered Section* 13 pare roof bating and timbering at the working face. la timbering a U nscesciry to set props about seven feet from the face before shooting down the coal. After the an! has bees shot down, another right feet of shale top will be eapoaad. This Wins 15 feet of roof norupportod mefi it Is Toadwf out aad timbered. Everyone fcaews that aosapported roof is the direct tame of falls and XwJdeas, thus if roof bolts were Installed up to the vertical coal face in the shale top; it would kave only the am that had bees last shot dowa with unsupported roof. Haste timber* rig exposes 15 fact of rink smnipported and roof bolting exposes right fact of dab aanipporrnf and assists in balding tkt bridge of rod; wv.csq see then that toe ucUe^ potential Is daemsed almost SO yw coat dnring the nse of rods bolts. To prove there is stisngtlt in fanftfng toe roof together, take five pieces of plywood, tbree-rigbtha inch thick, six aches wide and six feet Icog, put them on two tms- ida. one at each cod When pmut ta applied in the middle; toe wood wiB bod fros four to six oxhe*. Tbas would be comparable to using x-ban. Then bore three- eighths each botes through the plywood sad yet three-eighths loch bolts through than and bolt tight--the beading of the plywood when Wiltid tocetbtr Is dnriag the tame that weight h applied in toe nae IonHow, ft can be figured tost fay tying or bhxfiag date or shale together to keep k from draw ing in to* middle, the shale would become suertastisDy the issue a* a fixed beam and toe ribs wenld ad at a vertical support. It baa bees noted that where crossbars hare bem wirtinM on vertical legs and toes bolts were act aroma! tome timbers aad the bolts tightened, the shoe wm polled back toiqhr, thus tinsing the hen loose witboot Meg SonrhsA This is definite poat that bate tot toe tuck together end *rQ, of renne. heU more esaautattiy than timbers. To cate am eanyie of roof cootrol with halts. Is is s manor of record that tbs Con- art Uhc sf toe Tomases Co*!, Iras aad t supporting s feet of roof with i doald support. TW oml hot m toil mine is over tin by * ;`mlMdc- We know that the average sue piece of rock that caused a fatality la 1950 was 12 feet by eight feet by 1 foot With this in ntiod the rock did rid* out wooden cross bars at this mine mid was a source of cootinned accident possibility. In May, 1949, after extensive experi mentation, tb as* of roof bolting was adopted exclusively and all of the possibili ties of accident* mentioned previously when using axmstioaal timbering were elim inated. Wc can therefor* comprehend the magsiScust job of roof cootrol with bolts that las been accomplished under such treacherous roof conditions. There has best, and probably in the fatm will be {lihrcs la roof cootrol through toe ase of bolts. The reason primarily for this, however. Is that some perscocd have the mistaken Idea that roof bolting is a ettre-afi, regardless of the roof material or methods of Installation. To date; practically all fallarcs of bolted roof Investigated reveal poor or incorrect supervision, faulty or improper installation. One fault of matsHaHoe is ooe using tem porary safety jacks or straight afety tim bers while bolts are bring Installed. The records show that three fatal accidents have occmved because of toeffidcncy during in stallation. A comparable state exists, how ever, Using timbering m roof control. The record* point to to* fact that la the State of lUioris there arc at present 29 mine* afafltBC roof bolts, securing approxi mately 67 miles of entry and 5,309,250 square feet of mine roof supported a this manner, without one record of a fatality doe to failure of roof bolt*. This css cer tainly not b stated as true In mines sow Kmhrring CXChuively. Speaking frtx& a tree experience, I know of a fatality in a sactico where timbering was used exchuhrtiy. AH other sections of the urine were being bolted at toe tone. The roof bolting daring this period was being earned forward ou an cxperaestal basis, hence the bolted sections and timbered sec tion ecrabmatioo. If that yoctiou had been bolted, this tnaa would be alive to&y. One fatality vu caused when a second man started to scale some top cos! down at toe tamribte face. The cool and rode fn. Injuring the msn fatally. Had the top been bolted to the vertical face of the coal. 16 CW timing industry A Program for Prevention of Haulage Accidents By DONALD S. DNGERY Cbidt Hwh|> Section, Department of Interior, Health and Safety Division, Bnrcaa of Mines, Washington, D. C, Mine hanlage accidents have been recog nized u a major socrce of coef-tnioe a* Janes since the inception of mine afety. Recent investigations revealed that on the tows of exposure, haulage is one of the most hazardous occupations in mines. Fur thermore, accident records show that haulage foreman, mine foroas xnd dispatcher, or transportation foreman sepcrviscs such em ployees, xnd a* these oSrisli bare other respaosfbitities their supervitioo U limited to routine Instructions at the start of adt shift, sopplemcotcd by telephone or trottey- pbooe instructions daring tbe shift. injuries occur in essentially the nine manner As a result, hsalage employees operate year after year and now account for ap very much ce tber own and are |urenxd proximately 25 per cent of the fatal and duefiy by company policy, personal experi non-fatal coal mine injuries. ence, and iedhtidcaJ characteristic* It Is a A brief objective study of this particular b'usuasi trait to cat corners and Indulge io safety problem brings to ligate the following practices not considered nfe. In tbe absence salient, influencing factors. of supfiiijiimi restraint, these haxardons 1. Management appreciation'. Modi of the responsibility for safety in haulage rests upon management. There is no doubt about praetioes become rootiae and often are lim ited only by dreumrtaaces or tadrvwhaj ifanttg. the importance of the transportation system 4. Human equation; The human eqeatiaa in mine ef&omcf. Every mine official ap is most significant ta safe and cSriest haul preciates that a high-potential face-loading age operations. Solution of this butzus rate is of little vafae mlos the transperti- equation is difficult and istangible. Most tion system is equally efficient. persons are not logical animals; they seldom Experience has shows, however, that scenetiroes the planning, development, and main tenance of the transportation system arc given leas consideration than predaettop. In vestigations hare shown that a many ones the transportation system U taken for granted and receive* tittle attention adcss it falls and needs to be repaired. Z fob treating; It is act the general practice of many mining companies to pro vide specific training for a jds. Most trans portation employees gain tbeir knowledge and experience by doing. They learn to ap preciate danger through arrow escapes wad grow tula the job of sofring tbay problems through observation, brief instruction, or plain trial nod error. Twenty-five per cat or* the motonsen lotted in 1950 were inex perienced or substitute employees. There is no doubt that they were able to start, stop, and generally operate tbe cqui;xacut. but reason with their minds but art mffoe&ced by tbeir emotions, habits, and mdlYuha] temperament Tbe roots that came and fefioenec emotions and temperament go deep and arc constantly agitated by day-to-day conditions of life. This means that a ms wit! bring his personal probtaan to writ with him and ta Che eoorse of Ms job any become so preoccupied as to conaat some iinvoluntary, unsafe act that results as accident Another individual, owing to Multifile temperament Influenced by individual prob lems, may develop an irrational approach, be difficult to handle, and deliberately take chances. Most of us iafl somewhere lststn these extremes <a behavior, and iavettigstion into the personal problems. tanhgnxand. and cvriroBSKst of haffiridsals involved la aflodngi wosld dbdose very jnipsiLifiit eoo- trihotnig easses. witen coe/rooted by a emergency or as Tbs ggpfeka of bosssn emotions as a rtnuwal coodrtiao they were taxable to cope humid M tnnhgg. employment can be sohrtd with tL 3. Supervision; As is true of most mine employees, these engaged m fcmdtge arc act directly supervised, tlsnstty, tbe section bp taking * personal interest is employees, recognizing tbeir <avidnallty, and karomg santethh* shoot tbeir enviromaotf. ambi tions, hobbies, vrolosess, and strength, MsSet A Program for Prevention of Haulage Accident* 17 the individual part of a team and encourage his initiative. Select transportation emJoyces on tbe basis of stability, intelligence, .ambition, and pbyriqoc Haulage safety, as this brief analysis ihowtd. ecustimes a complex problem and is comprised of mnacrous influencing vari able*. It is doubtful if any standard for* rmda or physical solution can be developed that will solve all these eentributlng and not always obvfeo* factor*. It is our opaoon that the approach must be tiuvxigh a study of haulage-accident causes, a study of individual haulage con ditions, ad tbe application of haulage safety fundamentals. Training ta job safety or repetitive specialized iastractlOn for trans portation employee* sboeld also be iacloded m tbp pcosuam. It was span this premise that tbe raanlage Safety Section of the Sure*)* of ctfabtuhed its "Program for Preventing Haulage Acodcats." Tbe first step of tbe program was a study of fatal haulage accidents that octurrtd in 1950. Tbe Information came from the fed eral mine inspectors* investigation reports of fatal acodcota, and aa attempt was made to compile pertinent data into a useful smsnary. The information derived from this study was broken down as follows: I. Tbe principle maimers of haulage accidost wxwimcfi 2 Tbe week cSasrifiraike of tbe victim*. X The action of the victim at tbe time of accident. 4. The physical hazards contributing to tbe accident. 5. Tbe amsafe practices contributing to the acadtsL k Preventive measure*. Hus information was pnbiisherf as Bureau of ICoes Infos nation Circular No. /6(W, .faafynr of Homtaq* Fatalities BUu- mumu^Coaf Mines it 1950, released is Jmsc 1951. Tbe information obtained from this study was not novel; K paralleled, to a great ex tent, Information tint has been presented from this rostrum and before other safety butitutea. It did prove the recsrrisg pat tern of haulage saddest* .ctnd provided feral point for spicrtl' effort, individual study, and a possible approach to the problem. Tbe study of iraSvidnal haulage condi tions in various mines is a part of the fed eral coal mine Inspector's duties. We have cooducled a special training course for the federal coal min* inspection force, acquaint ing.them with the causes of haulage acci dents, the manner of their occurrence, phys ical hazards, and corrective measures. The inspector is ha a position to contribute much to the stfety and efficiency of the haulage system through his contacts with manage ment and haulage employees. The application of haulage safety funda mentals Is most important to the operation of any transportation system. These funda mentals are oot new, yet often, in the inter est of expediency, my oot be given full consideration. Briefly stated, the principle fundamentals are as follows: 1. Safe equipment Thu means equipment suitable for tbe job, maintained in good op erating eoodttfoo, sod provided with the proper accessories. Equipment opoa which (he operator rides should he provided with protected seating space and other safety de sign feature*. 2. Soft haulage roods, dopes, and shafts. This refers to proper alinement, gradient, drainage^ sire of rad and the installation of the road-bed, adequate clearance, shelter holes, illumination, trolley-wire installation, and roof sujjport of the haulage roods. It also includes a preventive maintenance pro gram. ample side-track capacity, signal sys tems, protective devices, and controls for slope* and shaft*. 1 Safe ouxUiories estd accessories. These are the dispatching and encananicatioo sys tems, including the "block signal" systems, automatic switches, signal light*, derails, spedal man-trip, explosive cars, and other auxilary equipment 4, Safe practices. Such a program would result la haulage personae! so well trained that they could be expected to conduct themselves ta m safe manner under any conditions. Complete application of these funda mentals U probably not possible, but if they were applied to the maximum practical ex tent is alt coal mines we would note immedi ate and marked improvement is both our safety asd dBdcoey records. Specialized instract:cn or job safety train ing for haulage employees constitutes a 22 Coot Urnmg Industry in mine*, u was pointed oct by Sir Andrew Bryan in a Catiman Manorial Lecture a 1951*. Nevertheless, It Is well to remember the fire risk associated with cboasands of belt conveyors; the new hazards introduced by Diesel and other locomotives*; md the potential dangers of maa-ritSnfc especially where the manher of men who stay he an* volved in any accident is many limes the number who ride in the oaua wading shaft at one time. For example, there arc nines where tbc uam-ridtog tnin bald* more than 200 mm as compared with tbc proem maximma ol 128 am in two aid a any main winding shaft la this comCay. To facilitate farther egarideration ot these aeddents, tbc namber of persons killed and reportsbty ofared la the three years. 1948, 1949, and 1950, are reriatefied aad shown ha tbc following table, which is based on data ha tbc Report of the Odd Inspector of Mines for 195CP; Table I Persons Idled and Repcrtabfy Injured by Htdtct AoidcuU CWifirrtte - m* Date* yaw"7 U{we* 1949 Date WES' m* Date MESS' redadine dWuhnnVT ........ Kama ..................... Dwrilseats uf ahffc renSUg,. CrepUng^jBeonflUg^* ut*thing nteT,rfrt# #b)m Cwu vidi NttUari, ma at patky*............................... Otta, Tool a* bmU*t................ Dnn lot* or aukJ by a*. ii niyuuf out aw> hues ..................................... . it t l* 5* ft 7 n 74 in IM 5* Iff i I* 14 *9 #W 11 *1 S 42 .Vi 12* 9* too 9 U U 64 11 m IS 1*4 re , 5to5 M 451 47 W|W .............................. * 5* 10 Total oamyos .............. 15 92 If' i GraaS Total* ........................... tto 1S 1*9 1 4*1 12 U 92 m . Rope Haulage Gerurai: The wire rope driven by electric or compressed air power is the principal means of haulage in our eaai dunes. Despite the changes in practice rope haulage wilt remain in use for many years during tbc reorganization of the mines and it win continue in use where systems of mining preclude the application of locomotives and conveyors.* Great efforts are being made to increase the efficiency and safety of wire* rope haulage, which usually requires much more ancillary apparatus and workmen than locomotive haulage. The endless rope system predominates, and it is suitable for roads with any wnrtnUtlng. favorable or adverse gradient not exceeding that oa wfddk tbc coal w3i not remain m the tub. It is used with parallel trades in the toed so that full tabs are hauled to the shaft mid enpty tube to tbc inbye loading point at the nme tone. Tbc tubs are mail, have pixie bearings aad move at a speed of between one and two miles per hour along the tracks, which have reUtirely narrow gauges and lightweight rails. Tbc hauling rope U cither over or wader the tubs, sceorcSaf to tbc type of haulage. The tube arc coopted to or wcoupUd from each other by manual effort, which is also re Stfctj A,fret, ,,/ Uniurgrami Haulage m Cm1 Hotel in Great Britain 23 glared to attach clips and drim* to tbc sets at tabs and the moving rope. Since this system requires many haulage bands to be lx contact with moving apparatus, the risk of accidents is much greater than that doe to haulage by locomotive! or conveyors. relatively high standards of design, con rtruction and maintenance. Nevertheless, ex perience has Shown that safety factor should be improved in some cases and tha there is much to be said in favor of tb extended use oi weldless couplings and draw The mass or direct rope system is used la gear made of 1.5 per cent manganese stce nosy arise* where the gradient of the road* or other suitable steel. Such materials art way is net(her undulating hot test steep free of the embrittlement in service, wfucf than that oe which tbc onpry tube with the is such a characteristic disadvantage ol attached rope will gravitate to die iabye wrought iron. landtag point at tbc necessary speed. This is much higher than the speed of tbc adless rope beausc the load on the .rope U not so large, the delivery of coal 2s mere intermit-, toot aod the rope la stationary when tbc scot oi tube are attached or detached. For these reasons tbc tubs arc anally larger and nan oa tracks which have heavier rails. Tbc great majority pi these haulages are weed *ilh a single track in the rood, but some re mit installations have two trades sojhat tbc unbalanced load is reduced and the detrrery oi coal is more frequent. Tbc mass and tall rope system is a variation of the main rope system and It is used a many muxs where Derailments are a major source of serious casualties sod steps are being takes to re duce them. It has become dear tlut the standards of inspection and maintatance of scrac existing rolling stock and track should be improved. Tubs should not be allowed to run with substandard drawgear, bad buf fers, defective bearings, bent axles; or wheels that are badly worn or have exceasive clearance on Lbe axles. Mechanical apparatus, which will gradually arrest, con trol and bold tub* at loading and unloading points, is being installed because it is effi cient and conducive to the maintenance of good rolling stock and to safety. Raff tracks the road has a angle trade with itothiblrpg gradient!. The amis rope hauls the set of lull tub* to the shaft and the tail rope should be of sufficient strength and be kept clean, properly aligned and to the correct then pulls a set of empty tubs and the iantgtacphoeidnt.sola rope back to the tnliye load gauge. Crossings and point* should be is good condition and curves should hive super* elevation and check raffs where required. The petition of any curve should be marked Table I shews that tub haulage was re- on the haulage distance todScxtot so that spocribte for 511 or nearly 84 per cent of the driver caa reduce the speed if necessary. the seriooa casualties doe to faueUge acci dents 2a 1950 and that 326 of these carnal* lies were doe to dues outstanding asses; suady, nurewiys, derakneste and whale mailing and coupling or wtmiplay or otherwise stripedating tabs. The greatest znasber ot serious casualties was dac to accidents during coupling or wwnupting or manipulating tab*. Sane of three acre caused by unexpected movements of haulage ropes, bones, or potties, while there occurred daring the attachment and An analysts of rcccse fatal accidents tine .j nmaways shews that the main UMO were a* follows; Aoridottal --mcflmg of tab* as a result of defective or improperly tigbtowd rope dipt, lashing chain bools bring too wide, and shaeklepica rising. Faff* ore of haolxg* hands to ttse the stop Mods, jack catches, Job lockers, warwido; derail detachment of clips or lathing chains and also vriiile persons were walking is front of the tub* they were trying to control. Since the risk oi aeddort is related to the number of coupling operations; which Is a function of the capacity of the tub* used for haulage, it is anticipated that there will be a great reduction in this type of casualty rwiteho, and other safety mmpesest pro vided by tbc mamgaaeBt; Inadequate or defective brake of hihgu engines or faulty operation of these aagiocs. These causes of accident* tadt'este th appcvptiito remedies that arc bring applied. The vary few run away aoridents due to `the breakage at ropes or drawgcar can he attributed to the as larger tub* and mine cars are installed. Our mining engineers are well aware of the advantages to be derived from the use of Urge and well-designed mine care with anti-friction bearings aod automatic coattitags; mechanically operated apparatus to move and control caws at loading and unload* tag points; and wide-gauge track which is 24 CeM Mining Industry properly ballasted and constructed of rela tively heavy rails and large ties. Many mines have such equipment, but a consider able period of time is bound to elapse before similar equipment is in use at the gnat majority of the mines in our comparatively old coal field. Mon-riding: The potential dangers of man-riding in inclined roadways below ground are certainly not less and are often greater than those due to winding mat in vertical shafts. For that reason, much at tention has been gives to the standards o design, eonstxuetxoc, inspection, and nadnte- an AC relay ia the ao-voH circuit of die main switch in the engine room; the relay is normally dosed. Wbcs the trip wire is pulled by any pence oo the tram or the limit switches are operated by the train la die event of overtravel, the relay is d*energired, the no-volt circuit of the mils switch is broken and the supply of electric power to the haulage is cut off. Since the emergency brake is normally held in the "`off* position by a solenoid or thruster eaergued by electric power from the mm switch, tbe brake is applied whenever the pull wire or the trade limit switch U operated. nance of man-riding apparatus, which should Protection against orerspead ts often pro not be inferior to those necetssry for the vided by a mall centrifugal governor main man-winder. Acceptance of this basic driven by a statable high speed daft of principle calls for provisions which are al the haulage gear. In the event of overspeed ready made in many mines and which are the governor operates and opens the no-volt briefly discussed below. Any haulage engine should have a road contour and distance indicator with a device which warns die driver automatically when the train is approaching the end of its jour ney. There should also be a device which automatically cuts off the supply of power to the engine and applies the brakes in the circuit of the main switch, whkh arts off the supply of power and applies tbe brake as previously described. It is also advan tageous to have the to-called "dead man's handle" so arranged that the supply of power is cut off and tbe brake is appUcd in die event of lots of control by the trgaQBUL event of excessive speed, overwinding of Many devices kne hem developed with the train and loss of control by the driver. a view to preventing a tram or port oi a The brakes should be so designed that they train from raactoff away the erst of are able to decelerate the train at a rcuoa- breakage of the rope or drawgear. Some able rate at all rimes. devices are operated autom.-itTcifly* by Ion The hauling rope, cappings, and the train of carriages should be of such strength and construct!co that the safety of the men is ensured tn this counterion, there are usually two schools of thought: One main tains that the primary standards of strength should always be su&aeit to preclude break of tenrioa ax tbe rope r drawgear, while ' others have to be applied umna&y by tome person or persons ridmg oe tbe tram. The latter have tbe kwpenbk disadvantage that a lew second* delay ia applying tbe brakes on some gradient* would allow tije runway train to acquire a dangerous speed. age oi the rope or drawgear, and that addi There is, however, owe device that auto tional safety devices are unnecessary; the matically brakes the tram whenever its other school considers that where the grad ient is not too steep the carriages should be so designed that they are brought to rest safely and automatically in the unlikely event of failure of the rope or drawgear. spend exceeds, tint foe which tbe device was set. This is fully described ia two papers1** and las bees fitted to some mas- riding haulages The train of sev eral cars, each of which has four sdX- Protection against overwinding the train am be obtained in many ways, but much can be said in favor of a trade limit switch at each end of the riding plane, because the overtravel allowed by these twitches is not affected by any slipping of the rope oo the surge wheel or bad coiling of the rope on the drum. The switches are included in the emergency trip circuit, which consists of a pull wire suspended over the trade and alignlng trade brake shoes attached to the car frame; which is oar-fly lifted dear of the rails by a special ayrtua of levers pivoted on tbe axks and i* hdd ha this position by a ratchet wheel and pawl. Each ear is coopted to the adjacent car and so on to the first car. wfadi ha* an overspeed governor driven by one of tbe Mb* If the rope or drawjear breaks, tbe ears accelerate down tbe gra&nf, the governor Stuffy Assets of Underground Haulage in Cool Mines m Great Britain 25 or a special coancetiott between tbe car* veyor and the application of hydraulic operates and trips the pawls, which allow couplings aad torque converters to under acb car to fall so that all tbe brakes come ground conveyors, etc, attention is directed arto contact with tbe rails. This device has to the safety aspects of this apparatus. Such been thcrocgbly tested and U effective on couplings are usually fitted with * fusible ah gradient* up to the limit of aboat plug, which ejects the oil when its tempera l ture is ahooniaUy high, ft is suggested that As regards ropes, long experience bis tests should be made to prove that fusible shown that the haulage drum should be of plugs are reliable and that the fusing tern* such diameter and width that the number of . perature should provide for safety having hyers of rope U as smell as practicable and regard to the quality of the oiL Means dst the rope an be constructed of sub should be provided to trap any oil that is stantial wire& Tbe rope should be sup- ejected through a fused plug. Tbe quantity, ported by relatively large pulleys wherever a quality and flash point of the oil is tbe narked change in the gradient of the reed coupling and the heat-disspatioa capacity of eases a Urge reaction cm the rope. The short Cfe, excessive wear, and the breakage of wires of a rope arc often due to the excessive pressure per tmft length of rope the coupling should be adequate for the power that is transmitted. The overload trip* of any electric motor used with a hydraulic coupling should be set to stop the nr small rollers at the top of ae iodine. motor before it develops excessive torqu* Where tbe gradient is uniform, the rope m the event of the coupling being stalled should be supported by rollers whose by excessive had on its output shaft Ft- tarings, and spadags are suda that the mlly, there should be equipment for fighting slip is uniff, In order to msunuxe the *e oil fire la the vianity of the coupling. effect on the rope of the slip, which Invari ably occurs whe* tbs moving rope comes tutu contact with a roller, some mines are Going rubbnrUol rollers. The serious hazards associated with the use of rubber-belt cmmyois have been con sidered by Bryan in an excellent paper, "Roadway Conveyor* and Safety."* which Ccbtopw evoked nt.il rUuH<rinn ia 1949. The author gives statistics of conveyor firm and Genera/; There wee about 1,653 shaker suggests standards of design, construction, iwitjun, 581 scrapers or dura convey Inspection aad maintenance, which may pre ers, and 12,459 belt conveyors la our coal vent or reduce the risk from the three main mines in 1919, These conveyors transported danger* which be lists. Firstly, there is the about Iff! of the 203 alltkxi tons of deep- danger from fires from a variety of causes; utacd eoul raised ia that year. secccvdly, there is the danger of propagation Table I item that conveyor haulage was rmpoouhlc for 96. c nearly 16 per cot of the serious canities doe to haulage accidents a 19S& sod that S3 of these casualties resalted from persons being drawn into or crushed by toergyor machinery and structere*. The resanting 45 were caused by aovuBM&ts of ouuveyots, which, trapped per* of a firedamp explosion by ccal-dust; and, thirdly, there is the discomfort 2nd danger to health of the persons employed, arising from aar-boroe dust. As that paper is avail able in the transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers, Loodoa, E shall coofine my observations to coe or two meefaaniea!-sgxnccring aspects oi the problem. sans against roofs, props aad bare, etc. These casualties indicate that workmen should he made aware of and regularly re minded of the dingers associated with cob* reyors and that steps should be taken to promote safety by providing adequate fcaelog; means to atop a conveyor aad keep It stopped when ueceamry from any place aloof its length; places |rhere persons can cron a conveyor safely; and stricter aopervirica to prevent reauthorized oas-riding. Mam roadway conveyors should be lo cated so that the clearances above, below and cm both sides of conveyors are suffi cient to provide for the transport of min eral and for the requisite standards of in spection mad maintenance of tbe bdt, structure, rollers, drums and driving unite. Sufficient spare roller* should be provided so that any roller oa the conveyor can be takes out of use at predetermined intervals aad dismantled, thoroughly examined, repaired In rinr of a meat fire at a xzeper con and re-lubricated before it ts put into aerr 26 Coat Mining Industry Jcc again: There is modi to b said Is fa lem will be facilitated by the following Vritj vour of rotten which are so arranged that omcaary of some rtpbtwnt for wa* the lubricant can be replenished while they riding on conveyer Wtt ia the tames to are revolving'. The "greaser" ewpJoyed for the Netherlands,** this purpose will patrol the cocreyor .track during his shift and be in s position to detect any damage to the bdt or any fric tional heating which might otherwise result in a fire. Where ti>e reason to the belt is not automatkxDy maintained at the pre determined value by a deadweight tensioning device, it is good policy to provide means to indicate the tension which is induced by any other manually or mechanically operated device. It is advantageous to lend an ita- The clear height above the beft mtm fee at (ease 14 feet at saepptog-off Station, which oust be a* least <33 feet from the cad of the belt al J3 feet Jang, Thee stations must be made ttagaaMe ia * effective manner and kept free of ototrue- Hons. So must a wdSdortly wide pathway alongside the bek. The dear bright above the belt at other places must be at kart 14 inches. , portast and costly coeveyor by mcatn of aa The belt oust always be ia good repair auxiliary belt which transfers the load tad* and its speed must not exceed 295 feet per formly ia the same direction and at the same , minute. The s*/-o between adjacent per speed as the main belt sona tm the belt must be ad least 9 feet 10 During the last few years, many devices have been developed to provide for the se quence control of mtercooeeeted belts sod to stop the belt to some circumstance which might be dangerous, There are several types of devices which are designed to stop a belt when its speed is more than a de clared amount below normal. The majority of these devices are drives by a roller in coatact with the bdt, aad thus they measure the speed of the belt. When this speed is affected by wide variation in the frequency inches. Above the whole ksgtb of the bdt there must be aus emergency brake wire within ncy reach of say person on the belt. This wire most be maintained to proper working order so that the conveyor nay be stopped iaarihtdy. The coavtyor-bdt system and the rood most be uupolcd fey a sepervistog daxtog rock shift. The conveyor amet be med for trens* porting persons uatft a*t inspector of Mine has great his approval after be has made u inspect!oQ- or voltage of the electrical-supply system or by overloading, the bdt with mineral, eteu, it is necessary to set the device to allow for the change ia speed; ia seme eases, a drop of 20 to 2S per cent ia Speed is allowed. Tbos, there is bo protection against belt slip less than that value. For this reason, devices have beet developed which measure the relative speed of the bdt and its driving roller and which can be set to stop the belt whenever the slip exceeds about S per rent. Locomotive Healigo General: A few electric storage battery locomotive* bad bees used la cod mines t* Great Britain before the 1930**, but H ww not tsaril 1934, what the first Diesel loco motive of 50 h.p. was introduced In a aakrd light muse at Ktogsinfl, Scotland11, that any appreciable interest was shown to locorno* rive haulage. Following this development aad the successful ase of Diesel locomotive* ia the mines of Western Europe over a period of seven! yore, two British manu There is much difference of opinion as to facturers designed and built two prototype whether conveyor belts should be used for flame-proof Diesel locomotives which were transporting persons. Normally, they can approved by the Mine* Department hi 1939 only transport persons is one direction, ad after stringent tests at the Safety fa hGncs other means would have to be provided to Research Board's Testing Stalkxi at Ba transport ia the other direction or the mm ton. Om of these locomotives developed would have to walk. But ia some countries 48 tm while the other developed 2S hp, the belts are reversible so that max can be weighed 4.7 tons aad u the first to be transported in either direction. There shoold, used to a safety lamp coal gtoa? to thif of course, be good standards of construc country. This was at Roariagtoa in York- tion, inspection and maintenance wherever shire, where the fococaotrrc hag sacsesstofly man-riding is permitted on ctev^of belts. worked a man-riding train during the tber- It is thought that consideration of this prob tea year period 1939-1951." Unfuitiiltij, Safety Aspects of Underground Haulage.in Cool Mints is Great Britain the further application of Diesel and other types of locomotives was practically stopped flll shoot the cod of the Second World War. Since the early 1940's our mining engi Table U1 Locomotive* to Ruhr Coal ICtoeo Huafcw la we in tor fwr f-UTeraetee, Mertric JItsoSAJsr I neers have investigated and reviewed haul- apt practices a coal mines to the U.S.A,, Gammy, HoQaod, Bdgnnn, Fraocc sod this country, so that the most suitable, *! fideat aed safe systems could be selected As a result of these invest!- fcii wii j Until 1949 all locomotives to British coal mines were subject to Special Regulations established separately at each mine, but the ntiaos tazrc cambers of loccroctiva have regulations were very sumlar as they were .been_ -natalled. _a_s.is_h__o_w_sTto.kTl.aTbVleWIItnWw*ow lnJhamd ocUaivUUodGrdi cC.odSe.incSeintcheenthaennv* any St Table II s to. British Coal tCtoea Dtod m...it* ....... jxj* iJUBpj Tori locomotive has been subject to the Coal Mines (Locomotives) General Regulations, 1949,** Which provide for tbe design, equip ment, operation, tospectioa and maintenance of locomotives; the isutiag gradient; the ceostroctioB, inspection, and maintenance of the track; the vrotilatioo, dezraoces, inspec tion md axatotooxocs of tbe roads; and the construction and equipment of locomotive stations, fori oil filling stations and battery The majority of the locomotives were to charging station*. Ia addition, the Regu rnBed an roadways, which had lations remove the former prohibition on the been drives to the coal seams and used for use of electric trolley wire locomotives and toukge by wire ropes. While the gradients allow these locomotive* to be used with the of the roads were quite mo '--ate tor rope prior consent of the Minister aad subject to haebge, they were comparatively steep for Special Regulations based on a Model Code, locomotive haulage and severely limited the Man-riding by locomotives Is being dealt weight of the bin to that which could be with fey Special Regulations until the pro brought to rest within a reasonable dis posed General Regulations governing to- tance.* On the other hand, sente of the staHations for man-riding by locomotives or looemotives were installed on new roadways rope haulage ate introduced. in reorganised or new mines where the hor- uon muting system was adopted These roadways were driven through the strata at a nnifocm gradient of between 1 to 200 aad 1 to SQO m favor of the kei Such gtwEtaU are vary soitable for haulage, be Some aspect* of the aforesaid require ments of locomotive haulage, the riding o( men, aWd Diced, battery, compressed air and trohey locomotives are considered to the following sub-sections. cause they practically eliminate the ramway Roods, Tracks and Apparatus: In general, board, reduce the hraldsc problem and en locomotive haulage ronto are so conatrucied able locomotive* of moderate weight and and maintained tint, after allowing for the horse power to haul heavy trains at com- lateral movexarot and swing of the train ptratitvly Ugh speeds. when to motion, there are relnumsn clear The borirow naming- system is practiced cxtracrvely to Westers Europe and especially to the Rahr, where locomotives are used cxcfoaircfr for aatn haulage and tbe roods are drrva tbroegfe tbe strata with a uni form aad favorable gnuSmt of 1 to 400 or 500. Table HI shows the numbers and types of late--prim to tbe Ruhr coalfield whose samml output is about one ball of dot to ances of one foot between the top of any locomotive cab and tbe roof of to road or its supports; one foot between any locomo tive or truck oo axqr adjacent tracks; two feet between the side of the widest vehicle and the side of the road oa which : ,u.' hales are provided; and one foot uw* u* the side of the widest vehicle and the other side of the rood. Gres* Britain. Ttfi* table is nasrcsting to llatil 194S refoge holes oa mineral haul rirw of to appEotioa aad potential use age roads were provided at intervals of 10 of locMuoti'ica to ibis euailiy. or 20 yards actortfiag to statutory rcqtore- Coat Ummtg Industry Sefaty A*}tcts af Underground Haulage iu Coal Sfinex in Greet Britain i:. meats. These were asJSd at tbut time to allow for the developments m locoajctire haulage which reduced die runaway Unrd as compered with rope toslagc, Refuge holes can row be find according to Special of any curves aad all crossings aad switches sbonld be chrained aad adjusted if necessary. Farther, any loose sleepers should be packed aad any vertical or lateral mls-afignmcot should be comefed. To preclude accidental tmcoupling of the train the drawgcar must be able to with stand any tendency to uncouptiag cawed by forces produced by acceleration, deceleration aad any horizontal or vertical curves to the trade The gear should allow for icdSdcnt tives and trains. This caanot be dene prop erly unless he ascertains either directly or from his engineering staff these relations between the gradient of the road, maximum load, weight of locomotive, braking power and speed of train which will ensure that Regulations {or each efia^ winch is pncnl Uany looamotivts haol trains of small provide for the iiimah ta be, firstly, t& tabs, bat same ban! large capacity mine cars momaeat hr the horizontal and vertical the train ran be stopped at all tunes within . tanas aad be so constructed that any slack- the limiting distance he considers safe hav the range o{ 20-100 yards according to the constructed to Waadards adopted by tb* mrig of the couplings when the cars bump ing regard to all conditions in the haulage gradient in straight roads, tocfrxfing any National Goal Board after m review q{ together will not cause to gear to uaeoopte. read. In other words, the ratio of the curved sections exceeding 300 feet is radios, aad secondly, 20, 30 or 50 yards where the radius of the carve docs aoe exceed 100 feet,' or exceeds 100 hot does not exceed 200 feet, or exceeds 200 bat does not exceed 300 feet, respectively. The intervals are broadly re lated to the speed acquired by a runaway and the speed at which a person can ran to a refuge hole, aod also to the limitation of the driver's virion when travelling in the locomotive round the curve. Unless exemption is granted by the In spector of the Division, die weight of the modern practice and the conditions hr BritiUt mines. The majority of the mine cars are wpfipped with band-operated brakes so that the can ess to properly controlled and parked without mug sprats or lockers which cause flats on the wheels. Springs ana warily interposed between the axle and the aoder-rarriage of any mine or, which has wheels fitted with roller bcariags aod couplings of the pm mid Uek or spring loaded astonatic type Store the primary object of the drawgcar is to poll the train safely at all times, the The rdeariog jorefaamsQ of any automatic ccopfisg should be so arranged that it can to todaed positively to that position which wiU prevent the couplings from bang mcenpied accidentally. Where there is doubt about the drawgcar fcriog free from accidental uncoupling, adffilioeal means are provided to eliminate this goaribility. The noma! coupling to the coaler of any car may to supplemented by a coupling chain at either ride, but these are not desirable and have to be disconnected at the right time where cars arc fitted with maximum load to the weight of the loco motive, which Is usually the only braked vehicle, must be so selected that the brakes will prodoce the necessary rate of decelera tion. These matters were folly considered In my paper mtitied "Some Fundamentals of Underground Haulage by Locomotives," whkh was read before and discussed by two Federated Institutes of the Institution of Uixuag Engineers in 1947." A summary of the most important point* in the Braking Section of that paper is given in the fol lowing paragraphs. rail used for the haulage of mineral or gear moat be so designed, constructed, oper persons must not he less than 10-lb. ptos ated, inspected and nnWiinM tint no pert 5-lb, for each too of weight oo coe pair of of it will break or because acridretally as- swivel coopting* so that they may be dto- ` While every raining locomotive has a charged ia a rotary tippler without bring mechanical brake with shoes which can be awoepled frees the train. An alterative applied to the wheels by manual effort, the wheels, and in any ease not less than 40-lb. coupled during service. The strength of the per yard of rail. RaS Joints are secured bv gear should be so related to the tgnitruk suitable fish plates having at least four and the frequency of the dynamic lead to safeguard, which has not been adopted yet to British mints, is to have cars fitted with compressed air brakes so that they can be great majority are so arranged that these shoes can be applied also by compressed air power. This to generated eo the locomotive bolts and the nils are attached to sleepers which it is subjected, that the fatigue Halt whose centers do not exceed 2 ft, 9 ms. win ndtbe exceeded. Ax the dynamic load de The sleepers are ballasted so as to resist pends on the "TMwbi tractive effort of the applied iHimnltj by the driver and auto aad stored to a receiver of adequate capac matically to, the event of any portion of the ity. Ooe or two battery locomotives have train becoming disconnected due to failure magnetic track brakes to addition to the lateral and loogrtndtoal displacement of the locomotive, the relative velocity of the loco- track and to distribute the load so that the motive or truck and any attached truck safe bearing premure of the Soor is not ex bring accelerated, and the weight of the ceeded. Saice this pressure is adversely train any croptrig, it to apparent of the drawgcar. Such brakes have outftafeg advantages where it Is fletemy to haul heavy toads at high speeds over long Anances to very large raises. tnaatnlly operated mechanical brakes, but these track brakes may be. troublesome where there are points and erasings. An electric locomotive can also have regener affected by water, provision is made to drain the trade where necessary. Provision is also made for any curve to be of such rathos as is safe and to have die outer rail raised aad a check rail fitted that the dynamic load will be less with "tight'* coopting* Of the automatic or link aad pm type than with "stock" couplings of the three fink aad hook type. The Decenary standard of strength is Another alternative is to tore a banking locomotive whose weight and braking power are saSriest to arrest aad hold all the cars to front of It when the drawgear be tween the front locomotive and the first ative or rheostatic brakes which are nor mally used to ccnrrol tbc train down long gradients, but as previously stated, as inde pendent mechanical brake is always pro vided. where necessary. The radius is not specified, probably presided where the relation be or brads. Sad locomotives are used on When a car wheel is ruining and not because it depends on several factors which tween the breaking load of any portion of (to steep gradfents on main line railways slipping on the rail, the maximum braking include rail gauge, wfaeef gauge, length of the drawgear and the ntirimiBi tractive 1 and aloe to some stiaes la the USA., aod effort which can be applied to the wheel rigid wheel base of any vehicle, diameter effort of the locomotive is not leas than 18 j piwlilon faaa been made for their use ta is limited to the product of the weight oa of wheel, super-elevation of trade and speed with "slack?* or S with "tight" | electric trolley haulage schemes in onr the wheel and the coefficient of statie fric of tram. However, the hfanorandna* on couplings. This is the standard adopted atom, to accordance with the Uodri Code tion between the wheel and the rail. It any the Regulations stresses the advantages of a lor some 6 ton drop bottom urine can to | of Special Regulations. attempt is made to exceed that product the large radios and suggests that 200 feet might he takra as the minimum on main hanlagt roads. The hfoaorandma also reefnowwU tim rail trades should he regularly inspected at frequent intervals and main tained properly by sen aider the charge of a ganger or trade foreman. Rails, fish- plates, fastenings and bolts should be kept tight, aad the super-elevation au the Sooth Yorkshire Coalfield which arc equipped. with A-SLF. coopkis faring a breaideg load of shoot 72 loos for a maxi- asms tractive effort of 9 tons. The major pasta of these couplers are made of 1-5 per cent manganese steel which is free of tiw embrittlement inseparable from wroagbt iron couplings aad therefore need not be beat treated to service. Broking; Regulation 10 of the Cool Mines (Locomotives) General Regulations, 1949, , ncqairq the manager to determine the max- mi land to be tooled by say locomotive I and the maxtoma speed of any train, aad also to grifC to each driver written instruc tions as to lends, speeds and aS preomtign* 1 nrsamiy for safe limning of the locomo wheel win slip on the rail and the coefficient of friction will Call until it is equal to the coefficient of dynamic friction at the particu lar slipping speed. The braking effort of a locked wheel sliding oo the rail is therefore much less than that which can be obtained when the wheel Is revolving on the raiL The coefficient of friction between the <i i. i .- i; i i> i.' 36 Coat Minis# Inivtry means of haulage, hut their radius of action is limited and their power is reduced as the battery rues down. Large somber* of compressed-air loco motives are used in itehr cool aad some interest in their possibilities has been shown by many mining engineers. Electric trolley locomotives are used ex tensively in the coal mines of many own- tries, but there are none in British coal mines. However, pilot installations of these locomotives are being planned, and some are expected to be ready for use in the near future. Acknowledgments l wish to express my thanks to the fol lowing organizations and firms who have given me permission to use information, drawings and photographs which they have so readily supplied: The Area General Han- ager of the Dunham Division of the Na tional Coal Board; The Metropolitan-Vick- ers Electrical Co. Ltd.; Hudsweli. Clarke and Co. Ltd.; The Hunslet Engine Co. Ltd.; The North British Locomotive Co. Ltd.; Rustoo and Hornsby Ltd; The InstituUco of Mining Engineers; Dowty Mining Equip ment Ltd.; Robert Morris and Co, Ltd.; and Martin Black and Co. Ltd. 1 am indebted to Mr. T. K. Qaaxy, H. U. Injector of Ktdunial Engineering for valuable writ in connection with the charts and incuba tions. to the Central Drawing Office and the Technical Information Section of the Safety in Mines Research Establishment of this Ministry for the illustrations and slides, and aiso to Mrs. R. Mundctoa who has don* the secretarial work and the major portion of the typing. 1 am grateful to the V. S. Bureau of Mines for their help with some of the typing. For permlsriwi to prepare and pebtiih tfus paper, ( wish to thank Mr. H. C W, Roberts, H. U. Chief Inspector of Mines in saecesriao to Sir Andrew Bryan who ti now a Member of the National Cool Board, and the Ministry of Fed sad Power. an ii fwartap oTikl&iMir amom Allaying Dust During Operation of ContinuousMining Machines and by Water Infiltration of Coal Hfflars Br WttAIAM If. MBRRITTS Mhting Bag, U. 1 Boreact of Was* SiH lak City, Utah and JS. O. JACKSON Gen. SupC, Coal Mining Dept, Independent Coal ft Coka Co, TTsntiworth, Utah The object of this patter U to summarize Kmflworth nnoc, lafcpodtat Coal ft Coke briefly Scat of the results obtained during Co, IGmilwoctfa, Utah, and to call attention water-infurice^ or infiltration teats m the to the pocs&fe applkation of the water- AU*p*c Paul Dmrmtff Operation of Contvmeus Mining Machines 37 fefaricn method m Americas cool some* as m aid sa seppressisg dust. The necessity of continuing air-boroe coal fat arated sad released daring drilling and Muting operations is the pillar section* ef the KcBshrarih nriae was fully imog sited by the aane offjriaU. Eves though rccsg&fred dost-abatement methods Were ted during other aiiolag operations, it was apparent that these methods sboold be sopyieroeRted by another method or methods so stumps an be reduced from about 1A3 tnilHon to about 126 mtUleo particles per cubic foot X Tbe application of tbe water-mfutioo method proves to be effective for fire-figbtbg purposes Bader conditioos similar to those mcoautered a* the ICeeSworth thine when best, supposedly caused by friction when a portion of a pillar was moved down the pitch by the forces of a borne*; started a smoldering fire ta the pCDar. fat the dot created and released during 4. Efficiency aod safe mining eperatiens drifljftg and Masting would be abated at Its arc increased because of better visibility east*. wiMs dost is allayed. The pane oCoals made an aH-oet effort 5. Wbes numerous pillars are mfused is to aSsy this dost. After many trials with a section, there is a marked decrease to temmmiiitil methods, the method of aafiltixt- I<er*tnr% which zaode coodttions more com log faQaxa with water and water nixed with a watting agent, known as water rafnrioo or ioSKmktt of coel pillar*, was instituted in the piBar sections of the Keialworth nine. fortable for the workmen. 6. The water-iafosioe method discussed in this paper eon be adapted for dust sup pression as cool beds having structures sim The toSJtraikw or mforioa method con- ilar to those encountered hi the Kenilworth rises of injecting water or water mixed with cool bed. especially is the Kenilworth pillar a wetting aggut arto coal ta place to eBay. that and to ptencut the dlsperrioa of swnli particles of dost na sohse^ueot mating optrariem. la addition to reducing air-borne dost IK the KjeaSworth min* danse *11 aging operations, mftmaa was credited with efaninating piSar beating aed stopping one fire, tin saving 7QOJ900 tans of coal for writunped atinuBg epentiom. As a rtnK of observations w3e and of dost amts obtained during tests wfefle menbg a pillar that was not infnsod. a pifisr ioftacd madeqoatdy with water, and a pillar mfwsed adequately wki a mixture of water and a wetting agent, the following eoccfo- areas. It is believed that water bxforioo ha* im portant secondary advantages, as follows: a. It partially degasses the working faces and thus reduces the boards of ignitiow daring other mining operations. K It causes uxapimt fracture of the cool, with consequent casing of Catting and, to a lesser extent, Tbe added moisture to the cool dariot infaricn bos ao advene effect upon prepan* tica or m tbe marketing properties of the Kcoihrorth coal. Moisture is reduced greatly by evaporation during haulage. mu arc drains: L Dost can be allayed satisfactorily by water infacios, etpodally if water mixed with a wetting agent is used as the bfusce solution. Due eoensls cas be reduced within safe Hants, thus fulfilling the recenancadsdens of the Federal Mina Safety Code. & Approximately TO ts 90 per mat of the rir-borae dust oomc* from cracks la pOfan and Cross rifa crusts of crashed coal border ing these cracks. Tbe secant of dost nor mally released can be limited, under extreme conditions (Masting out stumps) m about 1U auBiee pajtides par cubic foot. Fur ther, by waihing out the dust in stump borehole* before blasting, tbe aaxastt of (haft norms,Ity rrimrf by Waiting out Gtscnl Theory of Water Infusion* *Tb aim of ktiasks is to control airboruc dost pcodsxtioa by increasing tbe sur face moisture contort of the cosl la advance 'of mining. "It has long bees recognized that an ob viously wet sample of coal contains surface or afttereot moisture as well as inherent moisture. Tbe former town Use particle surfaces aad tines the crack* large and snail in the pieces of ccal Tbe latter is held tatenaSy ia the coal itself. "Up wet3 mertiy a ermanen method of diffcrc&txtting between tbe two has been to x-cSs szr'izx.'ig? 9*ni tor m2 Mt to W. M. Itinsw .itUytv Out Itariw cf Mitbv 39 1 L- 38 Ceet Mining Industry The ratio of volatile to the total Combus "However, it is apparent tint within the tible of the coal in this mine is 0.475, indi 41! determine the percentage of moisture re maining in a cool sample after drying in air and also the percentage lost by the sample after drying in air, and also the percentage lost by the sample when bated at 105* C for cot hoar. The former was called 'In herent* moisture, the latter *total* moisture, and the difference between thero--or that percentage lost by air drying--'surface* or `adherent' moisture. to dry ta unsaturated air, aS of the adherau and some of the inherent moisture evapg. rates. The vapor pressure of the Inherent moisture remaining after air drying is in equilibrium with the vapor pressure of the surrounding air. It will thus be seen llu* the old expression 'mhcrmt* moisture u really or' ' riable percentage of the real maximum inherent motetur* value, "If the air dried sample of the preceding I one area of coal, or eves within the ooe pillar, there are sooes which permit greater water flows than others. This is believed to be due to the effects of roof pressures and roof-floor convergence. "Visual observation of a pater indicates that the periphery of a pillar consists of real broken away from the solid coal by parallel pressure cracks caused by muuag. These cracks are more or tea* open and ex cating that the cool dust U highly explosive. The mine was developed by the roomAnd pillar method and by a panel-and-entry systen, and pillars were recovered by split ting them on the retreat Entries were driven 14 to 20 feet wide and rooms 18 to 24 feet wide. The mine is classed gassy by the Safety Drririoei of the Industrial Coua&isslon of This practice, although still commonly followed, is ^satisfactory in certain re spects. The chief difficulty arises from the Jparagraph is allowed to stand ia saturated I tend to a depth info the pillar dependent air or m water for a sufficient time, the m> musty on the depth from the surface and tcrmkxlter spaces refill and the coal regain* the strength of the coal and associated Utah. Electric power. 448 volts a_c. and 2S0 volts Ac, was tsed wxkrgroooA , r. fact that the 'inherent' moisture value so determined is not fixed, but varies for any given coal sample and depends on the rela tive humidity, that is, vapor pressure of the its --thuii inherent moisture value. Tit | percentage adherent moistiu* of a coal ran pie so treated Is the difference between m ! total moisture percentage and its nwvwnun strata. "Tn the Built seam of the Southern coal field of Hew South Wales, Australis, a pillar sntasying ISO feet by 180 feet and The mining Mptipuas* tewed m the work ing places of fie ptSar area of one and two west entries was: 11-BU ealezpilUrmoonted loading machines; trade-mounted atr in which it is dried. If the air is nearly inherent mufaaut value. As the total me<~ saturated, a higher value is obtained than tine percentage of coal beds k nocmalh results from drying tzi very dry air. lusher dm (far u ii wn. labelmt moisture "Recent fundamental research on coal structure has provided a dearer tmdenandmg of the manner in which moisture is bdd internally in the coal ft Is considered that coal is composed of suboucroscopic bodies mailed 'micella' m contact one with the other but having still smaller spaces be nine, aiflwcut nuiawt as aonsnffy proem * is situ. As the jAertat micure has oh. vtomfy been pucw ever cxtmded period-, it can safely be as--wf tint the saunun inhere* moisture J--fi of the emt arr sstisSed. The pereawt^c admm inoiswr cat then be evaluated by dfocsci. tween them to which the name fintermiceliar "The practical iaperar J of the mi' spaces' has been given. morn mhcro* aaoist*rc itlminnnhwt be- "The whole structure is roughly analogous to a Urge number of extremely snail, dis torted marbles in dose contact, the marbles Iwing the micella and the spaces between them the intemucdUr spaces. Moisture occupying these spaea is termed inherent In the fact that it canfeie* Ac perrestagr adherent moisture to be dew/wincl Tht> tatter figure is of prime importance m dm* cootrd. screenahfiry. and asaukr arreciga' iMH. Mai--re acrtnt.i fit caknate to Man nal particle* if fir anSarr t- moisture, and when all these spaces are filled the coal is said to be at its maximum inherent moisture value. "The maximum inherent moisture value of a coal is a definite property, just as is llie percentage fixed carbon or the coldsg index and is related to the rank of the coaL In the case of low-rank cools such as tig-' nites, the mtermicellar spaces are relatively open, and the coal has a high maximum so- anUk for doe t 4Tha is borne ca A mpleofsMii a oaai as its mas co*. cm be as datt as a M ml at 171 per cam and mniuaUt nwwr Awr lying at a depth of approximately 1,500 feet from the surface commonly has these pres sure uulu akadug up Is 10 feet iota the pillar. If infasien boles drilled Into such a pillar arc not seated beyond this tt&rmsal rninmg maduna; hand-held elec trically operated coal angers, which drilled bote* Zyi ineha m c&mcter; all-steel mine cars having a opacity of six tons; arid trolley and cable-red electric locomotive*. broke* periphery, the water escapes along The ceol was blasted with sheathed per that cracks to the floor. missible explosives. *Tf k noteworthy that. If holes are seated A pillar section in one and two west en beyocri tins periphery mi Infused, the In tries off Ntentin' fr slope was selected for fusion water does not take the shortest path walcr-tafuaoB tests. This section of the tu the outride of the pilar via the fin* dcat net was developed dating the period 1943 plmcT ntmedat by Ac bote. On the con to 1945; the {aBar* therefore had been trary, Ac water travels through the dents standing for some time. As a result, the itlua Ac pBhr itself. This phenomenon Is floor had heaved in some places to within ngxnkd. as fine to the dating of the dent six feet of the roof, the pillars were badly by mmgn micsi of the mtont of coal crashed, and nth fieglkt bad occurred. b--dad by Ac dot within a nx of Original ooal bright was about 16 feet. pm* rad pressure adjacent to the road- Having stiS k in progress, rapuriug re wnya already finuL* Ttoe Kenilworth urine. Independent Coal pealed better* lifting daring pillar recovery. As dsralwjg e* the uxar, water is piped it Grit Ca, ts at Kmlworth, Carton mxkr pmaare to afl worlds* face* for ok Cmmtr, Ihri, and is developed ia the Kn- on cutting and landing saclihw, for wash l*fi eeal bed. which ranges from 9 to ing down the fan before shooting, for M flags in tbirhmfs and dipt ahoot 5 dtprea washing cat driB holes, and for sprinkling uucril in Aal mine. The coal k of bituntin- the loose cm! before and during lending. m oA k very hard, asd esctalas m ap- Sprays also are inhUri on all mam part pvrik amoanc of ram. The maximum ings and * other points along the main mM* at the present woridag faces haslagewayi for tprialriGog the tops of ilt: herent moisture valoe---up to 80 'per cent. On the other hand, high-rank bitouHuoas coats may have maximum inherent mai Wun values as low as 1.71 per cent. Ia the latter case the micella are believed to be trueJed together, so timt the tmenTuceJIar spaces are than a BdS seam ml *271 pm nmc, rim ts rifi LOO per con adfenan maism**. ~tVMcr fnri I-- Uki Mil imsm an.' pillars travels through fit osl along fir rk* planer isinensl/ oconring vifiia fir coal. Coal th*( is wungly dated sc der k sham 2jm fact Tic p'lruuk analyses of the coal are As mwbni. Hwwh fee, loaded fains or*, The fitters are dmouMapei and nom inally 57 feet by IS? feet ha sisc. An mdi- rideal filter k mtoed by driving pockets approvtouariy 25 feet wide across it, usuaffy Irena the lower side, kavtng eight-foot relatively small. "When a sample of coal, which hu its BBXsnom inherent moisture value and ad herent moisture present as well, is allowed httemk may he cipnJal in offer grmsrr opportMuity to water flew from the driD tide than a eeel which Is more nvuseve in ini......................tons wo* tSoix* ..................................................OKIMUS7I*j.STa* Coders. lofctao* horehutes normally are drilled on appraatiaatriy Ae center lines o! the podc- 44 Coet Miming industry a post about 25 feet from the face with the flattened discharge oozzle panting toward the face. When the ihotfirer has connected the wiring of bis shots he tarns the water and compressed air into the gun and regu lates each until the discharge is fa the form of a mist. He then goes to a safe place and fires the shots, and it has been foaad that he and the rest of the face crew can return to the face immediately, so that not more than five minutes are lost by waiting for the place to dear of mndke and futon. About 12 pounds of powder is osed per round of 8 shots. Hie device uses surpris ingly little water. A tot we made m the shop* yesterday indicated only about 2 gal lona per minute. "The device nsed here seems to have been developed about 20 years ago by our present State Uioe Inspector W. J. Evans at the Carbonado Use of the Pacific 1%^ Coal Co, but was apparently act tued ex tensively for a amber of years. We have been using it about two yen bow. "There Is a good description on page 114 of the August, 1948 fasoe of Cost Ay* of an identic*! device used by the Hudson Coal Co. of Scrantoa, Pennsylvania. Aim, of a much larger device used by the Walsh Con* struction Company fa extensive rock tonne* work on the Delaware Aqueduct water sys tem for New York City, as described os page 6224 ol the August, and page 6230 of the September, 1940, iauts of Cemfrvsti Air Megasime, from aU ei which it mold seem that you should be able ts effect faptovemmts by die ase of lain j|njri la the working faces of your Potash Uses." Roof Drilling with Dust-Control Equipment By JAMES WESTFIELD Chief, Accident Prevention and Health Dhiitoc, Rginn VlLL, Bureau of Ifinea, Pittsburgh, Pa. Drillings for roof bolting Etav created, a new dust problem for the coal-mining in dustry. Drilling ts lahcrratly dusty, and control of the dust produced by drilling vertical, or nearly vertical boles U orach more difficult than control of that produced by drilling flat or down holes. Moreover, the dust produced by roof drilling differs in composition from that produced by drill ing or cutting the coal face, ia that it contains a significantly greater amount of tree silica and therefore presents a greater potential hazard of causing, the lung discasq silicosis. Roof bolting has been practiced success fully in the mines of the St. Joseph Lead Co. ia smitheastern Missouri for over 20 years, but it was not until 1947 and 1948 that large-scale roof-bolting experiments were first conducted in coal Although the need for dust control canjmxaion with roof drilling was recognized from the beginning, the development and acceptance of roof bolting progressed so rapidly daring 1949 and 1950 that solution of the dost problem lagged behind other engiaeeriag phases of the technique. The roof generally is bolted where the famediafe roof soft and fa army fc---- where the roof bolU can be seemed firmly lute a harder or more substantial formation above. The type* of strata found la drilSag a roof are coal, shale, sandstone, Craestooc, and ill tbc impure and fatormcdfale varia tions of these materials. A ccmpctbcaBTc study of the gcelopc sections of the iasediate roof of Bdaes fa Region VIII of the Barcas of IGaec, where roof-boltfag studies are la progress, reveals that 67J pee eeat of the footage of all the holes drilled for roof bolts is fa dale, 23.4 per eat fa fa sandstone sod sandy shale, - 7.1 per cent fa ia esal aad coaly shale, and IE per cent U fa bramooe. Shale Carnots chiefly of kaolin, musco vite, aad quarts, with mall amamtt of rainy other tntoerels. Sandstone consists principal!/ of qoxrtz, with a ocmentfag material of silica, raidto, or ftaretite. A Koof Drilling with Dust-Control Equipment 45 limestone consists chiefly of oidle, with drilling fa somewhat, but not significantly, varying amounts of quarts. Even the coal leas than the free-ritica content of the mate tasy contain a ssaU percentage of quartz. rial drilled. Tbw, quarts fa present ia significant These results, though too limited to be anouets fa about 91 per cent of all the* conclusive, give some justification for using reefc drilling for roof boltings the analysis of the source material fa evalu Tbc froe-s'ilkg content of a mineral ma terial (quartz fa the most abundant form of free sxlio) fa determined most accurately by the X-ray diffraction method, which is based upon the specific diffractive properties ating the dost hazard, particularly since the error, if any, fa oa the ride of safety. It tray be pointed out also that Industrial Code 33 of the State of New York, Control of Silica Dust fa Rock Drilling, bum its defi of crystalline substances. This method re nition of "injurious sitic*-dust concentra quire* oufy a laraM sample, and th snail tion" upon analysis of the source material puc of ladastrisl dusts does sot affect the drilled. remits adversely. Detertofastioo of free ftSea by ifau awthnd was developed fa part ia the Baron of Mines, where it fa aow used for quilifitivi, analysis of samples of rock, rode dost, driQ catting*, aad air-boroc dost. Any dost breathed fa large quantities over a long period can impair the health of a worker, and silica fa recognized as definitely harmful when abated fata the hmgs. Coal tout Is leu harmful bat should do* be con sidered completely harmless. - The (ftosiSca content of the root strata Of 51 coal mattts has beet determined by X-ray diffraction analysis from roof rock, drill nuifags. aad midget-impmger samples of air-borae (fast collected in mines fa nine Eastern Staten. The hazard of exposure to silica-bearing dust U commonly gaged by the number of dost particles found fa a unit volume of air and the free-rilka content of the dost Limits for occupational exposure expressed ia such term* have beea suggested by evalu The average frec-siEca content of 80 ation of the retedts of numerous clinical samples frees these mimes is 31 per cent, and and engineering studies. it ranges fm seres to 8S per cutt The iroc-rilica content of tbc roof strata of 43 of fat mines classified as having shale roof averages 2&5 per cent and ranges from ota la 82 per oat The fre.silica content The Bureau of Mines has made the fol lowing tentative recommendations on allow able limits of air (tastiness: "fa bituminous and lignite mines, the of the roof strata of right of the mines Sverige full-shift concentration of atmos dmifat u having madstnog roof averages 33 per cut and range* froe* 31 to 88 per cent. These remits show that wide variation may exist fa ibe eeeopootfon of various pheric dust to wfaieh a workman may be exposed should not exceed 20 millioa par ticle* per cubic foot of air, and a maximum concentretioe for any sfagte operation should not exceed 40 million particles of dust per coble foot of air. When the dust con roof strata and that the content of free silks eneoBSterod fa drilling a shale roof my equal or exceed that found ia drilling a so-called sandstone roof. tains silka. oot more than five tnilfioo par ticles of silica dot per cubic foot of air should be present in the above limiting concentrations. Although the composition of a mineral source material may not be considered an exact index of tbc composition of air-borne dust produced by mechanical disintegration of the material, some evidence oa this sub ject is available. Unpublished data de veloped by toe Bureau of Mines indicate that the quartz content of air-borae dust "The dost count may be multiplied by the percentage of silica eonoeotratioo, and if the result fa Jess than five million the dust concentration will be considered sale. The above limiting concentration* are based o impfager samples fa which light-field counts are made under a microscope." deovaact as the dm* of settling increases, To mafatafa these standards a dust con and direct comparison of analyses available centration higher than 18.9 million particle* fa the Health Brandi of tbc Bureau of Muks also fadleates that the froe silica meteat of the air-borae dase produced by per cubic foot of air would not be allowable wbca the average shale roof fa drilled, aad a dost concentration higher than 9.1 taiilioa 46 Coal Mining Industry Roof Drilling arttk Dust-Control BfmfmenX would not be allowable wbea tbe average sandstone root is drilled. A dust concen tration no lugher than 5.7 million would be required ia some instances. Table I lists die types of drilling equip* ment used for roof drilling, tbe number of mines using each type, and tbe somber of mines using or aat using a dust-control method with each type. It can be seen that at 71.1 per cent of the mifles roof is drilled with no dust-eootro) equipment; contrary to the Bureau of Mines rtcommeodatioa that "a dust respirator ts not to be used as a permanent substitute for dost-control measures." reliance ts placed upon tbe pro* tretion offered by respirators. Table I.-- Hwrf-PrilJUe Peat Eealrni PncUot, An cmi um, in via gnlltaa P^WpMane N--bet eUctaeraraeuar' ......................... in ratarf JT `Hydnetle fetvy ................ PMeaitiC pwcuaw aad elactnc ratnj ........... j 4PwnwuJr xrcwwua asd totoabc wSart ................. N' fJ25 J X__ .......... S 1*5 ra one, JT qym. -tM.s 2*.9 Table 2 shows what tiist-control methods are used in conjunction with pneumatic per cussion. electric rotary, and hydraulic rotary drills. Kote that the applications of dun collectors outnumber tbe applications e< waMr. TakU 2.--Pt Caanal KaW .*4 Jllirnia w Drifts AU Cml XOmm. KMi Vffl Appliotk* ei wtter.TT.. D* eeitccter ...................................................... New ..................................... Total apeUcabooi ................................................ feclodar t9 aam aMf 2 >)f af SrillMl a Basie 1 fj|WTiiiiolir 111 Dust concentratioos recently observed so five mines where stopper-type poetrantic drills are used without dost-cootro! equip ment averaged 607 million particles per cubic foot of atr and ranged from 51 to 1,194 million particles per cubic foot Id sx mines wJwrre electric rotary drills were used without dust-ccotrol equipment, the dust' concentration averaged 313'nulHon particles per cubic foot and ranged from 10 to 1.185 million particles per cubic foot. The dust concentrations cited are indica tive of the dust exposure* of tbe driller but were obtained tinder such variable condi tions that they should not be used for direct comparison. For instance, the average* in dicate that pneumatic drilling produces twice as much dust as electric rotary drilling; actually the ratio may be higher. arrested or collected at its source if it ts to be cootrolled adequately. This can be done by water or a dust oofteefor. Water can be used effectively with pneumatic per. casskm or hydraulic rotary drills. Putt collectors can be adapted to any type of drilling equipment Introduction of water to the bottom oi the bole through the drill steel when drilling is done with pneumatic percussion drills has been accepted as standard practice in metal mines. This practice U applicable to roof drilling aad complies with tbe Federal Mine Safety Code requirements, Swoeos- ful control by this method depends mainly upon maintaining the flow of enough water through the drill, using water continuously during the drilling period, and providing positive ventilation as needed. The ranges indicate that either type of drill may produce dust concentrations higher than one billion particles per cubic foot of air. This amount of dust can pollute the air to such an extent as to constitute a serious menace to the health, not only of the drillers, but of any persons working ia the return air from tbe place where drilling is bring done. High dost cooeetiratfoos can result If too little water is used, especially when vertical holes are drilled with a stoper-type drill. It is advisable to **<*-s- adequate water pressure so a full flow of water can be realized. Collaring dry--that Is, driUmg the Brit few inches of hole before opening water valve-can also cause high dust con centrations god should Dot be allowed* Dust produced by root drilling must be During recently obserred roof drilling mlh a wet stoper drill, dost concentrations avenged UJ asUtoo particles per cubic loot of air and doubtless would have been lower had not all the botes bees collared dry, as coedttioas for omataiaiag low dust moeentnticas otherwise were excellent Wet the fact that they were applicable to electric rotary drilllag again stimulated their further derelopmeat To meet this need, several type* of dust collector* oow have been made available commercially, aod others have bees developed and used locally. (frilling must be supplemented by ventila Id 1950, the Bureau of limes inaugurated tion to obtain the desired control, u the program at tbe Experimental Mint; Bruce- niter does not arrest the dust completely. tcc, E*a_, for testing dust-collecting devices Other cooditiocis being favorable, normal developed commercially for application, to rxndUUag currents should prow adequate roof drilling sa coal Tbe reasons for hut will have to be directed to tbe drilling eocjhjcting these tests were to assist the pcralico- designers of the eqiupmeit by evaluating Tbc meet frequent objection to wet. prntfutic pcrewsloa drilling U that it U a <*agreeable task. The splashing of the water drill cuttings aad the wetness underfoot are particularly objectionable to the driller ben the headroom is limited, as ta many the effectiveness of the devices under con trolled test eooditJoas and to "nM* the Bureau of Mine* to obtain information on dissemination of (hist during roof drilling, and on methods of controlling it, that will be beneficial to the muting industry. coal mines. Under this program, performance tests Various hydraulic rotary drill* have bent developed, and the use oi water to control the dust reportedly ha* beta successfully applied to them. ^The Bureau of Uses hu . not as yet lad opportunity to observe the result* obtained. The seed for a water-distribution system , or the use of taeoovtauent pressure tanks, | the adverse effect upon some mine roof aad door, aad the difficulty of using water with ricctnc drill* are other factors that limit ihe use of water to alley drilling (huts. Results of test* conducted with wetting agents; foam, aad various type* of water sprays, all with the hope of oiahsiring these factors; haw beta tmfavorable. Satis factory eqoijenmt for producing aad apply ing foam has aoe boon developed; water sprays have proved Inefficient, and thus far die perlornaace of wetting agents ha* not mttihed their sac Tbe operating principle of most dust col lector* is application of exhaust ventilation near the source of the dust Numerals dusteootrol systems based upon this yi uaclpfc have bees devised for controlling dust pro duced by all types of poctsnatic rock drillk. Some of these have demonstrated that, by proper application oi this principle, sue costal results could he obtained, even under the moat Scult condition*: Regardless of remits, wefavorable operating features re stricted their complete development. wise conducted for six different types of (fast-cefiectmg systems. Each design fas in cluded a collecting bead, aa exhaust ventilat ing system, aad means for removing the entrained dust load from tbe air through the system before releasing it to the min* atmosphere, Tbe design of the hood is most important because it affects tbe dust-collecting tffirieney directly and dictates tbe performance required of the other parts of the collector. Drilling in bard roof produces fine, readily transported particles, whereas drilling ta soft roof, such a* occurs above the Pitts burgh scam, produces large; jcalelike par* tide* that tend ta plug a dost collector un less it is designed to accommodate their transport. The collectors apparently most successful have overcome this difficulty by avoiding restrict!cans and using the effect of gravity ta lull advantage in moving the drill cuttings from the bole. Tbe provisoes for a tight seal where the drill steel posses through the hood are 3rr critical thae the-provisoes for a seal waot the hood contacts the roof. Unfa vorable results caused by an ineffective drill-rod seal cannot be overcome by any reasonable amount of orhiBtt ventilation. Cither positive pressure exhausters or air Injector* cam provide aa adequate rate of extttose veutilatiou if the previously men tioned difficulties are avoided. With the adveat of ropf drilling, the pos- Removal of the dost toad from air pass stb&ty that tbar use herd might overtone ing through tbe system has bees no prob the serious objection* to wet driQing asd lem, bang accomplished either by gravity 4ft Ceml Marin? Industry <qanwa of Ae br|t particles and bk- ckaaial flrmtif of the fine pnrtidet or. mure MHphr. by mdnincil fltratinn alone. Tom mfltfww hm hoot tWipol See f*> mm me Ac dot M fay a wuhiof action. ,\`o icwiipt bra tecs maAae<mfanse the tonm** Ac niuw rtilanrrt other than ihar eeBacomg tiMaa. Xt i hint that wae. wragfac. mi perrAiVy todd be given nwre caeaMcramaa. Is a* noteworthy that <( of the meat wrewtit dost col ledort is so necT that coe non alone can move It about and aet it op with cue. The results ox kok performance tests have shown that It is possible to reduce roof-drilling dust concentrations to five million particles per cubic foot of air with dry-dust collectors and that a dost collector eiji perform sa&sJadnrily with either pneu matic percussion or electric rotary drills. 'The favorable results obtained aider se vere test conditions indicate that dust pro duced by pneumatic roof drilling can be controlled more effectively by the use of aa efficient dry dust collector than by the ap plication of water. The performance tests are not to be con strued as approval tests, such as are con ducted by the Bureau of Mines on other types of equipment under provisions of ap propriate published schedules. Such a sched ule, establishing permissibility tests, is bring prepared and upon completion will allow the Bureau of Mines to giant formal ap proval to equipment passing the prescribed tests. Approval-schedule procedure tests Itavc demonstrated the ability of drydustcollecting cqripmmt to control dust in ac cordance with the tentative Harass of Mines proiaaly dsami Article IX. Section IK of As Mnl Mine Safety Code h nndk in Ngns the osc of wag for nmis| doe nfceve peratttaon drMb TW fteMa As 1 diy-Awt csHnraww "" wise, an ` has no ; of Ac n TW maSy wanift W Am 4 ._ anj to hml* mm% it * As mwmmm't; Una rccogaUq the tintirjM of an epg. aloe thus cited and jnggtsti dm be appeal from the citation tn As Jean! Eodnstry Safety Committee. Acceptable dry-dear oaOactora lave beat iSrveJoped, and the Bnur of Mines has proposed to the Jon* IaAmtry Safety Comhenee a miaaa of Ankle IX. Sertif IK to permit the tne of dry hd coBeetfirs with pneumatic driBa. Article XI. Srrtien 7g of Ae code stales that men caponed to gw. drat. fm*. aad mist inhalation for sheet periods shall weir permissible rupmaty a^tdpraent. Red; drilling; other than reef drilftac, baa bees exempted front dnat-cmatrel ywawM, Is many iaicaaccs, lewltt Ait wntlm. A comprebeo&Te study of Ac airborne dost resulting from roric driShsg in era! mines has beta undertaken by the Bures* of Maes; and data obtained from this survey Indicate that, in some tailoners, rock drillers and other workmen arc bring ex posed to injurious concentrations of dust. The application of dust oootrot to roof drill ing mil stimulate the application of dost ccMtrol to other rock-drilling tasks. Rock drilling without dust control canocC be jus tified if and. when suitable control methods can be applied. Stmouy l. fa Region VIII, 1SJ cod mines are uang roof bolting, and 63 million square feet of roof area arc bring supported by roof bolts. v 2. The roof strata drilled for roof bolehag contain tigni&caat amounts of free silica. TW samples aha from 51 mines in Region VHI show that the frec-tiUcs content av erages 31 per cnit X Roof drS&og witLomt proridco* for rime untfj ranks in a scriona health hex* arf, an driScrs and ether workmen A the frnm Ac place where driSbg of riSca-bearing dost*. . that cwCfol methek arc not oed jmnaicn arkfa roof driUaog at 71 l t of all Ac nht* m Region VIII where f Wiring is being practiced. "5. Wet pnmrmitir roof driUmg, if pcopecHy cnActri, reach* in favorable dot mf and floor adversely, a a driigiceeiMr wrifi fp^wnifRmf DrZbn* Dn*tC--nrU 49 ask, (puticAdr ,in lew cod), ami nr- qrires- a water-AaAfimkxi symem or me of puwui Aafia. & Tin Jmhpnnt of fist epflaapa las hem s'nriitnl by Ac need for owr- araing Ac rt jirtinnnMc frstmrs Am aenn iiqmij wet fMoric tori fittg mi hf the fact Aac they OB be aApfied to tieccric (weary rials, 7. The Imran of IGmn mgaaoed a pngfw for isriag Ac rftrirary of fist, uicflrctrig finiaes finrisri osatthly ior apificJlim to reef driBrig ht cod awes, sad Ae teat work yertd Am the principle* aff&ei h Arse dost coOcctara are adcqirato. & In i" T* ~-g anoa the federal specter U forced to ate a violation of the Federal Mine Safety Code when roof drillrig is done with a pneumatic drilL eves if .-a dry-dost collector is used successfully; u a nadt, the Bureau of Mum* has asked the Jaric inAatxy Safely Committee to reeric Ac eric to yerait os* of dry-dust col lectors m oeamection with roof drilling. % Cmd of An dnat produced by roof driSng is fiftak bat mam be accomplished. TW effect bong evpenricl toward proper Hffauia* of wne merhods and newly de veloped mgpkmatfary dfriai should re- nk an a high Agree of rarerbl 19. Rock driKng other than roof drill ing fira Wm enctyntd from Am-control pmriaiem in rawy instances by the Federal Vhr Safety Ceric Tbm atmlice fans re salted in rock driSera and other workxnro bring t-nymi! to injurious concentrations of dent. Devefapmm and appScatica of dust control ta roof drilSng wrll stimulate aj^i* ratios of dot control to other rode dtiWag tasks. Rode drilling without dust control emmet be justified if and when suitable control methods can be applied. 4 j , vi* . Officers of the COAL MINING SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 19S1-S2 General Ckeirmm Emeritus--ARTHUR BRADBURY, Ilaa4 Sled Company. Wheel wright. Ky. General CMrmm--STANLEY H. MOONEY, Woodward iron Company, Woodward. Ala. Secretary--H. F. WEAVER, U. S. Berea* oC Mines, Washington, D. C Pint Vue-Ckairmen J. V. BERRY, Bethlehem ColBeries Corporation, Johnstown, P*. Second Vice-Ckatnnam--JOHN U. REID, Hndsoo Coal C&, Scranton, Pa. Labor Representatives--C F. DAVIS, Uaited Uiat Workers o( Aattrio, WuUoctoa, D. C; AUGUST /. LIPPI, Uaited IGae Woridrs of America. District No, I, MaUr Bulkfiag, Scramoo. Pa.; C. E.- JONES. United Unc Workers of America, District 29, Beddey, W. Va. Mine Operator^ Representatives--. F. LIMERICK. Pittsburgh Coosotidatioa Coal Com pany, Fairmont, W. Va.; G. H. SAMBROOK, H. C Fridc Coke Company, Frick BuiMine. Pittsburgh, Pa.; JOHN M. REID, Tbc Hudson Cool Company, Scranton, Fa. Cool Associations--EARL R. MAIZE, National Coni Association, Washington, D. C U- S. Bureau. of ifiiut Representatives--l. J. FORBES, U. & Beirut of Mines, Wishingtoo, D. C; JAMES WESTFIELD, District A. U, S. Bwtw of Uno, Pittsburgh, Pa Mine inspectors Institute of America Representatives--A. FINLEY HARPER, Chief Safely and Health Division, Department of Industrial RataHera of Alabama. Binningham, Ala.; A. D. SISK, Deportment of Mines & Minerals, State of Kentucky, Lexiotton, Ky.; STEPHEN WILLIAMS, Diviricn of Mines, State of Ohio, Cohanbus. Ohio. State Hime Inspectors Representative*--THOMAS ALLEN, State Inspector of Mines. State House, Denver,.Coto.; RICHARD MAIZE, Stale Secretary of Mima; Gaataaawealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa.; WALTER EADIE, Boreas of Mines, Spring- field, 111 Engineering Coupnittee--R, D. CURRIE (Oainw), General Rriasnrance Corporation, TradcsviBe, Pa.; J. H. FORG1E, Armen Steel CatporHion. Uta*ml W. Va.; M. H. FORESTER, Pittsburgh Coosobdaiion Ccal Company, Rappers BuiMinc, Pittsborgb. Pa.; L. HL JOHNSON, Peabody Coal Company. Taytorrilk. 111; H. A. QUENON. Eastern Gas 4 Fnd Auodalo, Gnat Town, W. Va. Entertoinmmt Committee--C. U. DONAHUE, Mme Safety AppHsoces Company, Fitu> burgh. Pa. Poster Committee--W. J. SCHUSTER (Chairman). Ham Coal Company, St. ChinUc, Ohio; HARRY A. LEIDICH, PWtdrijWi and Rmag Caal 4 Iron Company. PottsviUe, Pa.; G. R. SPINDLER, School of Mines. Unbershy of Went Vlrpao, Morgantown, W. Va. Visual Aids Committee--P. J. FORESMAN (Chairman), The Pittsburg ft Midway Coal Mining Company, Pittsburg; Kaos.; R. IL MONTEITH, Wrirton Coal Company, laahaQa, Pa.; F. J. PETERNELL, Union Pacific Coal Company, Rode Springs, Wyo. Program Committee--J. J. FORBES, (Chairman), U. S. Barca* of Mines, Washington, D, C; W. D. NORTHOVES, Rochester 4 Pittsburgh Coal Company, Indiana, Pa.; M. J. ANKENNY, U. a Bureau of Mines, Washington, a C Membership Committee--GEORGE H. DEIKE (Chairman), Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.; J. H. REITZ, Republic Steel Corporation, Uniontown, Pa.; FRED W. WISE, North Western Mining and Exchange Company, Du Bob, Pa.; C,, F, HERBERT, Bitmninous Casualty Corporation, Rock Island, IQ. Futurity Committee--IVAH A. GIVEN (Chairman), Coal Age, New York, N. Y.J G. O. ARNOLD, Pbclp* Dodge Corporation, Stag Canon Branch, Dawson, N. M.; GEORGE C LINDSAY. Merhamiatioc. Wasl&ngtoo, D. C; P. XX. McMURER. American Urning Congress, Washington. D. C Stag RePrsjenlatwe--G, GL GRIEVE; Nabooil Safety Couodl. Chicago, 111. "ft Other Volumes in this Series Users of this volume will find much value ta its companion roJaract, Her* U the tirt: title volume n. General Sessions sad Detailed Index to all Volume*.....,,............... . 1 Atraaatkal Indiutria........... .................................................................. . 2 Air Transport Industry ............................................................................................. . Anlncaotiie and Machine Shop Industries....................................... ....................... . I 4 Ceatot and Quarry Industries................................ ............................... .............. . Chemical Industries ............. 5 6 Coal Mining Industry ................. . # Caostnacdoa Industry ....................................................... ........................................ ............... I Electrical Bqmjment Industry.......... ....................................................... . f Farm Ssfefy ................................ .......... .'............. ................................. . U Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Mecriagl.}............ 11 Glass and Ceramics Industry....................................... 12 Home Safety .......................................... ....................................... . U Industrial Nursing .................................................................................'.i;.......... ................... J4 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE).................................. 11 Maritime Industries(Manse Section).......................... Ifc Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries.................. ............... 17 Metals Industry.......................................................................................................................... It Mining Industry ......... W Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)........................ 30 Petroleum Industry ............................................ .................................................................. - 21 Power Press and Forging Operations................. ................................................................... 22 Printing and Publishing Industry...............2J Public Employment (Public Employee* Safety Coremitine).......................... 24 Public Utilities Industries...................... 2S Pulp and Paper Industry............... ................... ......................................................................26 Railroad Industry ....................................... 27 Rubber Industry .................... 31 School aad College Safety................................................................................................... 2S Textile Industry ......... X Traffic Safety ......... 31 Transit Industry ............. 32 Wood Products Industries........ ....................................................................................... . 11 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Gxntmmkahoo (Early Morning Seamans).......... 34 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OP INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MMSSRS VOLUME l to 9 copies SIZE Bash Less than 24 pages-- $029 24 to 4S pages " .35 49 to 96 pages-- .46 Over 96 page*-* .69 20 to99 copies Sock 1023 29 <40 .63 109 Is999 copies Emeh 10.17 23 3$ Si ICOOermnn Sock 10.17 33 JJ5 Si Complete set of Transaction* (34 5.70 (100 or more copies). (I to 9 copies), 6JQ (10 to 99 copies), NON-MEMBER prices are double member prion, except relumes 10, 13, 29 and 31. NATIONAL SAMTY COUNCIL 421 NORTH MICHWAH ATS. CHSCAOO 11. ILL 1951 Current Safety Topics in the CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY As yrtwifii ! tW SsssIms of 1M Ciwh nclMs Sectiei t 1951 NriiiMi Safety Cssffii Safety Is Good Pafefie Relation*......... ...................................... .. 5 Job PUeane* Hrjricaf fewlaeWo-- (A Panel DIsomioe) t Accident PrevcaBoa Maria Eaay....................................... ........... 10 On HnkU Way* to Sav a Buck ................. 1$ Safety Cisqrm NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 4S\)fe. MIcMg-- 4vhw Cfriesga II, 111. ----'Heev *}eUa& If nitty is to fen# pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, w mac eontrtwiaHy bre "nor ideas.** Each yer, at the Kadocol Safety Goegren, the idol and experiences of maty of tbc nation's top safety men are prejnslpj b tbc various irafant. Ifasy of these ideas, dniees aad method*. first presented at a Congress session, later become goBeraSy arrepted within their fields. fa order to present this mforrnatioo ccsmiBcntJy and at TMii cost, the Cwgmi Transactions arc paMithcd b volomes, one for each Section or Division, along with a General Sarafan aod Detailed Index to all volumes. Tbc 54 colonics of the 1951 Got^rcss Transaction arc listed on the fast page of this vohaae. Safety directors everywhere have focmd the Congress Transactions a asefat aid m their acbdnat prevention programs, fa bdostry, for example, their fwSdoas dfaribntion to key m taaoagcsacst aad anperrinoc has proved to be of bvahnble service. la preparbg these Transactions, the proceedings of the Congress have born condensed and edted for referoxx purposes. Complete original manuscripts, with any charts or iOutntiaos which were used, are available in National Safety Gocotil files. Views exprrmd at the Congress or in this record arc those of the Congress participants aad are not xtssarily those of the National Safety CocodL TIE CORSTKKTIN SECTIOI This rotame is a record of the iswions held at the 1951 National Safety Congress fey the Oawtraction Section. The conduct of these Congress srcricctf cadi jeer is only one of the many cooperative activities which the Contraction Section carries on in behalf of its roaobers, and for the benefit of accident prevention work n the cuustiaction infamy generally. The Section gives giAfaweo in the preparation of a grot variety of tedmkal aad educational material useful in the day-to-day afety programs of contraction companies. The activities of the Section are raider Urn direction of its Executive Connuhte^ the members of which are listed at the dose of this vofame. Safety Is Good Public Relations By GEORGE M. SCHMBLTZER Ei--cotire Director, Keystone Bnfldfrig Cootndon Aml, Harrisburg, Pa. Good public relations arc of extreme im portance to the eonstructioo industry and to all those who are encaged in the industry, particularly Itocnl contractors. stress this point beans* there seems evident, in many situations. a tendency to sunsmixe the value of securing aod retxanag coed will So a Add where such a large part of a Gin's bunness results strictly and excfascveiy upon direct cemptutvc effort. In public work, especially, it is tine that contract awards are based primarily on criterion of the lowest price submitted by a responsible bidder. However, it is not the province of this paper to establish the do* arahsfity or essentiality of promoting pub- be relations as an indispawahfe element in the operation of a successful unit within the construction industry. It Is fdt that those the industry cen trally recognise the necessity for a good pubfic relations program; and k sidficcr, for purposes of this presentation, to say to those who fail to give proper cognizance to the worth of public good will that it be hooves them to look tsto this matter. "Safety is Good Poblic Rthtjon" is the tore level placed on this tafic. For the pur pose of providing a metallic pemt-of-departure; it nay be wed m amplify, to a degree; the set .-ret to branpin seSricst territory mu', (emit an exaesnarion and exploration ot the ways in which the prac tice of safety prodace* in the potlie iufad a favorable and friendly attitude toward a person; a firm; a group of fits* or as association, if yon will; or an mtire in dustry. It may also be advisable to define what it meant by the tens "good public relations,'* and I should like to sofeeiit for your con sideration, the following definition: Good pul&c relations is the ad product rendting from the anidaa trasslalion into everyday actions of a plan which has as its purpose the earning of pnbCe good win through the proper presatation of yem firm, or your industry, to its clients, is others engaged ia the same or related ac tivities, and to people m geacraL It has, as its objective; the creation of a situation tn which the public will think well of you. and place confidence in your ability to do a job adequately. So much for the definition of "good pub lic relations;** and now for a brief eon*ideratkm of another principal term in the title, tamely, "safety," or with your permission, "safety practice." It is fully appreciated that a definition of this term, to be all inclusive, could be quite lengthy; however, for the instant application, a simple and short treatment will meet the need. By safety practice is meant utilization of all reasonable precautions to prevent acci<knts involving men, machines or materials. I might say, parenthetically, that when thought U gives to the fact that the eco nomic impact, including bath direct and in direct costs, of accidents in the construc tion industry annually amounts to almost a mikm dollars, it is obvious that little far ther seed be said in justifying sizable ex penditures for accident prevention measures. In the third revised edition of the Manual f Accident Prevention m Constitution is sued in 1949 by the Associated General Contractors of America, there appears on page six tmder the general heading of public relations this statement, and I quote, "Acci dents on the job arc probably the greatest single source of bad pubSc relations for the general contractor." This statement, in obverse fashion, sum* up my main thesis, and perhaps goes fur ther in that stated in a positive way, it may be said that safety practices arc the best rioglc source of good public relations for the general contractor. Let us enumerate and examine the man ner in which the utilization of a safety pro gram eaa be the means of establishing good public relations. Good wiO, as the keystone of a good public relations program, begins at home. A firm's good reputation is limited only fay 6 Cwufruriiw Industry the extent to which it has and the good wiQ of its own employees. No better method ot gaining employee good will is tytiWJc >haa that of a stacere daawrated effort to provide for the physical wefl bekg of the individual worker. Philosophically, tins point canid he maefi enlarged by reference to the underlying hnsc aid Christian principle with respect to recognition of the ndnhal weaker as a beats being aakwd with Gof-fha rights and as one entitled to be treated in accordance with thn dignity which is lie inherent right as an ndtriini crennc of God. So --- junt good jwdffc program by kitistiaf a safety through your txaticn of tbc a devices ridt press yarn a and also upon others whw mnj he as a gnsl tkn to olotrte yaw opci rtiewa Ld An public know- that a safe job as under way. Here in Quatgo on one of the yets 4ar by the Henry Erics** Ctwyny, a Ineal firm, there was n " which uancyed the job was in pregre made the tigs ririit sands of persons. In as this; the jaibCc the contractor m a farorah Make proper use of Ac tent posters available thiungk Ae Safety Cbundl Plan yov j yWi with a proper eye to their |riSc value as well as to their xaltty this connection; fonr giaml r mended in the AGC AcrVkn Piwndas Manual are: 1. Select passert cfejsorvly- 2. Place posters stretogiaSy. X OApAy posters attractirely. 4. Gnngc porters fre quently. Get yotw safety mewige nww nna- dividual basts. In this nprft <Qtfld the use of safety innerirtinu cards which may be placed is the fiends of each wother. Properly handled, this parfiindsr nofaf, utilising as it does the wind pejrliriegy of establishing a definite relationship between the f< workers directly ia his beat The foreman, by to the worker, A in an to impress upon fawn the mangesacut and be; himself, places on the worker's welfare. The oeploymeet of xaggesti* systems, in connection with accident prevention, of* fers another fine sodas to obtain Ac *4 win of employees. However, Mg* gescaen qnraii here; as k other phiset of onnemeet, not be adoisinend properly r Aey way wnk k dokg more bass than good. Aecnnfcagfy, the foUowkg gen* crel condition* are to In observed: L *Tntii1r and ^iqntt recognition should be ^ven aorims who submit suggestions. Z WutAabflt wgrciHnf offered by work* era dwU not be appropriated by foremen r where in >antiaw of authority wto'mto csaffic for flan, X Facilitate tbc numr in ninth empires may nuke agitation*. 4. Fronde Ar proper review of Tnggrrtlfwir proenaad as regular intervals. S. Ackocnriedge *****, and inform each person regaining Ac ffipwatfen of his reggsatlou* ................... . ml should periodically give ^ndnl raoogmrion to wotkers who mant le* Arir kecrcrt k a suggestion system. Tala Ah advantage of safety meetings to pMwato good wiJL This effort shekd to irctrf mat only toward those who par- k inch meetings, bet it sbedd also d aC (Am hy an effective publicity rkfiriw >0 the greatest peoAlc ttfntf of Aas sort. Invite outriders, an llfimaritiiti of the press, to snch Here a photographer on hand. ad play thou op k your where awards are nude. prtrridc for Atar pehfic dfaptey k store windows; hotel hitot and places.* Tk-k sneh dU- aptyi-priatc admertiriog on ee- The BoMws Ckopter of Ac Arndtol General Contractors of AagrioHk Chapter I serve aa Excoatir* Director--ManaSy awards to sacemfk pariiopeeke members Atm tnUwric of wonesag safety apokai records Khiiti by tbrir fans hung Ac yar. A ndAdon, the Aw of H. B. Akaehr and Sen. kcnrpoctod. of Harriafcurg, Frian* ijl . bns dotted, k boner of its prim* An, A E X Alexander Trophy wfifch is mmrdsd esds jar to Ac wewher fine wpsping An tone mficty record. Safely ft Good Public Relations 7 Presentation of Awe awards has now be* come a tndtkal pert of our eon* ration proceedings and I ns to atwtre yon that wc possess no sack facet of opera* non of better value from a public relations angle. Practice safety k your organization and, then do yourself full justice in yoer story to the public. Do cote hide yonr fight esder a bushel Tell the world, and tdl Ac world in a variety of ways: 1. Use the bulletin boards k your office and on your job rites to convey a message. Let all your employees kefodiag your office force know about your safety pro grams. 3. Enlist the interest and cooperation ol architects, engineers and mb-contractor* tn your safety campaign i Talk to your suppliers. equipment nna* ufaebsrers and distributors is terms of safety as applied to yotw jobs. S. Let your cus tomers know that a good safety record on soar jobs enables you to caatract more ef- &ricntly and more economically. d. Promote participation on Ac part of your fink's priaopala in errie and public safety activities where oppcrtmntie* way be developed to pot across the story of your company's safety progmn. The Associated General Gontrectors of America recognise mid appreciate the public relations impart of a good safety program who* it provide* for a fofl fledged Avirioa of itsmstional office to carry on its accident preicutksa fxnctinvu Ccrtesofy, tbc wssy chapters and branches of Ac same MwiiKm, earryke on cstes* mvc nitty activities; are fully aware of the nature and worth of snch endeavors from a pabSc relstiore aa^c. An wlnartntt of d*e varions newtieticn. bnftrtnn d sagazincs pna ent fey these chapters aad breaches preridea testimnny to tMs statement. Look at the woric of these sms: W. W. MrT ingfifin. J% of tbc Memphis AGO Chapter; Jatiaa Capers of tbc Dallas AGC Chapter;..Robert j. Hcndenhott of the AGC Chapter of Minnesota; Loy W. DoddkaMin of Ac Houston AGC Chapter; George H. Bkih of the Milwaukee AGC Chapter; Ralph A. MacMnlhn of the De troit AGC Chapter; Dnmaa C Tcjan of the Qmstrnctors Aseodatioa of Western Prwisyh'infi, AGC This is to enumerate but a few, and there is being put into motion programs of similar nature ia many other divisions of the Associated General Contractors organi zation. The various public t&splays swde by these gtv-rpe invariably feature safety elements. * In Harrisburg; Pennsylvania, two ol wy own chapter members, Ritter Brothers aad H. B._ Alexander Be. Sen, Inc, donate a very suable display space at the Central Poaisjrltama BoHders Show, to our chap ter and this space has bees well used to exploit our safety activities and accomplish ments. Such exhibits have been viewed by crowds of approximately three hundred thousand people k what has been billed as the world* largest builders show. T. Another way to translate safety prac tice into good public relations is to sake evident that your concern for safety covert the general pnblic as well a* your own em ployee*. Incidentally, such effort need not be an entirely selfleu one; if your insurance program dou not include overage for lia bility for completed work, this caution be comes a must. X Oku often- newspapers work up spe cial display pages or sections which may crxnbisc news and advertising with respect to a particular completed construction proj ect Genera] ccotractors are frequently so licited by newspapers, oa swch occasion*, to buy space; Iwwcvcr, too frequently, the general contractors regard such solicitations merely a* another nibble at their profits Influenced by such feelings, and with jaixMficcd eye, they grudgingly acquiesce to taking space, bat oeglect to take advantage of an v^ellrot opportunity to win good will by p***g across a story cm the firm's safety accomplishments on the job. Instead, sack advertisements usually carry merely a bare statement complimenting the owner. . 9. Enclosures of safety messages k the pay envelope, or imprinting safety sugges tion* on the envelope itself k a simple but effective way ksep the subject ts the minds of the workers. Use tills method to point ap the economic benefit to the worker with reference to safety practice as a causative factor. . 10, When circumstances warrant, employ one or several 'of the informational media' Construction industry 8 Ned K. Dearborn, Prerideat of the Na newspapers, radio, direct mill, display rigor,. tional Safety Council, made this observe?ay envelope safety reminders and the lilce. tics, in the February 1950 Issue of the Na- In summary/ plaa your safety program Hotted Safety Newts, regarding a statement properly with top management taking aa of philosophy expressed by a pcofemwxol iggressive, sincere and active lead Peter* mine the over-all policies to be followed, and arrange for the uutiatiou of required procedures to property effectuate the oiety plan, and do not fail to make pnmrioa for adequate follow-ujx Such an approach to safety will guarantee insurance against accidents within the rang* of controllable limits. I quote the familiar .National Safety Coundl admonition, "acci dents do not happen. They are caused.** safety man: "I know we save some Isrts, prevent some property damage, Jost bow many and bow much we don't know. Bet this U, to me, a minor part of the value of the work of the safety movement "The one tremendously important fact about our work is that it offers owe of the best opportunities la our civilisation for men sad women to apply la practical matters the When all reasonable precautions are exer cised, aeddenti will be measured in terms of the irredudble minimtan. It would not be appropriate to dose such a discussion without making reference to Christian principle* of living ta a coopera tive effort to help cadi other, I think that this lesson of Chridiiw living is the most important lesson oar world fats to (cars. If we don't leant it, we're going to destroy' the costs involved in malrfwy safety into ourselves." good public relations for your firm. Apropos la this atomic age--as these days of the of the entire subject of costs, I should like H-bomb, it la refneaJriag to rsaUie that to refer you to my earlier statement that there are also const*active factors at work lack of safety will cost almost a billion --forces which have as their aim the pres dollars this year, sad, then, X should like ervation rather than the destruction of Gfe you to make your own determinatjon. It may weU be that safety, as as integral part of your public relations, does not cost you anything; rather it will be found that safety, in being good public relations, will and limb. The practice of safety, based on Christian principles, U oar obligation. and do one has yet established tint sneb practice U not good public relations pot good busiara. pay you. Job Placement Physical Examination* (A Pmd IHoctomnn) 'Lscusxion Leader: }. A. De Lucca, Jg, Division SiqmodTrtVir. Construction Division, E. I, du Font de Nemours 1c Co, Wilmington. DcL Participants: S. K. Eastwood, Representative at Otnx of Vice-President, Erecting Dept. American Bridge Co, Pittsburgh, Fa. Da. Hauls L Utm, Medical Director. Illinois Bell Telephone Ccx. Chicago. R, E. ifcFAXLAJrtt Secretary-Treasurer, Construction and General Labomf Union, Local 341, Anchorage, Alaska, Allot Bouxt, BaBcj and Andrews, CM- cage. Moots E. DeWnr, Porter DeWht Cm- ttmtiios Cs, Poplar Bfoff. Ua Jamb D. Hoac, Safety fglui. ASl_. Energy Omanitriflg. Albxqcerqae, K. \L Cbaxutax De Lucca: TW benefits of ernnw phys Job Placement Physical Examinations (A Pend Discussion) ical fitness for the job are well known. Bat the system U also subject to certain abuses. The various aspects of the subject will be presented by the sue members of our pane!. Da Vtvn: I was not aware that this wfejeet was coatrovexriaL As a doctor, I fed that these examinations arc essential We have natty people in hazardous jobs and they nest be able to work without ranting injury to themselves or others. Doctors axe between workers aad man>|tnxitL The worker U entitled to work at jobs for which be is physically able. Man agement is in business to malm mooey and is cotitled ta know what at is getting when a man is hired. The worker most also be protected against employment on job* which might-aggravate bis disability or subject him to increased accident risk. Greater emphatis should be placed on the worker's abilities thaa on his disabilities. We should stress the positive rather thaa the negative. Wc must match the demands of the job with the iadivithaTs capacities. The pity* ridaa roust know both the man aad the job" 'the iodmtrial environment and its haz ards. tn combang the job applicant, the phy sician must catenate: What cm the employee do? How much ran beds k? How long aa he do it? Is the worker to be hired for topniy or pcrmMwnt. regubx or tamtkst work? For a lifetime job requirements wiS Mw raBy be mere nrmiug. Ul UcFjulos: Spmkaeg as a rtpremothv of organised labor. 1 am in favor ty members are ast We not them. Tbeyhnt seen the blackball mod too efim HfiiiujUnligi are puxtxabsty Hetty o occor ms cotmetioa job*. Ota de mroductiau of tiqdal * j as am adkx. and labor dxwt She e la dm tan of khor are a . M been injured in Mat______ They are --wrAodj's pecihlaw bat i Organized labor's, aadentry's, society's? They are everybody's, and employers should be ta thdr pitching with organized labor to see they are taka care of. Mi Dz Witt: Before a construction job is finished, the oca have actually had physi cal examination*. They have shown whether they axe fit or unfit, and it ts much better to find it out before they start on the job. Physical condition is important in all pro duction work and physical check-ups are of value to enptoyee and his family, to the employer and to society. Not all of the opposition to physical ex aminations coencs from organized labor. Many employers are oot ta favor of them. Ckaouah Ds Luca: Labor will not be better informed until management lets them in on its plaa* and proves its sincerity. Ml Buuxr: I am heartily tn favor of physical rvainitiations since our insurance rates are based on accident experience and any improvement reduces cots. However, physical examinations are not the way to judge employees. Among our bricklayers, for example, arc many who have been with the company for many years. They are getting on m years. They are good workers, but according to medical standards they are poor risks. What sitall we do with them? Wc have a local welfare fund in addition to compensation uimrance. Contractors should get together with unions to support pre-employment examinations. Ml Dx Luca: Let no ooe believe that management wants examinations to keep men from work. They are merely to exdeck the dangerous ones. Screening is for placement, not rvchmoet Other agencies ran and should be used for screening--the personnel deportment, the gang foreman all have a port in flaring. The proem doesn't tad with the doctor. Ml Eastwood: My interest in examina tion* is increased by my bittiness steel erec tion. It is far down the list among hazardon* industries. While progress has been tmrir thniug the put ta years, die severity rase as stag high. When physical mmrmfront were mtroteed, non of the meet were willing. Reitntty the trend has boa the other way. Now abac half he men take essinnations. 10 Construction Industry Generally, It is the physically fit men who want to erect steel; (ejections have averaged only about 1 per cent. Physical defects do not necessarily cause accidents. Fit men take chancel. Eastwood: We fand seme experience when starting a project employing 600 to 1,000 structural steel workers. At first the unions were witting to go along with the program: then they changed their panda. They charged dismminiboa, clafantog that When defects exist, recovery tram injury, we wanted to bring to etr own men instead is often slower and many a man is unable at onptoyiag load workers. Rules should be to return to his trade. Frequently it is the established to prevent dbcrimtoatioo and wc men who won't take examinations who prove hope to get everybody to play fair. to be unfit. An example of the results of tack of Give the mu a chance to correct his do- examinations--one man with a doable her* fects and qualify for the job. It a man rdi was employed At handling auieriaL H* knows defects he can often "favor* hire* was struck by a timber and his intestines self and avoid accidents and unnecessary were wotewd between the trass and pelvis. strain. It permits Supervisors to put men in Peritonitis developed and he's gone less hazardous positions. Question; To what extent ape psychologic Examinations bring possibility of reduced cal tads used to detect neurotics sad other seventy and compensation through shortraed undesirables? disability, also avoids the phyriul aod men Da. Uxvq: A few companies employ psy. tal misery of the man who cannot return to cbologists, psychiatrists. However, I can his trade. Ul Hoag: I favor pre-employment exam, matrons for equipment operators, laborers m heavy work; and men working at elevated locations. Also Important is a program of education to make workers bettor informed speak only for the telephone industry, Tbe staff of oar employment department has been trained ia tbe technique of interviewing and stady of historic* of applicant* to detea psydboeomatks. Questionnaires am often reveal bacltgTOant.lt and attitudes. about physical examinations. Question; What attanpts have been made to sell examinations to the workers? Ua De Loca: X would not wane to be reipnwftle for blocking progress, as a rep resentative of either maragemrae or labor, Accident Prevention Mode Ea*y By HOWARD J. SCHUX*T5 Safety Director. Corps of KngxEMwrs, E C. Dint. Fansas City. Ha. Most safety engineers are coevtoeed Am there is no way to make accident prcvmtioo assy. Certainly, there ur good cause for this conviction on the part of the safety engi neer. Safety engineering is a comparatively new profession. Like all new profcssloas it has taken a pioneering spirit, a thick skto and, nearly if not in fact, a martyr-Uke devotion to the cause on the part of those; especially the old-timers who have amtrib* uted so much to it, I have bees in accident prevention work only a few years. 1 know from personal experience that the work today is trying* or to me a plain word, "rough"; k mom have bees muck worse in the mrifor deyr. I personally fed that we here sad tbe an* tira as a whole, owe a real debt of gnto fade ta the cJd-tkneri who pioneered nfu> engineering. They contributed mtoteotodh all of the basic standards for iwliist pervenrioe. This contribution was made m spite of the bcttttlemest and ri&cxdc and. to a great many instances at a sacrifice m monetary raeognltioo. I .would like to relate some of my per* social experience* and conceptions of safety engktceriag prior ta my catoeg the field. Accident Prevention U&e f=mry II l da net relate these things baranac I fed tint m IlMintrfini they are snpoetaat, bat rather that they arc perhaps typiol of that which k. going sn ia the mtods of far too many iwsiaformrd people. ukk vcwzungiy jogKV arguments against, or at least compromising as ade quate and effective accident prevention pro* gram, are entirely tmiotmd and even fool* X was esgaged to heavy construction and iah. Many woema to life have bees cagtowtog work ia various parts of tbe unde to spite of toe probabilities against country. At that time I thought toe safety them; many contractors have made a suc eragtoeer was jut another efficiency ex cess ` to spite of toeffidenaea. There arc pert. I thought that the safety ran, if be to my opinion some persons wbo are born had to be tolerated, should personally do lucky, as controversial as that statement afl the work involved; that he should be may be. However, tbe mas wbo plays tbe keg* is the ladgrovod and, certainly la a game to a maimer as ta make the proba poritka subonfioate to the test of toe force. bilities worit for him may be the last X worked a sheet time for a contractor. wumer--bto nevertheless the wtooer. I was coerrtoccd that be, toe contractor, Safety engineers are sometimes prone hsd ample peotoettou tsxier his jamranee aod, as a consequence did not need advice fnn the afdy people, I also was teeringed tost the contractor knew from part experience what Ids wwnraacc costs were to doubt thrir coovictioas when they en* canter oppoeftiae from someone possess ing x long and diversified experience rec ord. Remember; "good judgment" comes from experience, bat experiences comes from and that these were included to Ida bid; be cookto't lose, so why should we get ccdtel abod a few hazards as long as we net oar pf&grus schedules. X her "bad judgment"--how can one teU which of the cycles the individual is to ? Furthermore; very moch of that which we call experience consists of exposure only. Two people may worked at a coast*nctioa inspector sad drive from. Chicago to Kansu City--toe xriltat pcevmtioo aside from tbe bu- record would show identical experiraces. unuffirian aspect, accraed even sgtirr to However, cue saw only toe centerline of tbe me. I felt tost 1 was a coostradscn css, highway and possibly worried aboat the and as sack my doty mdoded cnly a con* problems be expected to racoonter upon ar err* with toe eesnplctcd structure; to as* rival at Ids drerimtioc. The other may uwe tout it was constructed strictly to have been mentally slot to the scenery; the acmrtoince with ton pta&a and jpeciSea- towns; farm lands; advertising; and, in general, be may have pondered over or fy,, I felt Sony for toe injured. X k sough (uric when someone gut reves; the word hide and all it was exactly bow I mentslly k- associated these things with his business and the economy: outlook. Have the experience* actoaDy been toe same? Tbe record would show then* so. ' t fur tojeriea. X reasoned that a u bnd ta work sod, on heavy uaatrac* fins Am hud always been and always -----" * cadmts. especially if you wanted . j toe job to a reasonable tone and at a uamslilt cost. E bad a number X good sound arguments, so I thought, l bode to my mtod that would really act toe safely ana bade on to bob. I toowfte "if these theorists know so marfi why area?* they to toe contracting busiaea*r By aarare we *"--an beings are biased; we are prejudiced; we are filled with Idio syncrasies; we lie to ourselves; aod we Be that we don't lie tn ourselves. Many of us fait into tbe category of knowing the price of everything and tbe value of Both* tog--ws anally find what wc want to find, wc may have a friend who we think is toe fioeat person to the world--be just doesn't have faults. But. if we happen to have a serious disagreement with him, isn't it sur- priatog bdw wc soddraSy find so many Fcriope these thoughts tout I have re- people wbo also have "foimd him out" ? kisd a bciag formerly harbored to my mind tee not actually typical. Perhaps I eras slower ta "catch go" than others. I wittolj hope that U toe case, but I doubt k. la any trmt, if we analyse Therefore, ta sake ****!*** prevention easy it Is accessary for tbe top man of toe firm to mentally grab bold of fahasd! sad ta coBsocsttouly vow toot be will malts aa bourne stady of the bmfacm of accident 12 Cetulntdion Industry prevention. He should ny to himself. To going to forget what 1 thought of some safety man and his silly act; I'm going to quit patting myself on the bode and saying I've dooe pretty well thus far in life; I'm going to take an honest and open-minded inventory of this accident prevention busi ness to determine whether or not I can increase the efficiency of my firm*" Now, when we do this we are fighting against natural human behavior. Man re mit* changes. You ask an individual why he does a job a certain way and he will1 often have but one reason snch u, '`well, we have always done it this way and it worked,'* The1 Model "T** worked didn't it? Whether you be foreman, superintendent, or owner of a construction firm, accident prevention on work under you will only he as effective as your conviction* as to the merits of aeddent prevention are profound. Some of us arc so unrealistic in our think ing that we can even put an accident pro gram on paper, then look out the window and say, "well that takes care of my acci dent prevention problems." I think money is wasted oo as accident prevention program unless the toy people actually get down to booest and realistic thinking about accident prevention. Setae construction firms get aa idea, here and there about accident prevention and they think "we ought to do something." Then, they search around and find a handy-man and call him their "safety engineer." .That takes care of thdr safety probkst The boss then can say over a few cock tails, "Yea sir, we believe m safety--why say, I've got a full-time safety esgtocer." He's fufi-tune except when he's going after the mail or driving over to deliver a mes sage to the superintendent; preparing in surance papers, or doing other menial or administrative tasks. I've talked with con tractors who tell me, "well sow every ooe of my mca are safety minded, we sore don't want accident*." It's like a nan say ing "my door Is always open to every man in my organization, I have tbse, to talk to them attytinse." But, let such a eas keep a record of the men who have come la to talk, and be will likety find he's kidding himself just as surety as be U if he thinks all of his employees are working voluntarily sod intelligently to prevent accidents, Mea do not come in to see the boss, the boss goes to the ns, Acofait prevention, that is adequate dfcfct and effective acci dent prevention, decs awe start with the men--it most Start wkh the boas. How cut a mas say that the mm in the organisation are alt safety winded when he hn&sdf ob viously does Dot bov what a safety pro gram should inirtoJe? Now, that statement may sound radical, but it's truer than meet of m Eke to admit As an example, we require our contractors to submit a safety' program covering Che wotic provided for under the contract prior to cocuaenanc the work. If yoa were to read some of these programs a* submitted, you would not doeht my statement, there are, of course, many esotmetors who are, doing a commendable job in acridmt pre vention. In one of oer districts the contractor sub mitted Us fawaBCe policy--be thought that was his safety program, fa rainy cues the programs submitted cantata efahoratiao on how many first-aid kits will be on haed; what arrangement bare been made to obtain ambulance services aod doctor aervkea, But nothing it said about isdoctrinttion of new employee*; jMfgiuutut of safety ropomiEG(ks; tofety meeting*; safety posters, etc. In other words, the petgisn* covers the treatment of the jajttrcd almost up to aad todadmg the disposal of the dead, but it falls to promt a workable pUa for the prevertko of accidents, & is very ofrvio-- that the firm that pre pare* and snbmtta such a program dec* mc knew what an acodmt ynvatka program consist* of. In some cues the transmittal letter wifl read. "There U tzansentted oat safety program winch hu been prepared by oer safety department" This, to me, aris es,tes two things--Abe so-called safety de partment does not know wbkt should fee included in a safety program and, the bet* doesn't know cither. Also, that the bee* has such a small astomrt of confidence i* HU safety department that be state* "pre pared by our mfety department," Then, if the program U as bad a* It might be, the bo can blame it oq his scapegoat. If he knew it was good, he'd take the credit for it Of course I mean this Utter staler*** jokingly, although' there say be s bit of truth ai it However, X again my with every otmee of sincerity I can muster, that the moot cwntral eloocnt to making aea- Accident Prevention Mode Easy 13 probkst He must learn what as accident proventicre program is, what It is worth to him bow far be should go in developing ttu program. An accident prevention ptograc to be anderstood requires study, and it reqaxres hoocsty la thinking and, of couru honesty m dunking means booest recordi to sappert bceeat ihinJdag, In the first place aa sedknt prevention (jatjgram u designed to keep something from happening If yew have s program socb as was issued for this Congress and the meetings axe suesatofaSty earned out, there ts no question bat datt the program was > tangible sac* cei^-tbe schedaki* were met. If yon set sat to dg a Adi, when it u completed yon can see you* acoompEsbmeat, An acridmt ncunin program is mreuld in tint atidi decs not happen. Ifs bard to sec profit in a sera. Seme fimn do not cooaider that they have bad an aeridcot if they cm keep it off the record, r if there {s no insranr.c efaim. The h of pcchobBit/ toQ* ns that there are aseny carij toodtat* on a job to every injury. If a am no* a suit in kU foot there u a good iaJBytinq that many coca for days Whmn'wsfcfag slowly and carefully to avoid al den b*3* boards ehtturi ahaot the jefc. tf a soass (ills over certain debris aof yimi feu ankle, bow nucfi loot toe have yen bad prior to tins injury a* a resale of men waSctag annul or cfn&btng over debris? tf a nnm nfftn an eye injury Ek m^ an emery wheel aad while not waring toggles, is ft logical to befievn that facfdaat, csonag to yoar attention became of the in jury. v* the first tune the wheel had bees "A by wpne not equipped with goggles -- it not logical to believe tot w*ty puts have been rnioed when the operator wkh sqnme eye* failed to see dearly the exteat of the grinding; was aot time wasted whoa opcraters diacontbnnd gifading to get wramnt else to dueontioue work to remove * speck from their tyes * When as old boom fifis, is it not fogies! I* brScvu that reliable and owpetem wockmm bare quit yoar Job because they were afraid to work ammd that shaky old beam? Wbes jots here bad a test time injury oo the job, const you sot in addition to ssor- ance-eost, count the time mm spent oo the job Is ouattosent or commotion after the acridmt while not producing and on your payroll; didn't somecoe have to leave his productive work oq your job to take the injured to the doctor; Is it not costly and burdensome to your organization to do the paper work required after an accident? If tbe conditions axe bnd, especially after aa accident occurs, good men may resign. The injured may bare been skilled and therefore you most train someone else. These are onty. a few of the fosses from accidents that scroethnes are cmlooked It requires thinking aad real stsdy to get down to the merits of aa effective accident prevention program. We often refer to "accident cost," but actaaOy aa aeddent it a loss. A cost is something received for a sum of money gKBcralty, while no one receive* anything from aa aerickst--it is as out and out Ices. Bear m utiad, and I'm sure it has bua said before by other speaker*, that accident* are only the cad product of bad owfitkm* all tbc way around. The accident m Itself easy timet t* relatively unimpor tant, the important ttmg being that which it reflected thereby. If the work Is done property and c&dectty, accident prevention will necessarily be takes care of. Con versely, if die aeodent rate is high, should not the top man begin to be ccoctnj about the om-all minigcwwnt of his work--his rareiey? If your supervisor fails to plan his work, acridine* are more Bkety to occur. If he fills to fbo his work the production will suffer. AH of tin tain study for apprecia tion aad, appreciation of what can he saved or canted from m adequate accident pnevot- tion program k required to fire the convic tion ea the put of die born to die point ncoesmry to --far acridcit ywntlon ssy. Renumber tins, if yoa have a safety nun ia year organisation, yon only have him brrasw be need* a job. Since he Deeds that job hr isnoot afford to buck die whole organization, jeopufa bis welfare; just a order to force safety onto yon, bis em ployer, or eoto ocher Sop mm of your firm. He can only rueounnmd to management-- t know some of yoa are tiUmg the workmes eatttM or fait tbe accident*, sot the top toea read tint 1 fare failed to include this group. That a exactly right, but why 14 Construction Industry IS pat mlve or* yout foot if youx bead it hurt Safety roust start at the top; it roust he fired with the action that it will sorely get ii the top man thoroughly accepts aad aderstands the true merits of saddest peeveatioa. After the top mas has convinced of the merits of accident prevention, be wzQ see to It that the supervisors on down the line give adequate thought to the problem with a minimum of guidance. Appreciation ot an accident prevention program, and t do not mean the usual nm of lip service, but a realistic and intelligent conviction shoot aeddent prevention, can be brought aboot only thnmgh real thinking on the part of the individual Most of us do not like to think. There* fore the hots, unless otherwise forced by Ids insurance losses, etc, must, as I've .stated before, voluntarily grab himself by the seat of the pants and force himself to think about aeddent prevention--to tears of the losses, hidden as many of them are, that he is suffering by the lack of aw adequate accident prevention program. Some of you may use the tens riacaHow to cove- all of this. 1 haven't used this terra a* to many think of cducatioe as something someone will give us--a piQ of wisdom. Knowledge is gained by gtudaaee.of course; but it must be accepted is the mad of the possessor. beard a very .prominent man a short tune ago state that you could sot convince anyone with facts. A few people in the audience were shocked by the state* meat became they failed So understand it Actually the philosophy is as old as time-- man only learns that which be mentally accepts. All of the foregoing in a nutshell simply means that the top man roust question his supervisors; his safety maa;.aad his book* keeper to obtain all the facts be can about his aeddent losses. Thai be must ponder over and carefully analyze these data in a cold, realistic manner. When the bon is fired with an honest conviction about acci dent losses, he wtU guide or fore* his otganiration into the same kind of thinking. A real coovert will not say, all of roy people are safety-minded. He will say, *Tns doing tins and that to keep my organisation on the beam the beat I can**--be wiQ offer something constructive. A man has sot given rooch thought,to accident prevention if be writes a program aod thinka that hb cndorscroott ts aU that is needed. Yon cau> not amply explain a safety regulation and think tint roes will follow it. la mmay iostaooes accident ptevonkw program* of firms are analogous to the father who bemoans that be gars bU sou everything aod the hoy just hasn't made good. He fikdy refess to bis money, but did be give has tame, personal guidance and QOMpaafoiBhip. The boa may speed his money ou accident prevention and many firms do just that--speed their money. But, If they want to make a solid investment of their mooey m accident prevention tbcy^mst give their tame toward it. Tbc roost waste- Ted ftnmn m the world is likely "Advertising pc 'here are mitBom wasted en wiser - tiring became tomtom? faHod ta pton--t pays only when properly handled If the bos* inspects a job with Ms nk; man, this inspection from fanly tiro m <h> logical import is worth roere dam a Inti ihus inspection* made by tiro mfety ro alone. Hiring a safety mgfritcr and tiding a safety program that be may deveisp is money wasted tea if yen lave the hero safety ai tiro anhy if jro, the bees, faS so give time and support So dr program. If tiro boos is commead iftm a badly constructed scaffold indicates tnffb constructed concrete form*, that bwd bwro> keeping on the job indkate* sloppy timhrog on the part of the supervisor, then and war aatil thee, wCB accident prevention he nmbe In eondaticn. X want to say again If a contractor stadtt his acpdeafc pectin* hr will eoBvmclagfy Inn that maMu* pit* vcstioci is simply doing the job ha the roror efficient rororoer. It takes an honest stod* but if be will make tiro effort it wfll *ti money. Xf toe' trotodar convince* brorodf profoundly that archfeat* arc mmol by bod inwrognmrr* throughout tiro Job which is the actxnl truth, be wiS be find with a conviction wheres* be wiS fire any nan h hi* orpontica who does net mle a sincere effort to rtintmle accidents. Ac* rident prevention can be Mode ouy if the boss sincerely wants it One Hundred Ways to Save a Buck By JOHN A. VOLPE President * Treasurer, Volpo Construction Co, Malden. lisa*. In roy ophicn, pcocariag and retaining Either curiosity or tiro desire to help the "iTOi ii hi and cwnyhte noopermiaci of top Cannes almost everyone m tiro immediate eamieacat b one of tiro non important virinhy of an accident to rash to the scow. lad yet perhaps tiro roost (ffffifnit phase of Almost no one goes bock to work until the ear over-all effort* m aeddmt prevention. isjored nan is carried off, or goes back to Top roswm limit mt be sold en the fact the job. When tiro spectators do go frock fiat a web-nronded Safely Program will to work, they may be so emotionally affected that they cazmot produce properly for some We jtotid appeal to the boos' sense of itir May and rcspoasfHBty to preserve to an fife. Each wriikrit cum* anguish and s^eriag aot miy to the injured, but to Ms faroffp a* wcL The boa should be made i aflospt tiro fact tost a good program wenld minmiuc this sofferiag. Although time. A meat survey by a large firm re vealed that from 20 to 30 minutes of pro ductive lime was lost with eras the slightest aeddent. These are some of the costs that go mmoticed and are trover found wjron the TM* profit is arrived at Cbaitnciion rates are based on the state day hpro a* a humarc problem. Its re* wide experience of all contractors. If all ft to romk a* far as the contractor is contractors improved their aeddent records, the over-all rats wocld go down state-wide. Ibis may an msurxaountabk job, bet war to th* side of look bow tiro sted erector* ia tiro midwest lowered tbtir wngancc rates what they in stituted an effective accident preveation am- si coati wMinj are srotihr. The pargn row nsUh. oUeh can he most easily con* ntol to tiro Mridsil contractor is tiro rase od roaan Itetsacat net be tons hi solan no be wo* or loot as a ad inamnne* costs, which are based inc* On a large job tiro difference in the os estimated payroll be* i M torn lilhr and the fourth bidder MMto-tih is the dffcmxe between par onro cnaffe amd a 27 per cent charge. Management most be convinced that to begat a program Is only half tiro job. Ad- mintjfcration of the program is vital if any progress is to be made. The program mast be followed Bp and progress checked re lentlessly m order that employees find no tMwif or loss of interest by manage matt Prepare an interesting tetter to be ghros to each new when he is hired so that he knows inmseffistdy that yoa have a defi nite safety program and are interested m hi* safety. Distribute ts each eaptoyne cm your proj Tro bone baord of tiro bidden or mti- harol ImSrect eeats tie-ia with the died joaaearoro casts. These taffiract costs smocmt to 3 to 4 times tit died costa. Tbaoe feid4ro mot* arc bmft op to a steggeriog mas tino^h loo* of production, time lapitd to reptoce personnel, ku of erpouiit equip* ect* a monthly letter ***i"g him of the [imff bog Bade to Aeodrat Prevention; Eat My lost time acridcats that have ocetsrcd and In general work to get Ins co operation with supervisor* so that they and all cuucannJ may enjoy a good record. Often a new job takes us into unfamiliar meat involved in so-called "minor accidents," location* where employees and conditions Iso* of supervisory time ta hmatigifo sect- most be taken at face value. Many of B* doc* and moke adjutaots, loss of em expownoed boteJEty from the people of ployee time and efficiency during and after various Sons and sections. We should never a serious aeddent and so on down s fang lose sight of the pobSc rriatiena^amgto and fiat. 16 Construe(ion Industry Ont Hundred Ways to Save a Buck 17 oi the regard we bold for the safety o go ahead and adopt safety programs, cither AH ef the awards are distributed at a others. This is probably the easiest method our ows or those of a servicing compam, iiirib* ftonir safety meeting to which all to win over public approval and acceptance. we must realize that a general program doe* the SHpcxaatxadcnts and foremen are in Every sort of device including pins, ffihlems, posters, signs, news pictures, etc-, shoald be utilized ia the publidriin of your safety efforts. In the case of a large project, act always conform easily to our partsaabr operations. For a successful job safety pro gram, you must "tailor if* so that it appbr. to the particular job under construction. road wish Ac "bees" malting the presenta tions, Whenever possible, this is publicized in Ac press. K po4 ipeifrrr or a film is shown at use a National Safety Council Jumbo Poster, Before actual operations are tcgisr. yoe* eth of Arse errings and a gnat deal of One of die first things seat to all of oar alety work should be assigned to cajahk good wH is tmh op among year supervisory projects, even before equipment is me*, is . pcsonaei. You must impress safety oa you hum. TV* pay* o& sot only safety-wise a National Safety Council Green Cross Flag, personnel from the very beginning of the A he good morale. In awarding pins or emblems for outstand ing safety records, avoid using the "Tin 1 Badge" variety. Spod some tune oa the design of these; gad, a little mooey, too. After all, if a man has turned ia as out job. Be sure to impress vpoa the employerthat safety is everyone's job and evujtme* responsibility oa the job. Encourage tber to lake suggestions awl to assume job safety as a personal problem. An important phase in making safe work ers is Ae indoctrination of new employees, puttoderiy m an industry that is almost n--*a*lj employing new personnel Each warn shenld he questioned as to hi previous standing money mving accident record for To avoid "post mortem^* and expemi\r aerie record arid wherever possible placed us, the feast wc owe h?ft if a pin he Ott delays, plan each operation before it sfcan* a un operation with which be Is familiar. feel proud to wear. and plan it safely. To orczcacae the tnt&wr He ahonfid be urtJe familiar with the gen Once again, join the various national trade organizations. Become associated with groups working for the same goal ia safety u yourselves. Compete ia the National that little can be done in accident yttventior oa the job, carry competition in acodera records between jobs. A weekly report, signed by your superm- eral safety policies sod the necessity for. feed benwhwrping oa the job. He should be named to report crca A* wnilltrt Sa lary immetfiattly for first aid treatment. Safety Contests which they hold for various fendenis, should be submitted to you. Thu He should be reminded that all oaafe types of contractors. They come up with need not be a lengthy report but should intad the area be is woritieg to, good ideas, which you can work Into your summarise just what fas been dooe sft>- etsch he aaoot personally comet, should own safety programs. wise ia all work classifications. The eorrent be tmortal to bis foreman so that tbqy can Have delievered to eseh of your employees a monthly booklet or magazine which fur ther emphasizes your safety program. We have The Soft Worker, a monthly booklet, published by the National Safety Cwnrit, delivered to each employee every month. When you suffer a serious accident on one of your jobs, don't hide it! Write it up in an impersonal and post it oa your jobs in order that your men can profit accident record for the week shoald also 1< included. All serious accidents oa the job should 1* investigated by the foreman involved and i report submitted by him. The report sheeW cover the cause of the accident, bow it oc curred and, most important what be has done to prevent a re-occurrence. Tour key personae! shoald be required tp set the example for the other employee* and be uxiuctaL He should be told of Ae firm's mrtidpntioa in prevention contests. FieoUy, the employee shoald he made to nafiae ttut he most ssame personal reWumiUlity for his owa safety and to bike pile in the safely record being established m the job. There are many insurance carriers who Wtnide facilities to contractors In eenoee- tien wkh Aear accident prevention work. by it and avoid a similar mishap. Point out expect the employee* to do likewise. Pro The 1--unnre carried should be asked for the causes and the means and ways of cor cure for each superintendent asd foreman a a qaxterfy acodent statement broken down recting such a situation. copy of the AGC Ummui of Accident Pre by jobs xri fornnen, listing all aorfefcwts Make it difficult for accidents to happen, but if they do occur, male* it difficult few them to go unnoticed. Play up every phase of your safety' program. Keep h before >our employees and the public When yottr accident ream! is good, publicize U and when it starts going badly, let your em ployees know it Strive to gain their co operation is bettering it Uott of US will prod our men when things aren't going well, but let's not forget to pat them on the back when things are looking op. It is esw^irial that we attempt not to so standardize our safety operations that they supposedly ran automatically. While wc can vention. Yon wiB find it a worthwhile in vestment. Set up a system of awards to hey person-. ad which is both financially profitable to the I individual but which also gives him a fecTmf 1 of satisfaction of winning something. AS of us like to be wingers and t( is no differ ent ia a safety easiest, Oa our average operations a contest u developed among the various trade group* on each project. The contest among these group* is instituted so that each month the foreman of the grade group that develop* (he best record is given aa award of f10.02 Thi*, of coarse, is open to each job. md inficaring At eompematioa. and medical ants. This would serve as a complete digest af the qnarteriy accident picture which could W reviewed by fnwngaaait ia a few amam aad clearly show where. additional afety effort was required.' A competent sales production representa tive u well as a safety engineer should eonact the chief otcntiit periodically is order &at he We kept tip to Aits is regard to hi* muraoce cents and needs. Each year these insnrtnce representatives -baold sit down wrth msaagemcot when Ae enr insaranee rates are promulgated. The neord for the past year shoald be reviewed and Ae causes few Ae present insurance charge or credit explained in detail. Is no better way could management be shown where their accident prevention efforts are Lacking or inadequate. The engineering department of Ae insur ance company shoald be utilized is an ad visory capacity in the formulatioQ ad- mtaistratioB of any safety program. Their experience A this field is wide asd varied and can help in eliminating or avoiding the common pitfalls and breakdowns of unsuc cessful program*. The carriers' safety engineers should in spect job* periodically according to the job's size. Is this way they can both check on physical condition of the job and also rate your jobs is comparison with the many ether jobs which they service. When particularly hazardous Or operations ant cacoontcred, the carrier's en gineering department will work with you to advise and suggest safety measure* to be taken to avoid serious mishap. In addition to having a wealth of safety material and information at their disposal, tbe insurance safety engineers can often give yon a "fresh" viewpoint on out-dated meth ods which yoa have been using for years. Their views are not clouded by too dose an association with your company. Although the msaraoee carrier has con siderable material and peesoaoel oa hind to aid yon a reducing accident costs, there often is some laxity ia forwarding this help to Ac camactor. To avoid such a sitoation the contractor shoald inform the carrier that he wishes to avail himself of ail the service that the earner has to offer, to help him in Ms efforts so acodent prevention. Many snaS accidents can become serious islets they receive proper attention. The maintenance of adequate first aid facilities is a oast on every job and tbe following points axe suggested: Although our efforts to prevent seadents shoald not slacken, recognition should be given to the necessity for immediate atten tion to injuries. When first aid facilities are readily availably there Is leas temptation to tell a man to go bock to work and let a wound go Mill quitting time. It shoald be impressed upon aB employees Am cuts aad pmaimes treated kmeeAately, are not as apt to become Infected. Construction Industry Out HmUred Ways to Samt a Busk It More sad acre coetneton are finding Adequate -training** signs, barricades and oat that where tbc sise of s job warrants . it, a certified first mid man can save much fences should be constructed to protect Um general public as well as the anwroos and time asd money. Your insurance carrier unavoidable "Sidewalk SuperIntendmtt.** Ia stands ready to help you establish adequate addition to the general public, there are alia first aid facilities. The carrier will set up the "small fry" to think of and an effort and supply your station and might also pro* should be made to rihaeote the ^attractive cure a qialified first aid attendant or nurse. It must be impressed upon employees to refrain from administering to the injured nuisances" on the job which bare earned serious kjnry and involved large settlements each year by contractor's camera. when they are not qualified. You eaa re In the case of large jobs, ecaadcr the ceive help from your local Red Cross Chap- huge of material and heavy equip- ter which has organized first aid instruction meat which vrifl be moved in and oat of classes. It would be worthwhile to scad your job site. Tina involves a tnfc prob some of your permanent employees to these lem which may teterfer* with or dterapt classes to have at least ooe certified first normal traffic sa the area. Caasideraticn aid man os each of yoor jobs. should be gives ta rooting vehicle* in and First aid supplies should be checked and maintained an each job whether there is a arotmd the job site and the pos*2de need for uniformed police In direct operation*. first aid aHgwfaT or not It Is too late Suae o! yon may not laaow that jwr to order supplies after an Injury- has oc coverage for property dmaage ad pobfic curred. Here again, both your carrier and `liability is rated by yonr experience fast as sate agasdes have prescribed regulations your compensation coverage The Utef the governing first aid facilities. job you do in property damage prevention, For the new job, the most important point the lower yonr coverage rate* will be. to be considered are the operations to be included in the job's progress. Check job plans for particularly hazardous operations, blasting, UBdcrpunucg, shoveling, etc, which may be Decenary. Try to ^ evaluate their effect ob surrounding or adjoining structure* or properties. year bid price to malm sure that you haven't omitted expensive precautionary methods which would be neesseary if haz ardous operations are presets* in A* sperifi' cation*. Don't put yourself in the poatica where kadeqmle or h*lf-mfe menmres wiS The job site itself cay present a potable source of propinty damage Iocs dpe to poor location ia reftrace to abutting or adjoining properties or structure*. Sods locations may require the contractor to wotk "dose quarters.** Exposures may be bidden as well as visible hi the fona of utility and service tn cutting through the site. The ace of reinforced concrete requires great amotats of wooden forms, pwtt, tuxing and tarpaulins and other luiitmiMc materials, all of which create a potential fire hazard. During winter months there is the added exposure of salamanders and stores, both m your shanties and those of mhccwlrector*. Close supervision of tbo* conditions, is necessary to avoid the begin* nmg of an expensive job fire. In addition, Housekeeping wiH do i clean-up wifi paavy remit n your kmrwlag where every tekk of lender t* on your job hte. Good housthteping wiH ted ludf to smooth low of material from one sect** o< the job to another. A ctea job team m room for --material to be buried it 4s which then requires twice u many laborer^-to salvage H, If a (pride housekeeping surrey of yxm job is --drily, it Is almost uribeSmik hovir umiy other con huodi can be noted. Ot particular icb a Tabor looms noted the followaag morfftiocs in jmt 15 moata while hmectmg for Umj.Wrt*n<; meat- construction job fires often go unchecked because water Hoes are not carried up with vtroctBXO and are inadequate as no alarm system ia ia use. Every p--caution should be takim to pro tect the safety and property of the public. atorage of cement; fuel dntjeateg e itwawKw Any one of these conditions cost* have developed into a loos far greater tb* the mtezy of the foresmn for one <^*rwr of an tear. . Yon nmst unudtf tin* a dean-op crew (n't pocribljr take care of aB the boose- ks^mg. It's op tn each ana on the job to do te start, every henr of every daft While safety tctiagr ate accessary there is another type sf meeting which is ex tremely effective oa the job. They are called "Tool Boa?* soarings and are sanity mBcd by the focenma for Ida gang for a few statutes when &e day*% work begin* He can spend five or tm mhartra with lea ftsup ia the merusag MgfcS|tn`g par- ocular harard ft* be maxmftcred (hiring the day of some general hazard of the job. This type or meeting can be held oace a week ia addition to the regular monthly matting. The few ainotu pay* great ffvidends in accdcot Furutio* It I* gwismBy tewa that the greater 'percentage of arikati are ~ymrd through waft act* of map!nj m rather * amafe ctmfitvrrw. This allows ta to eoocatnte or efforts etert they are nrrihd nr em ployees ! Aeddcat prevention, for the most pert revolve* anal a prrmmwl problem and it hemmes the rcspootiHlity of the Yoroncn ta bdp overcame U. Foremen are more doady associated with oeaployec* than anyone the aad are m a better poertiaa to know them and deal with dm Furuaui should be impressed with this rrvponnVbtj and step* taka to help than to help their gag wotk safety, la tfda atXB we end to ad foreman oaothty, ene of a -- of 12 pamphlets mritted Safety im J^ismaouty. These poafblttt which me published by the National Safety Crmv it ftopthr with a letter on ofcry are malted in the foremen at their home*. nuateDance of equipam and onrhinrry *3 be mud on the job mm be dtemand with the foepmna and all nfoemntien famed along by thgr Tbc haz ard* involved k the me and ptuuia of the varions pieces of aqidpunt should be made tema to aB personnel and appropriate signs footed tu warn ot partimfir dangers. Fm fteyecs should be teotmeted k the me of my new or --imil gpdpmcut or tori* be fore they are allowed tn operate than. While it would appear thst excavitioa derations arc wcD regulated, and the dangers kown. stiB, each jear an aenecessaty ntsnkr of fatalities oecnr k ranaeirtion with eacavation rpritwa. The rules for shock* and the stay-bearing of nnttaMc material should be enforced and no deviation allowed. Adequate barricading and fighting be maintained for the preecetion ot the public as well as the mspSoyecs. Concreting operations require j**----*-g to Insure smooth progress as wcO as safe com pletion. Flan rooting of lay-out of nos, operation of bucket and desap, set-up and moving of ebstes and inspection of forms whale pom- is being Ccmsdera- tioo of concreting operations from a safety angle may save a man his life or save a form from letting go, KIti--p sitmtico would obliterate any saving k the per yard cost of pouring concrete which might be by substituting speed for safety. Strange as it stems, carpenters more often than aot; k butkjteg staging* for their own wotlq are no* as earefid as the average conUnxttei meployee when be builds a for others to use. Cocttaaol en stagings, particukriy those ersclnd on filled grand, is necessary fto avoid serious fall*. Frunuif operations when ad an be performed both safety and efficiently. Setting up a mill is an operation which requires good phoning by experienced perunwL Masonry operations present huartis which eaa be overrome by proper supervision. In sist on the nse of gogglo k the cutting of tile and blocks with nnnii> saws. See that die area under the person operating the saw ts clean and dry. Watch the overloading of stagings. See that ladders are well made and property fastened. Encourage a weekly j--xuirfim of your project by a three-man tespectfam party. Uy firm requires a weekly report from <nch a team signed by the snperisSendeed. The fttam is node up of a uptwateht of the super visory force and two mechanics or one mechanic and one hban1. The peraouml of the inspection tom is changed each week, and the men are rapnxed tn sign a report indicating the fanaards fool together with any constructive arititiam they ten ta offer. These reports are reviewed at the main office and aB wgirreumhuu adiiaud of pertruest entnmental *q the ad dot aS hazards are rmoved iaoofar a* poawblr. In snmaiy, paddbin yonr safety pmgram so that it reaches both yonr key peri 9000*!, yonr employees and tbc pdtic; da- 20 CofUfrocfien Industry veiop a safety program tailored to each job; create an incentive arooeg your key personttd by providing cash award* on a cocspcti* tive basis; be certain that new employees particularly, are .well indoctrinated is their duties; enlist the support and cooperation of your insurance earner, they can be of great help---use them; maintain adequate first aid facilities, they will save time, money and pain; remember that the safety of the public nd property damage prevention are import ant adjuncts ot a jewilri program; pro mote good housekeeping, not once a month or oooe a week; bet every day by every workman; see that your foreman and em ployees carry out safety m the actual job operations not spasmodically, but day m and *iay out; aad finally see to it that the "be**" maintains an active interest in the safety program. Be sure that hr personally mmSca, the safety awards sod is cognisant of the savings be is effecting. Offiacm of the CONSTRUCTION SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 Honorary Life Member--SAMUEL R. BISHOP. New York, N. Y. General Chairman--H, W, RICHARDSON. Construction Methods sad Ei*promt, New York. N. Y. Hire Chairman--GEORGE- A. BENISK, Associated General Contractors of America, Milwaukee, Wt*. Sc'crefery--MISS OLIVE E. POTTER. Contractors and Engineers Monthly, New York. N. Y. Eiigiitcermp (ToMmifft*--F. H, MACK1E (Chairman). Constmetion Division. Engineering Depot meat, E, L da Pent de Nemours and Co, WHauagtcn, Del.; JOSEPH A. DeLUCA, ELdu Foot de Nemours and Company. Wilmington. Del; JOHN DIGUES. Safety Director, Department of Subways and Superhighways, Qty ot Chicago, Chicago, lit.; VIRGIL E. GUNLOCK, CooxoUtion of Subways and Superhighway*, City of Chicago, Chicago, HI.; RAY H. HAHN. Allegheny Asphalt and Paving Company, Inc, Pittsburgh, Fa.; DANIEL HAYES. Atomic Energy Commmien, Washington. D. C; O. LUPINSKt. Lupinsla, Toe, Milwaukee, WIs.; HAROLD E. SNEED. DeWalt. loc, Lancaster. Pa. Sfemberskift Committee--ROBERT L. MOORE (Chairman), I.iwibcraea'a Mutual Cas ualty Company, Chicago, Ul; H. 8. ALEXANDER, H. B. Alexander and Sen. Isc., Harrisburg, Pi; C. 8, BRONSON, National Constructors Aoeiaticn, New York. N. Y.; GEORGE COMBS, Michigan Chapter. Associated General Contractors ot America, Lansing. Mich.; ROBERT M. EVENDEN, Safety Director, Gpy F, Allan- Canpany, South San Franchco, Calif.; FRED A. HORNSBY. Mine Safety Applanets Comfmny, Pittsburgh, Pa.; CLEMENT j. LUEPKE, T, H. Martin aad Company, St. Loui*. Ua: JAMES M. SPROUSE. Antedated Genera] Contractors oi America. Washington, D. C- Program Committee--JEROME J. WILLIAMS (Chaims), Director of Safety, Morrison-Knudscn Ccx, Boise. -Ida,; R. J. HENDERSHGTT (Assistant Qairraaa), .Associated General' Contractors of Minnesota, Minneapolis, UIm.; C U. CAHILL, Massmaji Construction C&, Kansas City. Ua,; KENNETH P. COUGHLIN. Kansas City Bridge Co, Kansas Gty. Mo.; DALE MEDSHER, Area Sept, National Surety Corp.. Atlanta, G*.; W. T, ROGERS, Ebuco Services Inc, New York; N. Y. Publicity Committee--FRED A. HORNSBY (Chairman), Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh, Pa.; HAROLD J, McfCEEVER, Roads and Strecta Chicago, llLp j. GEORGE ROBINSON, Associated General Contractors of Missouri, Jefferson Gty. Ma; VINCENT & SMITH, Engineering Newe-Rtcori, UcGrgw-Hifi Publish!** Cd, Washington, D. C; WILLIAM E. WOODRUFF. The Centtnutor, Associated General Contractors of America, Washington, D. C Newt Letter Editor--JAMES A. SHAW, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Chicago, Id Federal G\ f Defense' Admirujtratioo, Washington, D. C; GERARD O. GRIFFIN, Drvre Cerp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; OTTO S. HOLMSKOG, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Waasan, WU.; HARRY J. KIRK, Aasoctated General Coatraaors of America, Washington, D. C; RAY J. REIGELUTH, New Hava Trap Rock Gx, N Haven, Coen.; H- S. BENTON, Warren F. Bellows Construction Corjx, Houston, Texas; C. H. BLACK, Stone and Webster Engineering Corp^ Boston, Mass.; LEE DEARDORF, W. L. Johnson Construction Gx, Hickxvillc, Ohio; ROBERT HAL BERT, Liberty Mutual Insurance Ox, Chicago, 111; ROBERT L JENKINS, Often of the Chief of Engineers, Department ot the Army, Washington, D, C-; N. B. O'CONNELL, Tamer Construction Company, Boston, Mass.; H. A RaDZIKOWSKL Dspartrutat of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. G; JOHN A. VOLPE, Volga Construction Col, Malden, Mass.; S. D. WEBB, Drevo Corp, Pxttsborgh. Pa.; DWIGHT WINKELMAN, D. W. Wmketmaa Ctx, Inc;, Syracuse. N. Y. Engineering Societies and National AssociaEon Representatives--(American Association of tate Highway Officials) W. G. PRUETT, EMrector, Alabama State Highway Department. Montgomery, Ala.; (Americaa Institute of Architects) CHARLES S. HAINES, Tarrytown, N. V.; (American Society of Civil Engineers) ALFRED T. GLASSETT, W. J. Barney Corp, New York, N, Y.; (Americas Society of Mechanical Engineers) J. L BANASH. West Los Angeles, Calif.; (Power Crane and Shovel Association and Miser Manufacturers bureau) E. H. LICHTENBERG, Kochring Comjwny, Milwaukee; Wts. Stag Rr/rrrexta/nW'-HOWARD H. WARZYN, National Safety Cotmtil, Chicago^ BL Other Volume* Mu this Series Users of this volume will find much value in its companion volumes Here is tbe list; title volume n*. General Session* and Detailed Index to all Volumes............................................. 1 Aeronautical Industries .............................................................................. ...................... A>r Transport Industry........................... 2 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries...................... ...................... 4 Cement and Quarry Industries.................................................. ..................................... . a Chemical Industries .................................................. 6 Coal Mining Industry........................................................................... . 7 ConstrucOoo Industry ........ ................................................................. . Electrical Equipment Industry................................. S 9 Farm Safety ........... 10 Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Meetings.)............ 11 Glass and Ceramics Industry......................... ....................................................... 12 Home Safety ..................................... ............................................... .,J3 Industrial Nursing ..................................... 14 Industrial Subject Seiiricw (Sponsored by AS5E)................................... 15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section).............................................. Meat Packing, Tanning wd Leather Industries................................................. . 16 17 Metal* Industry........ .................................................. It Mining Industry ..................................................................................................................... . 19 Motor Transportation Industry (Coomcfrial Vehicle Section)........................ 20 Petroleum Industry ........................... ....................................... . 21 Power Press and Forging Operation*................................. 22 Printing and Publishing Indithy......................................................................................... 23 Public Employment (Public Employees Safety Caeanttee?........................................... . 24 Public Utilities Industries.......................... .......................................................................... .. 25 Pulp and Paper Industry............................................................................ ...................... . 26 Railroad Industry .................................. ...................................................................... 2) Rubber Industry ............................................... School and College Safety.,......................................... .................................................. 28 29 Textile Industry ............... .......................................................... ................... ................. . 36 Traffic Safety ...................... 31 Transit Industry ................ Wood Products industries ...................................... ....................... 52 33 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Communication (Early Meraing Semin--)...... 31 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OP INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO USURERS VOLUME Iff eft** SIZE Back Less than 24 pages-- *029 24 to 48 pogev -IS 49 to 96 papa-- .49 Over 96 pages-- m Mia 99 ca)ut Etuh *023 J9 .40 A3 JWVW(4)iu Endk *012 ,23 JS M MOO ermart Each *027 21 .15 31 Complete set of Transactions (34 vole.)--|W0 (I to 9 t 5,70 (100 or mot* copies). NON-MEMBER prices arc dtAfe member prices, east ). 6R (V h 9f espies). | ilmu AUDtoUl NATIONAL SANITY COWCE NORTH UKMMJ 1951 Current Safety Topics in the ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY As pr*s**t*4l Is ffca ttirffi at ttos Electrical Byipwesf lictiw at Hm 19SI Watfsart Safety Coiyss Progress in Electric Safety................................ ............... 5 ij Scfcty M Pert of RTMA Program....................................... 10 Uniform Acceptance of NeffonjJly ftoeofnfaMl Stanctarrfi 14 VoIm* 9 TraiMeHrai 3M NoHoaoi Safety Coqnii national safett council OS H. Jvm, . ctfeag. ||. w. Tfeta If afcQr Is Co keep pso with today's rapidly uKaadne tedsnlofp, we crest continually have *^new ideas." Each year, at the National Safety Congress, the ideas and experiences of many of the nation's top safety men are presented in the various sessions. Ifaay of these ideas, devices aad methods, first presented at a Congress vrttion, later become generally accepted witbxn their la order to present tins information cocvenidtfy and at smaS the Congress Traasacticrn are published a tofames, one for rack Section or Divined, aloof with a General Sessions aad Detailed Index to all volumes. The M vohxacs of the 1951 Congress Trans actions are listed oo the last page of das volume. Safety directors crerywherc have fomsd the Ceocros Tnoadien a useful aid ia their accident pcemitioc progr--ai la sitiiliy, for example; their jedkioBS JhtiSolicB to hey |*` * la msnagucaaat and supervision has proved to be of arralnhle service. la preparing these Transactions, die procsedags of the Congress hare been condensed and edited for reference puspuses. Cenfhte onpnl manuscripts, with any (harts or illustrations winch woe nd, are available la National Safety Cotsk.il files. Views -f--s at the Cecgress or b das record are those of the Congress participants end are not iwnroSy those of die National Safety r*----<*fl TIE ELECTtlCJUL EQUPMEIT SECT10I This voltnae is a record of the sessions bdd at the 1951 National Safety CeegreM by the Electrical Equipment -Section. The conduct of three Congress Msoiom each year Is only *ww of tbc marry co operative activities which the Electrical Equipment Section carries oo ia behalf of its members, and few the benefit of accident prevention work a electrical equipment operations generally. The Section gives gukbnce as the preparation of a great variety of technical aad educational material useful ia the day-to-day safety programs of plants manufacturing electrical equipment. The activities of the Section are malar the direction of its Executive Committee, Ac members of which are listed at the close of this vohaae. 5 Progress in Electric Safety By CHAS. L. SMITH Electrical Field Eaghaeer, National Fire Protection Amo. Initially, the practical utilisation of elec tricity was aa idem la the minds of dream* trs. la the laboratory it had bem demonsbated that electricity could be produced sad made to perform certain functions, but it required tremendous faith on the part of the early experimenters to proceed with their work in the belief that eketridty meld eventually take its pbce is the field of competitive business. At the time the Pearl Street Station was pkcod in. commercial operation, gas tightiaf was cOcadored the ultimate la racitftm Slanuaetiou, steam provided the motive force for the factories, mad human tabor performed all of the many tasks oddest to the nahstemnee aad operation of die Amer ican home. The growth of the electrical Mastry since that early day is a tribute sot only to the faith of those early expertBaiters, bat also to the tremendous amount of hard work and somd judgment that has Bade electric service aa accepted fact is eor modem cririGatioa Since eketridty is m form of energy, tt was tmmrilialeJy apparent that it must be utilised with caubou, but in this respect, it was sot particularly different from other forms of eaergy then being utilised. The immediate question was, "What special cau tion must be observed aj the use of this tnergy fona because of its inherent char acteristics.*' There is no art that has developed so fast as the art of things electrical. Things that are new today are old tomorrow, and Tear after year has brought us uses for this form of energy that were undreamed of the years before. Side by side with this rapid growth has eocoe a steady development of those more or leas simple requirements la the use of electricity which bos guaranteed that safety to life and property which is an essential to the development of any great industry; sod it may be fairly said that part of the tremeadoas development la the sleetrkil field has been due to the safety pnmitioae with which this development has baa snr- roesded. From those years when electricity first came into commercial use there have eomc down to us standards designed to point out the way wherein to make the employment of this form of energy quite safe; The National Electrical Code One of the most widely known national standards and certainly the most widely used by the communities throughout the United States is the Nation! Electrical Code. It is a collection of rules and regulations governing the installation and to a certain extent, the use of electrical equipment. Its purpose is to reduce the haxard of electrical fires and electrical accidents and it docs this by specifying the exact manner in which electrical materials, devices, fittings and appliances shall be both originally in stalled and later maintained. A strict com pliance with the requirements of the Na tional Electrical Code will produce aa elec trical installation which may be deemed reasonably safe from electrical fires or ac cidents at the time of its installation and which, with proper maintenance, should re main ta a safe condition over a period of years. History of the National Electrical Code The supervision of electrical installations through a code goes back to October, 1881 when a standard for electrical light wires, lamps, etc, was issued by the New York Board of Fire Underwriters. Later, a joint committee of varied inter ests adopted a code of rules and in 1885, this code of rules was given the name of the National Electrical Code. The preparation of the National Elec trical Code is oow under the supervision of the National Fire Protection Association. The electrical section of NFPA which has at present recorded some 400 members, mwh annually to proposed revisions of the NEC which may be from anyone laving interest in electrical safety. The actual work of writing code revi sions is done by the committee called oa- 6 Electrical Equipment Industry tional electrical code committee ami fau as its steering committee a f,iTW group known as the correlating committee. The National Electrical Code Committee has a number of sub-commlttre* exiled code-making panels, 17 to be enrt. which have within their scope related articles of the code. These 17 code-malting panels have referred to them proposals for code changes and after completing their studies ot the proposals, report recommendations for code changes to the correlating commit tee which reviews and processes suds rec ommendation*. seeing that the? are reported to the electrical section and then to the general meeting of the Natiocal Fire Pro tection Association and to the American Standards Association for subsequent ap The manufacturer wants to comtract his product so that It is safe to nsc aad man nfacturers of electrical equipment must con form to the code requirements ia the cow* structioo of their product, Uasmfachmxi also have a direct interest in the onifoos application of the oodc, as the construction of special apparatus' to comply with certain special rales la cortly and uneconomical. The manufacturer who con structs his equipment in faff CQBjpfxaooe with thi. NEC specification* is interested in seeing that only equipmeot which meets this standard is used. The electrical wfaekule-. jabber, aad dealer his an micro* in the NEC quite similar to time of the noahama1. The electrical contractor and trireme* proval The orderly procedure now provided for revisions of the National Electriml Code, provide for two types of amendments; 1. Called a tentative interim amendment which is intended to provide for sods must comply with the code and ies antforte application fa* aX contractors ahfcn and to all territories. The electrical utilities' interest in the code Sea in its kgal aad moral retpauslfnlity in the safe supply of Its current to urgent need of revision as ray be nrrimrj from tune to time. 2. A general revision, which way, at intervals of three to four years, be a com plete re-editing of the attire standard. The inspector* whose inffufliiEty it is yJmkiiiiif the dafiial cede in their xwsRxatie* has a real resporrwbtTity which Ces far beyond die simple admtatmreticB if a body of ffiscrau rales. It is their job I think you will perhaps understand the 0 protect the public Crows criJo inherent need for a constant provision for revisions 1 powerful cncjiy. energy wftiefr con SaS as the electrical industry is one bf the most md naira arad ben mad rfstijuy Sic and rapidly developing industries of our time property. Bet properly applied, it is safe It is not expected that the code is to be ware and capable of providing woeful regarded as a design specification or as a manual for untrained persons hoc is in of w. tended as a amtimon standard for the guid AS of the foregoiug gnmpo and often ance of electrical inspectors, contractor's, participate m the crutinml prodaction of journeymen, wiremen, manufacturers. utiS- sabnqsat wStkvrs of the code, AH con ties, insnraaec rating bureaus, and others tribute freely, time, money and the best interested in electrical safety. available expert advice te assure a belanc The prevention of electrical fires aod ac- of tepmreption ao required by the Aauridents is of importance from many mnil kan Standards Aimdiriai for approval el points. It is quite obvious that to the wo the code as an Americas Stesdard. of electricity the safety of electrical metallation is of prime importance. It U equally evident that electrical safety ia theaters, IndnotrUl Interret Uw9 of you have to do with Industrial stores, offices and factories and other Zoce- plants aod here the code has a further m tioos where persons stay gather or where fol field aside from its valoe as a fire and they are employed, is also of importance. life protectiee. The foreman of a phut nt Insurance companies were the find to de velop electrical codes mid are directly mterested from the standpoint of losses which may derelot* irom electrical fires or electri cal accidents. the am m charge of wrwNiaiy and equipmeat fas an obCgation to hrn miploytr xni to his fc&ow woriecis in mintlnfpg fell equipment In such a "wCiUi tbs* it w3 ewartwe in fraction w^rnt delays mi Progress i Electric Safety 7 shutdowns. la many plants the failure of a particular michine or group of machine*, or the failure of the tights which afford the necessary illumination for the operation of these machines may throw out of order the whole factory schedule, and generally such failure reflects upon the particular individual in charge. The NEC^ m addition to -providing a alcgward against firm and owldewk, joddcutapy provides a protection against shut down* wd experience ta many industrial pUats has shown that a strict compliance with the code provisions both ta the orig inal installation and in the plant mamteimcr. tends te guarantee the continual operation of the plant The owner, he who must pay tfie bills fos* maintenance and upkeep, and also the bills Involved in shutdown* -and these bills sometimes represent more than the mere time lost--is directly concerned with a complane* with this code, for here also experi ence has dearly shown that an installation ia strict compliance with the code rules rep resent* an ecocKaolctl Installation, The industrial plant managers had to learn the valae of light la the matter of promotion. The 60-watt drop light shoutsg m the eyes of the man at a lathe, has been TTfilarui by general flfammatioo that not uiy increases the speed of production but makes for better and safer operation. Neither 1* the owner of a store cm the main street content with a few drop lights in his store aad hi* show window with these lights turned on toward evening or when rt became dark. This individual bow rweegaizet the value of tight in improving his sales. He now has a flood of Olamisatioa in use from the time his store opens to the meriting until it doses at eight. In the Home The electrical equipment of the ordinary home that was wired thirty ran ago would be considered primitive in the light of the present day needs. Thirty years ago the people bad sot learned to use elec tricity, aad even though they were willing to kara they were handicapped by the hdc of facilities sod the cost of bringing carres* to the equipment. To promotfe the demands of the eorrcnStumg public has presented a rfiwwt s*tatios. A* la any <*~er hoc of baseness the individual had to be acquainted with the possibilities in the electrical field. He has bad to be shows that electric light Is a safer method of illumination; that tight itself, by ifltmiaating the dark passageway and the stairs and comers of the house; would largely reduce the increased occur rence of household accidents. He has had to be shown the value of sight and die important position that tlltmunatioa occu pies ta the saving of eyes. He has had to be shows that the value and satisfaction that comes from reading and study, are iauBooely Increased by proper illumination. The public b much more aware of elec trical hazards today then ever before; ao doubt as a result of reading the almost daily press reports of electrocutions and costly explosions and fires attributed to electrical origin. Explosions and fires and electrocutions caused by electricity are commealy classified as originating from three sources of electricity, Lt, power circuits, static electricity, and lightning. With ref erence to press reports, it should be stated that rather a large number of calamities are attributed to electrical origin simply because of failure or incompetence to ascer tain the true cause. However, many of these disasters are due to electrical origin. Cause* of Flru rad Accidents What causes electrical fires and accidents ia our homes and la oar factories? While many of these fires and accidents are due to causes beyond our control, many of there are due to failure to comply with those reasonable rales and regulations de signed" to guarantee our safety, and many of them are caused by neglect or often the wilful violation of these provisions. .Anyone who has had the responsibility for, or the supervision of, any extensive electrical equipment can recall and point out tossy instances where through careless ness, or through failure to comply with standard rules, fires or accidents have occurred. We team by experience and, ta dealing with electricity, each fire and accident las its lessen. As experience Is the best teacher, there eaa be conveyed to your nunda in no clearer manner probably the necessity for care, than by describing acme of the results In the progress of electrical safety. It Heat to be pvt of human nature to Electrical industry picture tubes, the RTUA became concerned with the hazards arising from the im proper handling of such tubes. As can be readily appreciated, as evacuated glass bulb of the sizes used has a tremendous atmos pheric pressure on the external surface. While adherence to the U.L. requirement* for television receiving appliances gives protection to the user of the receiver in the normal operation in the rare cases of implosion of the picture tube in the receiver, it was Me that the real hazard existed when the tube was improperly handled out side of the set It was also felt that both tube and re ceiver manufacturers could benefit by spe cific recommendations on the handling of picture tubes in their plants. __ Accordingly, a committee, under the chairmanship of Mr. R. . Carlson, was established to study the problems and prepare appropriate in formation directed at four groups. These groups were; 1. Television set owners 2. Television dealers and servicemen 3. Television receiver manufacturers 4. Picture tube manufacturers Obviously it was desirable to avoid "scare" stories particularly to the first two groups but necessary to give factual Infor mation to enable them to avoid accidents by taking tbe proper precautions. Four releases were prepared and distributed. The one entitled Safely for TV Qweurs con tains information of general interest and bears repeating here as follows: "The introduction of new mechanical services into tbe home is often accompanied by new potential hazards for the careless or negligent user. Bbt the hazard is In the im proper use; rather than tn tbe device itself. "The gas light of another generation was no more dangerous than aa oil lamfc>* un less the householder tried to blow out the flame instead of turning a valve. Tbe electric light and the many electrical appli ances which fallowed it, tbe householder soon learned, were harmless so tong as one didn't tamper with a live wire. "Television Is bringing a new electronic device into the home. Like the refrigerator or the oil burner, it functions best and with out danger to its owner so long as be doesn't tamper with some of tbe compo nents which are encased In a protect!re cabinet and behind a safety glass. "While rimifae to tbe radio receiver dm Isas become so commonplace in the Amen can home, the television set U considerably more complex and contains ooc element, la particular, which can become hazardous if improperly handled. This is tbe picture tube. "This picture tube Is harmless so long u it is left intact tn the receiver and mot tampered with, ft becomes hazardous whes removed from the set or when aa entrained person attempts to repair lus TV receiver Consequently, it Is always essential for a television receiver owner to call a compete* serviceman whenever trouble develops and never to attempt repairs or interior adjust' ments himself. . "The glass envelope of the picture tube contains a high vacuum; thus any actios which might break or crack this glass ac cidentally should be carefully avoided. "The Underwriters Laboratories have es tablished safety standards for tdevistae receivers and tbar label on the mstnxnou indicates compliance with those standards "Fire basic raka, if followed by the TV set owner, will insure his safety and that of his family. These rules are: 1. "Read carefully the manufacturer') manual of instructions for tbe set owner and carefully observe all precautions. 2= "Don't tinker with tbe inside equip ment of your set an case of trouble; call a reputable serviceman. 3. "Don't let members of the family how tnwi a Mrvkmaa when be works on your set, especially when a pic ture tube is exposed. 4. "Ask the serviceman immediately is put the used picture tube ia the protective container and to take tt away when he leaves. 5. "Don't try to dost o- lean the in terior of a television receiver. Tbe serv iceman should do this whenever be makes adjustments or repairs.** Tbe dmTrrr and scrriceam were advised as follows: "Servicemen who install or service television receivers have a great re sponsibility both tn the public and to tbe industry, as well as a personal interest ia seeing to it that no accident doc to care Safely as Pari of tha RTMA Program 13 lessness or negligence will occur to arouse fear of this new instrument of home entertainment. "The television receiver, largely because of the presence of the picture tube, con tains i*mm potential hazards that were not in tbe radio set. But these hazards .need one anyone apprehension providing a few simple precautionary rules are observed by the serviceman. The picture tube is not dangerous if properly handled. "There are two ways in which isjury cm occur if a picture tube is carelessly bandied either m a service shop or at a set owner's home. One is from the breakage of the picture tube possibly resulting in flying glass, and the other is from high voltage shock. Uost trained servicemen know how to guard against shocks, but the breakage of* picture tubes can result from csrelomu regardless of the serviceman's expertatee. "Any serviceman can be sure that he will neither injure himself nor cause injury to someone else by following a few simple afety rules. These are: !. "Don't expose picture tube until you arc ready to use it. 2. "Always wear goggles when han dling a naked tube. 3. "Keep people away at a safe dis tance when a picture tube is exposed. 4. "Place the used tube In the canon which contained the new tube and take if sway. 5. "Always keep tbe picture tube m the protective mutafawr whoever pos sible. Always place an exposed tube on some sort of clean soft padding wboi necessary to set it down. 6. "Don't leave any picture tubes lying around. There are two safe ways of dis posing used tubes: a. "Place the old tube ia a shipping carton properly scaled and thca drive a crowbar or similar sutrumest through tbe dosed top of tbe container. . b. "An alternative method in the dis posing of more than one tube, is to use a metal ash can with a plunger operated through tbe dosed top. 7. "Don't use regular picture tubes for disptay purposes. Make cootact with your supplier for special display tubes." For the receiver and tube manufacturers there were a number of specific and detailed precautions listed which do not need repe tition here. However, the statements oo basic safety organisation tn plant* introduc ing the releases give the general intent of the information. They are as fallows: A. "Operators and others who handle and operate tubes should be educated m safe procedures. They should be impressed with the danger of careless or unprotected operation. B. `"Techniques should be applied which reduce the handling of tubes to a minimum, but where tubes must be handled practical and safe procedures should be planned. C "Safely designed tube storage meth ods and storage areas should be developed for all sections needing them, even when storage Is temporary. D. "Each foreman should be held rigidly responsible for enforcing all safe practices involved la bis section." I have gone into this particular phase of our safety activities as an example of, our concern with safety programs and as indi cative of the methods we have used and will use again when occasion arises to promote safety at our sphere of activity. To summarize, we see that safety activity in the RTUA has developed and established a three point program namely: 1. Continuing work with the Underwrit ers Laboratories on their "requirements'* for both radio and television receivers. 2. Sponsoring special Investigations which promote safety knowledge. 3. Study of new hazards with release of appropriate information to avoid accidents. 14 dtectricai Equipment Industry Uniform Acceptance of Nationally Recognized Standards By UfflLIS 0. PRICE Mgr., Engineering *od Safety Regulation* Department, National Electrical ICanofactnrers Aikl, New York City Safety is the cooeero of all of us gath ered at this National Safety Congress Safety is the concern of all public minded citizen* Jt Is the concern of the govern mental and legislative authorities at alt levels, who are responsible for the promulga tion and administration of the laws, ordi nances and emulations affecting the welfare of the public. Utopia to alt of us would be die attain ment of absolute mfety--the effminattos of the pain, the sorrow and the suffering that inevitably result from accidents. But the attainment of this objective is as impossible as the attainment of absolute zero tempera ture. Admitting that absolute zero has per haps been approached more closely than absolute safety, a parallel may be drawn, based on practicability. The extremely low temperatures approaching absolute zero have been reached octfy at tremendous expense and under precisely controlled conditions. On the other hand, practical refrigeration for the preservation of foods aod for im proving the comfort and living of the public is available to almost everyone--at reason able cost To achieve the same relative approach to absolute safety, we would have to control all human and animal peformaaoe, emo tions, reactions, aod thinking. We would have to control nature and the dements. We would be faced with the construction and maintenance of the perfect mechanical machines; structures, devices, and material*. With our present understanding of life, cut ter and energy, these are impossible, re gardless of their desirability. What then, can we do practically? ,4s our scientists, engineers and production experts continue their slolls asd knowledge to make available to the public more and better refrigeratioa equipment, to guy we combine our knowledge and experience with that of other informed individuals and groups to provide as increased degree of reasonable safety to the public. The superintendent of one factory here Icarus, through study of an accident, of ait industrial procedure that U unsafe. A fire chief over there, after analysis of some fires investigated by hi* deportment, finds a way to remove a cause of conflagration, A scientist a laboratory soesc other place develops a way to make some material safer. The experience of each of these individ ual* is helpful, of course, but only ia a limited way. That factory superintendent, for uompte, may retire before the occur rence of another situation ia his particular plant that would require the knowledge he has gained, and the information may (fie with him, in spite of the fact that the knowl edge may be needed ia tbwmnds of other factories. Or, it may be that tbe solution he evolve* faffs to take not other tatter into consideration and doe* more harm than good, whereas someone rise has already teamed of tbe other matter and tbe two to gether could prodace the ideal Solution, It is thus easily demonstrated that real progress toward pwriratca safety depends on tbe proper plotting together of the knowl edge experience and intelligence of many people. This fact has boon recognised and, as a result, there have beca formed many com mittees of informed people working qq the development asd revision of safety stand* ards la numerous field*. As the work of such committees is reviewed through orderly procedures by bodies comprising those who would have knowledge of or particular in* tercst in the speriSe subject, the normals and standards produced arc refiner! aod be come nationally recognized so that they arc available for the use of alt. In order for practice* and fnstallatiom to follow such standards, it U frequently necessary that equipment be manufactured with special features so that It U capable of being installed or operated in accordance with the standards. It it, therefore, ml* oral that manufacturers depend on these Uniform Aceeftonee ef Nationally Kecogmetd Standards 15 staodards ia the establishment of mass pro* duction aod distribution. By incorporating the feature* requisite for compliance with such standards Into regular production mod els, tbe manufacturers are able to give tbe puttie the most for the least cost. Equally interested la *adi staodards are the various governmental bodies responsible for public safety, and It is only natural that marry of these standards are green legal force by bring enacted into law* and rditwuaoa us cameioo* state* and municipali ties. This scans tike *a outstanding opportu nity for tbe mtioca! standard* to be effectively. But what happens? The na tional standards are used by the local gov ernment, to be sure, but in same cases ooly as a'starting point--a stuping stone for die creation of a monument to local cmlivtcta. The local authorities take tbe standards as a basis for local regulations but start tink ering with them. The pet ideas asd private dislike for certain types of materials, on the pert of those In authority, are written in.' Pressure groups ef all kinds attempt to mould the regulations so ss to improve their positions, I-oral committees are set up and, although these frequently include profes sions! people; they generally do not have a specialized experience with safety matters and say he with the preparation of standards. The result Is that soch com mittees may. In good faith, tmttntltle the standards in the course of preparing local regulation*. At times, when ordnances arc written, portions of the standards are copied without any intent to claim the ;**y bat are given some presumably pertly editorial re- vinoo which Iradvtncstiy twists the entire Moreortf, wfaai one city adopts a sew safety ordinance, other jBrroaD&ng locali ties frequently follow suit, and any bad features are espied ahmg with the rest, thus multiplying the undesirable effect, Sometimes even typographical errors are thus copied. All these forca combine to upset the ef fect ocetasoptaled ia tbe preparation of the national standards. Eva it. by some hippy ' chance, a local, code different from the na tional standard wilt achieve equal safety, tbe simple fact ef sock difference defeats the economy and efficiency that are posable through the ate of a tingle universal stand ard.1 Special equipment manufactured to meet the requirements of a small part of the total market necessarily coats more, and in spection, test, and control are made more difficult. In many cam, there are side effects of special fool codes which actually increase hazard*. For instance, m tbe electrical field, restrictive local codes, by requiring the use of methods or materials more expensive than oeee*-"-y for safety, have frequently caused initial Imtallatkws to he pared to a aimmum with the remit that later addition* m tbe use of electricity are made by the em ployment of taps and lamp-cord, and other temporary wiring, with a consequent agioductioo of hazards. We must also be careful to ^stmgoUh between mmmnna standards of safety sod performance or adequacy standards. The lat ter have important usefulness in Industry or in relations between buyer and seller, but their provisions should not be confused with safety or be incorporated into laws hiving the purpose of protecting people and prop erty against hazards. It is necessary for the good of all concerned that safety laws permit a free choice of materials and meth ods. A safety standard for automobiles might appropriately provide for brakes, bat should certainly permit an absolutely free cheke of body styles. Even with respect to the brakes, a safety standard should not specify hydraobc, or mechanical, or air operation, bat should permit any other exist ing or yet-to*be developed type that will do the necessary joti. Let os take a moment to ask ourechres, what are we locking for; what is our goal in safety standardization?--absolute acre, to reseme my refrigeration analogy? No, Utopia is not here. Tbe absolutely safe autanobile would probably be one with the engine removed so it could not get into danger ce the highway, but any safety stand ard rqlaying autixnobiles to be so con structed would defeat its own purpose. It would cither be disregarded or would pre vent the employment of a useful tool of mankind. What we are after, and what we can at tain, i* rtasooable safety coupled with prac tical efficiency sad economy. This is a prac tical goal to wf<b we can aspire and to 16 Electrical Equipment Industry which most of the nationally tecogmzed safety standards are directed. My own principal interest in standardize, non lias been with respect to the electrical industry. We all kniw that, who it is not properly controlled, electricity can be come a terrible hazard. But it has been properly controlled, and it has become a dutiful and valuable servant of mankind, This success, has been due to the loot aid patient effort of all concerned to develop proper eodes and standards of construction, installation, and operation of power systems and equipment. Members of the committees which are responsible for all aoch code* give constant attention to the problems which arise in the effort to assure safety. The two principal codes in this field are the National Elec trical Code (ASA Standard Q), developed by the National Fire Protection Associa tion and dealing with installations in and around buildings, and the National Electrical Safety Code (ASA Standard C2), sponsored by the United Sates Bureau of Standards and dealing with power houses, substations. distribution tines, aad operation. It Is rig* mficant that these safety standards were the lint two electrical projects listed by ASA when it was organised, Fatfa bad been in existence loog before that time. la the preparation of these safety stand ards, the of the uamfsc- turers, of the electric utilities, of the elec* triad inspectors, of jMnruce troops, of contractors, of labor, of goverascztt, and of aQ other interested and concerned groups meet asd collaborate. Personal participation keepe these codes asd standard* alive and ta step with technological advances and cur rent good practice The largest contributing factor te the advaacesxst of safety U the otifora nse of such carefully prepared, nationally recog nized standards, and the latest revision* thereof, without modification, la order tint tius contribution may be enhanced, it Is necessary that all branches of industry and alt those uneerefy concerned with safety cooperate ta the effort to secure the tadform acceptance throughout the country of these safety standards. Officers of the ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1*51-52 C&mrmcM-^CLIFTON N. FOGG, Safety Engineer, Simplex Wire A CiUc Company, Cambridge, Mass. Vice-Chairman of Radio, Electronics Sr Lamp* Dxoinom J, J. LAWI^ER, Drv. Safety Engineer, Sylvama Electric Products Inc, Emporium, Pa. rke-Ckamnatt of Heavy Apparatus Lhvuion--fL CLARK WOODWARD, Director of Safety, A. O. Smith Corporatic*, Milwaukee, Wk. Vice-Chmrman of Appliance end Light Apparatus Dieiriow--FREDERIC T. CLARKE Supvr. of Employee Relation*. Allot! Resa PUstt, Omkal Mat. Dept, Gown! Electric Company, Schenectady, N.-Y. t'Ue-Chairman of Electrical Wire end Cable IHririnr-PETEK CONTARDO, Safety Director, John A. Roebling's Sons Company. Trtntoo. N. J. Secretary--J. M. TRANSTJE, Security Director, PhUco Corporation, Philadelphia, F*. News Letter Committee--R. V. MILLIGAN (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Wcsdngfaotse Electric Corporate*, Buffalo, N. Y.; EDWARD G. HOLTZMAN, Manager, Saferi & Medical Service, Wagner Electric Corporation. St Louis, Ma; STUART K. BEECHER, Ind. Relations Staff, Strccoberg-Carlton Company, Rochester, N. Y.; HAL SHANAFIELD, Managing Editor, Electrical Dealer Utfube, UL Research Sr Engineering Committer*--MYRON L. IflUfR {Qainaa), Smvr. oi Safety, Westxoghouse Electric Corporation. East Pittsburgh, Pa.; HAROLD D. LONG, Sales Engineer, Harvey Hobbell, Inc, Bridgeport, Coon.; E. B CURDTS. Asst Dir. of Engineering, James G. Biddle Company, FhQsdefpftia, Pa.; H. B. WHITAKER, Sr. Asst Elec. Eng., Underwriters Laboratories, Chicago, llL Membership Committee--JAMES A. WALDRON (Chaims), Safety Engineer, Packard Electric Div., General Motors Corporation. "Ctcb, Ohio; JAMES M. McGOUGH. Supvr. of Safety, Union Switch e Signal 0iv., ui Wotanghonac Air Brahe Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.; CLIFFORD E. ItAUSCH, Master Mcdamc-Safcty Director, Okie Lamp Works of General Electric Company, Warren, Ohio; & L BOIS, Safety DCrcetor. Anaconda Wire 9t Cable Company, Sycamore, IB. Program Committee--F, A. GASS (Qtaimaa), Supvr. of Safely, General Electric Com pany, Lynn, Mass.; ARTHUR J. MATHEWS, Safety Diractor. Sprague Electric Company, North Adams, Matt.; GEORGE KOCH, Safety Director, Western Electric Company. Kearny, N. J.; H. YOUNG, Safety Dirv Rene Cable Corpsntkfl, Rome N. Y. Accident Analysis Committee--C. F. 5CHLUETER (Qainu), AttC Grief Engineer, Employers Mutuals, Waosan, Wi*; MACK R. KRANTZ. Safely Director, Stewart- Warner Corporation, Chicago, UL; EARL E. GEBHART, Asa`t Safety Erector, Ftigidiirc Div., General Motors Corp^ Dayton, Ohio; MYHREN 1. GJERDE, Safety Engineer, Thomas A. Edison, Inc, Went Orange, N. J.; RUSSELL C. TIRRELL, THv. Safety Engineer, Sylvanla Electric Products, Inc, Salem, Mas. Tram** & Publications Committee--HAROLD C STANZLER (Chalrtnan), Personnel A Safety Director, Coltyer Insulated Wire Company, PawtucL<*t, R. L; EDWARD ' GRAHAM, Lt Col,, USAF, Hq, Airways and Air Communications Service, MATS, Andrews AP Base, Washington, D. C; OLIVER C BOLIEAU, Mgr, Safety, Health & Insuranee Section, Radio Cbcp. of America, RCA Victor Div., Camden, N. }; {. MILLER, Safety Supvr, ADU-Chalmers Company, Norwood, Ohio. Trade Associations Committee--JAMES A. EDMONDS (Chairman), Vtce-Prea, Daaiel Woodhead Company, Chicago, ILL; ALBERT A. RAPP, Supvr. of Safety, Westinghouse Electric Corp, Lamp Dhr. Bloomfield. N. J.i E. R. CORNISH, Erector, Re search 8c Education, National Electrical Contractor* Association. Washington, D. C; CHARLES MacDONALD, Employers Ruaiuiaacc Corporation, Chicago, ILL Special Representative--fi. W. GREENWOOD, Chief of Defense Coordination, Western Electric Company, Zoc, Chicago, 11L Councilors (Past Chairmen)-- E. K. TAYLOR, Safety Dir* Zenith Radio Corporation, Cfucago, ID,; H. B. DUFFUS, Mgr, Ace. Prc. Sendee; Wteringhonse Electric Corpo ration, Pittsburgh, Pa.; MICHAEL 7, B1ANCAROL Mgr. Health 8c Safety Dept, Atits*Cba&er* Mfg. Company, MtfrraokEe, Wit Stof Representative--GEORGE MacDONALD, National Safety CoaodL Chicago, IB. i:- Other Volumes in thin Series Users of tin* tnloae eiS fied moch value a iU companies vohaaea. Here u the Oct: TGInTeLnEi Sariom and Detailed Index to all VOLUME No. Volumes...................... .............*..................... 1 Aercmotkai Industries........... ............................ ............I............................* 2 Air Transport Industry .............................................................................................................. 3 Automotive and Mithke Shop Industries......................................... .............. 4 Cement and Quarry Industries....................... S Chemical Industries ............................................................................. 6 Coal Mining Industry ............. ......................................................... ................................ 7 Construction Industry ............................ .......................... .............................................. . S Electrical Equipment Industry................ ............................................................................. 9 Faro Safety............. ..................................................................................10 Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Meetings.)............... 11 Class and Ceramics Industry......................... ........................................................... 22 Home S.trty ........... .......................................*?..................................................... . U Industrial Nursing ................................................................................................... 14 Industrial Subject Stations (Sponsored by ASSE). - ......... .. 15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)................................... ..................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries........ ............................................... ............17 Metals Industry .................................. ...................................... ............................................... . 18 Mining Industry ....................................................................... ......................... . 19 Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)................................. . 20 Petroleum Industry ...............................................................................................................21 Power Press and Forging Operation*,,.,................. . 22 Printing and Publishing Industry................................................... ................. . 23 Public Employment (Public Employees Safety Committee)............................................ 24 j Public Utilities Industries...... ...................................................................................................25 | Pulp and Paper Industry................. ....................... ............................................................... . 26 < Railroad Industry .................................................................................................................... 27 Rubber Industry ................. ......................................... ................... .................................... 26 School and College Safety.............................................................. ............... .....................29 Textile Industry ................. ............................................ .................................................... 36 Traffic Safety ............................ ................................................ . 31 Transit Industry ............................................... 32 Wood Products Industries.......................................... .......................................................... . 33 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Cofsasmfcatico (Early Uoramg Seaside*) -- 34 PRICKS OP EXTRA CORIES OR INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS I VOLUME Ha9copier lOtaCOjnpie* ICOJi>999rapier JOOOartHon ) SIZE Zac* Less thaw 24 pages--- $029 24 to 48 page*-' JS 49 to 96 pages-- ,46 Sack $0-23 29 .40 Eaeh , $0.17 .23 -IS Over 96 pages-- ,69 ,63 Complete set of Transactions (34 voU.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 6J0 O0 to 99 copit*), I 5J0 (109 or more copies), I NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 13. 29 and 31. NATIONAL &AMTT COUNCIL 428 NORTH UlCHMAN AVI. CHICAGO 11, ILL. | 20 liflO-AJJ--WH? I X* 1951 Current Safety Topics in FARM SAFETY As yrtwifid tu Mm hm SMy InsIms $ tto 1951 Ntitml 5fe*y Ciaywi Farm Safely Opportunities of the Agricultural Collages, 5 Broadening the Interest In Farm Safety....................... 9 West Virginia 4-H Farm and Home Safety Ngen. 12 Iowa State Committee .................................. .. 14 Teamwork in Texas.............................. 14 Tim Use *f Color in Safety........................... , 17 Testing far Safety.. ................ .. 19 Safety ee tie American Fern..... 22 Tto CsabitelTaa of the HweimiW to fwmj IU VtlBM ID TraucHots 39M KjHomI Safety Ciyn x.n HATtOSAL S4FRT COUNCIL S ffo. IflcWfm few Ctfcw. >1. IS. i ; ...i' *> "Ttcw 'Idea*.... If safety is to keep pace with today's rapidly advandsf technology, wo must cootatuaJly lave "dow ideas." Vs**** year, at the National Safety Correas, the ideas and experiences of many of the aatkxs's top safety ram are presented at the various fjfiuicM. Uany pf these ideas, device* and methods, first presented at a Cuyiii wminnr bter become potnUy accepted within their fields. la order to praeet tbit infonrafloa cuarvaicatiy asd at small cost, the Coves Tnmetiaas are fMiileii is icdenei, pee for each Snriun or Dtririan. along rid a Goenl Scmions and Detailed ,, tnfaf to al vofams. The 34 rnfames of the 1951 Centres* Traosriess are fated cs the hit page of ties mini Safety dkcQors everywhere have font the Contras TraasKriens a --efal aid is their aoehfcat proeetha procrams. Ia inliHj, for eamk thrir jefidow dbtribaticn to lay pmceatl ia samseoeat and pi niana has proved to b* oi iavaloahle service. la prvparing tfacae Transactions, the proctafiofi of the Coegress have beea coalmrl and edited for rtftraxt pwpoKi Complete original imimrTfptr with amy charts or iBortratiene which were used, are rniTiVr in National Safely Cooocdl files. Views expressed at the Hairia or ia thn record are those of the Congress participants and am not necessarily thoae of the National Safety Cooncil. TK FAIM COIFEIEICE Thw vdar Is a neonl of the sections hdd at the 1951 National Stfdy fapm by the Farm Conference. The mndact of these Ospm ~m year s oaly one of the many cooperative yiiiilin which dm Conference carries on for the benefit of accident peevmsim work on dn farm. The activities of the Conference are mrfer ffie ffirottian of the officers of the Conference listed at the dm of das rr^mt Farm Safety Opportunities of fit* Agricultural Colleges By A. J-1CHWAKTE* Chief, Axriesltorel ITmimiraic. tMmity f 1 The scope of safety * field of agriadtare as port of the Agriotitanl l of the National Conference as S*Mr Wi cation in Colleges aad Unirertotiea lad both fans sad home oftQ in racal t mtnties and safety cm rnl U|bav well as the protection of fives mad jmm from destructive fits. The RfM s that lam safety Mda the i of fans people Crest al a they easy be eajtoowt It l farm safety ednorien affordfeg protection is farm yaydmaam f all aces. Because el the ntonre of Be and aatk on the tins, a farm slay efaaiiM for as industrial phot visit assy indErid* talaaittB^eyal--each pcrloraiae a rsthar highly iptoalbri fob safer a a^ir ammagement. Under these cmfitiont Ac job* cas be aafysed and the astkr of ferrying out not esfjr is the hdridail jok, bet the whole ptxiftaia of phot activity is detigned for a euxssrani of atftty to ht rmflryrrr la the case of a fans the beards are Msseroot ad varied. Further, the sadfrid* teal fans worker mferaa a emt'Acr of Af ferent tasks daring the cumsc of a &y and in general be makes bis own deorian with retard to the df**3* of doing the work. All member* of the family are iatulicd is ac tivities >n the boose and about the famstnd. Thus the tssttrr of prcacriliec safety precautions and previJhg am incentive to tarry than oat involves as edocatiomf pro gram which sad beceatae effective wfth each person os the farm. Safety features can be incorporated fa the design of equipment sad facilities mode for use the fans, but there still uinTin pottrtal beards is carrying on the everyday activity os the fans and each action sasst be conarioos of these potential hazards isiotvul. Safety gihuetins. a Bhpomiaty of Acrioteil CoBrgus ft fs gmerelly leeogssmd thst education is f asd kac nitty a a rafeodUity f the iHt acnoksnl As ev* Uby may be died the partsapabon of ag> * ^it cnligr uytMtatim ia various t}ya mi safety toiiitia ob the local, state mid mrieonl levels. Is many states agrierinatf'-'eaesaaou wethers mdnde farm a^esy; ^frujiiili with their object mat- The 4-H ingmtrifimi. ufar the leader* Af ed Ac agriolttnl eoQeges, have for aac time bid Arm safoy as cse of her r activities. Dnriag the pest few ymrs at imSiarliim m farm mfely to* been tod by agrkskznl ceflegts ! of Aastotoa. The work of the agricultural colleges in hi ijiag eat their broad general objective of rdantina in agriadtare la usually orpnfmf ia three separate and distinct cate- Curies,, MBriy, dot of research, resident '- iiMiy ad exteariosL As has already bees mentioned. a some of the colleges work pestaiuenc to safety oo the farm is already underway ca the last two categories. That testareb in the field of farm safety is necessary appears self-evident from the of i ---`i`--iT*y aad devriopcog program of resident teaching and extension. Hew sabjcct matter most b developed in Fans Safety Extension To date more progress has been made ia the field of agricultural erttntiert than in the other two fields. This is doubtless due to the fact that the occupational and borne aoridmt ntzotioo has presented itself and those in ortemion activities have carried out obviously nccesary agricultural pro gram. The subject matter of those pro grams h* consisted of the attention of farm people to the prevalence and type* of seddarts that have occurred, of ana lyzing some of the hazards and of urging greater perorations ia hazardous activities. One of the carCest organized activities in die field of agricultural extension is the 6 Farm Safety Farm Softty Offortmities of the Agricultural Colleges 7 work carried oa fay tfie 4-H troop* la fun safety. Ur. T. A. Erickson, formerly state 4-H leader of Mumesota, was to a largQ extent responsible for beginning safety ed ucation m conectios with 4-H work. Mr. Eridoon, m Us bolletia entitled "The Origin aod Procress of Farm Safety Edu cation," makes the following statement; "The first definite farm safety education began tn about 1934 when the Agricultural Extension Service through its 4-H clubs ia two or three states anwxmced farm safety activities. Minnesota added a farm safety project to the 4-H propain in 1934. It was frit that avoiding accidents was largely a likewise be organized. In tome states there exists at least a skeleton conaty safety council la most every eexmty, and ha many of these a farm safety committee is part of the oomtfaL While the extension spedafist and the county agricultural agent can ana* mate* rially in effecting organizations of this type, it I* felt that the county agricultural agent should not be an officer oC this orgmtization. He can he more effective nt bringing advice to the group. Haring the organization consist entirely of laymen will bring toore people into active participation a the safety program. at several colleges and coumderatiou is be ing given to the problem at others. So far as we know, the only college* offering course work in farm aod home safety are Ohio State University asd Iowa State Col lege. At the Uohrertity of Mnawsota the faculty has appointed a lawmirtce to facili tate the implementation of wtroction si farm and home safety an the Taboos areu there it Is pertkioat. In considering the fmching of nitty, there is some question about the advisability of incorporating the iwtmfiiri ia one or more courses designed especially for that purpose; or whether it would be aaorc ef ordinate safety ia all phu- of agriculture, to give instruction in special phases of safety which might have no logical place in any other classes, and to give instruction oa how to develop and carry out safety programs with farm people. The emphasis ts oa how to develop and cany out the safety programs. The coarse is particularly intended for students planning to be teach ers of Vocational Agriculture or to be' ex tension workers.** Mr. WanSe totes that there was a good enrollment ia the course the first time it was offered aod that it was well received by the students taking the course. matter of education and that it fitted very On the comity level there should be p- fective to integrate afety hatrouico la a At the Unitersity of Minnesota the stepe effectively in the 4-H chib work. Besides portimitics to rocowrage other grunps to per- number of courses ia which the pceraatioa taken thus far are ooty by way of prepara* th pioneering work started with the 4-H tfapatc la farm afety activities. Examples clubs in Minnesota, some activities were also of such are; Implement dealers aswuhtl w. of accidents agd emphasis oa safe practices tioo. Last year toe facility appointed a would be pertinent. With regard to tine mooittw to itniy the need for additional underway in Ohio, Kansas and Illinois. livestock associations, aod farm orgtoua These scan to have been the earliest states tions such as the Grange, Farm Bmiii, and point I would nice to cite the ^formation instzuetioa m safety c&xatkn in toe col available. lege. This ccaarnttee recommended that no to make beginnings, all of tbeat working Farmers Union. It is genezaffy frit tbit 1 Mr. W. E. Stuckey. Farm Safety Spe special course or coarscs m safety edaca- independently." the safety program wiB be effective to the cialist at Ohio University, states as follows: nan be established bet that it be made a At present there are farm safety special ists in a number of the states and the pro grams of these specialists are becoming crystallized and rather dearly defined. Five states have farm safety specialists working in the AgricnffuraJ Esfeuioa Service, fa extent that all interested group* wflS par ticipate m it. It is obvious the* the pro grams of all mb onsrfnliw jfeeoJd be integrated to form m unified program for the county. Such integration coold wtS be effected by the central county safety council 'Here m Ohio we beScre that the basic way to teach safety is to tohigriU It ia all courses. We believe this to be true even in ear High Schools. However, we fotxtd that we were not getting this integration.** Mr. Stuckey states further that (hey have part of existing courses ia toe subject sut ler in which it Is pertinent. The committee felt that such a procedure would make the instruct!oc more meaning ful and a larger number of students would roeesre instruction than would very likely ten other states safety specialists are em la Watoawoa Gcemty, MamesoO. for in developed a one-boor seminar which was - be the case in a special course or courses. ployed by the Industrial Commission or by stance; one of die SEpksaeni dealers fan* tnduded ia the csrricnlmn ia Agricultural The assumed weaknesses In this reeotn- a farm organization. While the Latter are become interested ia the farm safety pro Engineering. This course was as elective mended procedure are that the addition of independent of the agricultural college*, gram, and rcaGring the agmScaoce of such and was chosen by eighty jtiakats the first subject m safety tuait be made at their programs are usually Integrated with a program ia die implement tndmtry, and taM it was offered The majority of the the expense of other subject matter bow those of the Agricultural Extension Service. in his own feuriocsA has bees kutsmscntal students were majors iu Agricultural Edu being taught, the subject matter is not The specialists representing both group* tn effecting an organization of fourteen la. cation _ Agricultural aod Home Eeceorsk* readily available especially ia organized form work closely together and exchange ideas piemmt deafen a ftt county. ExNotine. and Vocational Home Eco such as textbooks, or bulletins and that the with regard to their programs. Ia Minne sota Mr. W. A. Diclause has been work ing with the Minnesota Farm Bureau Fed Home safety is not to be forgotlm in w tension work. Hcmc demonstration igmU tn their regular programs are giving atten nomics. Mr. Stuckey states that the objective of die course Is "to develop a safety coo- instructors is some of the comres eoeceracd may not be familiar with hazards or reme dies for them. eration as safety director for about fifteen tion to safety. This activity cm wril be stioasoea oa the put of the students, tbea The faculty thereupon appointed a stand years. The Agricultural Extension Service developed and integrated into a general and give them basic principles and information ing committee oa safety education which is has had a safety specialist for the put two cooprtbcntiTC program of fans safety on en the problem and aid them ia formulat charged with the rtpoexwbtijty of facilitat yarn. a cexaaty a* wcO as oa a state basis. ing a program for their respective commu ing and implementing farm and home safety While a good deal of the time of the nities when they are gradated aod out on m toe various areas. This standing com safety specialist is naturally devoted to Rosideo* Tmridnff ibe job." mittee is new at work. Small sub-commit speaking at meetings of local groups ta the state, he can and should consider hU fob to be much more than that. He should act as a catalyst in urging safety activity oa the part of other group* oa the state, county and local level. Where there is an agricul tural committee of the state safety eotascil or other similar group, the exteosiaa spe cialist can work with that group to iafio- vce an effective state-wide safety program. County agricultural safety committees oa In the resident t*wfug program the ag ricultural colleges have a special opportunity for disseminating mfety iolorma&m iftioin.fr the rgh?wg of teachers and the tnhtiag of men and wccaca Who will be engaged ifl various activities U which tbty will males contact with farm people. Although resident tracking has not beta! practiced as long as cxtsmfrxi la the field of farm safety, begzaaiags hay* been made I quote also from a cwaiaaeitiop by Mr. N. J. Wardlc ntiwda agricultural engineer a* Iowa Stale College fan farm safety: *Tow State CbScgc aow offers ooe course n farm safety. Tbs coarse is open to seniors only. Afl fit the Di vision of Agricnhurc arc encouraged to teach safety fit mds coarse u it affects the subject matter intuited. The purpose of the special course ia farm safety is to co tees arc being appointed to represent cer tain subject matter fields such as home -c*w*nJc3, aaimal industry, and agricultural engineering. The persoaoel oa these sub committees will very likely include princi pally the instructors ia the coarscs con cerned but not necessarily so. At the National Conference no Safety Bdacatiom by Colleges aad Universities held ia November of 1950 S. S. Steinberg; Dean, 3 Form Safety College o Egpapering, University to Uiry* Izod. reported on zn erpcraBcatal erakavw in his college to determine a practical method of uflegraftag safety into the en gineering enmabsn. Some features of his assumed by a certain Whited or a ew . srittee. An exchange of idea* nd cage- I nexus to das effort wiB eertatofy to w | worthwhile. report might be of interest to os. Dean Swcardt Steinberg states that sixteen courses is the mechanical engineering coiricnima were se lected as best suited to Integrate aeddent prevention. To keep a farm and heme safety progi-i to progress and to keep it rnnihwl wi_ fcw fans developments sad new y--; z program of research is toipnit--L Fte- As an introduction of the idea to the freshmen a practicing safety engineer was invited to address them in their course in haps one of the most tigniflout aariibcthit could be engaged to on the local or county level is a survey of arcideaa tee introduction to Engineering. Alio during occur. It would appear that exact jgff the freshman year safety was to be inte tioa with regard to the one of aminb grated into the English courses,' mainly and details of the circnmstances wnuod Composition and literature, to cake the Lag the aoridcots would be helpful in pra- form of themes relating to safety and into venting future accidents. Sock dObwls are the public speaking course very often diiScuJt to obtain wd siwlj a , During the sophomore year aa attempt to bring safety to the functional level was imp!enented by inserting materia] m the shop courses. Since the courses during the junior year were basically theoretical in nature, only an occasional lecture was pro local committee or group is In te lac petition to obrato the toft that arc tig. | aiScant A somber of cxccgeat reports to this nature have been made by local comfy groups. At the University of tfinnrtnti a is vided with supplementary reading material new miemy to detomto the exact came to keep the student conscious of the safety of fatal tractof accidents, A survey blank problem. During the senior year there were bxs bees developed for this parpuoe and specific insertions in the rather specialised the mention Cans safety qwciilfw tos courses. obtained mforoaatioa with regard to fifty- Dean Steinberg states by way of conclu sion. "ft is oer present thinking that totegratioa into engineering U the proper ap proach since it builds the safety factor into specific courses and causes toe student engi neer to think of production efficiency.** From the information at band it xs evident that agricultural colleges arc recognizing the importunities for promoting fans safety through the teaching of those who will again teach others in formal diurt or to extension activities and those who wtff be engaged in activities to which they tnayjse in position to exercise an influence on farm people. It is also evident that the method of organizing and carrying out tide attrac tion is definitely to the experimental stage. three yaefa Mcskatt It ts hoped that the cofaaaatiaa to became anibble from tin* study wtS point ont the lohtl'i'a angortaoce of various (met sad also suggest reowhi This type of J--dy might be extended over a wade range'to taejatic act only teal amdents, bto tint large group which soar or my noC rack hi tto injury of xmaac, hot not in death It might also iaciodt tto operation of other tons earhloes and asddons doe to fivestzck, falls and other cornu. Certainly there to room for studies aimed to tto tospmswart of mechanical ogufpttmt from tto irwtif-fmt of tto safety of to operator. In tin connection the work to the tern ommnto nasnefaetsms through the Farm Safety Committee to the Farm Equipment fenftram is to to^comoamtoii 1 , ' | 1 I 1 , 1 That this problem is receiving attention, It is douKlcje appropriate that certain stud and is being experimented with, is enoow ies In tin entegory ni(bt writ be engaged aging Moat of those who are ccocanod uj by the noasxk riiioe to tb^bnd with it agree that integration into existing grant agricultural colleges, courses would be the ideal; but the opinion seems to obtain that this presents some difficulties. In any case it appears that the primary responsibility for farm and home safety instruction on a campus must be Uaefc ran be dene hr studies of equip ment, tarilitin, and evta features of boDd- mgs tbaaidw, in the home and about tto farmstead toward rstbrfryg hazards of three who live and work there. It Is posable that Broadening the Interest m Perm Safety studies relating to bmma behavior under certain arcugataacts .wcold yield helpful aferasatioe in snwaaat accidents. ft might be stated by way of concbtice that tto agriealtarsl colleges have not only tremendous opportunities, but also rerpoobilitics to toprov tto weQ-beang of the people is agnailtare through the dntoopment and tto preoaotioo of an mggrtashra program in farm and farm home safety. Broadening the Interest in Farm Safety By J. T. CALLAWAY Goodyear Tire Jc Rubber Cra, Akron, Ohio. Tto wto rt used to be, down on the tern! The hfflbilfies have been drafted by tfic betoytoak and merged with .the city masses, Tto disgruntled sharecroppers aod tto tiS-stahmd Okies have trekked through Arisen to Cififorma, lured by the featherWUkg tecs to the Tewnsoxfitts. It mil f alarming at the time but this evacua tion to tto parasitic farmer was aa omen a boos to technical mod- crtinftA Form mamfoteer has decreased IJ-miKam in (to fast test years, while farm toar/mvr Zas mto m astonishing new kaffc of 75-rmBtan, not including what's (eft of ofd Dobbin. Horsepower in the fifth hoe decreased from JXHntllien in 1920 to S-m&lien, at of now. At the turn to the century, we had about 2 tiliod miles of farm-to-market roads-- poorly kept and Ulricas in tad weather. To day we have 3-mHUoa auks of farm-U>ulet roads, ooe-fudf of which are surteed and the other half maintained for all weather use. Evas thoegb sadly antiquated ior 59 million*vehicle traffic, thews roads love lord tto gypoy m every American. These vends have amplified telephone exuwiiei to tto far comers, and we can see an to to rural cfeetrificatioQ, The average farmer and his family have acquired the potoh of the city cousin, and just about as tech of it as the comtry gtatlenao can stand and still to comfortable. Scattered among the modern farmera of today, we Gad atdustrialuts and merchants. A lew bankers in every urban area have fans out ea tto highway, about tto tire some of them came frost originally, A few executives is every sizable corporaboo have entered z category lescwb as "The Check book Farmer." Automotive practice of tbe past twenty years has evolved an ever increasing ex change of influences between the urban and the rural. The city boys are calling on the country girl*, and the city girls find the country boys quite refreshing. 4-H Clubs have given every farm boy and girl en couragement and opportunity in the develop ment of character. In fact; 4-H has become noteworthy as a stepping-stone to personal achievement in agriculture. A step higher, we find the Future Farmers of America competing m big league fashion--pointing scientifically to quality-quantity harvests at lower costs. Our agricultural colleges have grown to be practical with experimental acreage for proving grounds. The overage American is inches taller and founds heavier than his greot-grxmdfether, And to haw many people do ore owe thanks for the extra nourish ment in entry forkful that America eatst To the agricultural scientists who fecit more into every acre ... to the formers who squeeze more vml ... to the designers end manufadorers of equipment who lock it in during shipping and storage ... to ento mologists, vitamin-makers, refrigeration en gineers, dairymen, frozen food paekerx and to the highway haulers of Amsriea ... a// o fori of the evolution t modern agricul ture. Flora/ America today collaborates with all Mushy-- with diligence, ingenuity and skdt, ta moke Americans the tori fed peo ple in the world. . It has been truly said that the extent of poUstial progress aa any form of industry vriQ attract tto press sad, era long, such industry can be measured by tto growth in nmabera aad importance of business papers. It is obrico who wt imdentand that business magazines, both objectively and fiawilomUy. are industry's Ltaes of (OB- i 10 /Ww Safety munication. Tn keeping with the general xgsrandizement and vast growth of fans purchasing power, we have seen oo end to sectional fans papers, such u the Southern Agriculturist, The Progressive Farmer, The Prairie Former, Coffer's Farmer, and dot* ens of others. Nationally, we have such tapers as the Country Gentleman, which caters to the farm field just as the Saturday Evening Past caters to the metropolitan. Dominant among the trade papers are Im plement & Tractor, Form Tmftement tfewe and Implement Record, which wa must thank for their pioneering suppoj the diaper days of farm tjrt^. With all this accent^ of organized farmm There is a wholes; in such factors, and The Araei^ These group' ure and starj We find j ing also. jJ as any thl vield $2501 year. To cities has 1 farms, reel dens. We ! when tlie allows that crease in th? minimum of farms in 1940,^ ^ have declined to" census figures, acreages on the me farms. Also it means thi? ^ today, instead of 191 acres'" 205 acres, possibly a little more. As we determine minimum depth, BjjperaJhchncss and normal productive life of top soil, it is easier to understand, such longrange planning as the Missouri Basin Proj ect, the purpose of which is to perpetuate ;ind expand productivity in the big "Bread Baskets" of America. We have the CoSumbia River Project which, ra a way, is prone to resemble TVA. And, thrwnhor.it the states, we find Army Engineer aval planning and projection designed, true enough, to supply our metropolitan areas with adequate water but; primarily, to pro vide flood control, combined with reaemrired water for irrigation and rural electrifica tion--simultaneously not only saving the top soil but activating Billions of semf-arfd min eral-rich areas. The Missouri Basin Project alone means 20 years and mods more haq 2$-bilfion dollars in the completed coot of salvage. However we may attribute such projects to politics, the ravaging of the rampaging Missouri River this year alone shaufd substantiate the merit of the plan and help us to make a distinct!oo between politics and the preservation of agriculture. Another angle which sight be of Interest to you for future contemplation is the pres* rate of population increase, which now about two milDon a year. If will mean a national total the mid-1970's. This will ;ge or more intensive acreage, or a mixture to greater use of [dipment If toon eseot acreages, it greater use of herbicides, aO 5 of work for {cultural high- Iriard of tiring I big total and [ory? The Balies, a division ^culture, through . Chicago, stated fear the total asset 'tare had reached IN'-HYZm doSars. Rfexautdjr UO^illScD JiioQ in 1040. This smtur ?5 ux once mare that agrimr Americas No. 1 imdartrj, ___ Tgin assets those of tram. Heel ai tronsforta(ion eomiined. We have a never-ending challenge because farm mechanization cannot turn backward. The world could not breed horses and mules fast enough to backslide Into tanning methods of 3G years ago sad still feed the people. While we wait for the latest Bu reau of Census figures, H Mens probable, and it is the popular beScf, that about 4nnffioo tractors are sow operating on Amer ican fame. At 12 yean? average life, this would mas an annua] replacement of 333,333 tires; at IS years, it would mean266/167 la replacements; and the number is likely to step up considerably Within the next lew years. Broadening the Interest in Farm Safety n Tractor production, as we have doted, cenuneaced to step up about 1940-and 1941. This larger number of tractors is not far from the the age replacement, and it will not be too many years before some of the half-million annually produced in the hte 40`s will be worn out. This means that re placements toward the the middle and tod of the present deade will be far greater than now. We estimate this year's production to approximate 490POO -- restricted some what due to the allocation nf materials to year, was SB-million--better tt defense. Malang due aljj placements, this woujig ship of automobiles, as of January 1st last per farm; in trucks, it was 2!2-million, or about one-half truck per farm, poewnatieequipped farm wagons are included with implements. Perhaps you would like to know the total of farm wheels now ou rubber? Who wouldn't? What you try to figure it out, be sure to include bicycles. There are too many qualifications for steel wheel life and the unknown date of replacement by rub ber, not to mention the absence of legal utrat'ww. Why not take the tentative point, using ratio trends, and l 6-million tractors . . . say for SJ00.00Q Fd 53 per Trj per Fd l perFaj Estimate EstimaiJ I960 ' 2000001 -With increase! manpowi! 10 years for the s? many years.'' increasing ra^ on the ' a /re years date While trying to let's not overtook the t3? tractor on the farm wc have jj" whed tools, 95 per cent of which are kavtog the production Unes today a robber. This mans 212-miIIkm additioeal imple ments on the fann, as of now--and, in direct ratio we must account for 31.8millioo wheel implements to accompany a probable 6-millSoo round wheel rubber-tired tractors at the tentative saturation point. Because of the tractor-sue tires not ac counted for otherwise, wc should supple ment the farm inventory with 53,400 selfpropelled combines in operation today. Still, tite inventory would not be complete unless we 'took ooc additional look at ag riculture's aodcmiratioa oa these 5,379,000 farms, as of 1950. The total farm owfler- ] 4 24,000,000 Tires l 4 127^00,000 Tires t 5 40,000000 Tires kb 31,800,000 Tire* 400,000 Tires 20,000,000 Tires I 243,400,000 Tires [it, just for fun, j And please don't JOOO.QOO mechanical of our lute but Jit it has bees pubwapment Institute and " greater than tmplePutiUxcd by any other We iroow, of course, that Citing of stationary engines, KTdual home gowrator units nSumptioa of electric power, are _ ff5T The telephony are moot surprising all figures, -showing poet-World War II rural expansion of 3 to 1, as compared te one-half to 1 for the strictly urban. We doubt that any Korean development can vr will change present trends materially. Our defense program has hardly started and will step up later this year and continue through 1952, regardless of any cease-fire order. The need for high-speed production will continue. The winter wheat crop this year will be disappointing, and the unprece dented floods in the midwest will have bun com considerably. So next year calls for another all-out production program for farm equipment, commensurate with manpower shortage and influenced by the disappointing harvests of 195L > tyrty munication. la lcupiug with tbe |exn! aggrendizxmeft and vast growth of farm purchasing power, wc bare N wo red. to Motional funs papers, sntib as tbe Soatkem Agriculturist, The Progressive Parmer, The Prairi* Farmer, Coffer's Farmer, sad doz ens of others. Nationally, we bnt toch paper* as tbe Cemmtry Gentleman, sriseb tktt-'smultaneoa&'y not only saving the top soil bet actfratingsaIBons of semi-arid whscral-rich areas. The Mmcecri Ban Project alone meins 21 years and aatli more tins 20-bflfioa dollars m the completed entt of salvage However we may attribute seek projects to politics, the ravaging of the ;ampaging Missouri Rrver das year alone caters to die fans field jus* as tbe Ustoar&ay livening Post eaters to the metropolitan. Dominant arooog tbe trade papers axe Im plement dr Trade*, Farm Implement Hems and Implement Record, which we mast thank for their pioneering support daring the diaper days of farm tires. With all this accentuation, certain forms of organized farming are to be expected. There is a wholesome tnSwoxr to be found in such factors as Tbe National Grange and The America Farm Bareaa Fedcrafiott These groups have acquired respected stat ure and stand for sane economy. We find the definition of a fans chang ing also. Bade in the 40's, it was regarded should substantiate the merit of tbe pba and help us to make a distiac&oe betnm politics and the preservation of agrkahxre. Another angle which might be of intu m to you for future eootarpljtiae la the pres ent rate of population sacrease, which sew amounts to about two nuUkm a year, If continued, this will mean a national total of 200-milZioa by the mid-197Qfa, This will call for more acreage or more intensive cultivation of present acreage, or a oat*tare o! both. It all adds up to greats esc of tractors and mechanized equipment If more ` has to be grown from present acreages. It will mean more fertilization, greater use of Insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, alt of which means more boors of work for as any three acres, or more, that would tractor* m the Adds; yield $250 worth of produce, or more, tw Such are some of the agricultural high- year. Today we find that the growth of our &gfau endowipg a higher standard of firing cities has encompassed many of the small everywhere . . , whit's tbe big total and farms, reclassifying then as vegetable gar what about the wheel inventory? The Bu dens. We should not be alarmed, therefore. reau of Agricultural Economics, a division when the Bureau of Census taker? in 1950 o the Department of Agriculture; thrmigb show's that in ten years wc have had a de the Federal Reserve Rank of Chicago, stated crease in the number of farms yielding a that oa Jomtory 1st this year the total asset minimum of $250 annually, From 5,859,000 farms us 1940, according to the census, we have declined to 5,379,000 m 1950. Ob these census figures, we find slightly increased acreages on the medium and large sire farms Also it mans that-the average farm value of American agriculture hod reached the amusing figure of lST-bUHon doBors. The figures were approximately 130-bilBoo m 1949 and 120-biTfioa ta 1940. This same authority reminds us one* more thoi agri culture remains America's Ho. I industry, today, instead of 191 acres as of 1940, is exceeding in assets those of iron, steel aid 203 acres, possibly a little more. transportation combined. As we determine minimum depth, fcunerat- ricliness and normal productive fife of top soil, it is easier to understand such longrange planning as the Missouri Basin Proj ect, the purpose of which U to perpetuate and expand productivity in the big "Bread Baskets" of America. We have the Co lumbia River Project which, ux a way, Is prone to resemble TVA. And, throughout the states, we find Army Engineer civil planning and projection designed, true enough, to supply our metropolitan areas with adequate Water but, primarily, to pro vide flood control, combined with reservolred We have a never-rediag challenge because fann mecharuatSon cannot turn backward. The world could not breed boms and mules fast enough to backslide into farming methods of 30 years ago and still feed the people. While wc wait for the latest Bu reau of Census figures, it mews probable, and tC fc the popular belief, that abaft 4- iruUioa tractors are bow operating o Amer ican farms. At 12 yard average fife; this would mean aa *---"* replacement of 333,* 333 tires; at 15 yon, it would mein 266,667 ta replacements, aod the amber is likely to step up considerably within the next few water for irrigation and rural electrifies* years. Broadening the Interest in Fann Safety 11 Tremor frockaction, as we have noted, eeremrered tv step up about 1940. and 1941. This larger mm?her of tractors is act far fill Be Ac age replacement, and It will not be ns wrey years before some of the W/-re2Kre ommaBy produced in the late SHs wM be were out. This mean* that repfaenBreCft toward the tbe middle and end of Ac peesMt decade will be far greater , We estivate tide year's production 4$$fi00 -- restricted some-. t aa tia afioettion of materials to 3t altw-1better than one car dae allowance for rewcaM make 150,000 to ship of automobiles, as of January 1st last per farm; in trucks, it was 2!2-million, or about one-half truck per farm. Pneumatic* equipped farm wagons are rtcluded with implements. Perhaps you would like to know the total of farm wheels now on rubber? Who wouldn't? When you try to figure it out; be sure to include bicycles. There are too many qualifications for steel wheel life and (he unknown date of replacement by rub ber, not to mention the absence of legal registration. Why not take the tentative saturation point, using ratio trends, and build around 6-million tractors . . . y for the year 1960? Tar erempfe: Quite probable m 1960 . . , ......... . .......................... 6,000,000 Tractors .......................<$ 4 24^300,000 Tire* 5 rcBcasr ................ 31,600.000 Implement*.......... .....34 127.200,000 Tires 1 Bwmapprox.........................8.000,000 Autos..............................<2 5 40,000,000 Tires I re ................ 5,300.000 Trucks ......................... @6 31,800.000 Tires ................ IQ0J300 Combines .....................@4 400,000 Tires ...............10,0001000 Bicycles........................ @2 20.CWM30Q Tues 194# Total for Replacement..........................................................................243,400,000 Tires 200,000 available for further mechanization. With rerrcBt trends contiming--that is, the bereased acreages per farm and the lower iwiwym cr available (U-tiultioa less than 19 yon ago) there seems little likelihood for tbe aateratire point to be reached for many yean. The use of multiple tractors is mcreasimg rapidly. With multiple usage on the imareaue, total of 6-miIfton within a few yews dies not appear improbable. While trying to analyze this inventory, let's mac overtook tbe fact that for every tractor aa tbe farm we have 53 additional wheel tools, 95 per cret of which are leav ing the prodactioq fines today re rubber. This mans 21-2-tnfllioo additional plemeats ca the farm, as of now--aad, In direct ratio wc swat account for 314mlifire wheel implements to accompany a probable 6 nsHfion rooad-whcci rubber-tired tradoes ae the tentative saturation point. Reeluse of tbe trector.sise tire* not ac counted for otherwise, we should supple* meat tbe fares anrestory with 53,400 sclfpropc&ed combines fa operation today. Stii, the inventory would not be complete wticaia we took one additional lode at ag* riodtsre's modem!ration oa these 5,379,000 farms, as of 1950. Tbe total font owner* Takc It or leave it but, just for fiat, check the figure in 1960. And please don't ask bow we arrive at 750,000,000 mechanical horsepower! That's out of our line but worth acceptance because it ha* been pub* fished by the Farm Equipment Institute and. estimated as ten times greater than imple mented horsepower utilized by any other given Industry. We know, of course, that the horsepower rating of stationary engines, such as individual home generator ubU and the consumption of electric power, are involved, Tbe telephony are most surprising of all figures,-showing post-World War 1! rural expansion of 3 to I, as compared to one-half to 1 for the strictly urban. We doubt that any Korean development can or will change prescat treads materially. Our defense program has hardly started and will step up later this year and coatinue through 1952, regardless of any cease-fire order. The need for high-speed production wiB continue. Tbe winter wheat crop this year wilt be disappointing, and the unprece dented floods ia the midwest will have hurt com considerably. So next year calls for another all-out production program for farm equipment, ccramrornrate with manpower shortage and influenced by the disappointing harvests of 193L u. ''TJ^ 12 Farm Safety West Virginia 4-H Farm and Home Safety Program 13 Ail this add* up to thc crest responsibility that all manufacture** of fans equipment or component parts have for safety to ag riculture. This will be s contiaooas itrpou- tibtk'ty ss more mschtoes are used aad as newer nmfiluu. are developed. No one cm evade Ibis rejpoaribfiity--ell mutt accept a share. titer dete; candnct a survey or tour to detomtoe the number of bawds that have been ilnunmed. (This work should all be noticr the aopcrviaioo of the dub leader, aa.fiWant leader or adult cocacti member, and the slmU-cross-booes cutis my be obtained from your county cztasioa workers.) West Virginia 4-H Farm and Home Safety Rrogram 3. Take pictore* before and after hazards are iMiiinitcd. These pictnrtz any be used By a 9. DORSET ta the local newspapers along with a story hmot. 4-H Lender, Unhr. of West Virgin*, Morgantown, W. V*. shoot the 4-H safety program. 4. Make a safety checkup at the 4-H Through tbs yean we bare talked amob about safety mad have achieved some worth while accomplishments. However, it la enty recently that we have made a apodal effort to emphasise this program. in 1950 we actually got mder way with a definite program. The special interest m this program may be primarily attributed mittee did engine a program aad prepared a bulletin outfitting specific suggestions for 4-H dob manaWrs, local leaders, and manly extension workers, Incfavkd ha this bull*. tto were specific suggestions ta local 4-H dob loaders rd-tire ta how ta get started1* I and hew ta carry out the program.. Z think " yew will be interested is these hens; dub meeting place and ellipimtc any haz ards foood there. 1 Tmcoorege afi 4-H members to nse the special safety checkup guide for West Virginia 4-H ctob members entitled, "Check Sheet for Matty Seeps Safe." h. Arrange, Tor seme member to kmp a record of all aoddmts which occur to to the fact that Farm Safety representa Things Leaders May Do to Get Started die remoraimty or neighborhood during tbe tives of the - National Safety CooacS as sisted West Virginia ahhcoa workera with special leadership faxtofajg conferences for extension workers and local dob leaders. L Leaders should advise chb members of tbe great loss of lift; property aad time earned by farm and home xtikrtt TcS members of the opportunity for them to re 4-H dab ynr. Report to the tool news paper aad tbe comity externum office and five nigjUti xL. as to bow these aeckteots night bare been prevented. In 1949 a representative of the Farm dact the nanter of aeridorts cn tbe fans 7. Hare talks, tints and deBoestntioo* Safety Division of the National Safety and in the beene. t local Hub meetings cn "Make Steps Coundl discussed the National Farm and Z Leaden aad 4-H {lub members select Safe.** Home Safety Program with extension a farm and borne safety cuoaaattec sod if &, Prepare peelers on "Make Steps Safe" workers at a Winter 4-H Conference, pitcr possible bare an atoxic council member to I for pacting to schools and other pobHc ta the year be nd with a sptdzf committee mark with this coumtten. j places. in Morgantown to <Ssctsa posable proce dures for a definite program. Later that year soother Farm Safety representative assisted as with a state conference for local 4-H ebb leaders. Hus gionp did same excellent thinking and jbrating. As a re sult of tins work the group womugdri that exteariaa workers, 4-H dub leaders, X Leaders asset ccmswittrea In maktog a study of the farm and fame maddest 1 problem* aad of plme which bore proved I effective is lednc-fug the umvilm* of acid- ) dents. f 4. Leaders advise the chA* of the West Virginia 4-H dab pba to cmpfrsnm "Mtir I 9. r-oafcwr a "Make Steps Safe** poster csotest asoceg tbe members of your dob 10l Conduct an essay or doit story con test on "Make Step* Safa** IL Hare a safety qtris at local 4-H dab rm.ttogi. IX Arrange for store window display cn aad monbers place more cmphvtts ee a Steps Safer during 1950. "Watch Yew , "Maks Stops Safa" 4-H farm and boose mfety ptegtadt during Steps'* Is tits safety watchword for 1954. 1 U Prepare a special "Make Steps Safe** the fftitiug years. For the 1949-50 4-H dab year thty recommended that apodal emphasis be placed on Tfilg Steps Safe." This suggestion was ttnomraousty accepted by the volunteer 4-H deb ludcij aad ttteafion workers is armxbaee at the eeb- tercace. This general pbui wras also accepted try Tbe Lenders 1by Offer the Paffowfcg Hctye to the Mtnxhw of the Group: Wwir--I exhibit for commuaty 4-H dab skfldt nr eemty fair. L Adc each amber to check ea ate,- 14L Arrange for a farm mid bents safety and stairways at home for bawds and tiam airings to bars them fnintis effmmeteti. tomnnuticn team from your dub to enter the cowty daaonitration ccotest These 2, Have the dob sponsor a eemmmuty | ttantnteai shoedd relate to "Make Steps "Make Steps StftT campaign. The group Sofa** (Ask your county extentice worker i for mggnstiaoa) tbe state 4-H-chib staff, the extension work ers and local 4-H dub leaders throogbwzt the state. Soon aft^r this conference a special com mitter was set up to focmolate a program aad outline specific procedure*. This com or tbe farm aad heme safety oomstittcK could mice a survey of tbe bnsards fotmi on steps stairways to tbe eommmfiiy or totbfcodoei tea place tbe West Vtr*, girds 4-9 sladl-rnwj hooci safety card at \ [ 1 1$. Amsp for ^ublie meeting and put m a farm mid home safety program todudtog talks, demonstration^ colored sfides r wrrlu. cadi hazard until It is eliminated. At some I 14 At the dow of the 4-H dab year. make a complete report of all of the fann and borne safety activities carried oat by the group. Wc prepared four apodal forms to he used in connection with this program: Form No. 1 was a check sheet tor steps tofe to be used by local 4-H dub members. Form No. 2 was an individual farm aad home accident report form to be used by tool 4-H dab members to reporting acci dents to (hear eonanunity. Form No. 3 was a local 4-H dub farm aad heme safety activity report form to be used by the leader and officers of each local 4-H dub to making their report Form No. 4 was a county 4-H farm and borne safety report form to be used by the county agricultural extension workers .to malting their annual report on 4-H farm aad borne safety program- The bulletin also toduded suggestions for safety demonstrations, an outline for a safety demonstration, available reference material for safety programs, available film* on safety and sense informatics relative to tbe National 4-H Farm and Home Safety Coates* sponsored by tbe National Commit tee on Boys and Girls Gob Work. Our official 4-H dub year to West Vir ginia begins on October' 1 and doses on September 3d After the dose of the 194950 4-H 'dub year, we secured reports from county extension workers jmumrixtog thar 4-H form and home safety activities. Be low U the state stannary of these county reports: The data listed below covered tbe activi ties of both tbe negro and white 4-H dub members to West Virginia .during the dub year beginning October 1, 1949, and dos ing September JO. 1950. During this period we bad 29,047 white dub members en rolled to 1.433 4-H dubs, aad 5,295 negro club members enrolled m 224 dubs: Ntsnber of dubs participating to sped*! 4-H Farm and Home Safety Campaign: 1263. Number of dubs filing a farm and home safety report: 737. Number of ebb member* wring the W. Va. Safety Checkup Guide: 223L Number of hazards foood: 896L Number of hazards corrected: 5915. u Fan* Safety Number of rich* keeping * ita>ni of zcadents at coafflnsnty: 123. Koaber of accidents reported: 207. Number of dobs boldine pubBe farm and home safety meetings? 174. Number of talks, slats, and/or demonstra tions given st local 4-H dab meetings: 1822. Number of 'dobs sponsoring safety poster contests: 52. a, Nmnbcr of posters prepared: 364. b. Number of poeter* displayed in public places: 19S, Number of dab* arranging store-window >alety displays: 22. Number of dobs preparing special cdoratiooal exhibits for cnannsraty 4-H exhibit* or axxniy fairs: 32. Number of dubs sponsoring a safety osf contest: 70. Number of dobs baring a farm asd borne jaicty deznoastratioa team: 83. During the spring and summer of 1950. committees of local leaders sod exlcnrioA workers reviewed the 1949-50 program and outlined plans for a program for the 1950* 31 4-H dub year. It was decided to empha size "Safety First With Tools'* during this club year. The program has been earned out in a similar manner to th* ^Make Steps Safe" program but a report of tbe resales will not be available aetil after tbe dose of tbe present dub year. We' are proud of our 4-H fans and tame safety program in West Virginia, bet wt are not satisfied. We hope to cooUsually expend aad Unprove the program. The results of this program may be at tributed to the following factors: 1. Suggestions and advice of representstrie* of tbe Fans Safety Division of the Katiomi Safety Csmdt 2 Tbe thtnUnf sad pkretiny of local people pins suggestion* and guidance from county and state extension workers. 3, The selection of one specific phase of safety to *wT4rtTT* during one year.' 4 The foOow-up by a special state com mittee ud by eemiy osamitten. 5. The preparation of a special boQctui outlining specific suggestion* and procedures. 6. Letters to county exteasou workers and local leaders and publicity in sewspapers. 7. The securing 6f a mnouy of tbt year's activities facilitated by speexat report forms bring made available to local leaden and cnraity extension workers. It is a privilege to present this mforma. tioa and f hope that k may prove helpful is furthering tbe Fares and Home Safety Program throughout the country. Iowa State Committee By J. 8. RUSSELL Editor, totem Faexa sod Boon Sdbte (TfrglWw and Tribaom) and Chairman, Iowa F*a*ffofety Committee, Dc* Moinff, Iowa Iowa has a farm mfety set up aad pro gram which has proved adaptable enough to be co-ordinated with almost any type of organization. Tbe lowa Farm Safety Gocmznttee be came the farm safety section of tbe Town Safety Congress when, it was derided to organize an all-over safety organization m Iowa--traffic, borne, schools, farm, recrea tion, industry, aviatiea, fire; etc. Tbe committee cooperates with Iowa State college and much of tbe success of tbe farm safety program in Iowa is due to the fad that Dr. Norval Warxfie, fun time ex1., .ifkm fans safely specialist at tbe college, also serve* a* secretary of tbe Iowa committee. When the Iowa Farm Burma federation derided to make farm safety a major factor m its program and hired Howard Hass of radio station WHO a* falltime safety spe cialize, this activity was tied in with tbe Iowa Farm Safety committee. The result has baa to get Iowan* eatercsled hi farm safety--and that includes just lovea Stale Committee IS about every organization and individual con nected with agriadtnre ta any way--working together and all on the same beam. Coofksratios with tbe Iowa Safety cong ress ni made possible the full support of this organization in stressing farm safety aad osporially the wiMOtl programs. Na tional Farm Safety week has been observed regularly m lows but even more timely and important bu bees special --iphal in the i&Q of the year on prevention of cornpicker and other autumn harvest accidents. la the if`log a pklmp; tuoeup, dam up --mpig has been sponsored by th lows Farm Safety coenmitiet Fire prevention week each October I* backed by the committee ttxx The lows Farm Safety committee has a membership of 102 organizations and mdxWAali and indude* representative* of farm ergmiraticB, educational represoatative*, pubtkatioes, radio stations, state aod federal departments of agriculture aad their raptc trie ageseks, machinery aad implement firms sad orgasizatioas, mrarsooc companies, xttomobOe assoaatioes aad state deportments of safety, health and vital statistics. tirepreventioa work zadticntally is a part of tire program of tbe Kml lowa farm safety committee and tbe group interested in ratal fire prevention preferred this setup to one with general fire prevention when tbe Iwa Safety congress was organized. Tb* caaplati* placed chi formation of cooetly farm safety committees has paid off the Jastyw and tbe assistance of the Iowa Farm Bureau federation ha* helped'a lot. `Howard Hass has worked through tbe eOemty fans bureaus aad Norval WartQe tluungb the county extonsfeas directors and at present comity committees have been set up ut 78 of the 99 counties m the state . The drive for farm safety bas received rnqrfr-o* its impetus from the farm publica tions and radio stations in Iowa. Kirk Fox of Successful Forming bas been a lender for year* in this respect not only at Iowa bat hi tb nation. Chock Worcester of WMT. Cedar Rapids, and Herb Planbeck, of WHO, De* Moines have rendered ra.'OttinA'mf fDppCCt witile WOI, IoWi State eoQege radio station, bas boosted farm mfety at every oppoetimity- Merrill Gregory, man aging editor off Wallaetf Former, U vict- chairman of the Iowa Farm Safety com mittee. Iowa State college has played and is play ing as important port m making possible a fares safety program m lows. In addi tion to making the services of Norval Wardle available tbe college through Presi dent Charles FrBey and Don of Agriculture Floyd Andre bas made possible research on iaim safety at the state and county levels and a course in farm safety (A. E. 416) is being started at the college; Wardle is at present supplying monthly work tats to farm safety committees. Most of these are set up under the Iowa Farm Safety Committee program but work U car ried oa as well with those who are cotmty farm section chairmen for tbe Iowa Safety Congress or who are cotmty farm bureau safety chairmen. la many instances these posts are held by the same person so co ordination U relatively simple. Just about everybody works at farm safety in Iowa and they find that their interests overlap quite a bit Take tbe matter of safety on the highway. This is primarily a job for the highway traffic safety folks to handle But it u a matter to be tackled by the farm safety folks, too. A campaign to get farmers to come to a foil stop before entering any main road will bdp promote safety for all mo torists. Tbe lowa Farm safety drive to get some identification oa tractor* or other slow moving traffic on the highway should help all motorists since coilirioos between farm tractor* . and automobiles have been taking a toll of between 15 and 20 lives annually. An ordinary red baaderkerduef tied to the top of a fishpole and displayed on the tractor is being urged as a means of warning the motorists from both directious that they'd better slow down and proceed with caution. And so tbe cause of farm safety oa tbe farm, in tbe farm home, on tbe highway and wherever farm folks work, live or play U the objective of the Iowa, farm raiety committee. Just because several organizations are working oa farm safety is no reason for them to get la cock other's way. The Iowan* feel that they can and should work together. Id Safety Teamwork in Texas By R. C. MARTIN State Agricultural Lender, Teaa* Agrifcakoral Sateorioa Sevfee, Tom A.tH College System, College Ststiae, Tea* After three years of effort fa trying to develop aa effect!re farm safety program, the farm safety groups of Texas went In 4. Women's Activities Committee--Mn. K_ J. Abnanrode, President of Texas Rome Dnsooitratiaa Association, is chairman. vited to meet with the Texas Safety Asso 5. Finance Ceeaaittee---Marvin Carter, ciation la their iiwinl meeting is San Ab- Texas -Farm Bureau Federation, is chair tooio fast March 27. At this meeting which man. was attended by a good group of farm and 6. Awards Cosamitlr*--C. T. Jofamae, Di ranch people; agency rcprcjQitatiyes, and others, steps were taken to set tip a mere effective tana and ranch safety committee rector, Southwestern FabSc Relations; The Seara-Roebodt Pomuhtiao. is chairman. It was thought woe mot to add loo nosy Mr. J. Walter Hammond. President of the committees at the first r-r**ing Otbep Texas Farm Bureau Federation, mi elected wifi be added as needed. State Chairman. This proved to be a very wise selection as Mr. Hammond and &* organization have contributed wholehearted support to the program. Mr. Marvto Car ter, Orgxmzaticn Director for the Farm Boreas, is also a member of the Stale commince and servo as a chairman of the Fi Oa the tom that is working hardest to make our safety program effective, too much praise cannot be gives to oar fans orgaaua- tioos sods as the Farm Barcas, the Grange, and cooperatives. AU agesties have worked un a definite propam to tbrir rcipoitm fields and allied mdajtrics here shown a nance Committee, wonderful spirit of cooperation. . la the Sen Aafemo meetings Mr. Hammood awl' the committee Secretary were asked to barite fans groups," agencies, and rdated ndutnet to name representatives to serve oa a State Farm Safety Committee. Thirty-eight letters Were scat out and 32 replied accepting the respoonbQity asd oninf someone of thdr organisation to serve. In most cases that iadSMdaal was the bead of the organ!ration or group. Poor addi tional names have been added giving a state committee of 36. The Chairman railed the first committee meeting under the new setup in Waco, jam 23. At this first meeting 22 oat, of Ac 36 were present. The enthusiasm and cooperation m thn> meeting was more titan could be expected. Our win'll report this jar w21 show masy sew names and oar ideas pot to work to make UtoqwniK za Texas. Jt would rake too mnda time to name cads todbridual and organicstioq that has made a definite contribution, bat I would Eke to mentice a few. Taras Farm Barem FederationSome 150 or more news dippings on farm and raada safety appeared weekly and dally papers. CSppcogx frees the Texas Agricul* tare and NaSvnfs Agriculture magumes were sent to some SGjOQO farm and ranch families in Texas. Attention was given to safety a all uetingq, Texas Agrunitmui Experiment Station-- A safety educational program is continuous ua the Station program- of work. Daring Six committees were see up: safety week; special en^fafii was pna to 1. Publicity Committee--representing both the fottowtog items: radio and pres*---C. G. Scruggs, The Pro* 1. Safety in the handling of farm ma- grestive Farmer, U chairman. duntry, espedaDy bay bafmg which was 2. Tooth Training Committee--Br, F, C then a season. Bolton, Retired President of Tcxu A and 2. Range fire prwtntioe, cbedehg of Bf. College; is chairman. equipment for puttirig out gross fires and 3. Statistics and Study ComaaittraTMJc^m C White, State Commxssfoncr of Agricul ture, Is chairman. preparation of fire lanes. 3. The Istpedko of electrical cquijeaent. opedally machines using oouriderabte am The Use of Color in Safely \7 perage, for insulation protection and ground ing. Deportment of1 Agriculture -- News re leases were gfven to radio farm directors of tiie state. Releases stressed the part that education could pixy m Him sad rands safety. National figures on farm and ranch accidents were pm Texas Education Agency--Teachers of vocational agriralhxre used doss periods to tad) safety education. Placards were placed to shops to Area attention of boys to the aceeaety of aring caption ht the shops. Coetweed to sponsor a state-wide contest la which the person who has done the greatest indent of safety week receives a $100 swank Texas Department of Public fits/rfy--Sev eral tooomad copies of the pamphlets fisted here were dbtritated through Texas toch ers who lave takes ntsaeroua courses xs solely cdoatioa In Texas. They ores Farm Fire Safety Inspection Black, Safety Guide for Farm aad Home Front, Safety in the Home, Stmoliad 03 and G&r Com/my ---The Sixoollnd 03 and Gas Company continued to rporuor the 4-K dob Tractor Matotenance Project la Teas which specifically Sets oat the safe operation of fans ma chinery. This project is made available to all 4-H Club members is the State and has been active ia 165 counties. 4-H dub lead ers selected by the county agricultural agnscs receive X short course to safety conducted by the Extcasion Service of the U. S. De portment of Agriculture hi cooperation with tlie Texas A. and IL College asd the spooswriog company. The (codas, after having received training, conduct the program to local communities dor adult formers aad 4-H Oob members. Tbe Frtentios Seme* and representative of tbe sponsor assist with the program at comity kwl as far as pos sible. This is a coctinnous program through out the year. Hew leaden are trained each year. Staaolind Oil aad Gas Company has large operations throughout the State of Texas which arc restricted to production of pe troleum products. There ore no marketing facilities to Texas. An elaborate safety pro gram for employees oa tbe job *d to the home is carried out. Some very good safety records have been established within the organisation. SoQ Conservation Service--Wield mem oranda were sent out by the regional mid state offices to Soil Conservation field per sonnel to coordinate their programs with other agency representatives to the counties to observing tons safety week. Verbal at tention was given to safety week to meetings and to visitations. Items on farm and ranch safety week appeared in an tmtaaowa but considerable number of local papers, par ticularly to toll conservation district news columns. Texas Agricultural Extension Service-- Copies of 10 4-H Oob leaflets on safety and fir* prevention were distributed to 4-H Oob members throughout the state. Staff mem bers sod 532 agents all devoted time to farm safety during farm and rand) safety week A large samba of agents held special meet ings cb safety and others stressed safety at all meetings of dub members and adnlts. There are bo figures on the exact number of radio programs or news releases gives daring the safety week but this type of edu cational work was carried on is almost every county in toe state. During tbe report year of' 1950, 31,761 4-H dab members received special training in fire asd aeddent pre vention. We do feel that we have made much progress and that we ore on the road to greater succeit to the field of farm and ranch safety to our state. The Use of Color in Safety By S. W. QU1SENBERR? 4C. Lda Pod de Hemosra Jt Ca^ Inc, WSstiogtoe, DcL Since Arnold Hlcholsoa's article on *Pato ^ interest fas been evident as to the port color WiU Protect Yew" appeared to the January " ` raa play to milting the farm a safer place usoe of Country Gneltemen, considerable to work Personally 1 think color caa be 18 Yarn* Safety used to advantage and tout committee is investigating its possibilities. 1 wu asked to tell you something about the part the safety' color code has played in industry to promote safety. Color has been widely applied to the industrial scene lor many years. Yet because it has been used inconsistently and often without mean* ing, it was accessary that someone do some* thing to uniform the thinking on color as a spectrum is recommended for us in con junction with blade striping to mark strike against, stumbling or falling hazard*. Orange, psychologically the most stimu lating and aggressive of all hues Is choscs to command attention to machine hrdt. which cut, crush, grind, or bans aa operator, A triangle or arrow ia this color which we term "alert orangtf may Indicate the critical point of the hazard. safety factor and to provide if possible a The traditional color and symbol of safety standard safety color code that was practi- U a green cross. Therefore, we have cal and sound. adopted this color and symbol to indicate In 1942 the Du Pont Company, as the result of its study on functional color, got safety equipment, first-aid rooms, stretchers, gas masks; respirators, and fint-aid lots. together with members of The National /fed, because of its long sweatiest with Safety Council and recognized color con fire fighting equipment, has been assigned sultants to develop a standard color code for this duty exclusively. The practice of identi this purpose. fying danger with red is dangeroua. 'Sd- The safety rotor code is primarily a rec ommendation to industry to regularise the identification of plant safety equipment and hazards by specific colors and color symbols. In developing thla code wt have respected traditionaf associations of colon, such as ted for fire protection, green for safety, and blue for caution, while applying basic knowledge of color psychology and hue ertifically red is a poor color for tills pur pose, being low in visibility. Red square* on walls or bands on pillars indicate the location of extinguishers, hose connections, exits, and so forth, and the use of red squares oa the Boor beneath och appa ratus as well as in front of fire doors; (ends to discourage obstruction with litter, car tons, and waste receptacles. visibility. Borrowing from the railroad industry, the Jf color is to contribute its maximum effect upon industrial safety, it.must do more than merely attract the eye. Simple logic and scientific knowledge should com bine with standardization of practice in color identification procedure. cc4e establishes1 a solid blue circle as a symbol of caution against starting, moving or handling any machine, device or equip ment The "precaution blue" rigs should be hung on control valves, equipment con demned or tradergoing repairs, such as ele vators, boilers, valves, crushers, tanks, etc This color code avoids such eocnmee er This symbol aadkates that this equipment rors in current color safety practice as should not be used until the blue sign las overdoing the use .of color by bapbaard applications that cry wolf so frequently that the system defeats itself by iaiiiiig to impress the worker if ant gtuslly distract* mg his attention. Also, if a certain color is used to indicate a danger hazard. It should not be used as an identifying symbol for protective equipment been removed, 'Else six standards indude the use of while, or as alternate choices gray or black, as good boasekeeptsg colors. These colors are used to direct traffic, mark aisles and storage spaces, and to locate waste rwtp tides, cuspidor*, rubbish boxes; and the like. Where management is nristent upon Each color should have a specific assign- extreme neaSnenm * white star may be oao- meat so that the employees will antoefafe this color with one precise mfety message spicaoualy phetd cm waste containers or on the wall above the rmertabwr. everywhere it appears. Ia summary, the odor code for Industry Six basic color standards, bare been rec is designed to do these things: ommended, yellow, orange, grexm, red, bhzc and white. The meaning of cad) color is L Employ few colors, each distinct and clearly indicated >ni^ is g definite rcadtJy recognized, symbol for the benefit of the color blind. 2. Establish specific and uniform mean Yellow, being of highest visibility fg the ings for each color. Testing for Safety 19 3. Provide ready identification of haz ards or mfety equipment. 4. Reduce to a minimum the effort re quired to learn and retain color meanings. 5. Readily identify and locate fire pro tection and safety equipment & Encourage good housekeeping That this code is effective is indicated by aa article which appeared m The New York Herald Tribune, dealing with the use of safety color rode by the XJ. 5. Army. It stated; "use of the safety rotor code resulted ia substantial redaction in acci dents at 26 Quartermaster & Army Service Depots ia the War Department report*. "Certain types of aeddrots rendting ia disabling injuries were entirely eliminated. Others were reduced from a frequency of 46-14 to a yearly average of 5.58 since em ployment of the code. "One depot reported during the first year after adoption of the code, disabling injur ies were cut from 1L25 to 6.99 per million maa-hours worked.** Is 1946 the New York Gty Board of Transportation initiated an accident preven tion program for its 38^X50 employee*. Ascidenls m the shops began to fall -off at ocxe. Eighteen months after the introduc tion of the plan, the accident rate had dropped 42J per cent. Here's how it was done: Supervisors and foremen were given a course in safety practice. At the same time, the Du Pont Safety Color Code was in stalled throughout the shops. Hazards were marked in the specified paint rotors by the workers themselves. Wen familiar with spe cial equipment and machine* became point ers. Careful checking of the work assured roosistrocy. The change-over was made quickly so that the test had a definite start ing time. Statistician* were assigned espe cially to follow the progress m oeddeot prevention. Not only was the color-with-instruction program a marked long-range success, bat its savings in Injuries were immediate and dramatic. These are very interesting statements be cause accurate record* were kept by an im partial source We have in our files many letters from nationally known roocerns that contain equally favorable comment* regard ing the ability of the saiety color code to help reitoce personal injuries. We are con fident that it can do much to help improve the safety record in your industry. Testing lor Safety By DAVID W. JUST AwlXant Secretary, Underwriters* Laboratories. loo, f*tifmgn Testing for safety i* the watchword, the avowed purpose of Underwriters' Labora tories lac. Bora ia a rr Zfatioc. fathered by insurance interests, narHired by electrics! fires ia aa incandescent lamp demonstration at the Worlds* Coltxobtsn Exposition 57 years ago, the Laboratories has from the beriacuDg operated as a service orgamratioo. Ia its infancy the National Board of Fire Underwriter*, the capital stock assurance company organization, provided some finan cial issistinrr, But lx 1917, as it matured, k was weaned god has operated as aa ia* depended*, self-supporting; not-for-profit en gineering organization evm* slam We still rejoy the nominal sponsorship of the Na tional Board. At Its present state of maturity the Lab oratories has expanded from its meager elodriraJ beginning to aa organization em ploying tradreds of engineer*, each a spe cialist in his own field, hundreds of inspec tors located all over the United States, with main Laboratories In Quago having 17 laboratories pins office space in a set of holdings totalling over 1HXOOO sq. ft. of Boor area. Branch laboratories m Sea Fnadieo and New Yojk There are inspection centers fas 168 cities. To the original Electrical Department there have been added a Chemical Depart ment; Gases and Otis Dept, Casualty and Automotive Dept. ` Burglary Protection Dept, and Fun Protection Department. l4 ** ' Farm Safety Testing for Safety 21 Bearing in total that the Laboratories* only interest is Safety, let's soe what oobtribatioQ each o these departments nates to Safety on the Farm. Starting with the toughest one first--let's took at the Burglary Protection Department We have had inquiries from rural residents relating difficulties with chlrten thieves and melon patch marauders, but these are a little out of our line. However, if we brenden our view a little, it's Dot too difficult to find as association between the Burglary Pro* teedcm Department and the farmer. La this manufacturers, and covering 18 printed pages. WUe the majority of these would be less apptictole to the farm then to fac< tones, stores and offices, some of the <m) and grease absorbents would fit the need of modem agriculture's trend to medanm- doa We have already discussed week witk vehicles, the second offender, Humber tint, hand tools, is next. Among these I aa sure we would find included portable electrical tools, and onr C^smdty cagtoesrs have worked with onr Electrical Department with day and age some farmers have money. Others have mortgages, it's true. Both dee! with the local bank is town, and the chances are very good that that basic has had its vaults certified by U-L. engineers for an alarm system of one type or another. respect to guards to he required. Activity of totting for safety in this field has de veloped only within a year and a half, We hope to see these figures redeccd semetky when old type tools hare bees replaced hj new. Did you hfrde I bad to reach pretty fgr Number four on the list is ladders. Lad for that tie-in? Let's try another. How ders, ladder accessories, and ladder shorn al about our Casualty Automotive Depart find places to Underwriters* Casualty lists, ment? Until recently ail passenger cars and teats bring made on those bearing labels to most trucks were under our Inspection. This assure strwetural strength and safety of op program had reached such a point that our safety requirements were so wall accepted by the manufacturers, and had become such an integral part of their business, tint our inspectors and engineers were convinced tint their services were no longer needed. Ac cordingly we dropped out of the picture the first of this year. We now confine our efforts to tests oo fuel systems and fittings, gauges and instruments, beaters, mufflers, fuel tanks, switches, signals and other pieces, and parts that effect safety. In the Casualty field, testing for safety techniques are applied to maay predicts. Only yesterday, in the' September-October issue of the Farm SafetyJCetnew, reference was made to records of tax accidents free the State Industrial Safety Division of CaEt^mia. The total of 12J45 accidents in- ported in the first eleven months of 1950 showed the leading causes to be: work ing surfaces 1927; vehicles 1401; hand tools' 1360; ladders 1225; trees or logs 006. These account for over half the total Locking at the first offender, working surfaces, there is little we can do to help a fanner keep bia barn floor in sraad cooditioo and free of loose boards, rubbish, tripping hazards; true, but the list of appli ances inspected for accident hayards begins with aabslip materials; including floor treat ment *wahwiij walkway construction mate- mis and oil and grease absorbents for 357 eration. Another part of this group's work is with refrigeration uluipuutut -- primarily doe to compressor trait pujwrea. These have bees observed to reach several hundred pooads per square inch --for adverse eemEtioBS The old time hazard of toxic refrigeranti is a tiling of the put with Freon to ujmcacc toe today. The farm, today, that doesn't have a deep frecce trait is somebody's prospective cus tamer to the very near future. At one time; years ago; refrigmtioe equipment earned a well deserved bad name for fires. Largely throogh the efforts of the Underwriters' Testing for Safety fcccna, these devices lave been equipped with arret' load protective devices ra esopmior motet circuits. As a mult, fire incidence has bees reduced to the point of normal expectancy with any equipment. which is vny low. Ia the Gates and 09s Department, there arc ~ " j* SnwtigsAra* of oil-fired equip matt tint have equal bearing on farm and urbna properties, ahheegfa perhaps mfety from fire hoards should be takes mere seriously to areas more remote from fixe departments. But bypassing the esaal home equipment sods as 08 bensers, oil-fired fornace wits, oil stoves, and cU-fired watt* Heaters, let's look at some of the newer products. Instigated by the hybrid seed com grow Ia addition, precautions most be taken to ers, the use of artificial beat for drying assure that external surface temperatures operations to prevent spoilage of danp crops will not become high enough to cause ig from freezing and mold bus brought forth nitions, even under abnormal rendition* such crop driers. The cod toe of these devices as the stalling of a motor. bring beyond the Laboratories' control, these have bam caverod as air testers. Of considerable importance to the rural area is the work of tte Fire Protection De Of two type submitted, direct and in partment Where rural fire departments have direct fired the direct fired type wherein been organized, many of tte tools of their erfamt gases from die heater are mingled trade come under the work of *hi group. with the air stream Is not ttccntmended Hose-- both for water and for chemical en for me with combustible crops due to the gines--extinguishers of all types, the more danger from incandescent sputa. The in recent equipment for adding chemical* to direct fired type; white it avoids this has- water streams to produce "wet-wateri* so aid, and can more safely be used for crops effective to penetrating hay stacks and bows, of combustible nature, tears additional and the "wet-wateri* chenjcals themselves thought ariwefl. are but a few of tte fire fighting appliances These are not "over-the-counter" type* of equipment, and anyone purchasing ^ oo flat bams any be sadly fooled. Regardless of the degree of safety bmaSt into the tmit Itself, mttalliticra at the farm plays a great port to safety of operation. Proper installa investigated. Fire resistive roofing materials are labeled through tte efforts of this group; tests botog conducted with burning breads to a wind stream flowing over a model roof soetied. tion of latmnitir. beat controls, proper in- With reports to evidence that farm efcc- tcrlodoag of blowers and firing systems, trification has; to some states, readied the mate be complemented by preewtiocs as to 95 per cent or higher point toward complete fuel supply ami its handling, and other com- - service, and statanests to the electrical mag- man sense mfety preemption* snch as or- artocs that the future source of loud build dtoary^oodteoMfceeptog and availability of ing for most utilities serving rural areas lies to adding "chore load" through . farther Three have beta submitted, investigated, and fisted sane bscetiddil fog applicators. Them vaporise to a log insecticides by the me of air pressure and teat It is to be noted only noefiansmbte ftsuigaats yn<i inscctksdes have teen revered as suitable for am with such equipment tssder or- dtoary renditions. Some attempts to use otter than water base types lave already been disastrous, creating several serious a- uses of appliances to tte barns and otter out-bofftongs, the future of the Electrical Department's efforts Is evident ' While cfcctricx{ incubators and brooders have keg been listed, there are more and more sohm^tals of such devices as watering through heaters; which totocate the tread toward electrical utilization on farms. Pin. hazards, and electric shock hazards are tte quarry hunted by tte electrical uqiwrtl. plosions. Hot new, but still a source of trouble, are Spmidng of explosion* brings to tte front ettr Chemical Department They are our explosion experts. The exptoean-proof mo tors, switches, and otter devices used to greto elevators, where explosive dust-air mixtures are so common, are toted by these specialists. Fundamentally, tte potability of preventing retrance of explosive mixtures toto such equipment is almost Impossible. Wbo.is to knew w&te sack mixtures may enter toning repair, servktog; or installa tion? Ia greeral, the requirement for these device* la that they be to constructed that electric fences. Collections of data, news paper dippings, and reports all indicate the boevr-madc type to be tte culprit. I doubt very much that there has even bees a safe fence controller produced to a borne work shop. Safety depends too much ea machin ing skill coupled with extensive research into effects of electric current on toe heart, nerve centers and organs of the honan and wimat bodies. Effective currents are beyond safe limits, and safety can only be accom plished by careful, reliable time regulation of the shock. they will confine aa latent*! with Lightning damage dictates special pre out venting it to explode tte whole building. cautions to droit separation and lactation. 22 Farm Safety There are uo text bools to adequately cover this whole subject; and I hare yet to hear oi the home-work-shop staffed by jjfety, electrical, and toecHameal engineers, together with staffed mechanics! and electri cal workmen. In the tattle with nature's artillery, light ning, Laboratories' engineer* are constantly in the (root lines. Materials and liftings for lightning rod installations are labeled, hut this ts only a small part of the battle. The Work Of the installers Is carefully checked, measurements made ou the job, and if the uutaffaffoa is such as to meet safety requirements, a label is attached to the structure. Analysis of statistics o* the many thousands of Master labeled installa tions ha* been most gratifying, for they show beyond doubt the effeetivesem of this program. Lest I leave you with the Ida. that all products are safe, that aB are mresffgaftd^ let me Biter a word of caution. Such U ooi the ease But for the best ta safety, look for the label But tells you that Underwriters* Lab. oratories; Inc hag had its engineers oa ti* job. Or check op to be sore the products are listed ua Underwriter^ published Lists of Inspected Eqwpmenk Not all prodneto bar labels, bat many are identified through publication of the catalog or model nwberx These List* or htrfr ttS yea that the products are tmder coctiBOcmt cheek-op by our inspector* sad tapntm These are the symbols of safety. Safety on the American Farm By JAY BOUMA FJ>JL Member, McBgln, IGch. Do you realize that the people ta the United States drove and jumped to death, shot themselves, and drowned in accidents this past year at the rate of seven and ooehalf times the rate the ccnsnumsts have been able to kill the United States troop* in Korea? Can yoa imagine that today over two hundred fans buffdings will burn to the ground and that this very hoar at least eight buildings are blaring; going up in smoke, to leave nothing but ashes as proof of their remains, destroying valuable accumulations that never can be replaced? The old sayings such as' "As otmee of prevention is worth a pound of cure,** and "A stitch in time saves nine,** seem to have a very practical meaning to the Americas farmer. The National Safety Council la Its annual report showed that one out of 17 American* suffered disabling injuries last year. It also showed that thousands of Americans died accidentally each month. The total toss is about $7,700,000,000 each year, or % the value of- New York City. Just* imagine that in three years' time the loss U equal to the entire value of New York City. This includes the propetty damage^ wage losses, and medical expenses. Furthermore, this is only half the story. They do net include personal hanSriups and suffering, or the loss of a lifetime of hard work, or the toss of a band or kg which sever can be replaced; nor does if include the produetioa losses of herds and farms deprived of their proper care. Farm safety should be the bow- cem of every American dtiac, inpeciitty St a time like the pretest whoa our nation is faced with a national emergency. Lass of life and property through care lessness has hem increasing throughout America, ff this trend is to be reversed, oar citizens everywhere, each and cvmjuac of us, must be reminded of the oeotioaiag need for taking every possible precaution to avoid the ever present threat of danger, How many dat&Craps are there oa year farm? Certainly not any oa your firm! Doa't kid yourself. There are many death trap* oa every farm, and donate am samse. It's inearthing 13ce the modem th*r took place in the soother* pert of Me stale a couple years ago, BiQ Tbes&sow and Jinary Hudsoa wen m high school ate tunny day ariy m May, talking about the week that they intended to do that sight after school Safety an the Ameritan Farm 33 As Jim told Bill that be was intcndlrg to harrow for his father with their new trac tor, be was very happy, Bid the scene changed considerably that night. Jim west about automobile safety? It seems that we must c*U special attention to this type of accident because it claims more lives each year than any other type of accident. What home and suited harrowing; before long He raa into a stump, which be thoogbt he would pull. So Jim, not realizing be was living the last minutes of his life, wrapped the chain around the aide and tied It to the manp. Then it happened! As be jerked the chain, the tractor came over backward and squeezed the life right oat of him. Now the only evidence of Jim in his high school is the initials he carved La the face of woe of his desks. How would you tike to lave a 36 hundred poood tractor lying oa top of you, squecring the life right out of you? It's too late for Jim to tell the careics driver the proper way (o hitch to a stmnp. So from now on, always hitch to the draw!*r wlcs you would tike to have Jim's experience. While talking about tractor safety, what about tractor safety oa the highway? A gnat many of our tractor accidents take place on the highway because many farmers do considerable driving Utwcm one farm and another, and back aad forth to town. Wheels set wide apart are 6m for high speeds hut are dangowns ca the highway. It is too easy to let that left wheel drift over the center tine. If you sect travel on the highway with wheels set wide apart, or Implements that take more than your dzare of the road, stay on the shoulder of (he road and reduce your traveling speed. FIiuxuiiIiu1 half of the road htlrtw* to kind of driver are you when you're oa the main road, the traffic is heavy, and right in front of you is a truck as big as a box car? What do you do? Do you book, fuss, fume, war inwardly and outwardly, and finally take a long chance to puss? Or are you the driver who is peticct asd waits for a dance to pass? Incident* tike this arc the load that kad to steel crashing against steel, glass cutting through human flesh, asd the loss of many a fife. Falls and other accidents anxxsd farm buitdmgs claim the second largest amount of Gves each year. The carelessly handled gasoline and kerosene, the faulty or oncleaned heating equipment th thoughtlessly thrown agaret or match, these are the things which cause many farm fire*. No fir* sirens blow, asd no bells ring when a fire has been prevented. It is a sober rou tine of hard work. Th* reward Is tminter- nipied progress and happiness instead of suffering and hardships. The surprising thing is that it's aa amazingly simple job. Every year the second week is October is set aside for fire prevention week. During this time nation-wide attention should be focused or the problem of fire wute Every one should take time to put his house and bmldags in shape so that they will be safe from the- threat of fire. Remember a little prevccstiba is worth more than all the fire fighting equipment you cas boy. Tractors won't hold the road tike an aato- Falls from windmills; rotten ladders, hay motfle. Dotfi let the comparatively slow (peed of a tractor fool you. It takes ody a few seconds to drift off the road. Keep >eur rye* ahead on the road for safe driv ing. The age when youngsters can inode a tractor oa the highway is not determined by mows, and grant bins, children playing by water tanka, swinging oo hay ropes and other forbidden ptares on the farm, are the cause* of crony brokec bones. How are the ladders oa year farm?' Tbe higher you climb the harder yen JfalH Ronember, keep tears but by experience. Driving onto the your ladders in repair unless you've learned highway without looking both ways is very to walk on air. dangerous. especially when you are watch ing not to tor down- the gate post. In the meantime, you are setting 19 an cEcdknt road Mock which may be cause for the loss of yoor life. Also make Hire that yew have peeper tight* for highway travel at sight. ** if at all possibly, do your highway traveling during the day time. White falfcmg about tractor safety, what Many an Americas fanner loses a finger or hand oa- our modem Ians of today with Sts power marinnay. No accsdest-pteva*(ion program caa be successful without tbe wholehearted cooperation of the person wbo ts directly responsible for the operation of equipment. To read accident report* from aS over the ctxsttry Is to be coavtooed that a large --i. 4 i in 1 Farm Safety number of accidents can be prevented only by the operator who nos this machinery. No power-driven equipment, whether it he transportation or processing; whether it he otx the highway, us the harvest field or in the industrial plant, can be safer than the nan who is at the controls. If firm acci dents are to be prevented--and they can be prevented--it will he done by the opera tors who accept a full measure of their responsibility. It is true that' the designer, the manufac turer, the safety engineer can help; and they will help, hut their combined efforts can he wiped oat by a single careless act of the operator. So yon Me there are many ways kb which people are lolled and injured each day. Re member, be alert today, and you will he alive tomorrow l 1* it oee of your friends, or someooe la your family, or eves you yourself who wiU be Qpc of the 27S people who will be lolled accidentally today? Are you going to .lose ooe of your fingers or a hand or even a leg accidentally this year? Remember the chances arc one in four that there will be a hospital or modical hilt in your family this comrog year. For all these reasons every citizen of our state should be urged to consider artfully the risks which tray be present ia lus home, on bis farm, in 'Ms place of business or employment, which might he the ause for the loss of Ms life, sod to make every possible effort to etitainate these hazards. Always remember th life you save may be your own. The Contribution of the Homemaker to Farm Safety By GLADYS OLSON Home Eesnoaka Bdoeatioo Dept-, Iowa State Collect. Amec, Iowa We need more waawa-heBMaahm, farm homemakers, saying, "all right; HI do that," when asked to do acme type of com munity work for safety, whether it is for farm, farm home, traffic, or recreational safety. You as farm safety leaders are each fre quently placed in situations ia winch it is necessary to secure speakers, members of panels, discussion leaders, people to preside at meetings, etc. Don't you sometimes hesitate to ask peo ple to do these things, especially busy and important people ? When the person to he asked il l girl or a woman, some factors arise yhida are not quite the same as when you ask a hoy or man to perform. Of course, yoa may or may not agree with me on this point I think women are more likely than men to say, "Oh, I can't do it," when they prob ably could manage to do it. A nan often says, ".ill right, TO do that.'* Women arc apt to be more reluctant partly because they do not see clearly how they can make a contribution. When thinking of this reluctance and hes itation on the part of people who have ham asked to do community work whether It U for afety or something die, cue statement fas helped me. Dr. Hartia F. Fritz of the Psychology Department at Iowa State Col lege made the statement We were pre- taxing for paitidpatioe tn a' panel discus sion, The topic under consideration was: ways to interest adults, fans men and mao, in coming to educational meetings, . Dr. Fritz reminded us that if you ask a person to come to a meeting it places them immediately on the ride of proving or jus* tifying why they cannot come. The same situation seems to be true when you request a person to take some cunimcirr/fy rapesa#- biHty. This seems tike a very sfenpfe tiling but it haa helped rqc greatly. It made me stop asd think of the process someone goes through a* he or she weighs .whether they will or wilt not be chairman of the safety committee, ft fa quite interesting to imagine the struggle going on as the person is think ing whether he or she can assume the re sponsibility, for we know so well what goes on in our ha ri"****1* situations. I do r-* want to sees unkind $sd I don't betie\v oru. ibemld fed that we are wbei The Contribution of the Homomaker to Farm Safety 25 we are giving someone a chance to deride whether they will make a contribution to safety work. Many people bare never Uced- up to the problem, "Gan I do something to further the safety of my farm and com munity." Honor mixed with this request nay help or a. Mot of the possible value to her if fbc assent* may entice the homemaker to ap pear in a pregram, a tins ramcctloo of securing speakers for safety, a rather interesting taddent oc curred reemtiy in our stale. A young woman agreed to speak and appeared as a --ember of a pane! rtpreaeotjug home safety. Pernor is a very vrvaciocs aod attractive ye--ag woman and was able to make a-hne presentation for the cause of borne safety. So--e months after her pond appearance, a young man joined her as rise Walked dews the cburcli steps coc Sunday moss ing, They exchanged pleasant Ugh* con versation, got into thrir cars aod drove to tber respective home*. In a few boon the yotmg man, Harold, telephoned Eleanor and explained (hat be bad sees her before their encounter on the Umtli steps. He had bard her u a member of the safety pond I mentioned and ever since bad been interested in meeting her. Since that time, which is aow a period of months, Eleanor and Harold have been seeing each other serially. New social experiences can bring added enticement for bring on panels; chair men of conmnttees, etc but we can't always guarantee such results t A1 of these words, so far, bare been at tended to help uc ink over the ways are can aarist homemakers to make contribu tions -to community mfety work. Lei's bow move to coastderatioa of the bcmcBttkcx's contributions to the safety of the farm situation as die U at home with her family. Here her ability as a uuuger uflacoecs the safety of the home, fee ssrit ways u the following: By proper osphzsu of orckritaess is the home; .by this we do not aacaa preeisks orderliness which makes living ""ptisan* aad uncomfortable. But we io tacaa such these* a* providing adequate storage, that ia storage suitable to accommodate tbe arti cles to be stored mid sear die place of use. SortaWe adequate storage space gives seme assurance that articles will be returned to the storage place rather than left ia traffic lines. Another way Is by rimpifying home furmshiogs. For example, hazards are reduced by eliminating brita-brae, small tables, foot stools, magazine racks and other furnish ings that complicate the task of housekeep ing and contribute to burry and fatigue; yet do not add comfort or beauty. A homemaker can also avoid fatigue mused by wasted effort with such practices as the following: 1. By using a bulletin board for a duly schedule. 2. By not doing too modi in one day. 3. By using time-saving equipment. 4. By taking time out for lunch and rest periods. 5. By not beginning too many jobs at oue time; finishing ooe job before starting another, 6. By cancelling tasks that cannot be justified. AU of these managnnent points hdp com bat the burry, Surry aod fatigue factors el the boraemaker's job. la addition sbe promotes `good meager matt of energy and effort by developing good work habits of lifting, carrying, and sitting, aad by keeping, equipment in good working condition; by seeing that repair is done when seeded sad judging whether it Is a job which can be repaired at borne or ooe for an experienced or skilled workman Is another way. Occasionally she most insure safe tiring by arranging fo have the load on electrical circuits checked when new appliances arc added; also by eliminating trailing extension cords and adding outlets, tight switches and lamps at points of need. Perhaps her best contribution la made by securing family cooperation In taking re sponsibility for these good management practices. Planning activities together so that all family members have a part is im portant. The homemaker** ability to promote good family relationships has its effect upon the safety of the entire hum aad borne situa tion. Each family member Is a very Im portant contributor to good family relation ships but the homemaker, the mother, is U II l\ hi 26 farm Safely roast likely to be the one who is keeping things moving in this direction. '["he contribution of good management in side the fans home also affects the activi ties that go ob outside the home is the farm operation. Those members of the family who do the work outside the boose are bet ter able to work efficiently and safely if the household activities are fairly mS man aged. We could go into this connection u> detail but will treat it briefly, emphaanne imfy tint relationships and attitudes are of utmost snportaacc. For TMwpl*, the father and the children (at most age levels) nay be rather non- and careless of tbrdr own safety, but when mother is interested in their using safe practices, there Is an added incentive. It <*n the ludnad and children are not just protecting themselves--which might ***** weak or sissy--bet art also dome so for someone they held dear. Lei's take an *"*-- m quite another i rsawirfim to illustrate bow good relation-' ships a the family promote safety. FU tell about a real iocidwW again. B3, a fourtccn-ycar-old 4-H boy came home from bis dub one night about July 9. He brought home five hazard tags and inspec tion sheets. I presume we aS knew_ about this 4-H activity sponsored in rriarion to Nations] Farm Safety Week, July 22-3. As soon as Bill arrived hone, even though it was quite late ia the o using. Ins mother --and a this instance the father too--looked over the materials and i8v.uwrf the purpose at the red tags. They thought of some places on the farm that might be classed among the worst hazard* which, according to the directions, were the ones to be tagged, I beKevc we woold all label this opportu nity to talk over safety activities as good family relationship. However^ to me the next part oi the mrident shows special w- derstandmg on the part of the mother. Much of the rime safety is a serious, rather grim and sorrowful subject and thns sometimes safety is tasted in its appeal ta youth. Now on the ercasag the red tags woe breetk home. Elizabeth, an adalt guest. was visiting in Bill's borne, Sbe had gone to bed and to sleep before Bill returned from 4-H. ` Before going upitiirs to bed Bill arid jokingly, *T dunk Lih is a hazard on this farm. Mother, would it be aU right if I hung oae of the red five-worst-fcazarda-cathe-farw-tag* on lib's bedroom door?" Mother said, "I think that would be fiat." fa the sight Lib got up to go So the bathroom and was mada amused by the tag ob her bedroom door. She went b bed, then couldn't resist getting op 3 taliahng m some way. Stc used nwfrrisfi at band' and stretched a firing between the of bU bedroom doer and at tached a ugn "Gerita at Work." For days the family bad bnraoitjos as well as seriocts aasodation* to mike vliu the red rigs were mentioned. Of Course the ability k> malm a* iutcresting titmtioa of a removal of hazardous situations nut be partly attributed to the personal characteristics of these family members. However, it dom give a concrete illustration of another contribution of the homemaker to farm nidy. This is a 1ms tangible type of contribution than the man agement role, but one of the ingles aa which we need to work with her. Help the baacnalcer ia year community recognise the opportmdtk* of iMfltug a strong ' fiocace is developing family attitudes and habits! We have mentioned the homemaker's con tribution* to farm safety as a eeeGSBodty number, as a home manager, and as a a iiy cotaueior. In closing t believe we might profitably mention a slogan which is just as.suitable here aa for organizations who arc working upon the improvement of good group in teraction aad group productivity. The slo gan is `Those Who Share Care.** The more homemakers there are who not only contribute but who help family members share in safety activities, tbs more me bets of famffies there will be who care and shore m safe living; Officers of the FARM CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 Vice-Preiideni for Perms--G, L. NOBLE, National Committee on Boys & Girls Club Work, Chicago. Chairman CHAFX FS SHUMAN, nicaois Agricultural Association, Chicago. t^,^C**'r7TU- HARRY L. POWELJ. Goodyrar Tire 4 Rubber Co. Uihoukee, Wo. Srmleey--UAYNARD H. COE, Director, Fens Di-isioo. N.docJ Sfetj Cooodl. Chicago. itemitn--UBS. AIMER ARMSTRONG, Indiana Farm Bureau Coop. Asm, lac. Ini; HAROLD BEATY, Effisoa Electric Institute, New York; WAL TER^ BERGER, Americas Feed Mfgrs. Asm-. Chicago; THEO BROWN, Deere It Cb_ Uolat, DL- HARRY P. COOPER, JR, National Association of Mutual Ins. Companies, Indianapolis, lad; JOHN F. DANEKE, Genera! Motors Corp, Detroit, Ukh.; JOHN DAVIS, National Council Farmer Coop, Washington, D. C.J T. A ERICKSON, General MI4 Inc, MmoezpoEs, Mum.; ROSS FLOYD, Continental Oil Co, Ponca Gty. Gkla.; KIRK FOX. Editor, Successful Forming, Des Uoffid la.; RAYMOND H. GELKESON, JCenmr Former, Topeka, Kan.; HOWARD GRAMLICH, Chicago & North Western Rwy. Co, Chicago; C N. HINKLE, Standard Oa Co.. (Ind.). Chicago; MISS ELEANOR HOWE, Whafs New Home Economics, Chicago; MISS AMY KELLY, College of Agriculture, University of Jfiacuri, Cdianbb, Mo.; MRS. DORSEY KIRK, Iffiooi* State Grange, Oblong; DL; EDWARD R. KLAMM, Allstate las. Co, Chicago; ALLAN KLINE, American Farm Bureau Federation, Chicago; E. W. LEHMANN, University of Illinois, Urban*, IlL* WALTER LLOYD, Kraft Foods, Chicago; S. F. LYLE, Extension Service, U.SJXA, Washington, D. C; FLOYD MORRIS, Illiaoii* Agrienltoral Assa, Chi cago- PAUL MULUKEN, Natloctal Retail Farm Equipment Asm, St. Loris, Mo.; HER5CHEL NEWSOM, The National Grange, Washington, D. C; G. L. NOBLE, National Committee on Boys It Girl* Club Work, Chicago; HARRISON NOLT, Pcmuytvama Rural Safety Committee, Columbia, Pa.; V. S. PETERSON, S. L da Pont de Nemoura It Co, Ames. Ia.; HARRY PONTIOUS. Farm Bureau Mutual Automobile Ins. Co, Cdwbcs, Ohio; HARRY L. POWELL, Goodyear Tire 4 Rub ber Co, Milwaukee, Wis.; W. J. RIDOUT, JR, Effitor, Electricity on the Form, New York; MARTIN RONNING^ UxmcapolU-Motine Co, Minneapolis, Mina; CHARLES SCRANTON, AlBs-Cholmers Ufg. Co, La Porte, lnd; A J. SCHWANTES, Department of Agriculture Umvwrity of Maimaota, St Paul. Minn.; CHARLES SHUMAN, ldnoix Agricultural Aim, Chicago; W. T. SPANTON, U. S. Office of Education, Washington, D. C.; RANDALL CL SWANSON, Uni versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.; DAWSON C WOMELDORFF, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago; CHARLES WORCESTER, Raffio Station WUT, Cedar Rapids, la. I '$r-l 'V . ' : : Planning -mr? Administering a Safety Program (A Panel Diemwire) IWM^ .V. Y. 1 S*IHI Sar &Uo * Scm Co, Fsrtirimifi; the accident reports to t*H hfai what the Rook J. Bw. Safdy Dir, Tbc Kroytr trouble b> Ca, Cfad*wai, O. Guca Umn, Safety Dir, Fire Pre vention A pfsri'Protoctioo; BLtz Brew ing Co, lGwiufcee, Wi*. J. J. PlAtaim, Supervising Safety Eng, Katkxo] DistiScrs Products Cecp^Ncw York Gty. N* E. Tnm, Dir. of Safety, Southern Dairies. Ia^, Waihiagtan, D. G Whm you Bad that a lot of the men har ing accidents axe new cxopfojocs, then yn must check the indoctrination system, to see if it is foacriooing properly. If a lot of accidents are faappeaog at night, you must look at Ae supervisory personae! to see if they are doing thdr fob. An aetidcst re port must always wtn detailed fafortna- tics a> to the caritwa under which so accident occurred. gi--r--.y of DhcmSwi Roger J. Bear explained the value of ' For a safety program to tat successful, there must he carcfa! aad complete plan ning on the part of .the safety department, j aeconfisg to N. E. TtucL The safety mcetingi mart he irfidnM fa advance aad the material for the topk to be dbtmsfnj const he fa the hands of the tadiri&al rcspocuibSe for each miffing, well before it is to falce place. la <fe'* way the sms are fettered of the task of pre statistio la maintaining as active aad inter ested orgasaation. They have a need to knew where Aey stand fa their depart ment, fa their fadentry, aad m fadastry as a whole. The primary purpose of statistics, he ex plained. is ha rstahtisbtng a par of acci dents for Ae partkslar plant or depert- mcBt, at which point yon caa begin to lodge the effectiveness of your program. paring their,owa safety talks. Tka you In presentiag statistics to the line organi avoid the freeman owwi of "No tka for zation. juu salt |<a'>* them by a MBCtfaft** or, "No topic prepared." "Mt then reel. They smt show ss The material for the metrinr should he improvement, as this gives as attentive to factoal materia!, from the hxlmlry in the men. volved. aad ikoiitr pocmhle frees the When statistics are used to compare dif- (articalar pfaats farolved. This brings fcinit industries, or tfifferert departments, home to the men the importance of safety. it is very knportzot that the basis on which The posting of posters, plant asd vehicle gertiew. along with all other forma! .parts of the safety pwam AwU be I plumed wtfl e advance. This iaaurcs flat I there will he ae wifareseot stoppage of they are compared is fair to both parties. The --1and severity of hasards which the several departments are subjected to akiog with the number of rasa-hours per department mast be talas sito consideration. I week for a zafety meeting, vrtach would . A brief aeeemit was given by Gregg | iqeet rite supervisor's production pins. Meyers of Ae problems be encountered To effectively administer a safety pro* gram, yw must have the backing of top nsnsgwncst, J. J, Prxbolos feds. FSrtbo, roe meat mwretain a high .level of interest alt don &e fine 'Tb& an be done by when be set Bp a safety program in a plant .`which had sever tad cue. While be had Ae of top msaagcsKot. be at first Cooad little cathnsasm fa the line organi zation. e naterts, ete, and a thorough Job of follow* The original inertia was overtone by sell Ing p icrhktg ispoils and hazards found ing the Idea of safety to the imfiridna] men. through regular plant inspections. la this he fowd farahnble aid fa a co Whoa the accident frequency goes up on operative medfcal ihfcauimiif, along with wmc particular job. or at seme particular the purchasing, btwitktdag accounting, mar sf hr, Ae safety m taut look to aad other departments. He load it espe- V Food Industry dally effective to take the head nurse out through the plant with him to investigate the scene of an accident The sight of the starched white uniform seemed to nuke the men a little more safety conscious. During the question period which fol lowed the discussion, Ur. Prahulos was asked how to keep safety in the minds o top management. He suggested that through reports and records-of-progress, top mas* itgement interest could be maintained. For* ther, they could be induced to fake pert in various safety ceremonies, such u awarding safety plaques and prizes. The problem of what basis to use when drawing op a safety progress report was raised. The point was brought out that it was difficult to estimate the cost of severe accidents, especially if they went through the courts, and that while the frequency of accidents tended to go down, the cost of media! and other expenses per individual accident had generally increased tremend ously. Neil A. Hadigan, Director of Safety for General Hills' Eastern Division was asked to outline the safety program they main- tamed in their Buffalo, N. Y. plants. Among other things, he mentioned that they served violators of safety rules with a "safety stxntneas," which required then to appear be fore ihetr foreman and exphem the causes for the infraction. Anyone is the plant coufd issue one, through the safety depart ment, and everyone, from top saDagesnort down, could receive ooe. The question was raised as tn whether this practice was not taking away a part of the foreman's job. Hr, tfvtpw felt that it was not, since the nan's own fore man would handle any correcsrrc sneiu involved. The summons is only a wirniug. and does not carry any penalty, except that the recipient of two ssmoos is any three month period is exempted from tbr quar terly safety dividend of the company, nrisafly an ten-pound sack of Sour, or something similar. Grain Handling and Processing Division (Summary of a Round Table Discasdoa) Presiding: E. F. Gomoll, safety supervisor, CEntoa Foods Inc, Clinton, Iowa. After brief introductory remarks by the chairman, the problems u acadent prevaJ- tion placed on the agenda were brought forth for general round table discussion. The problems presented were: What wn be done to make sure belt guards arc replaced following maintenance or repair? , Recommendations were: guards were hinged at the top so after repairs were completed they could be dropped bade into place. Some plants have a standard incen tive program where if a guard were left off* repairmen would receive a penalty resulting in a monetary loss. This system brings about good remits. Further, safety painting using contrasting colors with high visibility are used success fully in some plants. Also, unproved design so repairmen can easily replace guards was advanced as a solution. Haay guards are so heavy and poorly designed that extra help is required to replace than. The seecad questioa concerned the haz ard* of deep tank cleaning and entry oi grain bms, Recommendation* were: Neces sary precaution must be taken to make sure there is enough oxygen to sustain life and also to test tor air ivwitamiimioM Haay types of hoists and safety belts are used. The Gardaer-Denver 450-foot cable electrie hoist equiped with a knnsnaaiaa has been used to lower workers into deep grain bins. The Buckingham Belt Company manu factures a chair or boatswain's seat which keeps the man in a sitting pernBoo. This prevent* the man from getting out of the seat while he U inside the bin. Bln discharger* with rotating anas have been used with fair success ia medhan-riie hoppers. Forced ventilation is used by some plants during these operations. Coppus blow ers or a hose attachof to a compressed air line arc used to a good advantage; Alscv same plants have m definite procedure Groin Handling and Practising Division to be followed for tank cleaning operations; such as flushing the tank with a large vol ume of water first and testing the air for HS using lead acetate paper. Self-contained oxygen masks and fresh air hose masks arc also required for those men who perform tank cleaning operations. It was next asked what precautions were eceessary in the use of cyan! gas for grain ftnaigatioa. Recommendations were: Since the gas is very hazardous to use, the first problem is to make sure all employees are out of the plant before gas is released. Only those trained In the use of this gas should be al lowed to handle the project Gas areas must be thoroughly ventilated and checked for contamination before opened for normal op-' nations. ' la considering the safe operation of power shovels for ladoading grain; discussion re vealed nothing new developed during the last year. It was brought out that cable is expensive nod wear* oat too fast. Fluid drives were installed and used suc cessfully by ooe plant. The fifth question asked how to safeguard bouts at truck damps for unloading grain. Recommendation* were: The sted chuck* should be adjusted so they come up half way on the rear wheels of the truck. One important factor was stressed--to be sire the brakes were not set before raising the truck. It was reported that Use Kewanec Com pany changed the design of ihdr Installation so the chucks raise six inches over the cen ter. Two aocideats were reported where trucks jumped wheel chocks--on* resulting m a serious injury. Reduction of foil type accidents was taken up next. One reeocuocadarion was the use of the non-dad material whkh could be applied to the floor, dock boards, or any slippery are*. It was generally agreed that this material offer* fair protection against slipping haz ard*. Question seven (ode up controlling static electricity in solvent extraction plants. Host companies require workers in sol vent plants to wear non-conducting shoes. However, cue plant found they didn't wear well if they became exposed to vegetable oils. A ocm-sparking metal band which clamp* to tbe worker's shoes is used suc cessfully ua some areas. What incentives are used to assist fore men in holding departmental safety meet ings was another of the questions. Recommendations were: Furnish each foreman with proper material for m twentyminute meeting. Those companies who have this type of program usually hold them after the close of the working day and men at tending are paid overtime. One company reported that material I* planned and fur nished to the foremen for the whole year. Hlnutca of these meetings ere forwarded to tbe Safety Department for whatever ac tion is required. la the General Discussion period, the Idea of devdoping a single sheet card for short safety talks was discussed. These cards of suitable size with a single illustration on the front facing the audience and enough pertinent information on the hack covering the subject for delivering the talk will be help ful lo carry out foremen's safety meetings. These cards would be inexpensive and could cover a large number of subjects useful in any safety program. This idea* appealed to the majority of those present George Steel of Rslwma Purim took tbe floor and an nounced that this would be a fine project for the Grain Handling Division to take over for the cqoiing year. He stated he would be glad to act as the coordinator with Na tional Safety Couacii to get the job dose. The problem of unloading grain from box car* ia which the floor was patched also was considered. It was brought out that some companies have recognized this hazard and posted warning signs cq the grain doors on both rides of the box car stating the floor is patched and to ttse caution during unload ing operations. 1H 8 Food Industry Distillers Division (Summary of a Round Table Discussion) Presiding: I- \V. Saurr, Dir. of Safety, Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, lot, Louis* ville, Ky. Chairman Sbutt opened the discussoe by giving the background and development of the three pamphlets oow published by the National Safety Council far the Distillers* Section. The three pamphlets are: 1. Great Hm~ dltng and Milling, No. t'~6j 2. Mashing, Fermenting, Distilling and Stillage Drying, Na F-S; and 3. Warehousing and Bottling, No. F-7. The question of the distributkm of these pamphlets ms discussed at some length. It was felt that the price of go.45 per pamphlet might limit the distribution among the distillers, but it Seemed to be the con sensus of opinion that this obstacle could be overcome some way. It seemed to be generally felt that the distribution outside the distillers* group could best be carried out by the National Safety Council since they are equipped to distribute other pamphlets to the Industrial Safety series. No action was taVra by the group other than agreeing to any the matter over to the next meeting to be brid in Louisville, It was felt there would be more persons attending this meeting. Cm! defense in the iahatry was dis cussed at oaosiderahle length. It developed that no one bad aetaaDy done Tcry much in the plants. Same discaiskw has bora ar ried om and some phtf tentatirdy made. A "wait and see* sritadc named to prevail iwnf the tq*wuhtlrq. Ia general it seemed to be agreed that the boa course to pursue at the moor would be a gmcral tightening of plant protection and fire pre vention work under existing poftcwx, rmicujg some adaptation is rueognitiou of the possibility of stcadc There was also a gocsal ckchange of ideas on lightning ptxcuion of alcohol stored ia oetskte taaks, bam! beets or tickers and othtr nbaihsuw dtscimrio*. Accidents in Candy Industry By R. K. DALSTROH District Safety Director, Lumbermens Mwtaal C--sVy (X CVlragn What's behind the acridests which occur wtule the candy we all enjoy? First of all, management's attitude. The accident frequency is m proportio* to the effort pat into safety by managenenh Tbas, itfs bow well the supervisors follow through m pot ting safety across to employees. I believe we should be able to say it's just that ample. Wouldn't we all wish it was actually mg simple as It sounds wha you boll the Problem down to basic poli cies? After management is thoroughly told oa the need to prevent accidents to maintain maximum dBaeoey and when a program has been established to obtain full partici pation of supervisors and employees, we quickly find out the solarion of the spe cific aoodeot ceases pawn many itcrut- mg problems. We have made as effort to Up win some of these problem* by am analysts of 1000 srridmti which other lost tine or re quired medical vtw.'ioti. Left review these facts together. Behind this enstaaa of 1008 actSiiwit* wifi be re vealed some of the coqr. We will look at oat section at a time, By removing this KbS section we find the problem of hand trades. Whoa you con sider the large amount of land trade Move ment la a candy plant as compared to other type* of fodsstry X am surprised kitwt evea greater than IS per cent or 15 acci dents is a tbootiad. Tbe old argument of polling va. poshing iiccidtnts in Candy Indutlry 9 trucks comes up here. About 13 of the acci dents occurred while truck was being pulled and in 22 cases the truck struck another employee. By pushing the truck we will definitely prevent the thirteen accidents but what about the others? I guess we will have to stick by our pre vious coodusioa, namely *T a truck Is piled to permit visibility and the operator is alert and aisles are adequate, this type of accident wifi be at a minimum/* We can pass by the next section qmddy. This miscellaneous group of almost 6 per cent rreihiin^ the cases of questionable acci dent history and a for ammil accident causes. Maybe the penersvet managers can work out a procedure to win tbe confidence of the employees and avoid so many cases where injury Ts claimed at the plant ota though same outside activities may have been the chief reason, The sections arc now getting larger. No wonder it's 'hot substances,*" Kettles and cooking of ingredients is an essential part of candy making. A wdl organised plant will male* it inmtmTy foe an employee to reach into a hot kettle area to operate valves or make any adjustments. Spillage is always a problem when bet liquids see involved. Allow for this by a margin of safety beti*i top of liquid and top of container. If glares arc worn sod kept in good conditwm Urn need not occur wbca handling hoc ready bse.lw*. By the way about 10 per rear of all dirahhng injuries fall in this pep Sireq six eye accidents as revealed ia the its seetioa seems toe high for this ebon at harness. However, like many main tenance owplnyrrji who are only occasionally reposed an *? mjury, the enforcement of eye prusnetaon becomes difficult. I'll just let yen lade fib cat around. Wktt & ree appose are seme of tbe items that fcB t? timer to cause an injury to the es^Ioyee? Ulcer covers, cartons, lags, lcrd*s burs and other tools. These falling itam not only hurt but also re sulted in considerable disability. Proper pil ing and safe procedures are tbe ooly real frrrnsifiru henme It would not be consid ered practical to expect a Urge percentage of sinpfcij'BLi to wear s%fety shoes. Here mbms one of ear old friends. "Han dling materials/* I'D bet yoo ejected this to be mock bigger. Wait tail you se tbe Section involving strains! These 108 cases are only the ones which result from getting caught between objects, bumping hands, sliv ers, etc If management and supervisors will team up to provide eves flow of ma terials without congestion these accidents can be controlled. Of course, we can never overlook the necessity for employe* training and supervision. This next one, 'machinery,** is most in teresting and we could easily take up a whole session on this alone. I believe most candy executives want to effectively guard all dangerous moving parts where practical. Haven't you noticed however, a tendency, os the port of candy maintenance men to be a little more tax in maintaining guards than m other type* of plants? This may be pri marily Ale to the seed for more frequent adjustments and repairs. To simplify their own work they prefer to leave off some guards or fail to replace them after repairs, etc. The correction here depend* oa author ising the foremen to refuse to accept any machine for production which Is not fully protected. Cleaning or adjusting machines while in motion accounts for 52 of the 129 accidents. Candy wrapping and packaging machines are Use chief offenders. Isn't it true that machine manufacturers are continually work ing tor greater speed or a larger number of wrappings per machine for each day? This means more frequeue jam ups and faster muring naduae ports which make increased alertness ea the port of super visors and employees wrentill. However, the new machines'have node greater use of th boppec {coding device to reduce the ex posure. The iHostratkm now 1 believe shows one preventative step. A properly placed Sign on cad) machine such as shown has reduced this type of accident by 60 per cent. The most crippling injuries occur from machine operations so a Itigh degree of con centration by the supervisors can reduce tbe severity by almost 40 per cent I know one plana which operated over 1301X000 hours without a disabling injury only to have it spoiled by a serious ma chine accident There are two things Inmans do during working hours, one is picking up and set ting down materials and tbe other is moving around oa two feet or standing oa two feet When you watch a child learn bow to walk 10 Food Industry you realize thit we all must lean to main The selection of suitable employee* for tain proper balance to avoid {alia. Since we heavy handling presents a real profifan par are not walking on all fours it doesn't take ticularly in war produdios periods. Pre- much to tip us over or start us on the way employment physical casuoatioa will help down. 132 times la a thousand cases the em control aggravated hernia situations which are rather prevalent. ployees fell--61 times oo * level surface Another important phase u getting Set and 71 times from elevations. properly before picking up objects. 1 be Stairs are * real source of trouble in candy plants. The solution here would be to.build one of those new modem plants noth all operations oa one floor. Till that can be done, however, we do have the problem of good treads, light and oo run lieve the strains in the candy boshxas arc due primarily to as attempt to move objects with the body la a twisted cooditioo rather than the weight involved. la aa audience of this type it U not necessary to empha size the importance of lifting with the legs ning. Slippery floors are a contributing {actor and falling from machines or work plat forms also result in severe injuries. Almost one out of lour accidents from rather tiun the bock. Time does not permit a discussion of all the facta behind these aeddatts *ud? u: production schedule* vj. miety; environmen tal factors requiring broad engineering de velopments; employee relations and union falls result in some disability. co-operation; and types of safety programs Why do so many employees have to step on objects or bump into feed objects? 115 per cent o injuries occur in this way. It's sate to assume housekeeping and plant con gestion is a real factor. Maybe an acci dent of this type may suggest investigating the eye sight of workers and rr^imiy if he works in jerky motions rather than with a smooth action, some suggestions by tlte supervisor will be appropriate. Protruding objects including nails should of course be eliminated or protected. I imagine by now you can make out tome interesting features in our photographs However, I can recommend to you a pro cedure from which you will derive the greatest benefit from aa accident analysis. At your safety meetings consider carefully cadi accident cause separately, la other words at your next meeting set up a com mittee to study strains and report lor dis cussion tbc following month, Keep this on the agenda until all lifting equipment has bee* thoroughly analyzed and procedures developed which can be released m written Torm. Then proceed to the next cause and con- of a few activities within a candy plant. Can you guess wiai the largest aad final time on a step by step method of ducuxrion. Kvob though this is not a new approach 1 section will reveal as aa arridmt cause? do not hefieve it is used os much aa possible. Right you are f "Strains from the The catastrophe pottfbtEties have not been <?t objects." Cher 18 per cent of all acci discussed because such occerrcuces arc in* dents result in strains and over 20 per cent fraqaeat However, the csstroi Of stardt of the disabling injuries. Most of than re dust and d'mnnatisg aU source of ignition sult from the handling of candy batches, irom electrical *y*ttm* is important, Most but cartons, sugar hags and starch bags plants have made fine progress akxig these also are high on the list. lines in iccmt years. Air Contamination By LEONARD 1L SCHOHAN, MJ>. Deputy Dir. DiriBoa ct Pr.Ta.tire U-dlcine. HL D*. of P-Uic HmBK Sprio*Sel4 It has always been platitudinous to speak of pendular swings in history and there have always been those who have contested such allusions to the unfolding of human prog ress. Perhaps, the cnpipcorasc as soch anti podal concepts easy lie in aa analogy to a pendulum with as ever sacrasbg ampli tude of vibration, starting with the zero Air Contamination 11 position as the point of complete ignorance. Realms of endeavor In which there are large gaps of knowledge are especially sus ceptible to such pendular swings of theory and its corollary, practical application. As new information is gathered and tested the swing may be extended more in one direc tion than the other. Newer information may even rrrem the swing completely. Finally, xs the bulk of data has been collected, tested and theory has acquired unequivocal proof to become taw. the pendulum is arrested at or near the top of a swing where it remains. The subject of air cntunoiiioa has, to a great extent, experienced such pendular swings because of inadequacy of knowledge in the past. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance prior to the unfolding of the germ theory of disease, man was panicked by the violent spread of epidemic dbeases even among individuals without any appar ent cooact with other cases and. having tto knowledge of the role of the healthy car riers, postulated miasmas and malignant va pors for which those who would fend off such vapors were best advised to carry burning firebrands lo "cleanse and purge" tbc air. With the development of the germ theory of disease, based for the most pari on the brilliant researches of Pasteur, miasms were soea relegated to Umbo and cise-tocase or orricr-to-ease contact transmission held sway to the almost complete exclusion of the rale of the atmosphere as a vehicle of transmission of Infection. 1b fact, cootact was gaverally field to be, for the most part, the modus operand! of spread of the acute respiratory and con tagious diseases uotil 1934* Since that time, rrany observations have been recorded of the traacmlukia oi certain specific infections to experimental animals via aerial contamina tion and these observations are now being extended to human population groups. The interest in this method of disease transmis sion has, is fact, led to serious questioning of the major role of contact In the spread of infection. It it difficult to understand the lack of attention lo air as a vehicle eves though the hsarriologse research^ of the second half of the 19th Century seemed to satisfy our philosophic demands for etiology--for the relationship of cause and effect It Is diffi cult to understand such lack of attention for almost half a century when, in the work by Pasteur in the days of the controversy on spontaneous generation, sterility of flasks of broth could be maintained if the micro organisms were filtered from the air by means of cotton plugs, or in the work of Tindall, by open gloss tubes bent so that air had to flow around a series of sharp corners during "breathing" of the flask. It U even more difficult to undersand this lode of attention when anatomists and physi ologists have long known the relative areas of surfaces of exposure in the intestine as compared to the lung. The small intestine, specially adapted for absorption with its surface-increasing villi, has aa approximate surface area of 10 square tnetctV whereas the alveolar surface of the lungs masures 90 square meters.* Furthermore, consider that the average adult, performing moderate physical work, inhales 36 to 100 pounds of air ta eight hours. Compare this with the total weight of food and water constsned by this man in an entire day. Then consider the potentialities of inhalation and absorption of air coneamixiants. And yet we become indignant at contamination of food, milk and water while ignoring air sanitation almost completely. That, too, respiration is quite an auto matic process and the contaminants or pollu tants of air are all to frequently invisible and insensible; The seemingly innocuous character of air contaminants may belie their vicious effects. They have undoubt edly stamped tbc history of man's relation to hi* environment with indelible though ap parently subtie effects. Unless certain contaminants are immedi ately irritating or productive of severe ef fects, they frequently pass tmnotieed. Un less contaminants are visible or obviously odoriferous, they ant ignored by the worker. The asthmatic know* immediately when he las been exposed to allergenic particles in the atmosphere. The average normal worker senses nothing when he breathes fine silica particles. The sensitive Individual soce appreciates the dermatabs developing on his hands after exposure to certain fumes, vapors or liquids. The avenge normal worker thinks nothing of (or even ejjoys) the sweet odor of aeetooe or amyl acetate at 12 Food Industry concentrations above the allowable maxi mum. It is usually an epidemic of fatal illness such as the Donor* Experience which teaches us the role of acute air pollution in disease production but the role of small dosages ol contaminants In the production of chronic disease requires further detailed and intensive study. It is well then that an ever accelerating attack on air contam ination and its role is disease is developing. Although (he literature on air contami nation has become voluminous its study must still be considered as being in its infancy especially with reference to air borne infection. Great stride* are never theless being made and much practical ap plication is resulting therefrom. Smokes are very small solid particles formed in incomplete combustion of orginie substance*, Mists are very small airborne droplets of materials which arr ordinarily liquid at nor mal temperatures and pressures. Sneering produces mists whkh contain microorginivnu, but the difficulties in classifying such organisms will be (Sicussed below. Fogs are eves smaller airborne droplets produced by condensation from the vapor stage of liquids. Both fogs and mists are termed aerosols. Vapors are the gaseous phases of sobstances which are solids or liquids ta their common state. Gases are formless fluids at oonal tem peratures and pressures. The Categories of Air Pollutants What are the basic categories of air pollutants nr contaminants? If my Initial lemarks have left the impression that emphasis must necessarily be placed oa the air-home agents of infectious disease, I shall endeavor to disabuse this UnpressiOO- Among the several working environments a diversity of air coabunisants may be op erative. .Air contaminants originate from many processes In addition to those occur ring naturally, such as eroooo, windstorm, earthquake, volcanic trrnpooo and the bio chemical or biological processes. Manufactur ing, transportation and agricultural processes as well obviously contribute ooccunhaarts to the air. .At times such contammaats are classified as organic or inorganic, risible or invisible, microscopic or macroscopic, particulate or gaseous, toxic or harmless, beneficial or de It becomes obvious that airborne living organisms do not lend themselves to such a classification too readily for these range from subcaicrotcoptc viruses to large poOen grains. Bacteria range from 02 to 5 oncroat, thus overlapping the dust and fog ranges in size as do fungus spores which measure t to 10 microns and poOen grains which vary from 3 to 150 microns, Thar classification as particulate matter is stilt further caarplicxtcd by the coefotioo which has existed over the tam "air-borne infection" An attempt to clarify this coofusion which is quite pertinent to air sumtatiou both in diriulcctioe of air (sanitary ventilation) and m prrvatfvw of aerial coo* lamination (dust suppression) will appear in die discussion on pathogenic organises as air corotaminzcts later In this paper. Air Coctam&uis* l>srtitn.ut ta the Food Tmladry structive. In general, the conventional ap proach to these categories of eoutamuianu based on their origin or method of forma tion delineates-* dusts, fumes, smokes, mists, fogs, vapors and gases.* In many industries any number of these physical'and chemical agents may be present Their basic definitions are ****mj?l to the evaluation of hazards in any industry. Dusts are solid particles projected into the air by natural or mechanical processes and are smaller than 100 microns in size. Fumes are solid particles formed by con densation of vapors from solid materials as molten metals. Dusts: "Dust Is oae of the most immense and widespread amwapboa , .. ft is gen erally impkasast, -vl,i'ir*J Dast a the eyes, mouth, longs, effects, or imagination of hums brings is generally anathema.** Dusts exist everywhere * the atmosphere and are of mineral, vegetable or animal origin. Ptrxw exposed to dusty ecccpatioas comprise one of the largest industrial groups. Certain aeorpatiom! disease* among workers in dusty atmospheres are due to entrance of dust Into the body primarily by inhalation, but also by ingestion and absorp tion through the skza. in the food industry oae is immediately Air Contamination 13 drawn to discussions of dusts of vegetable origin such as grams, door, starches and pollens, Of immediate interest is the ailergvaic or allergy-producing character of many of these (hats, which need cot be limited to the pollens alone. Pollens could be brought tn with grains, though fungus spores which may serve as allergens for the hypersensitive individual may also present a hazard In this way. Hay fever, asthma, eczema and contact dermatitis are ail aller gic manifestations varying with the hypersensitive individual and induced hi tuefa in dividuals by protein mtcrali spceafioJly selective for these bdmduals. Since rack substances enter the body most tunraaoly by inhalation, the role of inade quately controlled dusts comprised of certain grain* such as wheat, of powdered niBc and'eggs and of polkas and fungus spores , u buardoas air amtamuzasts cannot be overlooked. Furthermore. eon-specific dusts may also preriprtate asthmatic attacks m allergic mdJridwsi* even ta the absence of specific aCergtns. That mmerai dusts may be of significance ta the food industries is not oftat consid ered and yet pncwHoocooSosis caused by cereal dusts hu bees reported amoug grain handlers.* la amt sthdy 21 of 84 grain handlers had pncunvuaxonioris and chemi cal examination of samples of cereal dusts (wheat, oat and barky) obtained from silos disclosed appreciable amounts of free silica, Guinea pigs exposed to several mouths of inhalation of these cereal dusts presented pathologic processes tdcntial to those in the grain handlers. The rccoonsenduSoa of ex traction of dust from cereals by cyclooe as pirators at the time of hploading was made m this situation. One can also recall to mind the upper respiratory difficulties encountered among barley manipulators in the brewing industry and certainly the low grade bronchitis or bronchial catarrh with resulting emphysema from chronic coughing induced by grain dusts such as Sour, camot be nusintfmd. Finally the explosive character of organic dusts is food Industries must cot be over looked. Starches as dust clouds arc notori ous ict this roped. Similarly, wheat and sugar dusts fat proper concentrations consti tute major explosion hazards. It is difficult for most people to appreciate the explosive, combustibility of organic dtzsts bet ft has repeatedly beta shown that some dust mixhires ignite more readily than gaseous ex plosive mixtures' and that the finer the carbonaceous dust, the nearer the approach of flame velocity to that of gas explosjoas. Id general dust explosions depend upon: 1. Chemical and thermal properties of the dust; 2. particle size and shape; 3. concen tration in air; 4. proportion of tarn dust In air; 5. moisture content and composition of air; 6. sue and temperature of Ignition source; and 7. degree of diipenica of the dust cloud.* Vapors and Casts are air contaminants of extreme hazard to health. Most of them are cither irritant* or poisons or both and their number is legion. Their diversity is matched only by the multiplicity of occupa tions In which they are involved and their presoice is dictated by usage in Industrial processes or by ehaacc as by-products. Because of their physical state their roles as industrial poisons are played as inhalants principally, but absorption through the tldn any take place and in some instances, lead to severe skin irritations or dermatoses. Industrial vapors and gases may generally be classified as asphyxiants, irritants and systemic poisons by virtue of their chemical characteristic! and physiologic effects. The food industries share in the diversity of the gaseous air contaminants which are encoun tered. It would be of interest to ate the several vapors and gases encountered in the food industries, their physiologic effects and spe cific occupations in which they arc a distinct hazard,*-*" remembering that for meat of them acute poisoning by muuYt doses act ing over a short period of time is dramatic, but that small and, at times, insensible doses acting over longer periods may produce effects which are at first subtle but do less productive of pathology. 1. Acetaldehyde is encountered by yeast and vinegar worker* and leads to irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, dyspnea, cough, cardiac acceleration and profuse flight sweats. 2 Acrolein, a troublesome by-product In fat rendering, a severe irritant and quite injurious to the eyes and respiratory tract. Inhaling massive doses rapidly leads to edema of the lung. Longer exposures of t-ood Industry 14 smaller doses yield bronchial catarrh, ab dominal paid and diarrhea. Renderers of bene and fat and makers of slue and lard frequently encounter this irritant, 3. Ammonia, representing an irritant, efrigeratioa repair and maintenance men ire decidedly at risk. These gases are vola tile drugs which cause organic change. Symptoms include progressive drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, staggering gait, mental roniusion, visual disturbances, tremors and caustic gas, is primarily a refrigerant but is encountered by sugar refiners as well. Its action mi the lungs is similar to that of aeroldn. KvaJaiesa 11. Sulfur-dioxide is an irritant gw uti lized as refrigerant and as a fruit bleach and hence posing a hazard to artificial k* 4. rimy/ acetate and amyl alcohol is con makers, refrigerator repair men, fruit pre tacted by alcohol-distillery workers and servers, gelatine makers, sugar refiners mad fruit-essence makers and yields irritation of sulphurers of malt and hops. This gas the eyes, nose, throat, bronchi, headache, makes itself felt immediately by irritation dixziness, drowsiness, oppression of the and inflammation of the eyes, trachea and chest, cough and nausea. lung with bronchial catarrh, digestive dis 5. Carbon dioxide, a simple asphyxiant, turbance and blood-tinged mucus. > encountered by bakers, brewers, carbon 12. Hydrogen rulfde, an irritant and sys ated water makers, dry-ice makers and vin temic poison to which starch molars and egar and yeast workers. sugar refiners are exposed, produces irrita 6 Carbon monoxide is a chemical as phyxiant in that it combines with hemoglobia and reduces the Jattrr's ability to transport oxygm to the tissues. Produced by faulty combustion, especially in coke fur tion of eyes and respiratory tract with re sultant conjunctivitis, bronchitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis and pulmonary edema as well as headache, vertigo, overventilation, gastrointestinal disturbances and slowing of naces it represents a hazard to bakers and the heart. cooks. Exposure to high concentrations for short periods may, through anoxia, produce degenerative changes in the body. Similarly chronic exposure to low concentrations tray, according to some investigators, cause per 13. Sulfuric acid, which, like h>drochloric acid, produces a corrosive action on the skin and mflansnatioe of the eyes and respira tory tract, also injures the tepth and Inducts a chronic broodiud catarrh. It is encoun manent tissue damage also- Poisoning in tered by sugar refiners and yeast makers. tome individuals may proceed to the stage of collapse without causing any subjective symptoms and tit others may produce pain ful eyeballs, throbbing headache, dxzsinma, nausea and vomiting. These examples should illustrate the po tential hazards from vapors asd gases in industries which the public would normally took upon as benign. 7. formaldehyde is an irritant poison. Its Air Contamination and Infectious Disease effects are on mucous membranes, stem and Common to all occupations is the problem viscera, producing conjunctivitis, bronchitis, of air-borne infection. The communicable dermatitis, destruction of huger nails and diseases can exist only where iron, the sus liver degeneration. It is encountered by ceptible host, congregate* with his fellow brewery workers. S. Formic acid is similar to formalde hyde in actios but produces even more se vere dermatitis with ulceratioo and necrosis. Alcohol fermenters encounter this air coo- men._ Aggregation of population is an mcirive factor in the spread of contagious disease and industry affords such aggrega tion. As was pointed out in my introduction, the history of air contamination adtrstot 9. Hydrochloric acid, encountered by sugar refiners, is simitar in action to acetal dehyde and acrolein but in addition yields dental caries by dissolution of the enamel and pulmonary hemorrhage*. 10. Methyl bromide and methyl chloride are troublesome refrigerant gases to which cyclic swings with the dictation of radical!? new truths. Miasma gave way to bacterial etiology with Pasteur and, although this re. searcher found bacteria h air, most of thou proved to be lanakas saprophytes. Then agaia early experiments is this ctnturv suggested tint most patbogeauc bac Air Contamination IS teria cither died rapidly or lost their viru lence when exposed to air. Pulmonary an thrax infection by inhalation of spores by wool-sorters and secondary infection of wowds by tetanus spores remained the ex ceptions. The careful studies of Chapin" did modi to swing epidemiologists away from the concept of air-bome infection to ward contact and droplet Infection. This retrained unchallenged until about 15 years ago when energetic attempts were begun to determine the importance of the role of air-borne infection in the spread of naturally occurring disease. Experimental data revealed that air-borne Infection is a reality but its importance In nature as op posed to contact or droplet infection still remains to be proved.* Only recently Ku the confusion in termi nology been clarified"---terminology which left workers in this field confused and at variance with each other in interpretation. "Air-bome infection** has all too glibly been applied to a number of respiratory and con tagious diseases and to seecsviiry skin and wound infections which are known to be spread by conact. An exact delineation of the routes of irananbrion of infectious agents is vita). Contact or ctircct transmission I* Illustrated is kissing or indirectly by contaminated ma terial objects such as hands, instruments and toys, Dro/lets by sneezing and coughing are projected onto the conjunctiva, mouth, lido or opai woods. Droplet nuclei, how ever, are snail residues resulting from evaporation of droplets, remaining in the air of enclosed spaces for varying lengths of time and readily inhaled. Family duxis of infectious agents arising from secondary reservoirs of infection by settling on floors, clothes or bedding and redistributed by me chantral duTarbosce, remain suspended ia air for short periods of time and may be Tbesc distinctions arc important to hon est considerations of true air-borne infec tion. Droplets, per sc, containing micro organisms and ccpeUed in liquid mists as by wring actmUy travel relatively short dis tances sad out therefore be considered as post of the cutset mechanism eves though they are momentarily air contaminants. Fur thermore, droplets anc not appreciably af fected by soy devices of sanitary ventilation yet developed. It is obvious that the propulsive emission of such droplets from the infected individual and their transmission directly and almost instantaneously to the recipient secondary host cannot be influenced by air disinfection or sterilization. True air-borne transmis sion must therefore eoocem itself only with those particles which may remain suspended in the air for appreciable lengths of time for only under these conditions may sanitary ventilation or disinfection of air be applied in control. Droplet nuclei and dusts are thus the only two categories with which we may concern ourselves in this regard even though in in dustry we cannot overlook such relatively momentary air contaminants as are Included under the category of the larger particles known as droplets. The revival of interest in air-boroe in fection is predicated primarily upon experi mental work. Canine distemper is readily transmitted experimentally by the air-bome route. Inhalation of atmospheres containing influenza virus readily infects mice and fer rets. Direct air-bome infection of rabbits with tubercle bacilli has been demonstrated." Brucella sins, Malleomyces mallet and pjeudoroaJki, Pasteurclla tulareuse and the virus of psittacosis have bees transmitted by inhalation. Accidents in the laboratory and for tlt matter in field research have also yielded evidence of air-bome infection. I may cite the psittacosis outbreak among laboratory workers of the U. S. Public Health Serv ice in 1930", the brucellosis outbreak in the laboratory of, Michigan State College in 1938 ia which the dissemination of the or ganism through the air by means of the Sharpie* centrifuge was a distinct possibil ity", and the outbreaks of Q fever in the U. S. Public Health Service Laboratories in 1940 and 1945." Case* of infection by inhalation of virus of primary atypical pneumonia during field studies by the Com mission on Acute Respiratory Diseases dur ing World War II are described by Lang muir * It Is studies of this type which lead us to dear cut scientific bases for the me chanisms of airborne infection. The v. of recent years has developed certain gen eral eoodusioos. We know that the chance of infection after exposure to bacterial droplet nudes and dusts Is directly propor- hood Industry <4tr Contamination tional to * the number of bacteria in the cloud, inversely proportional to the sue of such particles- ia the cloud, directly propor tional to the duration of exposure and fi nally requires the Proper conditions of tem perature and humidity. Influenza virus studies reveal rapid destruction of the virus at relative humidities of 50-60 per cot arid greater survival both above and below this Humidity of 50 per ecst Is is itself de structive to many bacteria. Ia the presence of dust m the air gyooi cffoctivmcu is greatly reduced. Controlled experiments w the offices of a promawnt business concern failed to reduce both the number of air borne bacteria and the inridaice of minor respiratory infections.*' Ultraviolet radiation has also beta .ex figure. The strides in laboratory and experimental knowledge has oa the one hand outstripped observations on naturally-occurring field events, but os the other hand, have been nowhere near the efforts of commercial exploitation of devices to sterilise or dis infect the air. In actual field applications certain results have been achieved but these have been far short of the expected. Many variables appear and among these ploited with equivocal results thus far. la naval barracks a 25 per cent reduction in respiratory infections was effectuated, whereas ia a oootrollcd study of six years* duration in which the amount of radiation was five times that reoosuaeided by the commercial manufacturers no significant de crease in ioddesce was noted among 400 inmates in the study. Stiufies are now pro ceeding in further hope of evaluating tills proposed technique of air steritintioo. one must consider the seasonal changes which occur cyclically as in respiratory in fections, the rate of turnover of suscepti- bles in a gives dosed population", the de gree of aggregation or crowding aod finally the a* yet tmmea.turablc role of direct contact or spray-droplet infection which may in the end be proven to pre ponderate over air-borne transmission, Coochafaa In conclusion any X say that whereas the control of chcnaeal darts, vapors arid gates are definite and applicable, air-borne infection control does not csloy this position at prewt Complete protection against the transfer of infections by air is Impossible for rauQu elucidated In the discussion of the role of contact aod droplets in dwur it becomes obvious then that we may transmission as opposed to droplet-nuclei and expect such differences as 90 per coat elim dusts. At present there ts not available ade ination of air-borne organisms ta the lab quate eyidfflce that the sir-bdeee route of oratory and only 30 per cent reduction in transmission is predominant for any portae- incidence when applied to "dosed" human talar disease and for some, on the other population groups. hand, the contact mode is definitely pre Certain facts do. however, stand out We (mow that such environments as bar racks, institutions and hospital wards with their special conditions of aggregation of population do show a significant bat small reduction in incidence of respiratory infec tion* when certain procedures of air sani tation are applied, eg, the 1G-30 per cent reduction in iotideoce of infections la bar racks and station hospitals with oiled Boon and bedclothes for suppressleo of dosthome bacteria. Actual bacterial dispersion itself was reduced by 90 per cent." This is of special interest since there is evidence that inhalation of dust-boroe bacteria is more important than direct inhalation of Infectious droplets or droplet nucid m the spread of respiratory tract infections." Glycol vapors have produced promising results ta the laboratory utflmug dens air and relative humidities of 40-60 per cent. dominant. Dost wigmnica is, la general, good hoosekerpcac sad there is dc&fite evidence of mpprussoB of bacterial oocrfaisiaation of the air by snch procedure* as oiling of Soon, Mmati sod bedding even though more Stniy is required of its value in sctml disease reduction. Certainly it should he applied where glycol vapors and ultraviolet radiation is attempted. These tatter tech nique* have yielded eras less certain results although there is good evidence of their value as adjuvants to aseptic techniques in certain highly specialised situation* The case for aad against glycol vapors is asset ably presented by an excerpt front an editorial in the Journal of Ike America* Public Health Association, dated February 1949: "Alter two years the subcommittee (on Control of Air-Borne Infection] of the A.FAA. concluded: "The available eridroce strongly iaSalet that. . , qfrtol vapors are useful adjuvants to aseptic technique* in the reduction or elimination of air-borne infections ta operat ing rooms, and is roategioos disease aad pediatric wards . . . The general use of disinfectant vapor* tn schools, barrack* and m specialised uxhastrial environment* Is not justified at the present time . . . There ts peat need foe farther carefelly coo- trolled field studies . . . There Is no Justi fication for hadiacriatieate use ... so home, offices, or places of pobGc congregation. "Is tbc part two years real progress has bees made In the development of vaporuaog knees, bat there has been moredaily so advance ia our knowledge of the effective ness of < these vapors ia the prevention of scut respiratory disease*. Until such knowl edge becomes available, it Is unwise to rec ommend the installation of glycol vaporisers except voder carefully controlled experi mental conditions. Present commercial cam paigns of exploitation nit* the real danger that the method may W discredited aod that (h rational dnduptiue of this iwifarfnt field of air sanitation may be discouraged." With respect to ultraviolet Irradiation the original committee report* rtectnmcpd*: "The geoeral use of ultra-violet irradia tion or disinfectant vapors In schools, bar racks, and fat specialized Industrial enrirorenents Is not justified at the present timeThere is great need for farther carefully controlled field studies to define the me chanism of the spread of infectious <*ease among these types of populations. "Thr* ic ao fortification for the indis criminate use of ultra-violet light or other methods for dlsafrctiag air in hemes, of fices, or places of public congregation." Bibliography t. !!*, W. T.s Ak-W* tafetiM; IT Dro?!*x <*Tptre!* NwSd. Am, /. Hjg. 20: Ctl-SI*. 2. ViOR*, Cad: MrWkp if ni, DU- Pg. M6, Lm Mistr, ftffiditphi*. S, ttU? f*. U7. . tltfo?mo./nAt*^aV.ytmSailca.imKKo. ikdeiraaCdWVkafdriaTikrwr aGEmagdpt.- * W. Hjt. md Ou*f. Mrd, 1J1J, itu, 7. Priski Chon. kUni. X24rtf. tf31. i. ' ssstai^rs!*?. Wftsf sutr* IP. tmt. Sir Ta lUmmmt HslWmt, Oaferd Uai- veisnr 7m. f--4m. 1W. " SsgMrJS` SST ""** M.m, Uwto se. tail. t). frtiTnw'Cii tm Mmm i tfnfcafr ta Caa- mi Air-Bacnc tufafkw. Am. Ak. HnW Aam.i Hrw Boom SaWB af tfe Cwrnl of Air-Borac talwHn^TniXRBJU *7:15. Jia. IM7. H. UrW. U., iL: "Aa Brefeatoa at tto l&thad at Qufltieatire Airfare* Uetw tad OVm m urMr at tfcc MWwwiii at Tatar*!*a*." AmT&r. Tatat M. l*to. " gS'i.&.Tik *- ' T- fay >7Tm4. tMa. gfea S-,JStj-&."SSJS u*nom-a-VuSnn.nf*eT-ngw.Jasf. -j*"gmmJ.lgart. toJto. IMS. if. tikwreM. dj k. Ittatww. It. t***li, C. `SEu S itta-i tegbo* n amt ciwp," jama*, ire.res. 2*. Uafe C G.i "Owe Caudal,'* Am. J. Pak. H. Mocbaniccd Means ol Removal or Reduction of Air Contamination Br JOHN K. EANB Up; Dwt Coetrol Dfy, Americea Air Tflter Ca, Xne, LowleriHr, Ky. Air oontasunatioo can be brolaa down mta b. impurities or dust generated within the a Imparities broagbt into the plant by the plant doe to the sainxe of the process in occupant* or with the outride supply air aad volved. 141 i. Food Industry Outside air contains dust and smoke con centrations in the order of from .1 to 1J> grains per 1000 cu. ft Composition of the dust will vary with plant location but will consist of varying portions of carbonaceous material, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, and air borne impurities such as pollens, mold spores, and wild yeast spores. Dust production from plant processes are impingement and the straining principle to remove the solid particle* from the air stream. Collection efficiencies oa finer pani cles will be considerably higher than with the viscous impingement. In many cases, more frequent replacement or reconditioning wiQ be Involved although the collecting of U\e materia) ia a dry state will in some cases aid maintenance operations. usually produced by the finer Seating parti 3. Electro'Static Filtration. Using the well cles released by handling of the prodoct in known principle of cither charging the volved. The material wiO be normally mi- collecting media or ionizing fine particles form in composition, although varying in the air stream and collecting than oa widely in particle rue. Concentradons will grounded collector plates, the Electro-Static be many times those encountered in atmos filin' offers the highest degree of air filtra pheric air, although low in comparison with tion available today. Efficiency is excellent dusty e-v-rations m other industries. Frias men oa particles in the smoke range. Elec operations such as mixers, padaging opera- tro-Static filters are considerably more ex ikicis, material handling srstreex. weighing pensive than either the viscous or fabne and screening, caocaxcraaons will be so the types asd are iccowanencted where highest order of i to 10 grains per cubic foot degree of cleaning to prevent discoloration where local exhaust ventfiarioa is scrpp&ed and prodoct ctxttamhatloa is desired. to prevent dispersion from such opermticcs. In other material handling operations, soefa as rotary dryers and coolers, picknp of solids by the exhaust air stream will be much grater, often ronmng in the order of 6 to 20 grams per cubic foot. Frrea the above discussion. it will be ree- Where heavy loadings are ceeositered. filters of two <derate types are freqomtiy used la series. UsoeUy the viscoo* oaptttgcfneai type ads a* a scalping filter or prtckascr redodag the load and die asunte- rsnee Involved on the more dficksit ml cleaner of either the fabric or Electro-Static oftnued Out cooceotratians of solids from t'rocest operations wiQ be 2000 or more time* a- heavy as that caoocmtered in the 'leaasmc oi ntnsewpberic air before totrodnemg n mm the work tface tbroagb vmtibuMei. air matosresng or sopply ais -Vtfiefb. It KsUm tl* difference fa air ekmax druge Wteun the air fiber creep designed to *w*,tv* the wiuU qsaotities of -obds from cxnatdc dart and the dote coctrol device used far the much heavier loadings encowatercd as <Su4 is released from process operations Air filters can generally be )m>ka down into one of the following types*. type. For industrial process dost control, local exhaast remlatioe principles are aormalh employed. This system necrafttatos the tifr "of a hood or eadowae dote to the SOOKC of dost generation. Throogb the opcaug* la the hoed, inflow of air is sonattoDed tv protean csopcmcae of (tot particles re leased, Air aad ratrained tose are carried through exhaust (beta with area) cawqiuj velocity of 3000 to 3500 fpm. A tost col lector will normally ramwe a high per oeeX of solid particles before the etoanerf air b discharged to the atmosphere or bade to the work room. Dust control device* operate oa 1, Ftrccmx impingement. The least ex one or more of the foQowtog principles; pensive of the filter types offering reuocably large dust holding capacity, moderate to good efficiency on coarser particles but minimum effectiveness on extremely fine particles. Trapping of the dust from the air stream is based on the principle of impinging of the dust particles onto the filter surface coated with a viscous material causing the 1. Primary Cotitctom Primary collector* arc usually of the dry centrifugal type. They have the advantage of low first cost and collection of material fay. They are toon effective oa coarser particles and the cleaned air must be discharged to the outside unless followed by a final cleaner. dust to adhere to the filter element 2. Miffft SJfrienty Cetfeelorr: High effi 2. Fabric Filtration. Air filter design* ia dency collectors are either of the fabric this group use a dry type media combining type or of the wet type. Collect!oa efficiency Air Contamination 19 of designs in either of these groups is ex tremely high even on particles ia the low nueroa sires. The fabric collector collects the material dry permitting salvage in many cases.: Large filter areas are required as the velocity ot the air pasting through the fil ter media is normally in the two to five fpra ranges meaning large equipment. Where quantities of material are collected, care must he exercised or secondary dust prob lems will result in the emptying of the col lector, Wet type collectors normally will require less space than the fabric type de sign and eliminate all problems of secondary dual problem* la the disposal of the collected material. Where the product has salvage value, primary collectors arc oftentimes used to remove the bulk of the solid* (root the gaa stream before the final fraction Is re moved by the wcC'typ* collector. X The above group* of dust collecting devices Will include the types most coeswxdy encountered ia collcctioa of contaminants from food processing operations. High vol tage Ekcl.roStatic preopiutioa is another popular type of collecting device wed ex tensively ia lose todaories. Its cost, bowever, makes its application mfncqocat for most food procuring operatic*!* as dost lad ings aad parride sues enrolled seldom re quire this type of etJlccSor to obtain cotkclion cffiricacy requiued. The high voltage E3cctroStatie tost col lector opcntin ''rich vokage in the 70,000 volt range should aoc be caafased with the lew voltage Electro-Static air fiber openi ng to the 7 so 14O0 volt isngr This hr- would Hag quickly if acd under the heavier Soaffings torohred to tost control systems. To remove atmospheric imparities and maintain work roam air ai taixinaxvi dean- lines*, supply systems with air filters should maintain a poritirc pressure within the work roes, la this way, a minimum of coatam- katioo from outside air will occur. Electro static precipitators aad type of media used ia coaacctioc with dry filtration show exceptionally high efficiency eves oa bacteria and recent tests conducted oa this combination of Silers ia dry air have given efficiencies ia the order of 99.9+ per cent co bacteria and meld spore* For process operations, exhaust systems involve the hooding of dust producing op erations. A few operations will be discussed to illustrate typical hooding methods. Mixers: Fine dust is released when dry ingredients are fed to a mixer or blender, where the process is dry, dust will be re leased during the operating cycle and during the discharge of the material from the machine. Where machines tilt to dumjv ex haust hoods can do double duty of pre venting dust escapement during the filling, mixing, and discharge operations. Where the machine is stationary, tight connections to the container may answer the problem, or a tool exhaust hood is often provided at ll*e discharge point. Where conveyors or vertical feed chutes are wed, hoods often of the boothtype, are the answer to the problem of dust confine ment at that point. Screens: Screening agitates material throwing fine particles into the surrounding area. Hood attached to screen deck, or com plete t&dosert of the screen will be practi cal k most cases. Wrigid*g: Srene fine dost is dispersed during the transfer to aod from containers or fens to wrigtoog devices. In the case of small toeehcK, eadcoaws or booths are in dicated. For pfcuform scales, it is often pos sible to pat sole aad container in a booth ctltakg to the floor, or enclose the opentires. Coatmg Pms: Tbe rotating coating pan res cause dense deads of dost as the fine' ingredients are added aad tbe product ro tated. This a espccaBy true where supply air to tocrotored to dry or cool the product. A local hood wilt prmt dispersion from this operation, greatly improving working corefitioos asd drastically reducing house keeping. Dryers & Coolers: Rotary dryers and coolers are frequastly employed m the food processing asduitry. Tbe accessary move ment of air throng tbe cascading product means considerable Ion of material is the exhaust air. Supply air; Is filtered where cootaminatios or discoloration could effect the product. Dust collectors remove the sol ids from the discharged air to salvage mate ria) and/or prevent neighborhood nuisance. Two case histories will give added indica tion of the methods used fa food processing industries to prevent contamination of their product. r*t. 20 Food Imdmsiry la a bakery, sanitation U o utmost an* portance doe to the constant danger of ~ testation of the Sour. Prevention of floor dispersion reduce* or eliminate* tbc coalings that cut deposit as Boots, walls, stored ma terials, aad equipment as the dry ingredient* are processed. Bags of flour os be upset in a ventilated blending booth. An inward flow of air over the booth opening will prevent flour chut escapement. Where doth tags are used, the exhaust duet also serves as a sack cleaner, removing an avenge of nine ounces of flour adhering to the inside bog frail* after the emptying operation. From the blender, the flour can go to storage bins and then be fed through scale hoppers to the dough mixers. Small tool hoods will collect the puff of flour dust caused by the release of air entrained during the tilling of either the scale or the mixer. The mixed dough goes to the curing room where filtered, controlled air is supplied dur ing the raising period. As the dough ts started on its way to the baking pans, it is dusted frequently at the rounder, former, and paaner. Local hoods at each dusting point pick up some 250 pounds of floating material per eight hour day. Four illustrations of air contamination control equipment can indicate types of equipment and effectiveness of control that can be obtained in this industry. ,. a. Process Kettles: Fjnoes and vapors from coolong kettles are gathered in a conical hood. Two sections of the hood are removable for filling and inspection and a 1 inch clearance U provided between the hood mouth and kettle edge to assure a con trolled inflow of air around the periphery. An exhaust volume of 1000 cfa from cadi kettle is exhausted through the duct system and the air is scrubbed m a wet type col lector. b. Morgana* Processing and Packaging: Oean air at controlled conditions is essen tial in this area. Unit air conditioning and dehuraidifying are employed with both out side supply and recirculated air cleaned with electro-static filters placed ie the duct sys tem, e. Bollte Cttoning: Sterilized bottle* or jars on cootain podting material from their shipping containers. Where air jets are used along the conveyor to ranove this material, they can be installed ia a type of enclosure. An exhaust vohmae of 300 to 400 efm from each hood conveys the material to a dust collector. Such container cleaning stations keep the packing material oat of the working area, greatly decreasing the boose- keeping and saving heat by rodrenlaticw of the cleaned air. d. Main Air Conditioning System: Im portance of good air filtration can be de duced from tbe data on the 75,000 cfm air conditioning systems. Double filtration of viscous impingement and electro-static units are employed. Some four cubic feet of dirt is removed every two weeks from tbe pri mary filter sludge pan. Mold spore cosnts in the entering air, ranging from 71 to 350 were reduced 97.7 per cent during a four month test series. Typical of the air clean liness was the series of 23 counts Stowing five readings of 3. three of & ooe of 9, and nineteen with no spores reported. W3d yeast counts are described as "consistently sera." The system also serves to drive home the difference between atmospheric and process loads. Ia ooe of the areas local exhaust ventilation was not supplied for tim barrel 'upsetting operation at the screw conveyor feed to the mixer, Tbe added date load to the ventilation system was sufficient to plug the conditioning system air filters within a week; yet the snail exhaust vohmc of 1500 efra coaacrtrd to a small dust collector unit was ample to ooefine the floating dust from I this operation and permit the air filters to handle the dust loading for which air filter* are designed This discussion has attempted to review | tbe type* of mechanical air cleaning equip ment available and describe control methods for a few typical operations. The use of air filtration and dust control systems cut pro- I vide the degree of air deanlines* required to prevent contamination of product and pro* ] tea employees in food processing plants. REFRIGERATION SAFETY COMMITTEE (Arranged in Cooperation with Refrigeration Service Engineers Society) Introductory Remarks By PAUL e. USED International Educational Dir* Refrigeration Setvice Engineers* Society, Milwaukee, Wta. The refrigeration industry, although rela tively young; is ooe of the largest industries ia the United States. Thera is perhaps bo other industry which baa so many ruml&catioas* Refrigeration, originally employed exdy ice making, cold storage end brew ing, bow reaches into practically every phase of Americas Itfe. The food industry as we know it today would be impossible without refrigeration. Under the leadership of the National Safety Cotmtit, many industries have united to correlate their safety programs, to inter change idea* and to help each other sake their work more safe. Like all other industries, the refrigera tion industry has tu hazards, Unlike most industries, however, there exists no central ised agatey to coordinate safety between tbe various clcmcats of the industry. Lately, sentiment ha* formed that all of the clemcats of the1 refrigeration industry should work together ca safety, ta order to make tbe refrigeration industry a safer place to work. That is tbe purpose of this meeting. Tbe larger manufacturers of refrigera tion equipment have their own plant safety programs, already closely correlated with the National Safety Council. It U not the purpose ol this meeting to overtax tbe splendid work that those manufacturers are now doing within their own plants. This meeting coeeems itself with field practice*, although it 1* certainly desirable that field organizations work closely with the equip ment manufacturers oe any product designs that may present preventable hazards. For about five years the Refrigeration Service Engineers Society has bees very active m safety, for oars is a society of men who install, service; and maintain re frigeration equipment Our object in spon soring this meeting under the leadership of the National Safety Council Is to get the various associations within the refrigeration industry to form an organization to coordirate the safety work of all elements; to help one another for the common good. Objectives of the National Refrigeration Safety Committee By GEORGS J. SCHULD, SR, International Safety Dir, R. S. B. S, Cleveland, Ohio It is difficult to espials the dangers hi feat industry. This Job would be such easier, if we, ia tbe iadustxy, could form a separata refrigeration section Is flic Na tional Safety Cornell. We sbextid have a member frees each broach of the sadostay appointed to form a refrigeration safety committee: this comaattec to meet three el four tones a year with National Safety Council representative*to iron out unsafe practices and the publication of the safety bulletins, to guide all refrigeration men to practice mfety os the job. All safety measures are not practiced by manufacturers of refrigeration equipment even though roost of them employ gradual* engineers. ft is commonly knows that the men that work with the tools are generally Refrigeration Safety Committee the ones that find oat the ills in our industry. These men do not have tb* opportunity to get together with the engineering staff of the manufacturers, hut it would be easy to lo by working through committee meet* m Ohio, and Z bdkn tbit has accomplished a great deal of good, bat this of course has bear costly. Lecturing to different fire de partment groups has also brought results. We have compiled a bulletin on eye and mgs. At the R.S.E.S. convention is Cleveland, Ohio, I was appointed to head the interna tional safety committee. 1 did not expect at the time that this would continue for five yean. I have always been Safety minded and have collected many articles on hazards and accidents in our business, some of which we have brought to the attention of the refrigeration group, through photo skin injuries and first aid methods of treat ment due to refrigerants coming ta contact with eyes and ska. Special warnings have been issued, many of them instructing service men to remove hardware from abandoned ice boxes to pre vent children from crafting ta, playing hide and seek, doors dosing and children suffo cating before any ooe masses them. At least 62 deaths have resulted la this maimer. graphs, cartoons, and lectures. The R.S.E.S. and the National Safety We were the first to publish the dangers of fluorescent lights such as disposing of the burned out lights, breaking of which causes infections and sores, if cut by same and the free mercury vapor that may be inhaled. The manufacturers of these lamps have made some changes since then but 1 am still not sure whether all dangers have been eliminated. Our committee has made up four large cartoons of men doing every thing wrong and offered prizes for the men who find the most mistakes. We named Council together have sponsored April as National Refrigeration Safety Heath with the slogan, "Safety in refrigeration pays allways every month m the year." We have established libraries ia Cleve land. Chicago aitd Milwaukee oa. accidents that happened in our and allied Industrie*. Cartoons have appeared ra the R.&ELS. monthly magazine and the Buckeye Caeette, the tatter, a monthly bulletin pvt out by tbc Buckeye State Association of R.S.E.S. Car! Howenstinc of Canton, Ohio Is editor. this program "detect and correct.0 So far I believe most of you gentlemen know no one has discovered all Use mistakes in that we have cut leddents in Ohio SO per the four-year period that this program was cent and 1 hope we played a part in this in progress. program. We have a good many Ideas to We made six series of slides, of actual , nuke the industry more safe such as; Color photographs of poor and unsafe installations identification of refrigerant cylinders, one and also cartoons showing unsafe practice*. These slides are accompanied by a descrip- color for each refrigerant regardless of the individual manufacturer; fusible plugs to be m talk enabling the safety directors of our replaced by spring loaded relief valve*. various chapters to give their members a Ktgt* and low srtiwre control on air good slant on what not to do. cooled compressors as well as water cooled; We have designed cards to. place above reirigeration compressors explaining the dangers of refrigerants, operating pressure and the amount of refrigerant in the job, etc This not only bdps the servicemen but also city firemen ia case of fire. The iden iie color of receiver tanks and ex-valve top* to correspond with color scheme of refriger ant cylinders when adopted; larger name plates on compressors for better Identifi cation. "Car&oq tetH manufacturers to show a tification tag on the machine is not adequate. It is like the fine print on a mortgage; so one ever reads it. The ELS.E.S. safety com mittee has, with the splendid cooperation of larger label on their product with skull and cross boots insignia and instructions as to its safety when used. Hasty deaths have re sulted from lack of this knowledge. Paul Reed, compiled a bulletin on modern It is my hope that some day ia the near refrigeration for the National Safety Coun future wc can form a group ia the refriger cil Manual, which up to now had ody a ation industry, one son from cada plate of small amount of information on ice refrig our industry to Iron out some of the prob eration and ammonia. I have made many talks on safety to vari ous chapters over the country, particularly lems. This should be done behind dosed dome to prevent my face from fttraisg red when 3 toast bring out seane of the things Objtttmtx of the National Refrigeration Safety Committee 23 tn tny talks that don't go over so wtU with the manufacturers. Ac you a!2 kasw, you cannot censor safety if yon do not have any program. Unorthodox advertising has bed ooe of the problems that on be avoided; such as fixture manufacturers, where ooe of their favorite ads says:, jast plug It ia anywhere, no installation costa, etc. Safety, like floods can only he prevented and controlled at the source and not the sooth of a river. The service mu an the field is the person the mmtirtnms iknU listen ta They find oat more ills in the basinets than the engineers who brail tbc equipment The practice tn the past has been the manufac turers representatives getting a story from a service man that las not the required knowledge of his job. He probably tells an exaggerated story just to complain and the representative gets disgusted and probably thinks U does not pay to tistea to any com plaints regardless of whom they come from. This would be eliminated In committee meet ings. Each man would have something con crete to report because everything would be screened by the local committee* first. It Is not our intention to dictate to the manufacturers as to their policies. But there it ooe thing certain; as long a* 1 am safety chairman, there will be no punches pulled in safety, if facts are brought by any person regarding hazard; in our industry. I believe the R.5.E.S. safety committee will conduct their safety program as they see fit and I am sure it has been O.K. so far. Safety in Industrial Refrigeration By EMERSON BRANDT Secretary, Natiocil Aam. of Practical Refrigerating Engineers, Chicago There is a disuniting xsnplidty about many of our operations and activities. A few nail prices of Ice oa the floor of m low temperature roomsor Ice plant are fre quently overlooked, bat oegtcct of them eutscs falls and serious injuries. The filling of a service eytinder with refrigerant h a simple job. Vet If yea really fill it you have a time bomb oa your bandx Another hade problem is the sue of tbe individual operation. Many industrial re frigeration plants esploy relatively few people. Many plants that use rxfrigoatioa are not large ia total number of workers employed. Any particular refrigeration serv ice job usually involves only one or two people. The problem of education, super vision and group action to promote safety cannot be solved here by the procedure used m large manufacturing plants. Further, this Sspertioo In the field tends tn caver up what actually happens ta our day to day operations. As a result the different segments of the Industry may con sider themselves .relatively safe because the ambulance docs not appear oa the scene my often. t For instance in one type of refrigerating plant there was a general feeling of apathy because no one was aware of great haz ard*. When a detailed survey was made the accident frequency ran over 90. It gave a quick reason for the fact that a number of plants are bothered by mounting com pensation Insurance rates. For many years refrigeration was wholly produced by ammonia systems. At that time ammonia was eootidered the primary hazard. Recent fires and explosions in ammonia plants bare renewed the mrlier apprehen sions ia some quarters. Yet if statistics were available they would probably show more casualties from workmen falling off the old two or three story A-frame machines titan there were injuries chargeable to ammonia. That statement certainly is sot made to encourage carelessness with ammonia or ammonia equipment It is a very strong and irritating gas. Costly and damaging fires or explosion* have takes place is ammonia plants. But let us not become obsessed by one segment of tbs problem and then be bowled over tty some other hazard we were qaite contest to neglect. Hore than 20 years ago when I first had an opportunity to analyze specific data in this field there was a very serious Injury to a workman which stock In my mind. A 24 Refrigeration Safety Committee helper on a machine installation job was are far too many injuries in connection ' , totd[ to put a bend tn a piece of one inch electric conduit A Urge motor drives com with the refrigeration equipment and the electrical sections of the plant pressor was nearby--closer than the work Dairies and breweries in most cases are bench. He stuck the conduit in the base of now conducting vreit coordinated accident the idler frame and pushed !o put the bend prevaadon programs. Yet some rather not in the tube. A slip threw him into the belt able accidents have occurred ia their plants , and he was severely injured. which have involved the refrigerating equip-1 It demonstrates two well recognized facts. meat, low temperatures, or related opera* By thoughtless actions many people are tions in the plants. ", able to create hazards where they apper- No data is readily available on the expe * only did not exist before. Also workmen rience of other activities employing refrig do not recognize hazards until they are eration for industrial processing, ft may be trained to be alert to avoid injury. logical to conclude that their operation* ` ,' Some of our time in the industrial re- parallel the ones mentioned as far a* acci : ./' frigeration industry has been wasted in dents and injuries are concerned. arguments about what are the most impor- The specific items mentioned are not the ., ^ tarn sources of injuries. Refrigerants have been compared, machines analyzed and in whole story for all these activities. Traffic hazards are a problem la the ice, bakery, stallation methods argued. The Rcfrigera- dairy and brewery businesses The latter - (ion Safety Code, 3-91 has takes much of two and others also use glass coetaioers I the wind out of these arguments. The next I' logical step is cooperation to determine defiI'-' nite accident experience. Then we will be in position to attack our problems on a | specific basis. \' . Basically the problem in our field is to train mm to give them a sharp perception I of hazards and a general awareness of safe working methods. Past efforts in this field have been individualistic and have capita- sized difference* rather than the many points of common interest. Each segment of the field has felt it required rather special treatment in the realm of accident prevention. fMeanwhile the injury experience is not good. . . The specific accident described above in volved electric conduit but the injury was caused by a refrigerant compressor drive. which have their own specialized problems; Stall others might be mentioned. Despite the diversity of these problems all have a common desire to make their refrigeratioo phot* and operations as nh as possible. The mart efficient and effective way is to make it a cooperative job with people of like interests- That is a proce dure m the beet tractions of the great organized safety movement. Experience has amply denot.wuated that H will work. - Progress ia this field is already evident to give us encouragement Not loog ago, many who operated industrial refrigeration plants considered relief valves a leaky nui sance. They bad a more or less standard practice of screwing a plug ia the valve outlets. There are special electric hazards in the re- High pressure cutouts were not too gen . (rigeratine field, however. They-are related erally used in the industrial refrigeration | to the damp conditions frequently existing field until relatively recent times in many and the brine in use in many plants. A sections of the country. More plants pres brief summary of the more prominent haz ently operating need tjus protection. Such ards in some segments of the field would factors are covered fa the Refrigeration be enlightening. Safety Code and everyone should promote Handling of goods provides the most pro wider observance of its provisions. lific source of accidents in cold storage Pressure vessels of uncertain structure plants. In this they parallel other activities and strength have been numerous In the such as packers ami wholesale grocers- Yet refrigeration field according to Paul Cas ^0 they have numerous accidents, many quite sidy of the Hartford Inspection Service. severe; in cccmectzon with mechanical and ilce and Refrigeration, Aug. '51, pg, 34). electrical equipment and low temperatures. Coovcnicst methods have bees developed and A majority of the accidents in the ice used to check such vessels. By this proc industry occur in connection with the han ess the weak one* arc being replaced before dling of the ice itself. But here again there Safety in tndnrtml ft,-frujrruh>m 25 ihey make their weaknesses knows by fail ure during me. The material scarestics during the war period and alter leave gtvoe mud* greater emphasis to yottttica of equjfenmt and preventive maintenance programs. Rsc and common axe so longer permitted to go ea unchecked to the extent that was charac teristic in so easy phatt. Tbit prousa his oonadcraMy reduced the paw****! amober of break* aod faUaxes fa piping aad equipment At the same time the accident potential has been `wfev'***. The increased electrical hazards ia rtfrigeratioo plants have beea mentioned be fore. Because of the tow voltage usually involved, early plants did sot give particu lar attention to the problem. The situation has ben receiving more definite attmtioo during recent yeprs. Now adequate ground ing method* are followed fa all well operated pouts. Current carrying fines and puts are properly shielded and regular mainte nance keeps the protective measures at fu& effectiveness. Summary 1, Much of the work In the industrial refrigeration field looks simple, easy and fe so we may have a false sense of se curity. 2, The smalt size of the average worker taut tends to mask the true situation tn regard to aeddent experience. Also it makes safety work more difficult to organize. 3, Inxctioa will Dot solve the problem because people without specific safety train ing do Bee wteomatically adopt safe meth ods- Ftaqmatty they create hazards which d4 ant pcevsuuly edit A The otn of industrial refrigeration hare a dtuaty to their activities which pact a variety of safety problems. Alt of these shook! have doe attention, and the program of accident prevention should incfade the refrigeration field along with the other*. 5. Uodt program has already been made. By ad large, equipment and installations arc fotfjnfag the requiremcatt of the Re frigeration Safety Code. Some units In the field bare already demonstrated the good result* to be obtained through well co ordinated effort. ti, The next logical step Is a cooperative program of aeddent prevention embracing a representative group from all phases of the industrial refrigeration field. From the standpoint of equipment aad de sign Industrial refrigeration plants generally have reached a satisfactory standard in re gard to safety and *xident prevention. The next important aad quite logical step is to do a cerameisurate job In safety training of pcrsoQod. Certain plants aad companies in the Industry have demonstrated the work that can be doce is this field, as well as the results it will obtain. Because they know the benefits of cooperation they will undoubtedly moke their experience available to all wfao wish to joia with them for wider and more complete safety training in the Industry. y nl Officers of the FOOD SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 Central Chairman-- BURTON MAY, Dir, Safely k. Health, Mars, lac, Chicago, III. First Vice-Chairman--GORDON MORRISON, Safety Dir, Kellogg Co, Batik Creek, Second Vice-Chairman--C P. McBRIDE, Personnel Mgr, Pabst Brewing Co, Milwaukee, WU. Secretary--R. C. LEITNER, Industrial Relation* Div, Ubby McNeill & Ubby Co, Chi* eago, llL News Utter Editor--NIX.OH de TARNOWSKY, Safety Eng, F. Sc U. Schaeffer Brew ing Co, Brooklyn, N. . Co-Editor News Utter--R. J. O'LEARY, Industrial Relation* Dept, Cora Produce Refining Co, Chicago, 11L Program JDirrcior--L, P. WALTERS, Lot* Prcveaboo Research Eng, Hardware Mutual*, Stevens Point, Wi*. Health Director--P, W. RUSH, M.D, Medical Director, Corn Products Refining Co, Argo, 111. Trade Association Committee--N. E THIEL (Chairman), Safety Dir, Southern Dairies, Washington, D. C; L j. COLLINS (Vice-Chairman), Safety Dir, Spencer Kellogg & Sons. Inc, Buffalo, N. Y.; EARL GOMOLL (Secretary), Ointoa Foods Inc, Clinton, la. Visual EduraJfcm Committee--J. J. PRABULOS (Chairman), Supervising Safety Eng., National Distiller* Cotp, New York, N. Y.; FRED McCOWAN (Vice-Chairman), Safety Dir, Borden Ca, New York, N. Y,; A. FINKE (Secretary), Director of Safety, Miller Brewing Co, Milwaukee, Wis. Engineering Committee--J. J. HAGUE (Chairman). Secy, Employment le Benefit Comm, Schenley Distillers, Inc, Cincinnati, Ohio; ROGER J. BAER. (Vkx-Chairnun), Safety Dir, The Kroger Co, Cincinnati, Ohio. Brewers Division--WU. A. H1PP (Chairman), Asst Brew Master, C Schmidt it Sons, Inc, Philadelphia, Pa.; GREGG R. MYERS (Vtco^halnnas), Safety Dir, Btatx Brewing Co, Milwaukee* Wi*.; JOSEPH RENNER (Secretary), Kazan Brewu* Co, St. Paul, Minn. Conners 6* Grocers Ofotrioa--WU. J. HOWE (Chairman), Safety Fag, Cwi^kfl Soup Co, Chicago, IIL; JOHN H. MILLER (Vka-OalraaR). Pereomwf Dir, Fall Rirer Canning Ca, Fall River, WU,; R. W. BLUNCJC (Secretary), Safety Dir, Quaker Maid Co, Inc, New York, N. Y. Confectioners Division--WALTER HORN (Chairman), Safety Dir, Wm. Wrfgley Jr, Cc, Chicago, IB,; HARRY VAN GORDER (Vlce-Qulnnas), Pcreoonci Dir, Reed Candy Co, Chicago, III.; JOHN F. FRISCH (Secretary), Gesl Foreman, Mainte nance & Power, Williamson Candy Co, Chicago, IIL 26 Dairy Products Division--HARRY WILCOXEN (Chairman), Safety Dir, J. D, RosieU Co, Peoria, III,; & J. WEISS (Wee-Chairman), Milk Division, Borden Co., Chicago, IIL; FRED McDARMET (Secretary). Training It Safely Dir, Pet Milk Co, St. Loui*. Mo. Disiilters Division--JOSEPH REDELBERGER (Chairman), Safety Dir, Brown Forman Distillers Corp, Louisville, Ky.; WU- T. GORDON (Vice-Chairman), Personnel Supvr, Standard Brands, Inc, FteUchmaoa Ufg Div, Peeksldti, N. Y.; J. SNYDER (Secretary), Hiram Walker & Sons, Inc, Peoria, IU. Grain Handling Sr Processing Division--L, BAFFORD (Chairmaa), Safety Dir, A. E. Staley Mfg. Co, Deratur, IIL; DUNCAN H. WATSON (Vcce-ChasRoan), Asst Vice Pres, Cargill, Inc, Minneapolis^ Mina; LESTER CRIBB (Secretary), Spartan Grain & Milling Co, Inc, Spartanburg, So. Carolina. tee. Cold Storage Sr Locker Plant Division--SLOAN CHILDERS (Chairman), Safety Eng, Southwest Ice Sr Dairy Products Co, Oklahoma City, Okla.; W. FR. LEONARD, JR. (Vice-Chairman), The Southland Corp, Dallas Texas. UisceltmeoMS Dioision--FRED REGJETT (Chairman), Safety Dir, Bayuk Cigar Co, Philadelphia. Pa.; CHESTER FROWE (Vice-Chairman), Safety Eng, Castle & Cooke. Lnt, Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A. Courmeut Committee---T, H. BOND, Insurance Mgr, Scuthcoast Corp, New Orleans, La-; DEAN M. CLARK, Sec, Society of Gram Elevator Supts, Chicago, IIL; C C. CLEMENTS, Safety Dir. National Dairy Products Corp, New York, N. Y.; St B. HQRRELL, Vies Pres, Carey Salt Go, Hutchmsoo. Kansas; E. G. HUTZLEY. Safety & Fire Prevention Eng, Campbell Soup Co, Camden, N. J.; C. F. MOBERG, Safety Dir, Kraft Foods Co, Chicago, IIL; R. M. SEEKER, Industrial Relations Dept, Anheuser-Busch Co, St. Louis, Mo.; GEORGE H. STEEL, Safety Dir, Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, Vlo. Sla#^ Re/rrrrntairre--GLENN F. GRIFFIN, National Safety Council, Chicago. 27 Other Volumes in this Series Users of this volume will find much value ta its companion volumes. Here 1* the list: TITLE VOLUME Ho. General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volumes.................... ......................... . 1 Aeronautical Industries...................................... ..................................... 2 Air Transport Industry................. ............................. ....................... 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries.................... ................... ............ 4 Cement and Quarry Industries......................... ........................................ ............... . Chemical Industries ....................................... ...................i....................... 5 6 Coal Mining Industry ............................................. ............................ 7 Construction Industry ........................................................ ............ ............... 8 Electrical Equipment Industry...................... ...................................................... 9 Farm Safety ................................................... ................................................................ . 10 Food Industry (.Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Meeting*.)............ 11 Glass and Ceramics Industry................................... .............................. 12 Home Safety ................................................................................................... Industrial Nursing ............................ ................................ .......................... Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE).................................................... . 13 14 15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)................... . 16 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries................................................ .......... . 17 Metals Industry .............................................. 18 Mining Industry ............... ........................................................................................... . Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)................... 19 20 Petroleum Industry ......................................... 21 Power Press and Forging Operations............................................... 22 Printing and Publishing industry...... ... ................................. . 23 Public EmployraatC (Public Employees Safety Commute*)................................ . 24 Public Utilities Industries................................................................. ............... ....................... 25 Pulp and Paper Industry................................. .............................. ....................................... 26 Railroad Industry.................... Rubber Industry............................................................................... ............... ............... . School and College Safety............................................................................ . 27 2S 29 Textile Industry ............... ........................................ ................... .................................... . 30 Traffic Safety ................... ............... ................................................. .......................................31 Transit Industry ..................... ................... ......................... .............................. 32 Wood Products Industries .................................................................... .................................33 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Cocnmunicaticn (Early Mooring Sessions)..........34 PRICES OP EXTRA COPIES OP INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME 1 to 9 copies SIZE Rack Lest than 24 page*-- $029 ' 24 to 48 page*-- .35 49 to 96 pages-- ,46 Over 96 page*-- ,69 19 t*99 copier Bock $023 J9 .40 63 100 to 999 copier Both $0.17 43 .35 48 1000 or more Each $0.17 23 45 48 Complete set of Transactions (34 voIs.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 640 (10 to 99 copies), 5.70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 10, 23, 29 and 31. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 42S NORTH MICHIGAN AVI. CHICAGO II. 111. 195! Current Safety Topics in the GLASS AND CERAMICS INDUSTRY As (trtttftHd In tbo SmiIou f HM Elms ud CtreIu StcHei e* Hi* 1951 NtHeid Svfrty Cn^hs Medical Programs in Glass and Ceramic Industry and Small Plant Progress,....................................... The Cost of Public Accidents to Industry................ Shielding for Rediant Heat in a Glass Plant.......... Volume 12 ' Traasactioas nil National Safety Coagrass NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL tit.42* No. Mldfyas 4vhh Clfcaya If, Medical Programs in Glass and Ceramic Industry and Small Plant Progress br w, j, McConnell, m. d. Dir., Iadwtrlal Health Bnrtu, Metropolitan Lift Insurance Co, N. Y, N. Y. The growing importance of the field of industrial health and hygiene u evident in the targv glass and ccvsic plants generally throughout the nation. Considerable profttu has been tn the cltaMnatioo or control of eovirocszKBtal contaminants and is the provision of creditable health program. These health ooeservatke services touch the Uvea of hundreds of tbooaads of industrial noriters whose good health and dSdeacy are most vital to the organizations they serve. ,, Less progress has been noticed among the smaller phots, although from a public health viewpoint ortenrioc of health services to sdnde asaS plants is of great signifie-ittrr became an omwbdmiag majority of the bdastml populatkn is enploycd by the anaS orgmnmtioes of the coootry. The tnaangraacat of a small ujpctra is iacliaed to defer provisiae of a health service, mods as one may he dewred, became be believes tt difiadt to sepply t^e tequired amount of services eecaotmeally. This bc5e can no {eager he sahstaatsxicd. Diffcrmt groups of iwlndali end orgaouations hxv* rtpmtcdly dmxassczatcd dot st k practicable to provide a joint health service. This can be accomplished by groepeag a manlier of sail plants to* tether applykg neeheal aaperrisiaa to cads. TW east b act oat of proportiae to tkt which large plants pay. The eznplayaaone of aecdkal services used jointly with atkr mkmrial pkat* is not an n< departure from accepted methods, since common sovices are given proportionately, 1 lad the otnmtiaritj, beginning b 1925, of directing a demonstration of ctx>perativc health services to groups of small plants in Philadelphia aider the auspices of the Phila- Health Cbacti and Tuberculosis Coasnittcc. For adafaistnttioa purposes a taut of aanll plum with about 25 to 500 employees each, looted reasonably nor cadi other and a toql of 1,000 employees were grouped together. Each plant sharing a tuit sorricc provided a first-aid or clinic room with necessary equipment It was supplied with medical and nursing services, first-aid instruction, health talks,'and sani tary supervision. A registered nurse with industrial nursing training was assigned to each unit. She divided her time amoof the plants according to a definite schedule. Not less than three hours c! heMlh work for each 100 em ploy i 1 dooe in each plant each week. A pk/iuan experienced in industrial medi cine and hygiene was assigned to a group of two units, giving half his time to each unit. These units were turned over to the plant managements for administration when they became sufficiently organized and were capable of *<riniilng the service without supervision by the Council. The medical supervision of these plants -fyl others added from time to time was admirably directed by Dr. Glen S. Everts for over a period of twenty years before he turned them over to a successor. The Health Committee of the Chamber of f*wtmeree and of the Board of Trade of PHUdeJphia has fuQy endorsed these serv ices. Only a few yean ago bis Health Committee prepared a pamphlet entitled "Why Plant Industrial Medical Service Should be Adopted." It gives in question and answer form many of the facts which busineswnen want explained. These include What is the scope of a good medical service for a small plant? Will a medical service decrease time lost dne to accidents? Will a medical service decrease sun-hours lost through illness? Many other facts are dis missed. In recent years other areas in the country have developed similar plans to meet the medical needs of the small plant. These are comparable in scope and effulivtuai to those in the larger plants. O'Cooeor* clearly stsnmariscs four essential require ments for success of a wnall-ptant medical program as follows: "1 The medical per sonnel must be truly interested in developing a real industrial hsith program; 2 The Glass and Ceramics Industry medical sen-ice must come into the plant; ,,1 The program must have the Interest and support of management; and 4 The primary aim must be the good of the employee." own peculiar hazards, including infections, strains, bums, eye injuries, heat exhaustion and heat cramps, rheum*tins due to damp ness and extreme changes in temperature. He points out that one small plant of about 700 employees near Boston with a part-time service had $10,000 returned to them one year and $16,000 the next year through reduced compensation losses. Re duction in absenteeism was reflected m ap proximately 50 per cent reduction in their To the great credit of the industrial lead ers of the industry many of these hazards have been controlled or eliminated. Proc esses have been modernized so that many of them are now done entirely by machinery, Automatic mechanical methods have reduced the above hazards to a minimum. group insurance losses- One targe company t-ow solubility lead is now largely used m New York City reports that its medical in glazes. Meduatical handling equipment department has saved approximately ?100,- has been substituted for mvnnat handling. 000 per year in reduced accidents alone dur Many of the dasty operations have been en ing the past four years. closed and ventilated. Bottcra-dwnping rail There are thousands of instances indicat way cars are used for balk shipments. Many ing the monetary savings and reduction in other improvements have been made. time lost from work through adequate health However, as you are no doubt aware, `ervices, William B. Given, Jr., President. these improvements are confined largely to American Brake Shoe Cou. so aptly said in the newer and larger plants. Even in these his keynote address on "A Better Place to plants, adequate maintenance of equipment Work" a few years ago at the annual meet is essential. Best results are obtained where ing of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation: the engineering, planning, medical, and safety "ft is not a question of whether a company departments fully cooperate in detecting and can afford an industrial health program, but controlling unhealthful exposure* throughout whether it can afford not lo have one." the plant Speaking more specifically of the glass If management u fortunate enough to and ceramic industry, I need not all the have a trained industrial hygiene engineer, attention of this group to the complexity of he should be port of, or closely associated the industry. It produce* glassware of all with the medical and engineering deport kinds and descriptions, refractory bricks, ments, and be responsible for the detection, electric and chemical porcelain and stone evaluation, and control of health hazards ware, sanitary ware, china, dmnerware, drain tile, sewef pipe, floor and wall tile, porcelain, and a host of other important products made entirely or chiefly from materials of an earthy nature. In past year* workers were exposed lo many toxic metal*, including lead, arsenic, cadmium, manganese, chromium, beryllium, irritant adds and alkali, and toxic solvents of many kinds- Sand, the silica base which makes up a great part of the batch particu larly in glass, pottery, and electric porcelain mixes, presented an important hazard of silicosis, particularly from the dust m the mixing, cutting, grinding, and polishing op erations. Throughout the industry, carbon-monoxide was of importance because of the rather ill- throughout the organization. Although the need for industrial hygiene service* depends largely ou the nature of the operations, rather than on die size of the plant, small organizations and others may obtain the necessary engineering service* through state deportments of Industrial hy giene. through private organizations, and through consultants. An industrial health program, to be most effective, must be tailored to serve the needs of the particular plant Generally, the med ical service* should include, but not be lim ited to, the following: 1, Prompt aad efficient medical and sur gical treatment of all occupational injuries and occupational dj**viK* to reduce disability exhausted flames which were so numerous. Many bad bums resulted from hydrofluoric add used in etching of glassware, lime bums occurred frequently. Glass blowing processes and work at the furnaces had their 2. Treatment of amor aoo-occupatioml injuries aad flloets t *o effort to enable the employee to complete hi* shaft, thereby redodag kxt rime. In the event eaetiou* Medical Programs In Gloss end Ceramics Industry and Small Plant Progress ing care is required, workers should be re ferred to thrir personal phyridins . ,1, PrepUcsnent physical examinations to all applicants for employment to insure physi cal and mental fitness for work. Workers should be assigned to tasks according to capabilities so that they will not be a hazard lo themselves or others. To fit the applicant to his job the examining physician should cooperate closely with the personnel and safety departments so that be is well in formed with respect to the processes carried ou kz the plant, the materials with which the winker come* Into contact, and the entiraomese coder which he works. 4, Health ezammrioas of *H employees aad executives should be made annually, as far as pcaczScahlc. Sod) examination* are the Iwrt of a ffiegnurric service of health education far Ac plan* penoaoeL The find ings rboaid be carefully cfecusscd by tlw pbjwoaa wide Ac person examined, and nude the bogie of awy Mfcaicd correctional program. 5. Special perioffie comioatioos, including necessary bhratwy eorf; should be given to employees wish special responsibilities, aad la these who are exposed (o toxic or hazard*** processes. The frequency of these taom&M is Wet based on individual plane experience; and may be changed from tone te rime. Persons fcM&d to have evi dence of dnaae or of chemical intoxication thoald W moved from thrir work and placed mder dose medical supervision. Atteatioo should be cSreeled immediately to ward ceatroCazg the hazardous exposure so that other ooptoyee*. will not be affected. Similar examsatiaus should be made at the lerminatkm of employment. All employers leaving the job because of injury or illness, and those returning to work following absence resulting from in jury or iltness should be dared through the medical department to insure fitness to Hork safely and efficiently. This practice Hill also minimise the possibility of intro ducing communicable diseases Into the plant. <k Complete individual medical records for each enjtfcyce should be kept ta the medical department. These should Include records of preplacement cantinabow, periodic physical cqjftinatioct*, medical and occupational in juries Information regarding occupational injuries should be furnished promptly to the safety and other Interested depart ments. The clinical information contained ia the medical records should be confidential. General statements concerning physical fit ness and clairificatiota of the worker should be furnished other departments upon request Monthly summaries should be prepared. These would indicate the scope of the sev eral activities of the medical department, the Incidence and nature of various Injuries and illnesses occuring ia departments of the plant This report should contain any pertinent recommendation* for the correctson of conditions onring an undue amount of sickness or of excessive injuries. 7. Other activities of a plant health pro gram include the inspection at frequent in tervals by the medical director or his rep resentative of all operations and shops. These inspections axe to detect working coodstioos and practices mireicable to health aad ef ficiency, to became thoroughly familiar with the nature of the various tasks and pototial health hazards associated therewith, and to observe unsanitary conditions. 8. The medical department should conduct a progressive program of health education for the employees. Plant physicians and nurses should utilize every opportunity by personal contacts, posters, pamphlets, new* articles, lectures, and motion pictures to in struct employees in personal hygiene, nutri tion, sanitation, aad disease prevention. These activities should closely parallel the educational activities on safety. Finally, the medial department should maintain friendly and cooperative relationships with local health authorities and private physicians in the interest of maintaining the health and efficiency of plant employees. Comprehensive industrial health services having for its objectives the reduction of ac cidents, illness and the promotion of opti mum health among the plant employees can make its presence felt in hdastsy by posi tive results. Its existence is justified to management In money saved by reduced ac cident costs, less absenteeism and improved quality of work.' m* /tuhiw ! U/M| r / HtsUh Mm m Huthtmtetn United Suits. JL B, O'Coeaor. M.O.. klLA. Aitlmi ol tadusoul Hmmu mS OiApiljaml HtdidM, )imut 1*51. V*T. J. *>. n-*. 24 6/ejz and Ccramici /Wintry The Cost of Public Accidents to Industry Shielding for Radiant Heal in a Glass Plant By W, GRAHAM COLE Assistant Secy., Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City Summary of Remarks Poor public relations result from accident* caused by neglected physical environment of plants or commercial vehicle operation or in the use of an industry product such as utili ties. Employees' accidents off the Job ace not covered by compensation and result in pro duction time loss- Accidents to employees' family and friends are a source of worry to an employee and also causes susceptibility to accidents with resultant production time loss. Two out of three deaths and three out of five injuries are the result of off-the-job accidents. While on-the-job accidents haie caused four to five million hours at lost time, off-the-job accidents have caused 60.000.000 hours of lost time. Industry has a definite interest in off-the- job accidents because it results In curtailment of production and the loss of the employee's fervice*. A valued employee makes the cost 'flier* is an additional cost of hiring and training replacements for injured employee*. As far as costs go, it docs not make much difference whether an employe* was injured on-liic-job or off-the-job. One inn fo-rnsd a ratio of 14 off-the-job to one on-the-job accidents. All are an economic and a soda! loss, the ultimate cost being paid by the consumer oi the product Industry owes to itself and the public the exercise of its taow-how to prevent acci dents and to provide leadership to the com munity and to develop interest in the pre vention of accidents. This will result tn good will for the company, There is a need for getting tacts upon off-the-job accidents. It Is important to get employees to think about saiety alt the time, which will benefit the employee as well as the employer, Off-the-job safety activities can be inte grated with our industrial program for onihe-job safety and can be the reams of radiant flux is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the radiating source. We have assigned a value of 1.0 to the emissmty, or the ability of the body to radiate The Stefan-Boltansn constant is merely a factor to reduce the final radiant flux values to gram calorics per square centimeter per speond. Assuming we have a furnace operating at 1,000* absolute, w* bad that we have a tout radiant fiux of grass calories per square centimeter per second of 1J5. If we increase the absolute temperature of this ndhtizif the wave length 2.0 microns which was se lected as being about median in the temper ature range that we were ex(eriencing tn the high temperature locations. Materials such as gold, silver and platinum were im mediately abandoned because of the cost angle. Aluminum seemed, after an exhaustive search of material*, to be the Ideal material for oac to use for several reasons, the major one being the fact that aluminum oxidizes very slowly and the thin oxide coal retains most of the initial reflectivity. object to 1,100". the tesperaturc incratse Aluminum paint is only about 50 per cent has bees increased by 19 per cent. The in reflective and was abandoned early in this teresting fact, however, applying the Stefan- study as a materia) suitable for reflective Soltamaa Law, is that the radiant flux has shields. Asbestos paper is cxtxasely tow, increased 44 per cent. having its value primarily as an insulating To further flhucratc the extreme impar lance of radiant beat is high temperature industry, we agah* increase the temperature to 2.000* absolute where w* find a tempera ture increase of 100 per cent and striking increase of ra&ux flux of 1,500 per cent. YhcAe simple cslcolaliens bspressed us and material in convective heat problems. White point, or white lacquer, again ha* an extrauely low reflectivity to the infra-red, and conversely these three materials would have a high absorptivity to tilt infra-red and, in a short time, after bring exposed to high radiant source* would tend to reradiate. others with the importance that radiant After considering this problem theoreti heat plays is discomfort in workers of the call.y., we.t-h---e--n---d--ecided tiwo irenviinewt tmhee eennttiirree high temperature Industrie* heat problem as far as the glass trade was 24 considerable. In a particular case of six stimulating interest in various local meet After this review of the principles of cooccraed. We wifi attempt to illustrate r off-the-job accidents, three were due to traf ings of the chamber of commerce, plant' fore fic, two to home accidents, and one on a men. etc Strong action should be taken in farm. preventing off-the-job accidents, radiant heat, wc were then faced with the fact that the problem of heat ia our plants and work spaces, if it were largely radiant bat, was one not primarily of convection or the various steps through which we have passed ia the glass trade in coping with the heat problem. First u the typical glass plant. A centrally located furnace supported Shielding for Radiant Heat in a Glass Plant thermodynamics but rather one of optics, recognizing that infra-red obeys all the optical laws meaaa to visible light. Interposition of opaque object* between the upon pylons at the second floor level has as its only means of losing beat direct radia tion and air flow or convective flow through as annular space which extends around the radiating source and the man seemed at first periphery of the furnace. Tb roof is con By KARL L. DUNN the simplest solution to the radiant beat structed is a simple monitor form, allowing Industrial Hygienist, Corning Glass Works, Coming, H. Y. problem. the heat sad generated gases to escape by gravity from the opes windows. For a Until comparatively recently the high tem this considerably more attention was given perature industries have depended almost to radiant heat than had previously beat entirety upon convective or induced con given to it, but it was only after the or This U true foe short term exposures in which the opaqoe object does not rise in temperature to that of the surroundings. U the opaque shield i* of high emisrivity or great many years this was the only system used aad the only oac we cooJd depend upoa for cooling xir within the plant walls themselves. vective cooling to promote comfort in the work areas. Although direct radiation from hot surfaces was recognized as a major source of discomfort in the glass plants, ganized study of several large glass indus tries under the direction of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation in a quantitative deter mination of heat sources that any real conversely of high absorptivity, the opaque screen will eventually arrive at a'teapeature where it begins to reradiate itself, and if the shield or screen is closer to the man The next stage was that n which port able fans were used to circulate the air to keep the air in motion around and about the only very sketchy work was attempted to reduce the intensity of this radiation. About fifteen years ago it was called to our attention that over 50 per cent of the heat loss from surrounding tank furnaces was in the infra-red spectrum. Following logical engineering work was attempted. In review; the first thing to be done was to familiarize ourselves with the baste laws of radiant heat This is probably best ex plained by the Stefan-BoUxmaa equation This equation says simply that the total than the original radiating object, merely servo to intensify the problem, it seems then, that the correct approach to this prob lem of materials for opaque shields was to select aa economic material which had an emiirivity low for the infra-red and high In reflectivity. work spaces. Here we found the beginnings of opaque shielding. Materials tocb as wood, asbestos board, black irco. et<L. were used. A great disadvantage of the portable fan was the fact that they tended to circulate sir over the hot surfaces and multiply the problem in hot weather by* recirculating and Most metal* here a high reflectivity to reaving the super-heated air over the work- 10 Glass and Ceramics Industry The furnace continued to radiate to the steel structural and building walls. No pro vision vu cade for air supply Cron the basement or within the work space. The monitor remained in its conventional form dependent cUirriy upon gravity for removal of heat and gases from the furnace itself. escape into the work space. W arc sure that the temperature on the outside of these shields wiU remain within a few degrees of that of the outdoor temperature. Circulating fans remain to assure ourselves that the air will remain uniform in temperature throughout the work areas. This represents the condition that existed While this insfrttatioo may not be m pro until a few short years ago in most of our found one enginemngwtse, the following plants. With the application of the present knowl edge of radiant beat, we continued to use the circulating fans in the space surround ing the furnace. Added to that were several sources of forced air supply through the floor in the workspace. 1st addition fans were placed in the walls of the building to produce a positive pressure within the build ing walls. Radiant shielding was installed will illustrate an actual installation using this principle in which very effective results were obtained over one very hot summer. A light sted framework was erected entirely around the hot furnace. Corrugated alumi num was attached directly to this light structure by mans of a blank cartridge actuated willing device. In this way are were able to erect the entire shield m a compara tively short time. by dropping corrugated aluminum sheeting We erected the shields to the roof level. from the roof level to within three feet of ' allowing only very small openings for piping, the 3uor and an extended hood type struc electrical sendees and the necessary struc ture completely surrounding the furnace or tural steel work. For an idea of the entire hot object. To assure ourselves that posi structure surrounding one Urge healed area; tive flow would take place behind this within the enclosure is a continuous type shield, in some cases we have insulted lehr or annealing oven. Openings at both power type roof ventilators commonly used ends were necessary to allow the continuous in the foundry trade. Sow of materials. These openings were The curtain or shield surrounding the fur nace served two distinct purposes. They keep the radiant energy entirely confined to a central area. The infra-red cannot nape to he absorbed by the steel of the structural parts of the building which in turn mig become a secondary radiant. Generated covered by a tilted hood type structure. Ac cess openings along the tides of this an nealing khr were provided with overhead garage door* constructed or corrugated aluminum. Every other bay in die roof of the building was opts to the sky either through gravity type ventilators or the gases stay within the structure and do not power type. Officers at the glass and ceramics section NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 General CAoirntoi--J. C, DITTMER, National Lead Company, Brooklyn, X. Y. |-'V-CfioirMOtt--THOifAS R. DONOGHUE, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, Pitts burgh, Pa. HARRY A. JACKSON. Frigidxire Division, General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. program CiNwnltrr--*H- V. GARDNER (Chairman), Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Toledo. Okie; "JOHN P, STEPHENSON, Ball Brothers Company, Muncie, tnd-1 JAMES !_ MORRIS. The Federal Glass Company. Columbus. Ohio; -FRED G. ANDERSON. Coonag Gtau Works. Coming. X, Y. Ifnmlrr+g Cimamnfr THOMAS R. DONOGHUE (Chairman), Pittsburgh Plate Cb*t Pittsburgh. Pa.; RUSSELL \Y. FRANK. Ferro Enamel Corp, Ocveba*. k: BERNARD P. CAMPBELL. Owens-Coming Fibergbs Corp- Newark. LEE 6 HAWTHORNE. JR.. .V P Green Fire Brick Co.. Mexico, Mo.; E- C HARTUNG. Wcstingbouse Electric Corp, Derry, Pa. ,Vrwr Lrt<r+ t'nwarr *j.UIES L. MORRIS (Chairman), The Federal Glass Com- paay, Coh^hm. JOHN B. FULLEN, Kopp Glass Incorporated, Svrissvale, Pa.; CLINTON BALLEXGER. Owma-Illinois Glass Company, Gas City, Ind.; R. E. HOSilBEJtta, TW Cambridge Tile Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Engmerrmt md Hoohh Cum --NELSON B. INGALLS (Chairman), The Norton > Man.; FREDERICK S. KRIGER, Coming Glass Works, S Y { W G HAZARD, Owais-lllinoti Glass Company, Toledo, Ohio; K WAtX*.H............... r Hocbng Glass Corp, Lancaster, Ohio. Safety fmwaa t'mwtt/r WALTER W. WOOD (Chairman), Kimble Glass Com- Ydmf X I ; A. L. THOMAS. Libbey, Owqu, Ford. Sbreveport, La.; FALL E. G.VRRETT. Harding Class Company. Ft Smith, Ark,; J. H. GATTRELL, Bkt Badge fhn Corp. Kmgrport. Tcnn. Safety Camoers Ciiilln -HARRY* A. JACKSON (Chairman), Frigidaire Division, Goml Motors Cocjl, Dayton, Ohio; KARL W. STEINKRAUS, Owens-Illinois Chu Coosfowy. Akoe, lit; R. H. LOWRY. Wcstingbouse Electric Corp., Derry, Pa.; J, SL HARSHMAN, Armstrong Cork Co, Dunkirk, Ind. Sf&f AynfWiu HAROLD R, AI.I.EY, Naboool Safety Cwnril. CWajo, |IL Past Goml Qaimu. r 1H A Other Volumes in this Series Users of tliis volume will find much value in h companion v' olume*. Here * the list t TITLE VOLUME No. CeneraJ Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volume*............. . Aeronautical Industries ....................................................................... Air Trmnsport Industry............. ..................... ................. .............................. . Automotive and Machine Shop Industrie*........... Cement and Quarry Industries................................................................ Chemical Industries ...................................... .................. . Coal Mining Industry ......... .............................................................................. Construction Industry .......................................... .............................................. Electrical Equipment Industry................. .......... ............................ Farm Safety .................................. ........................................................ . Pood Industry (Including Proceedings ot Refrigeration Safety Meetings,) Class and Ceramics Industry......................................................... ............. Home Safety ............................... ..................... ............................ ..... ........... Industrial Nursing .............................................................. .............. ............... Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)........................................ Maritime Industries (Marine Section)............................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather industries............................................. Metals Industry ................................. ...................................... ....= Mining Industry ..................................................... ........... Motor Transportation Industry' (Commercial Vehicle Section)................... Petroleum Industry ............................................................................................. Power Press and Forging Operations............. ........................ Printing and Publishing Industry.............................. ......................... . Public Employment (Public Emplo>ee* Safety Committee)........... . Public Utilities Industries.......... ........ ....................................... . Pulp and Paper Industry.................................................. . Railroad industry ........... ......................... ........... Rubber Industry ................. ............................................................................... 23 School and College Safety......................... ............... ............................................ . 29 Textile Industry ......................................................... .................................... ......................... 30 Traffic Safety ............................................... ............................................................. 31 Transit Industry ...................................... <.............................................................................. 32 Wood Products Industrie* .................................................................................................. .. 3J Human Understanding--A Two-Way Communication (Early Morning Sessions)...... 34 OP INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME SIZE 1 to 9 copies Beck Less than 24 pages-- $0.29 24 to 48 pages-- 49 to 96 pages-- .35 ,46 Over 96 pages-- 10 to 99 copies Bash $023 29 .40 ,63 109 to 999 copies Bash $ai 7 .23 JS 48 1009 or more Each $0.17 23 J5 Si Complete set of Transactions (34 vols.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 630 (10 to 99 copies), J,70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 16, 23, 29 and 32. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO II. ILL Current Safety Topics in HOME SAFETY As prtstaHd ! 41m Hmm Safety Sessions of tfc* ltll Nefiosal Safely Caifrtst The Educator and Home Safety. . ...... 4 The Safety Engineer end Home Safety ... 6 ' The Public Health Official and Home Safety .. I The Safety Ceuneil and Home Safety.................. .............. 12 * Public Health Department Opportunities in Home Accident Prevention . __ ..16 Our Children Can Have A Safe Community When the Educator Cooperates. . ,. .. IS When the Industrialist Cooperates ..... 21 When the Public Official Cooperates 25 It's Everybody's Business---Together . sf 27 Volume 13 TrausacHoux 39th National Safaty Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 No. Mleklgu 4ni Ctlcof# II, III. 4 Heme Safety) The Educator and Home Safety 87 OARRY CLEVELAND UVEAS, FhJ>, Editor. Hiqkuokts ro Ckomxn, Columbus, Ohio The parents, who are chiefly responsible A means for putting this talk about for home safety for themselves, their chil gaiety into constructive motivating action u dren. and other members of their families, provided by the wonderful graded safety are reached to some extent by able leaders lesson imits of the workbook type, for of the National Safety Council through the school children from the early grades p.T-A-'s and other groups, the press, radio, through high school, prepared by die School and television. But if we are to get very and College Division of the National Safety far with home safety education, we must do Council Also on die brighter tide, modem more among the parents of the future, the education emphasizes appreciation by the children now in our schools and colleges. teacher of each child as a person, and Those of you who have been working for safety through the schools have done more good than you wilt ever know, especially by your school safety patrols and coundls, to practice children in safe behavior white on or near the school premises. Vou have thus rendered school children more con scious of accident hazards to themselves, their- younger brothers and sisters, and the older members of their families at home. But with all your fine efforts you often are discouraged because only a little of this good instruction and practice in safety at awareness of his home and family. Great teachers with such attributes can't easily deny pupils the opportunity of talking about their loved ones at home. Kow easy it 11. then for the group to discuss accidents nhich members of iber families have had at home or which nearly happened but were prevented. From such oik the teacher ran stimulate the children to tearn the most common home hazards and ways to remove or minimize these dangers. In such ways positive caution against home accidents can be rather effectively Ought at school. school apparently carries over to home life In my judgment one of the greatest You have been handicapped. So many jobs hindrances to parents in training the pre are crowded upon the teacher that she in school child m safety rs the notion created clines. naturally, to resist taking on anything' in recent years that they should not spank more in the classroom. With some notable die little child, even to save his life; that exceptions, heme safety education is not a they merely must be ever watchful of him regular part of the school curriculum, nor and so persuasive that he will choose to is h often adequately incorporated in any play only ia safe places made attractive to of the base courses. Few teachers today him, gradually avoiding specific dangers in their training to be teachers were edu which have horn labeled and defined for cated to think of safety as a fundamental him. The mother supposes, for instance, subject. What is more, the average teacher that she must never use pain in connection has been steeped in the notion that you with his running into the Jlrfri. playing can't teach any kind of behavior with words too near a fire, or tampering with a gas except in the immediate situation. While jet. And tills doctrine is being almost uni this prevailing ideas accepts such activities versally taught to future parents in our col ay the safety patrol, it hardly allows much leges and high schools. When in despera of a place to talk about anybody's safety tion the misled mother apprehends her at home Fortunately this viewpoint does youngster deliberately venturing into Some grudgingly admit a bit of dramatizing a! of these hazards, she may, in spite of her school, as in assembly programs, of some convictions to die contrary, spank or even home safety, particularly on hazards to whip him. Then she usually discovers that babies and tots. But the proposal to have the violent treatment has not "cured" him, children in elementary grades or higher and she suffers deep remorse, agreeing study physiol penis to their baby brothers with the to-called "expert" that spanking and sisters or grandparents at home is us will do no good. Such cases are practically ually regarded by the school as just talk, always died by those who say that physical and out of step with modem education. pain won't help. Why should it be expected The Educator and Home Safety 5 10 work under such conditions? All ani mal life tends to approach or do what promises mere pleasure than pain. Any tot, say from two to five, who gets repeated pleasure from rushing into the dangerous street, pfaying with fire or a gas jet, with only occasional discomfort from the act, ran be expected to go on doing this excit ing thing. Physical pus -- prefdrably a vhxrp slap with the Sax hand on the young child's lore thigh--sboeld be immediately connected with the first forbidden expe rience and always thereafter till It is auto matically and permanently avoided. It is amazing what little pain i needed and how quickly and lastingly the youngster thus learns to stay away from known hazards, especially if he can always turn at once to another-pleasurable but permissible activity. If the word No. uttered once ia a moderate tone; is always connected with the pain, the word alone may later detes. the youngster from new dangers and, moreover, make him cautious when in doubt. This worked at very little cost of pain with our own three children when they were tiddlers, and also with their children, four m each family. It has worked, too. accord ing to objective records, with many of my trudoits' children, when I was teaching par ents of preschool children at Western Re serve University, and scores of parents throughout the country who have read my tyndicatcd column have written to say it has worked with them ato. Many iarmers have hit on a simple, in expensive means of keeping cows inside a pasture They string a single wire around the field on ports not much larger than hmrvjnsticks. The wir* is charged with a Httie electric current, and one or a few contacts with H keep the cows inside, even after the charge is turned off. The secret is that pain occurs on the -t offense and regularly thersaflcr, Electric wires are al ways dependable, but parents are not, theugh they could be. There are no ex ceptions with these cows, and pain always iranediately results from the offense. The wire is identified with pom. so Is avoided , by the cow. Aren't our children as smart as cows? Aren't their lives a whole lot more precious? But let's not, of course, build wire fences around our lawns and electrify them, The dangers are too great Besides, the tot needs to learn the connec tion between pain and No so the word atone will be effective in many other and new situations; so he will learn to recognize danger in time and respect it. Let's urge iwrcrtts to build for their children an in visible protective fence which can be quickly thrown about them at any time by utter ance of No. There has been a general weakening of restraints for young children at home. The toddler who does about as he pleases won't easily learn good safety attitudes and hab its, and he will manage to circumvent our most vigilent efforts to keep dangerous things beyond his reach. If the parents of our nation were convinced of the efficacy of teaching physical safety to the child un der five or six through means of a little pain consistently applied by a self-disciplined adult, a large majority of the 8,000 of them whose lives are snuffed out In the streets and by falls, gunshot, poisons, bums, as phyxiation. etc in thdr homes and else where in the period of a year, and often in the very sight of their helpless parents, could be kepi alive and whole. How radio and television contribute to child safety we can't be sure exactly. Ap{szrentiy ihey keep some youngsters physi cally sate while listening or watching. But because of their exciting effect they can cause children to be less sell-controlled, less cautious of hazards at other times. They* cut in on lime for preschool children to be read to and older children to read to themselves, for creative play at Horae And fun with playthings and tools. Passive in appeal, they- seem to lessen interest in more constructive activities. Surely parents who read much to the young child at home, and cultivate in him the love of bood books are contributing to his safety. So do they also ia providing him with good playthings and tools in the home, attracting his playmates there, stim ulating his imagination and encouraging him to draw*, color, paint, and make things out of paper, doth, clay, cardboard, and wood. The modem school is making good contri butions in this direction as are the chil dren's magazines with their appeal to the imagination and emphasis on things to make ' and do at home. All sorts of family companionship and enjoyment obviously contribute io home safety. They indicate a deep regard for 6 Home Safely each member oi the family u a. person by every other member. Under such conditions parents can be more persuasive with their children concerning safety. Instead of scold ing them with warnings about dangers, (hey talk companionably with their children about being careful and the children are re ceptive In proportion to how much mutual esteem and love prevail. A favorable at mosphere and relationship at home provide a background for the safety of each fam ily member at home and elsewhere. Having acquired its such a family at mosphere the essential self-restraints, the child is more ready to leave alone some thing* he like* but knows may be harmful. He will also be more cautious when facing trange experiences. Furthermore, these early *elf-reramtt will stay with and help him a* be grows older. Having learned in his very early years to stop and watt at the curb, for cample, he will be more likely to do so when he is six. sixteen, or sixty. Ho person beyood the age of one or two can be safe without adequate self-discipline. Let us, therefore, go on providing better home amusements for young children, in a family atmosphere of understanding and love,. Let's give than more and better play places and supervision, for other people's children as welt as our own. Let's be more vigilant at protecting the very young child from known home hazards, but we must also train the young child in safety, espe cially in his preschool years, by administer' ing bodily pain and No selectively and con sistently when he subjects himself to dan gcr, thus teaching him to protect Hmself from accidents long before he can wider* stand die danger. The Safety Engineer and Home Safety By R. W. HEINRICH AswLtimt Supt* Engineering and Loss Control Division. Tbe Traveler* Insurance Co^ Hartford, Conn. At dinner one evening the head of a fam ily held forth on hi* favorite topic "this dangerous age.*' Little five-year-old junior listened attentively while father spoke of the tragedies in air. rail, automobile, and ma rine transportation accidents, in the shops and on the farms. He tost the trend mo> memarity when his dad mentioned the new and different hazards brought about by ad vances in science and changes in material*, machines and processes. But when the old man said, "and don't think you can escape it ail by going home and crawling between the sheets in bed. You're likely to have an accident even there," little junior's worst suspicions were confirmed. He said "Hot -Jest night, daddy. 1 was a good boy last night" Seriously, as we all know only too well, our homes are far from safe places. We are concerned here with finding practical ways and means of preventing home acci dents that result in personal injury or death, And we have two good reasons to be con i'eraed--not only because the annual toll1 of approximately 28,000 fatalities, four million `Ftofll Aiuirai fern, I SIS Couacil. Omos*i NxtimuJ S/rtr disabling injuries, and over 800 million dol lars tost it amazingly high, but also becau so little of a constructive and continuing nature is being done about it. The professional safety engineer has both responsibility and opportunity to assist sub stantially in the borne safety program. ALa lie is keenly interested, well informed to causes and remedies Ior accidents, and im bued with a desire to serve the cause of safety. As to the enlistment of his services in home safety, therefore, it retains only to develop a practical community program whereby his knowledge, abilities and activi ties can be of help. From his viewpoint there air two groups which, working cooperatively, can success fully sponsor, organize and make effective these mueh-io-WsSesircd community botne safety programs. They are local safety councils and Industrial establishments. Safety councils will find it advantageous to give more consideration to home safety. There seems to be no good rcaso* why each and j every council, with few exceptions, should not hare a special section or ecranaitte* em home safety, regular home sessions, meet ings and talks. As to industry and its safety The Safety Engineer and Home Safely 7 engineers, they are quite aware that their aeadent records are vitally affected not only by the oa-ihe-job attitude* and eawrofimeat, but also by off-the-job arcuat- itanccs. When safety begins at home, it will carry on Info the shop itself. Indus trial management, therefore, has a responsi bility and a splendid opportunity to serve itself aad its community, and improve its piddle cetatioas by encouraging, sponsoring, and taking a more active part m home safety. An experienced safety engineer knows well the great advantage of careful prelim inary piuRuag. If be were asked what activi ties community home safety should include be would probably jy let's get together and talk ft over. He could readily suggest several -things to do, but be would much prefer to follow his natural bent as an engipeer--aasenhle the facts, consider the prob ability of effectiveness and practicality ax to time, cost and personnel; prepare a basic ,-tciivity outline, aod fill in the details. Then and only tiws would he be satisfied that he and hL fellow volunteers were set to go ahead with the job. It would be bis proposal, as it is mine, to Isold, as the very first step, a prdiminary meeting of interested persons in the com munity. Some one person usually is the spark plug, but in most cases he is not likely to be the practicing safety engineer, who from experience laews the difficulties of creating entinuiaxn and continuity of actioo even In well-organized industrial es tablishment*. He will anticipate an early lagging of interest. He will soise political obstacles and suspect perhaps with good reason, that he hu "stuck out his neck" only to have it collared with most of the work, though he is apt to be a bit modest about assuming leadership In avie affairs. But don't overlook the professional safety engineer, and there is at least one is every community. He out assist substantially ia borne safety, and he really wants to help This first step--arranging the preliminary meeting of a selected group--it the easiest of all, but some cce has to handle the de tails and lay out the agenda. If you don't already lawjw a safety mgineer ia your community, check {be directory, Isquira of a manufacturing plant, the tows engineer, building Inspector, police or fire chief, or (he traffic engineer--find him aad ask his help with the problem. Organization, sys tem and order, with an action program, are os first concern, while technical detail can come later. Home safety is mostly a mat ter of common sense precaution, involving <uch simple things as keeping objects off the stairs, renewing frayed lamp cords, using a sfepladder instead of a rickety chair, keeping pots with hot liquids and sharp ob jects away from children. Personal contacts should be made with the town mayor or manager, radio and tele vision stations, newspaper editors, health aultiorilics, school principals, the P.T.A., churches, police and fire chiefs, building inspector?, chamber oi commerce, insurance companies and their agents, scout master. Bed Cross, luncheon clubs, women's club presidents, architects, house builders, the tabor unions, and local manufacturers. At this itoim money isn't necessary- AH you need to ask is "will you come to a meeting in the interests of home safety?" At this meeting of organization representatives and interested individuals its purpose will be ex plained. the need and value of organizing for home safety emphasized, and agreement readied on the formation of a permanent itome safety committee. Subcommittees will he appointed as required for programs and arrangements, publicity, education, construc tion and repair, kitchens and interiors, yards, walks and ground, etc. Wlia the home safety committee has been organized and is ready to function, it must tiavc a plan of action. It must do something effective to eliminate the causes of home accidents. Measures that should be considered arc: Publicity--Make full use of newspaper and radio publicity. Remember that editors want news, so prepare home safety mate rial that will be acceptable as news. The formation of committees is news, so too are the reasons for your organization and your objective*. Assign to a committee member the task of checking with insurance com panies, magazines, employers, safety equip ment manufacturers, and safety couodb for data and stories for local release. The committee should dig up interesting facts on the home accident problem locally, and prepare them for publication, including pho tograph* whenever possible to Increase reader attention. There are many sources of such data. One large multiple-tine in- Home Safety The Public Health Official and Home Safety mrance company* publishes a list of 38 dif ferent kinds of home accidents for which .iaims have been paid. In 1449, fails on Hairs nd steps were in first place. Cats on sharp instruments and broken class came second Falls cm slippery floors aad tags or on uneven ground and walks were can advise home owners and tenants about the removal of accident hazards found on (heir property. Schools can contribute to this project by encouraging pupils to take borne one of the inspection forma for a self-survey by thdr parents. Cooperation with industrial safety pro. next, etc. Over one and a quarter million grams--In many communities there arc In dollars were paid out in benefits under per dustrial companies whose job safety pro* sonal accident policies for home accidents grams endeavor to include employee safety to 1949 by this one company alone. while at home. Sods activities are often Many a tragic and intensely interesting story lies in case histories of home acci dents which can be obtained from hospitals ,tnd doctors. The pity of it is that although the great majority of them are readily and inexpensively preventable, they happen again and again. One approach In educational publicity that is particularly effective is to portray unsafe acts as not merely dangerous but also as something to be ashamed of, as >iUy or even close to moronic, being caie- known aa after-lhe-whistle-blows safety campaigns, and offer fruitful opportunities for cooperation by the community home safety committee. These are but a few of the many ways in which such a committee can apply its ability, knowledge, and zeal to reduce home accidents in its community. Other activi ties are contests, distribution of literature, sponsorship of safety clubs, lecture, de bates, exhibits, and the showing of racoon tut always, however, not to identify a par pictures. ticular person or location. In other words, Like charity, safety begins at hone. In there is great value in both imparting knowl dustrial and traffic safety engineer* recog edge as to safety in habit and environment nize the paramount influence of safe home as well as in making dangerous acts so un life on accident occurrence in the shops popular that the bragging chance-taker is and on the highways. They want to help set back on his heels. our home safety programs, and tliey have Educational material--As a home safety committee cannot police homes for hazards, t must rely on persuasion to guide families in home safety through education. Home safety education means the imparting of 'ometluag ts offer. Bring practical people they think the way to begin is to begin There is ns better time to begin than sow, and it scons that we have already had . enough talk. Action is the key now. knowledge about unsafe persona) practices Let each one here carry the message of and dangerous physical conditions--the gen this home safety conference back to his owb eral causes of alt accidents. hometown. Let hint recommend and effect Surveys and voluntary inspections are an positive, early action, so a beginning win other productive activity for the home have beat nude in all our communities to safety committee. The professional safety accomplish more in borne safety for the engineer can and will assist in preparing a benefit of the community, the state, the iorm or questionnaire, and survey teams nation, and ourselves personally through the prevention of death, injury, and economic waste from home accidents. The Public Health Official and Home Safety By L. M. FISHER Engineering Field Associate. Americas Public Health Association Presented by DR. A. h. CHAPMAN Medical Director, Region III, U. &. Public Health Service The publie health official of today U tak and groping for aa effective method which ing an iticrouting interest in home safety. he out employ to reduce the bugs toll frea home accidents in fatalities, disabling in juries, monetary and property loss. He still hM a certain feeling of doubt that It ts an appropriate interest for htm to have, but he cannot avoid a sense of concern when he .cudies the facts. Traditionally he his been responsible tor preventing communicable He readily accepts tide job, but is less ready to assume responsibility for measures to reduce home accidents. He has tong looked at the prevention of accidental death--especially m the factory and oa the highway--as the primary, if not the exclu sive responsibility of those connected with (he safety movement. He is now, seemingly, beginning to doubt that this aloof attitude U completely proper, and to wonder whether or not he should take a hand, especially in home safety. He has not yet fully made up his mind, probably for several reasons: 1. He'S* not quite sure that his help would be warmly welcomed by those already active cn the field of accident prevention; 21 he is uncertain about the methods or procedures he could effectively follow to reduce the many deaths and disabilities resulting from home accidents, with thar attendant eco nomic toss; and 3. be has not beta given a direct mandate implemented with funds and personnel to engage in home safety measures, perhaps because he has not sought me. la spite of these influences he looks at the appalling problem tmeatify. aad does give serious thought so its magnitude and im portance, brought home to him by the stead ily high rare of fatalities ia bis om ceeamunity from borne accidents. He has a Hippitsscd feeling of confidence that some ot the methods he has employed in practically eliminating from the American home such nne-ume serious diseases as typhoid fever and malaria might also be effective ia re ducing most ot the preventable home acci dents. This somewhat uncertain confidence, combined vrilh aa increasingly urgent re quest iot help from sources be ig nore, U prompting him to take a broader view of public health.' a view which rec ognizes that the loss to the community is just aa great whea a child dies from acci dental poisoning at borne as from typhoid fever. He ts greatly disturbed by the fact that more children bctwtfn 1 aad 14 die from, accidents (10,741 in 1448) than from the six most important oos-acridcntaj causes of death taken together, with home acci dents the leading taller, ahead of any single disease, in that age group. When, therefore, lie is urged to utilize his special skills for ferreting out various contributory causes of death in mobilizing .official and community effort to reduce death from home accidents, be hesitates only because it is not quite clear to hbn how he altould best prorted. With his present knowledge, he can more easily prevent com municable diseases ui the home than acci dents. After long and patient search by many health people; the causes of most communicable diseases are known to him and his staff, and this knowledge provides the basis for effective preventive measures. It has enabled him and his specialists--in cluding engineers, sanitarians, bacteriologists; chemists, nurses, entomologists, statisticians, and many others--working together as a team to accomplish great triumphs in sani tation. The once-dreadcd scourges of cholera, yellovr fever, smallpox, and typhus are no longer terrifying American homes because (his team knows what causes than and the nation possesses the economic strength to control them. Because of these and other accomplishments, people supp it the disease prevention work of the public health team willingly, but public resources placed at its disposal have not been adequate to enable effective application of all the preventive measures known in the field of communi cable diseases alone. .As long as this situa tion continues the health official hesitate* to assume obligation also for home accident reduction, a field ip which he is a new comer. He sees great unsolved and intrigu ing problems in hi* traditional field of pub lic health, and outside this he knows that (he average length of life could be further increased if the causes of heart disease, cancer, and nephritis were better under stood. He would like to find these causes and remove than, and ts alto worried by the fact that every other hospital bed is occupied by a patient with mental illness. While commendably engrossed ia seekrng the solution to these challenging prob lems, he secs at the same time that acci dents are still fourth among cause* of death for all ages and, according to latest estimates, first for the ages of I to XL He sees, loo, that home accidents are still In ninth place as a cause of death, disregard- 10 Heme Safety mg differences by age groups, although some reduction was experienced in 19S0. Tho precise underlying factors in many home accidents are unclear, and effective measures t'or preventing many of them are obscure and difficult. Research into the in cidence and causes of home accidents is needed, as they are not reportable by law and fact* are scarce. There is insufficient official interest, and It can be said that governmental responsibility for home accident reduction does not exist except in rare cases. It is completely lacking in most states and munici palities. and until this is corrected it is a serious handicap to progress. The statement that "everybody's business is nobody's busi ness'' is true especially in home safety. When the modem health official looks bade over the years and sees what great progress wav made before his day in controlling the principal causes of death and what has been done in his lifetime to prolong die average man's life by eliminating typhoid fever and malaria, for example, almost entirely, his confidence that the accidental death toll will some day be greatly reduced too, even though proven methods for this are not yet deter mined is justified. This confidence comes from having with him the same team which contributed so importantly to the achieve ments in disease prevention, and knowing what can be accomplished through profes sional and organized community effort. The prevention of home aecidenu is strongly similar in basic requirements to the prevention of communicable disease. In both cases the increase in wcstWi, making possible a higher standard of living and better finan cial support of his efforts, contributes im portantly. Just as malaria tended to disap pear with the increase of wealth--enabling the farmer to drain a mosquilo-produdng swamp and cultivate the land, to build a better and fully screened house, to purchase medicine and medical care, and secure a more nutritious diet to build up bodily re sistance---so an expanding economy with greater per capita wealth makes it easier to have better homes less hazardous in design, better maintained and equipped with belter and safer appliances, therefore less condu cive to fatigue and worry, AH of these phys ical advantages undoubtedly are important is home safety. Probably no one knows better than the public health official the dose rela tionship between poverty and disease, be tween a high standard of living and good health. It seems reasonable to umbx star th< same relationship exists betmtxa saad ard of living and been* aeodents, The public health Is concerned with anything that adversely affects Wahh and causes death, bat be cut be effective agaimt it only if glim adeqat* (ariHicics, winds for home accidents wooid tcaan of acorn to develop precise knowledge of the factor* causing them and prom methods for nsaov- ing these causes, and the personnel and fund* necessary to effect those methods, fa order to obtain the requisite knowledge about fac tors causing home accidents and shoot the best preventive measures, funds for further research arc needed. Once such measures have been established, demonstration projects m local health departments bdp convince doubtful budgetary officials and civic leaders A lively and Intelligent personal Interest m home safety on the part of public health officials is a prerequisite; and more of them ar taking such an interest now than ever before. Home accidents are caused in so man? different way* and so constantly, with such a drain on the economy, that the interest and effort of nearly every individual, group, institution, and agency in almost every held vhould be enlisted. All individual and organi sation leaders trying to promote community betterment should take part in home safety programs. This can best be brought about. U is believed, under the responsible lader* Jnp of a public official. Official and volun tary agencies should cooperate to reduce the incidence and severity of home acedaxls, and the public health official has had much experience Cand many headaches, at times) in stimulating and organizing poch coordina tion. This background should prove invalu able to him in both giving and receiving assistance for home safety. Splendid beginnings have already been made by the U, S. Public Health Service and the American Public Health Association, as welt as some state and focal health de partments. They have been ia the form of research and experimental program*, the production and distribution of materials, special training of personnel, the bolding of forums and institutes, and support with grant-in-aid funds. Further steps foe estab lishing home safety training courses in local health deportments and seminar* ia school) of public Health are being planned. All this The Subtle Health Ojftciut an4 Hume Safety u a - --i--about because an increasing num vens is made. No information is ascertained ber of health officials accept the thesis that about the physical and mental state oi the kw safety is a logical function of the victim before the accident, and little or none health department. The U. S. Public Health sought about the hazard involved, the wrong Service now officially recognizes this fact, ful act--cither of the victim or of another as do the American Public Health Associa person--to be studied for the benefit of tion. the Conference of State and Territorial . others. Health Officers, the National Organization For in any accident there is one or a com of Public Health Nursing, and the Na bination of causes: the dangerous condition tional Safety Council. and the unsafe practice. The elimination of This action by the National Safety Coun either might have prevented the accident. A cil should be particularly encouraging to slippery* rug on a polished floor is a fall those health officials who may still entertain hazard, but there will be no tall until some doubts than any efforts on their pan to one steps on it. Some progress in cutting prerent home accidents would be sincerely down accidents an be made by removing welcomed and supported in the safety pro only one of these two (actors, and rapid fession. The mutual interests of safety progress if both are eliminated Sometimes councils and health departments in borne the removal of a hazard is not as simple as afy, have been developing satisfactorily in this illustration. It may be built into the at (he state level, but only lip service is too house in the form of a dark hallway step, often the rule at local levels. This attitude getting rid of which calls for preventive will disappear -non. we hope, for if any design or alteration. Some day the local ptofeftat needs the concerted support of all public health engineer may have the oppor groups it is the problem of preventing home tunity to review house construction plans accidents. This area of public welfare is still greatly handicapped by the lack of governmental as- Hsaace like that which has been given to ndostrial and traffic safety for many years. This ts perhaps becajisc the general public U not yet fully aware of the seriousness of the situation. Spectacular aecidenu. like the loss of many lives in a theatre fire or in the burning and sinking of a ship, arouse public indignation and eompa) Immediate remedial action by government. In the field of com and be able to detect such built-in hazards before they materialize. As a member of the engineering profession he should be familiar with the principles of safe house design, construction, and maintenance, and with safety features which equipment going into modem homes should have. As an engineer he should Have a special interest in household appliances, fixtures, etc,, developed by the engineering profession, and assume a lively roponsibiUty for preventing acci dents in which such apparatus is involved. municable diseases, aa epidemic causing The private nature of home accidents many doth* arouses people and requires (he rrakes the public apathetic toward the prob quick application of preventive measures.. lem, Therefore, -much improvement will The funds necessary to correct the evil in probably never come about through compul such cases are made available promptly. But sory measures, and chief reliance will ba\e no such public feeling occurs when several to be on cooperative education. An effective members oi a community arc killed by ordi way to arouse public interest scons to He in nary home accidents, or over 27,000 nation the continued use of promotional and educa ally in a yetr. They happen privatety, not tional material presented as chaltengmgly as ra public view, usually one at a time instead possible. Progress made in this way ts likely of in large groups; they are not usually to be relatively slow, but probably sound. spectacular; they do not often make the With home accidents causing far morr front pages. A fatal or disabling home acci death* and disabling injuries together (in dent tends to be accepted as a matter of fact, cluding about 110.000 permanent impair with no one aware but the victim, his family ment* fa 1950) tfiaa any other type and and circle of friends. While they may take costing the nation over SSO&QOO.OOO last action to prevent a recurrence, little notice year, there ia ample jmtiSeuiee to spend is given to the tragedy outside this snail gcncrowelr for research sad experimental group; and the lessons that it might tods projects which give promise of disclosing others are tort. No careful recording of iff the Important tnfcrmatfoa we need to perfect the facts a* the case or search for the ra pceientire measures. The Public Health 12 Home Safety Service hxs made an important, though mod est, contribution by trying, in cooperation with state and local health departments and the National Safety Council, to develop methods for health agencies to use to reduce home accidents in their jurisdiction. It is also making possible at least one research <tudv m home safety this year. That health departments can act effectively in reducing home accidaits if given better facilities is being proven at Kalamazoo, Michigan, where the work of the city-county health department the past years has liad such promising results thst the pro gram's sponsor, the Kellogg Foundation, is now supporting exploratory projects through three more local health departments in other sections of the country. There is hope, too, that a state-wide home safety program wilt be financed by this Foundation. It was assumed before the studies at Kal amazoo were started that the friendly con tacts of health department people with fami lies afford opportunities to teach home safety in an informal manner on home premises where it would do die most good. This has been proven largely true. Safe home habits and conditions can thus be aught more ef fectively with minimum effort at the poem where the lessons must be applied, but sot all health Workers are already proficient m >uch teaching. For maximum boiefit they need special training in this field, as in other fields of public health. Bacause home acci dent prevention concents everybody's health and welfare, it is logical to make it a cornmunity effort with mass education, but reli ance must not be placed on this method iSom, People arc often slow to apply the taformaiicm they receive and will remember safety kssoftt longer U they engage m the corrective measures while a health worker if in the home They profit most frees what they see and experience.- A model hazardfree home might be an effective cdoeatiooal demonstration. The great need this, as ~m ether com munity problem*, is competent leadership implemented by trained personnel aed publir education funds- When public health work ers are shown that .carefully directed efforts such as they can make 'will appreciably re duce home acodesn fatalities and injuries, they will want to accept home safety as a regular function of their team. Great progress will have been made when this is done. Therefore it is important that the results obtained at Kalamazoo be impressed on health workers and the pupils, and ii the outcome from one or more of die other three such experiments now imdcr way it as favorable, a further long step forward will have been nude toward safer homes for all The training of health department person nel in the proven methods will follow, * win research into improving and perfecting those measures. Doubting public health of ficial* will become convinced that tbdr pro cedure* for reducing preventable deaths tr. other field* of public health can be, with slight modification, equally soeriessftd m home accident prevention. With this assur ance will come official leadership and re quest* for funds and personnel to deal will, the problem thoroughly as a oonuaHoiCf re sponsibility, which it rightly is. The Safety Council and Home Safety By ROBERT R. SNODGRASS Vice Pres., National Safety Council; Chairman, Goaf, of Local Safety Organiratioo*: and President. Atlas Auto Finance Co., Atlanta, Gc. Home safety is the step-sister in our accident-prevention family. Dress up the members in their Sunday-best, line them up for family photograph and here's what you're apt to see. Traffic--the glamorous, headline-getting, popular child of every safety movement. Quick to seek publicity. Always die talk of the town. Acquainted with everyone from the comer beat man to the president i the leading bank. Industry--the "family provider," No promotet- nerd worry about him. Since he came of age he's been steady and dependable. Al ways wilting to lack us to the family kitty The right hand of safety cvciynhere. Fleet--the hard.hilling extrovert. Inherit mg die qualities of Traffic and Industry The Safety Council oni Home Safely JJ Fk*t is a more conservative Traffic and a more personalised Industry. Fire--who comes into her own once a year aad helps when she's needed. But what about Home, the Cinderella of else family, who seldom shows up in the family portrait, and then only ta the back ground? Yes, what about Home Safety? The skeleton in our family closet which we don't boast about The step-lister of our profession. 'Traffic safety is glamorous, but accidents in urban homes kill far more of our citizens dun motor vehicles in towns asd cities. Industrial safety 1$ steady, but borne acedents kill almost twice as many Americans a* die from work accidents. Traffic and industrial safety use the easy strmgtb of enforcement, but our homes are fertile en vironment Tor education, oa wtueh home safety must depend and which, in the loog run. is more potent than enforcement and certainly longer tasting. * The Situation Home accidents wear the No. 1 acrident kilter tag more years than not. Last year these death* decreased 11 per cent under the 1949 total. This is (he only appreciable re duction ever recorded, but seme of it so doubt is attributable to a change tn death cause classification in 1949. Home accident! still account for about a third of all acciden tal fatalities each year, and half of all the disabling injuries. A study made by the Na tional Safety Council, and published is the 1951 edition ol Aeculenl Fads, shows the breakdown of accidental death* in id rep resentative cities for 1950. The information it contains U challenging 5 Only three of the 33 cities registered more accidental deaths in traffic than in homes Home deaths led more than two to one I am cognisant of the difficulties facing a safety council or other organization work ing in home safety. Traffic safety attracts more operating funds. Enforcement powers in industry and traffic are a ready-made tool for improvement*. Procedure and precedent arc already established in the fields of traffic and Industrial safety. The neglected need today is home safety. Only a few communities have faced this problem with an honest attempt to solve it, Most safety councils have a home safety section or division or committee on paper, but too often actually it is little more than a publicity campaign with spasmodic radm or press release*. Mo*i safety councils arc not taking full advantage of all the educa tional and engineering facilities available to them that can be used to prevent home acci dents. Few safety councils use their in herent strength to supplant public com placency or indifference with awareness and active support. What'* the Answer for Yes? This situation must be corrected, and it i* up to the safety council to establish the program, uutill and develop the interest that will do it, .and act out its part as the rec ognized leader of all accident prevention in the community. Leadership is what is tack ing most. There is setae awareness of the problem by most organized groups and agen cies. Industry has rtcugwred somewhat that off-the-job safety is essential to good pro duction. In their own way. many safety organizations, halth aad humanitarian group* and individuals are trying to promote education in home accident prevention. There are many who will help, but they must have the guiduce, encouragement and example of the safety Before a safety council can present a home safety program suited to local needs, inter ests, limitations and potentialities, it murt know the exact problem in its own commu nity. How serious are home accidents ccmpnratively there? How and where are they happening? To what age group*? Such facts are obtainable on a national level from Accident Pacts. Quite possibly the picture is the same in your cMnmuoity. If so, you cannot help but perceive a need for home safety promotion slanted to particular age groups and accident types, primarily: Falls among people over 65 years of age; fire him among children under five aad adults over 65; poisoning among children iaider five. These are some specific problem* you quite likely will discover as outstanding in your community. The approach is then ap parent: Concentrate first oa eliminating the cause* of the most home acrident deaths in your locality. This cannot be dooe solely by publicity or propaganda. Although these rudiments are essential and have their place, they are not the answer. The answer lies *n continuous participation in a definite pro- Horn* Safety gram by alt member* of Ue community, h?dwdti.i!iy and collectively. The Proof'* in the Pudding E leant best when l try to teach others ultat I've teamed So Ja other people. When l advocate something, t try to tallow my own advice. Because 1 am now tery interested m safety, and active in its pro* motion, l am more safety-conscious person ally than before, By helping die safety movement I become a safer person myself. I think this personal participation if the reason tor the outstanding success of "Op eration Safety" in the traffic held. I sec no teawm whatsoever why this procedure can not be used effectively in home safety too. A few safety councils hate "Operation Home Safety" programs modeled after the traffic version, but it is still only a pioneer ing held. I believe more councils should <-<>mti!er tli!< approach. Let me give you an example. The Greater Atlanta Safety Council, of which I am a member, initiated it* public vafeiy programs last year and now has a full year's expe rience behind it It was muck to organise "Operation Safety" with leading groups sponsoring specific phases of traffic accident prevention. Why, asked Manager Bob Leo pold, couldn't the same type of program be used in home safety, and in farm safety? There are actually over 1000 well organ ised groups in Atlanta, with members eager to improve their community, winch could be brought into the job. The answer is obvious. They can and will work tor safety in At lanta; Los Angeles; Portland. Oregon; or Portland, Maine, if they are shown the way. The Atlanta Red Cross chapter made available to the new Safety Council its records of hospitalized accident cases secured after organization of a reporting system in each hospital. These did not include all accidents in the area, but did cover most of those serious enough to require hospital attention. An analysis of tins information gave, us the picture on non-fatal injuries, which, beside* statistics on fatalities from death certificates, is so essential in planning emphasis and activities. Such facts can be obtained in any' community, but perhaps not always as easily as in Atlanta. Stiff, they must be had, as the first step in any suc cessful community home safety program. Next, a roster of organizations in the metropolitan area was secured from the Chamber of Commerce. Parenthetically, a uood mailing list is necessary for a wellrounded public information program, a* di rect mail pieces are particularly helpful (o home safety education. There should be no difficulty getting lead ing groups jo sponsor and conduct programs ior the alcty council once they're sold on the need Much are must be used, however, in choosing groups which will achieve the best remit* in an appropriate job and which will have the highest degree of membership participation. In Atlanta, those organization* were se lected which (he staff thought could best handle special phase* of home safety need ing intensive promotion. A meeting of rep resentative* from these groups was called and the plan presented to thorn, 'Hie result* were gratifying: every group accepted the assignment suggested and a schedule for the first year's program was set up It was inaugurated >n September 1950 with the Girt Scout* sponsoring "Child Safety in the Home." The Women's Chamber of Com merce took "Fire Safety in the Home" dur ing October. The Business and Professional Women's Dub readily accepted the job for November, but the theme had ta be changed from "Old Folk* in the Home" to "Adult Safety in the Home" They didn't like the implication in "old folks.** The Federation of Women's Clubs under took "Safe Housekeeping" during December and January. The Atlanta Chapter, Ameri can Institute of Architects, sponsored "Safe Equipment and Construction" during Feb ruary and March; an organization composed of 135 Garden Dubs worked on "Yard and Garden Safety" during April; and the Boy Scout* sponsored "Child Safety Outdoor*" during May, There were no program sponsor* for the summer months this year because most groups disband during the vacation period, but we wilt have summer sponsor* for Home safety next year. Tfc* Rocip* la Atlanu Six weeks or more before each campaign, the safety council staff ltold* a piinning meeting with key people of the sponsoring groups to discuss It* facilities and a plan of action. No two campaigns are alike, fust a* do two organixadotM are alike, so each The Safely Cawteti Ham* Safety IS must be handled individually. Every project is tailored to the people who are conducting it, and the individual members grasp their responsibilities immediately. When the program t* agreed upon, the Safety Council prepare* a lot including a fact sheet ota the subject, a quiz, talk outline, program for club meetings, or some other tool (or making member partiopatioo easier. In the campaign outline with this kit, it is emphasized that members should pass oa what they lorn to others, thus promoting home safety outside as well u within their own group. The Safety Council work* closely with the group's leaders in carrying out campaign* through it* members for the most widespread benefit. The staff handle* all publicity on such special activities and carefully direct* it so . there is no conflict or duplication with other important nitty information supplied regu larly to radio, press and other media by the Council Experience taught us that this is the only way. During one of the early cam paigns, three different Scout troop* contacted one radio station requesting tune for the same campaign. Now the staff makes all such contacts and chinneU the publicity, securing the radio and television partici pants from the sponsoring organization. Press releases are handled the same way; the sponsor contribute* news, names, ideas, etc. whieh a staff member writes up and releases. The newspapers and radio stations appreciate this, for it means one agent con tacting them for local safety promotion, rather than several. The staff member han dling public information finds that it makes his contacts with the outlets plajznltr, per sonal. and more fruitful. The Diract Approach But again let me emphasize that publicity is only a port of the borne sfety program. It is valuable is telling the public the oeed for home accident prevention--ye*--and what they can do to make themselves and their families safer at home; but it also sable* public recognition of the efforts of partiri- fi^enc organizations and their members. For hat they do U aewswortby--their activities make oewa--good, legitimate news which is more interesting goterally than straight safety propaganda. Hie Atlanta Girl Scouts made news when they sponsored "Child Safety n the Home." Tbiy made a survey of hazards { 4,000 homo sad followed it up with a report of inspTDvezneota. The soundness and potency of tins approach can be gauged by some comments which I quote verbatim from the reports: "Smoking is now not allowed in beds." "Sewed anchors to rugs to prevent slip ping." "We have been trying to remember to turn pot handle* to back of the stove." "Mother and Daddy stopped smoking in bed." mZ painted the bottom step to llie basement while." "Dad gave me some money to buy a Stepladder for the latches. Also. I got a metal can froro the store lor oily rags." "I have been making my tittle brother and sister pick up their toys and put them away after playing." "Mother said she would turn pot handles in a safe place if I would stay out of the kitchen whea she is cooking:'* How's that for results! Children learning to do things safely--teaching and reminding thdr parents about accident prevention! You can be sure that these children will be a strong influence for safety in their homes. The girts presented slats at PTA meetings. They went on the air several times will) panel discussions on various aspects of home safety. They made talks to their troops. As part of the home fire safety campaign of the Women's Chamber of Commerce, a highly respected group of business women, a speakers bureau was formed which made talks to other groups. Civic and service club* helped reach teas of thousands of people with fir* prevention advice. Preach ers were contacted and urged to have fire drills for their Sunday Schools. A radio and TV subcommittee presented home safety panct* and other broadcasts. Another successful program, judging by the cooperation achieved, was "Safe House keeping" ted by the Federation of Women's Club*, composed of 104 groups in our Fifth District. Every club took part, some on radio programs, others with talks or a quiz pond before their own organization, or when die Safety Council's speakers bureau provided them with a speaker. Appraisal and Challenge Several advantages are apparent after a 16 Heme >car of "Operation Home Safety" in At lanta. The promotion is not confined to the period of each campaign, hut it gains im petus and momentum during it and continue* through several months afterward. The Safety Council confine* the publicity on a particular phase to the stated period in which tt is stressed, so it will not conflict with other programs, hut the resulting interest and activities go on indefinitely. Another advantage to the Safety Council ts that its news stories are made more in teresting and usable by highlighting the cooperating organizations and the people in them. Thu* the credit is spread around and an avenue left open to the Council for publiddng other phases of safety without satu rating the media with the same impersonal items. And, of course, the invaluable situation of thousands of people promoting the cause and disseminating the "good word." There is really no reason why die public can't be harnessed to the home accident pre vention team, why home safety can't be a* outstanding in the safety council family as industry. Fleet, and Traffic are--except that JToha Q. hasn't been offered much opportu nity to help, ham't had the leadership, hami been shown the way. Here is a madeful opportunity tor an safety council, if it fully accepts aad meet*, the challenge which Home Safety offer* Reducing home accident* in oar cccvimb' tics is a tough, demanding often tra.<rating battle which can be won only if rt't bard fought. So far we Invent done tench trvnv than give It tip service. Public Health Department Opportunities in Home Accident Prevention (A special forum for state and local public health personnel arranged in ooopentsow with 17. S. Public Health Sat flea, Chicago Regional Office.) Presiding: E. R. Kicuamag, M.D-, Commissioner of Health, Milwaukee, \VU. (Summary of Discussion) Dr, Kxtsnbtcgel opened the discussion by stating that the following basic assumptions could be made: 1. Death, sickness, and permanent disabil ity resulting from borne accidents constitute an important public health problem. 2. Public Health Department* have a moral responsibility to help reduce these accidents. 3. It is possible to reduce the incidence of home accidents. 'These points were accepted as correct by general consensus of the group. The following questions were posed and discussed as summarized below: 1. tVhoi resources do public health if partment* have that they can devote to heme safety right notaP a. Epidemiology h. Pub lic health nursing c. Statistical analyri* d. Health education e. Mental health service* {. Maternal and child health services g. En vironmental sanitation. There is in general a legal responsibility on the part of health departments for epidemiology, environmental sanitation, and vital statistics, a* well os for other phase* relating to comtmmiable disease, but not necessarily for accident prevention. ft is difficult to release personnel for borne safety because most of the appropriate di visions are already overworked, but perhaps some of the time of personnel in certain dtrisfoo* could be more advantageously a*ed for accident prevention thin for present purpose* which have become less scrieut 2 What percentage of these resources can be turned to home safely todayP The part of it* resource* which a health depart ment can release for Uus work varies ac cording to public interest in the problem. Therefore, the health department has to sell the public oa th* need. 3, Art additional resources availahUP WhereP Maternal and Quid Health funds are already authorized for accident proven* rioo services, because home accident* ore the Public Health Department Oppartw ities in Home Accident Pretention 17 most important cause of death among chil dren from 1 to 14, and alt accidents kill more children in that age group than the six most important nonaeeidental causes combined. According to Dr. A. L. Chapman, Medical Director, Region HI, USPHS, General PH5 funds con also be used now ior safety by health department*. Public support for a long-range program >i home accident prevention by a local Health agency can be built up through: a. Promotion of interest in the problem l>y the public health nurse among iamitie* d* visits at home; b. The advisory Health council of the mmmuruty; e. Informing the local board of health; <L indoctrinating the entire health de partment staff, who tn turn can educate the public. Although it is wise to {dan a compre hensive and continuous Itome safety pro gram with fundi allocated for the purpose, m most communities the health department must Start with a diversion of personnel from other assignments before it can get additional money. One way to begin is its ryan templet* demonstration campaign in a unall section of the community, or a project >n cooperation with some other organisation. 4. fn tcfiicli fmHilrofit>* section of the health department does the home safety program belongP It was agreed that some offiriM agency' in a community must assume govermnental responsibility for home *ca<km prevention as we have in traffic and industrial safety. The only such agency hich regularty goes into homes is the health department, but it has no enabling legislation with respect to the home accident problem, except possibly (hat which cover* mviroornmtal sanitation. The problem must H met through education. The environmental sanitation division can kal with accident exposure conditions, working with engineering and allied sd- race*. The mental hygienists, health edu cators, etc can work oa accident immimizatioe and susceptibility in cooperation with (he medical and psychiatric profession*. The safety council should assume tbe program promotion and organization commusty-wise, acting as a clearing house and getting behind the official ogaxy for co ordinated public support of its program, It should coordinate volunteer with official ef fort. The ocfcntsistrabvc level for the health department's home safety program will de pend on tbe size of the agency and con templated scope of this program. In smaller departments the health officer will probably need to direct the program personally, but in larger ones it may be incorporated as an activity of the division of chronic dis ease*. 5, What specifically cm a keolth depart ment do m home safety, effectively and economicallyf In order to set up a program, the health department should first delineate (he problem by: a. Follow-up of death certificates to de termine the extent and exact causes of home accident mortality locality. b. Ascertain the morbidity from home accidents by getting cose reports from hos pitals and doctors. Other measure* such os a sample survey of homes by public health nurses might be utilized if sufficient person nel time is available. From these facts (he most important problems to concentrate oa can be estab lished and forces and procedures of attack chosen. It was suggested that in-service training tn home safety for health educators and other group* in the comunity's so-called 'health family" might be the next step. Men tioned for this training were public Health nurses, sanitarians, health educators, public welfare workers, onployees of voluntary* sendee agorae* who go into homes, insur ance collectors, utility men, etc. Herne Safety Our Children Can Have a Safe Community (Joint Meeting--AH Public Safety Delegates) Predint: NED H. DEARBORN, Pres., National Safety Council, Chicago When the Educator Cooperates By WAYNE O. REED Assistant Commissioner for State and Local School Systems, U. & Office of Education, Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C. Our children can have a safe community if the educator cooperates in helping them to learn to make it a safe community. Edu cators have placed great emphasis on this problem for the past thirty years or tnore and with such splendid results as to encour age us to redouble our efforts. The educator will also help children have a safe community if he continues to cooper ate with agencies and individuals in undertakings directed toward the reduction of accidents in the community. Serving on committees, helping to conduct surveys, keeping accurate accident records, estab lishing good traffic controls around the school, discussing matters with parents and civic groups--these are but a few of the many ways in which the educator cut as sume his responsibilities in community safety affairs. There are many aspects of a safety educa tion program, for safety education is a broad phase of the total educational pro gram. Safety education iavelrce many serv ices such as the medical examination or observations and check-ups (screening) by the teacher and nurse. Through such serv ices, we may find a child who has defective vision, or one who is weak or poorly coor dinated, or one who is psychologically dis turbed so that he is acttidoit-prcne. By keeping accident records, the school learn what the actual experiences of its own children are and thus point up the teaching. There arc first aid and emergency case services for children who do have accidents during school tune. These services also include adjustments (physical and pedago gical) for children who have handicaps. The Fire Drill is a real safely service. Often the local fire chief U consulted by the principal, teachers and representative chil dren in setting up precautions to be takes in ease of fire Unfortunately, today we have also to provide for possible emergency con ditions relating to Civil Defense Here, too, we find school people and civil defense officials working together. The school environment is involved m safety education. It include* everything from the way the scissors are handled m the first grade to the use of laboratory equipment in the sdoicc rooms of the high schools; from the custodian's storage of cleaning supplies and equipment, to the maintenance of the school bus. And of greater importance, is the necessity of teach ing children how to use the facilities, equip ment, and supplies safely and to cooperate in correcting conditions that are husrdous, The organization and conduct of all school activities have safety implications. This involves such thing* as scheduling class ac tivities. hatch, "activity and races periods; the regulations doling with the riding of bicycles { classroom asuxagement, such as procedures Involved when small childmi handle scissors and other sharp tools, or the way materials and other matters arc stored and handled in the classroom--such things as the way sdence and shop equipment are set up and used, the way ftomcxriafcfng and physical education, athletic and recreation activities arc rarried on. There is also a necessity for planned and guided learning experiences la safety--isitruction, if yon wiS. These laming activi ties range is scope and interest from helping the first grader find tbc safest route from home to school, fo emphasizing the safe use of playground equipment for fourth graders, to special courses in first aid and driver education in the high school--with many ether concepts, experiences, skills and atti tude* necessary for an children la between. Our Children Can Have a Safe Cuuimtuiity 19 la this broad program, many people have a responsibility. But most important, safety education is the responsibility of the teacher --not just the teacher who ha* some specific assignment for safety teaching but every teacher. Who is in a better position to favorably influence attitudes, to develop a safety consciousness, to impart knowledge, and to develop skills, than the teacher m his day to day intimate contact with boys and girts? Children lam safety--absorb safety--in many ways. The most important way is by living safely throughout the school day and carrying over those safe ways of behaving into home and community life. When chil dren help set up and understand certain regulations and aafe procedures, and arc encouraged to observe them--that is func tional safety education. Thera are thousands of examples: When children observe traffic in the halls, or handle their bicycles in the agreed-upon manner on the school grounds, or help keep the school growls free of obstructions and debris, or light the mou property in the home economics class, or when they serve as a member of the school safety council or the safety patrol, they are Irtrny safety. The attitudes children develop and the practice* they follow ia school carry over into the home and community. It is impor tant for parents oot only to encourage safe practices, but to follow them as well There caa be laming through dramati sation. This is not to ay that all safety education must be so highly charged that inhibitions are built up. But safety eas be taught m such a way that it is rat and a part of life. There are times when interest is at "white hat." Then, of course. Is the time to capitalize upon these incidents. I guess oee reason why teaching seems so effective then is because the possibilities of unsafe behavior come closest to the person. One ol the gnat hindrance* to safety edu cation is the common fedmg that "it can't happei to mt" Such incidents as these bring borne forcciaJJy the fact that perhaps it could happen to sao. Many--almost every --school experience involves some consideration of safety. Whtrever sffrsf-nait and natural, the safety im plication* 'of any learning experience should be brought out. When the second graders visit the fire house, or the sixth graders go to the school camp, there are innumerable safety factors involved. In the high school, who on better teach afcty in relation to athletics, recreation and physical education activities than the phys ical education tocher? Or the safety in the home--who can teach it more appro priately than the home economic* tocher? Is not science teaching replete with opportunitia for getting across safety concepts? Surely this is true; and full capita! should be made of these opportunities for correlation. But then some of these experiences are so important that they must be a part of the education of all pupils. As an example; home economics reaches many but not all of the girls of the high school and few of the boys. Yet in the home it is the boys mainly who will operate the tools, fool with the etecmdty, or even wield the can openers these days, f suggest that we must took at our high school curriculum to make sure that all boys and girls have the privilege of profiting from certain basic and common experiences. There is, then, eoetent in safety education. Certain knowledges and skills to be lamed. One must be in command of today's envi ronment today. It is more than that It is a way of thinking--so that one on also be in command of tomorrow's environment tomorrow. The content m odt school will vary with the needs and interests of the Students, of course. But generally, for talking purposes, some of the more common learnings might be organized into these headings: Home mid Farm Safety: Safety is various parts of the home, the yard, in the barn, involving such things as the prevention of fires, bums, falls, poisoning, cuts, and as phyxiation, the handling of animals that as somebody put ft "kick, bite, claw, scratch, buck, or gore.** Public Sofety: Traffic; For elementary children--tricycles, bicycle*, wagons, scoot ers, skates; for high school children--motor scootera, hot rods, jeeps, trucks, and the family ax. Few all of them--pedestrian practices, use of public carriers, buses, trams, taxi cabs, etc Public Buildings: Using revolving doors, elevators, exits, fire escapes, etc. Sofety in Play and Recreation: Playing ta the street and on playgrounds, using 20 Home Safety equipment and supplies like kites, swings, seesaws. Water Safety: Swimming, boating, fishing. Safety Elements of Nature: The sun, wind, storms, insects, reptiles. School Safely: Safety oa the grounds, ia the hails, in the classroom; Safety in gym nasiums, play areas, locker room; Safety in special areas such as the vdcnce room, home economics department, shop, school lunch room, etc. First Aid 6* Home Care of the Sick & Injured: Once agatojt^g ited value unless individual an^ ways that vy Study i dent one especially concerned with pouting it up--someone to take a special interest to see that alt of the educational opportunities are fully utilized, to help coordinate activi ties, to provide enlightened leadership so that school and community resources will be used io the fullest. In a state or local school system, this is ultimately the responsibility of the adminis trator. But so are many other things-- and so he must delegate. The maimer in which leadership in safety education will be j^elegated must necessarily depend upon many The size of the community, the pupils or students, their age and preparation of the teacher*, trees and many other factor* thinj Stul to deten, and the 3 tble with Evaluate th^ teachers and other'! _ to note their influence Survey the school, home and community for accident hazards and for other mfety needs. Use data available from the public health, police, highway, and other agencies. Survey textbooks, courses of study, curjrtculum guides and other materials to deter* mine what items are stressed; weight these items lor appropriateness in the light of the needs of the particular children concerned. These are just suggestive--there are many other evidences of children'* needs. ` State and Local Leadership The broad program of safety education in the schools of a community needs some ices the leadership might son especially employed a* ' dinator, or ooawxltaae is Or It may be a person ions described in those with a larger re director of health, education or assistant snail organizations the hmc from a committor ;peeially designated a* liltcc. In other words, phase seeds tome one in the program, who has r chnical background in the tio knows Hew to work with Way States have someone in the LVpartracnt of Education cspeoalf) grated to coordinate the activities of the department that rdatc to safety education. Tea or more have such person who give full time to the safety assignment. There art counterparts of these reboot vrvices oa the national levtL Then is the National Commissioa on Safety Education of the National Education Association. Is our own Office of Education we look mainly to our specialists in health and physical education for leadership ia safety education Each of those persons 1ms had a wealth of experience and professional preparation hi the field of safety. In addition, a number of our general elementary mod Secondary people are well versed to safety education and there arc certain other specialists whose work deals in considerable extent with the safety aspects of education. Our Children Can Hinte Safe Community 21 I 'hope t have conveyed to you my very itroug personal feeling that we can make cur community safe for our children only if every citizen accepts his responsibilities-- the educator no leas than any other person. The* educator contributes ta two xsays: (I) by helping children and youth learn to live safely; (2) by contributing as a citizen of the community to those safety activities that |cad to civic bettenoot. Safe living gos on out of school--at bom* and on the highways; in plants shops and on playground*. The a holds many people other who arc extremely is the police, the firemen, insurance companies, the automobile club, the transportation dynamite caps,, uoa, the civic clul the public health more. The school' uration U toil The schools not avoid workir! Only when all ol1 ate together root ests of children Most of my cor? mainly to elemental Trade schools, too. aspects of safety education. They do a particularly important job in stressing shop safety and the safe use of tools. In this respect they are of service to industry is training young people to be safe workers. In the colleges we find a growing interest in the safety aspects of professional tech nical jobs--engineers, scientists, laboratory technician*. and others. Some few offer curricula ia safety engineering and traffic safety control. Some offer general courses atiou or safety units in perhealth course*. major coatribu* of the proresponsiblee pre-service secondary afety, and sititool i*r* are ,loo that profor idler* their 1 come cducai State colleges itton of Prctodcat. Ifmnnmtt Copper Corfx, Newtot?Ctnurxaxr, Board of Director*, NSC Presented by D. E. 1CUMFORD Supc. of Safety, New York Central System. New York Today, industry accept* the fact that it has responsibilities to the community, and that the mcafee* of the community expect it to discharge properly these responsibilities. Increasingly, therefore, industry has been showing leadership io various community activities, sometimes corporately, and some time* individually through its management perscvsvel Examples of this leadership are shown to community chest and boepita* drives, and bustoess-uMhistry-edueatioo pro grams. Industry's Interest to Accident Prevention Logically, industry may assume leadership ia still another field--community safety edu cation, where it has so much experience and knowledge to contribute to public wel fare and benefit. Industry has a two-fold interest in preventing accidents. First, there is the humanitarian interest--we don't want our employees to get hurt. Second, there is the dollar*-and-cents interest--accidents cost money. /O Horn* Safety equipment and supplies like kites, swings one especially concerned with pointing it seesaws. Water Safety: Swimming, up--someone to take a specs! interest to fishing. Safety Elements of Nature: The see that all of the educational opportunities sun, wind, storms, insects, reptiles. are fully utilized, to help coordinate activi School Safely: Safety on the grounds, in the balls, in the classroom; Safety is gym* nasiums, play areas, locker room; Safety in ties, to provide enlightened 'eldership m that school and community resources will be used to the fullest. special areas such as the science room, home In a state or local school system, this u economics department, shop, school lunch ultimately the responsibility of the adminis room, etc. trator. But so are many other things-- (tret Aid Sr Home Cere of the Slek Sr injured: Once again this content is of Um- ited value unless tied in specifically with individual and group needs. Some of the ways that wc can help find those needs are: Study and use medical, dental and acci dent records, the other health and safety appraisals, the recorded cocancnts of con ferences between teacher and nurse and par ents and others. Observe the safety practices of the chil dren in die school, on die playground, during the lunch period, in the community. and so he must delegate. The manner ta which leadership in safety education will be delegated must necessarily depend upon sun things. Tbe size of the community, the number of pupil* or students, their age and grade level, preparation of tbe tochers, available resource* and many other factors are involved. In some instances die leadership might come from a person especially employed as a supervisor, coordinator, or eoam&mt in safety education. Or it may be a person who has the functions described's* those titles,* but ia connection with a larger re Observe the child's ability to live with sponsibility, such as director of health, and compensate for his handicaps. physical and safety education or assistant Evaluate the quality of relationship* among puptts. with one another and with adults. Learn what children do in their free time, what they talk about, how they feel about things. superintendent. In moll oigzrcLrabons the leadership might come from a eecsmittre with some one especially designated u chairman of the committee. In other words, the safety education phase needs some one who is interested ia tbe program, wbq has Study the organisation of the school day a* adequate technical background ta the to determine whether the things that happen subject and who knows how to work with and the arrangement of the day are compat people. ible with good safety practice*. Today many States lave someone hi the Evaluate the philosophy and actions of State Department of Education especial!} teachers and other adults of the community designated to coordinate the activities of the to note their influence oa safety attitudes. department that relate to safety education Survey the school, home and community for accident hazards and for other safety Tee or more have such persons who give full time to the rdety assignment. needs. There arc counterparts of these school Use data available from the public health, police, highway, and other agencies. Survey textbooks, courses of study, cur riculum guides and other materials to deter mine what items are stressed; weight these items "tor appropriateness is the light of the needs of the particular children cooccrned. services oa the mtiomJ level. There is the National Commission on Safely Education of the National Education Aisoriatio*. In our own Office of Education we look mainly to our specialists lb health asd physical education for leadership ia safety education. Each of those person* has lad a wealth of experience and profentonal preparation in These are just suggestive--there axe many the field of safety. In addition, a number other evidence* of children's needs. of our general elementary and Secondary State and Local Leadership people are well versed is safety education and there are certain other specialists whose The broad program of safety education work deals ia considerable extent with the in the schools of a community needs some safety aspects of education. Our Children Cun Have a Safe Community 21 I hope I have cocrcycd to you ay wy itroeg personal feeling that we ean make our community safe for our children only if every citizen accepts his responsibilities-- the educator so less than any other person. The`educator cootributes in two ways: (1) by helping children ad youth learn to Uve safely; (2) by contribat&g as a citizen of the community to those safety activities that Jead to civic bcncmeat. Safe living goo on out of school--at home and oa the highways: ca plants and shops and oa playgronds. The community foofdi many people other thus school people who are extremely mlcrested In safety-- the police; the firemen, the fire marshal, the insurance companies, the safety engineers, ibe automobile club, the highway engineers, the truspomiioa people, the makers of dynamite caps,, the parent*teachers assoaatkia, the civic dubs, tbe medical profession, ifie public health people--these and many more. The school's part in this whole config uration U important and completely related. The schools not oaly stand to gain but can not avoid working with community group*. Only when all of ns plan. work, usd evalu ate together more ckndy can the best Inter ests of children and youth be served. Most of my uxamusts have bon related randy to elementary stiff secondary schools. Trade schools, *00. arc wcbtwI with mar aspects of rafety education. They do a particularly important job in stressing shop safety and the safe use of toots. Is this raped they are of service to industry ia training young people to be safe workers. In the colleges we find a growing interest in the safety aspects of professional tech nical job*--engineers, scientists, laboratory technicians, and others. Some few offer coreicufa m safety engineering and traffic safety control. Some offer general courses ia safety education or safety emits in per sonal aad public health course*. The colleges also have a major contribu ried to wake ta the preparation of the profrational educator to assume bis responsflxll- tie* for safety education. In the pre-service experience of elementary and secondary tochers or special teachers of safety, and in the post-craduatc course* for school supervisors and administrators, there are many io t in safety education that the colli and ia some cases, does pro vide. However, there is much room for improvement. For the most pert, our teachereducation institution* need to improve their services so that the school person will come to tbe job better prepared m safety educa tion, This will reduce the burden oa State and local school system* and the colleges themselves for in-service education of personnel. Whtn th Industrialist Cooperates By CHARLES R. COX President, Kwuwcisrtt Copper Cocp, New York; Chairmen. Board of Director*. NSC Presented by D. B. 1CUUFORD Supt. of Safety, New York Central System. New York Today, industry accepts the fact that it has respoosibilitlca to the community, aad that the members of the community expect it to discharge properly these responsibilities. Increasingly, therefore; Industry has bcea showing leadership ia various community activities, sometimes corporately, and some times individually through its management personnel Example* of this leadership arc tbow* ia coavrmaity chest and bespits? drives, and burinest-indUstry-education pro grams. Industry's Interest fa Accident Prevention Logically, industry any assume leadership in still another field---ccmmunity safety edu cation. where it has so much experience and knowledge to contribute to public wel fare and benefit. Industry ha* a two-fold interest ia preventing accident*. First, there is tbe humanitarian interest--we doo't want our employees to get hurt. Second, there is tbe dollars-and-cents interest--accidents coat money. .2 Htmie Safety Industry takes iU text for accident preven tion from the Sibte, Deuteronomy XXII-- 8, which reads, "When thou bwtdest a new house, then thou shall nuke a battlement on the roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall Iran thence." That ancient admonition still holds good. It applies to industry and individuals alike--we don't want "blood upon our house." Industry is interested in alt types of acci dents. Accidents to employees on the job cost the most. To the employe* they mean pain and suffering, medical expenses, and lost wages. To the employer they mean com pensation expense; medical costs, damage to material and equipment, taxes for and contributions to hospitals, towered efficiency and reduced production, and increased pro duction costs, reduced markets and tower profits. But accidents to employees away from the job are nearly as costly. The employee experiences the same costs whether he is injured at home or at work and the employer suffers lowered efficiency and re duced production, and increased production costs, reduced markets, and lower profits. Then there are the accidents to members of employees* families. When an employee's wife tails and breaks her arm, the employee suf fers medical costs aod lost stages due to the necessity of his being away from the job as a result of the accident--and the em ployer sustains losses occasioned by the employee's absence from work and hts worry and distraction white on the job. Even accidents to others than employees and members of their families cost industry money through reduced markets and other factors. There is no land of accident that does not affect industry unfavorably, either directly or indirectly. What Industry la Doing About Plant Accidents Industry has made great progress la re ducing occupational accidents. It has spent millions of dollars for accident prevention devices, and additional millions for safety education. The number of occupational acci dents per 100,000 population resulting is death has been cut in half, and a similar reduction has been effected in noa-fatal accidents. Today the worker is safer on the job than he is off the job. Industry can do omeb to reduce plant accidents still further. A great many cam. panics have afety programs and full-time safety men, but more companies, especially the medium sized and smaller business conterns, should inaugurate afety programs. Moreover, the effectiveness of many existing plant safety programs should be Improved and strengthened. What Industry Can Do To Help Community Safety The interest in off-the-job safety la cer tain states has been increased by the passage of legislation providing employee disability benfits for off-the-job injury as welt as occu pational icqdent*. However, in a racist survey of 400 representative organizations in the United States and Canada, only 43,were doing anything to reduce off-lhe-job aceideots among their employees, and of these 13 only about 10 were roily trying hard to educate their people in safety away fron work, although all 400 companies had some one charged with the responsibility of ea* ployee safety. Industry cannot afford off-the-job acci dents and should begin to do more about then. In the case of companies having regu lar plant safety programs, the additional cost of incorporating off-the-job safety is the regular plant safety program would-be small. Here are some of the things that could be. done; U.Keep records of off-the-job accidents ir. order to determine how, when, where and why. 2. Summarize oS-tbe-job accidents and make the informatioa available to aff employees. 3. Compare the cost of off-the-job and onthe-job aeddmt experience. 4. Show motion pictures, slide films and other visual aids relating ro off-the-job safety at employee meetings. 5. Devote a proportion of safety publicity to the subject of off-the-job accidents. 6. Get employees to teach safety to members of their families. 7. Include first- aid training la plant safety programs. (It is impossible to take one of the courses and not become safety conscious.) Education to prevent noo-oeeupatiool accidents win pay dividend* ia less absenteeitm. lower labor turnover, bettter production, and higher employee morale. Offshe jeh Our Children Cm Nave a Safe Community safety has an important by-product valoe--- dead and 9 millioa injured, at a total cost it not only brings down ff>c mznbcr of acci of $7,300,000,000 in money and as incalcula dent* away from the plant, but it also helps ble amount in suffering and mental anguish. to reduce the number of oo-tbe-job accidents, Statistics are dry things--insteui of the by virtue of the fact tint employees, when 90.000 dead, perhaps It would mean more if they become safety conscious away from the we think of the sorrow and deprivation in job, become more safety eooscioos while oo the job. In making off-the-job safety of employees 90.000 homes resulting from the death of a member of the family, in many cases the breadwinner, due to an avoidable accident. a part of the general plant afety program Despite the progress in accident prevention industry is contributing to the comamity that has bees made; we have not yet found safety program. But there arc other ways a way to bring home to the individual the in which industry can contribute more pos importance of safety to him personally. We itively to community afety. One of the have not been successful in making the most important of these U in helping the individual sufficiently concerned about the community get the afety pfOgram sec up accident "that has not yet happened." an an effiomt basis. Generally speaking, industry has had more experience with safety programs than oommtsurie* have had, and its afety engineers can reader invaluable assistance to the community ta making the program effective. There is a missing link somewhere, be tween our efforts to prevent accidents and the results we have thus far achieved. This missing link is really three links which are psychological, organizational, aad financial in character. Another important way ia which industry cut contribute to the community program is What Can Be Done About It to stake available its afety engineers to The psychological missing link stems from speak before the various community organi zations, including church gatherings, parentteacher's meetings, school groups, etc, Tbc afety man should be ready and willing to talk safety on every occasion* wherever he the tact that safety involves more than putting up warning signs, afety guards on machine*, and painting moving parts yellow. It involves men's minds. The steel industry, after notable progress in reducing accident* happens to be. by the installation of millions of dollars of Industrial afety equipment end materials, protective equipment and devices, found that including motion pictures, slide films, safety- no matter how many more dollars were graphs, and other visual aids, are usually spent, the accident rate held steady. The men used only a small ptnxnoge of the time. By themselves were no more safety conscious lending them to the various community than they had ever bees, and through neglect afety groups, industry can enhance tbdr and misuse were circumventing the mechani tuefulnca sad farther contribute to the over-all common!ty program. What is Wrong with the Safety cal safeguards. Since the problem was men tal and psychological, the solution was found in safety education. But substantial further progress will have to come from more fun Movement ia tbc U. & damental safety education than can be given Forgetting for the moment what industry in industrial plant*. eaa do to help commtsu^r afety, let. u* The safety movement in this country will cMBiJcr the afety novoaat ia the United not be fully effective until we accept the States and what is wrong with it Real eonerpt of safety as an important part of program ia accident prevention has beea the American way of life, and this means made. Sine* 1900 the 'all accident** death that it most be taught in childhood in our rate per 106,000 populatfoo has been reduced homes and schools.. In some manner the about one-third. However, a 19S0 over individual must be made to think safety--so 35,000 American* were failed ia automobile that be will act safely at all times. accident* and 55,000 more is other kinds of The organ!rational muring link is due to accidents, totaling more than six times as the comparatively small number of cities many J| filVC tvfn killed la KOK* SSCC throughout the United States which have the beguming of the war there. , organised community safety programs in Consider these figure*--in oec year 90QQ operation. These arc more than 1200 dUci 24 Home Safety of over tO,000 population, but oafy about 200 of them have organized community safety programs. In 90 of these there are community safety organization*, which arc affiliated as chapters with the National Safety Council and. generally speaking, the programs are effective and well run. In the remaining 120 dties which have organized community safety programs, the programs are less effective, often incomplete; haphaz ard, and part-time. This leaves 1,000 cities, most of which are betweoi 10,000 and 25,000 population, with no organized safety pro gram*. The inauguration of many more community safety programs, and the improvement of existing programs, is essential if the effec tiveness of the safety movement is to be increased materially. Safety programs must be carried down to die smaller communities of between 10,000 and 25,000 population, and even below. Then there is the financial missing link. At present not one person tn a thousand makes any direct contribution to safety, nor would he know how to go about doing so if He wanted to. People would be more convrioti* of the importance of the safety movement if they contributed to it financially. Getting the financial support of a substantia! proportion of the rank and file of the citi zens of this country is an important step toward making the safety- movement more effective. What Industry Can Do Ulsat can industry do to help forge these missing links? In the first place industry can help persuade our people to think and act in accordance with the concept of safety as a fundamental of our American way of life, and it should urge that this concept be taught in our schools and homes. Industry can help further by assisting in the develop ment of the school safety programs, by fur. dishing advice and assistance; and by lending safety^ equipment and materials for the presentation of the courses. ' Industry can play an important port in organizing safety programs in those com munities where none sow exist, and improv ing those existing programs which are not effective. It can do this by virtue of its position in the community and through Its industrial safety men, who are trained in safety and who are working at it constantly. Safety is their business, whereas others in the community, who are interested is safety, have other duties and responsibilities which have first call on their time. Industry can make no better contribution to community safety than by making available its safety engineers for helping set up community pro grams. It should be the responsibility of the National Safety Council to get industry started in the inauguration of safety pro gram* in communities Dot now having them. The Council should draw up a simple, easyto-follow blueprint as a stimulus sod guide. I feel that the professional afety engineers are the persons best qualified to organize community safety councils. They should work through business and community lead ora. and obtain the people best qualified tn the various phases of safety to make up the .-ouneil's membership; The undertaking should have the blessing of the mayor, but care should be takes to keep the council free of politics. .An excellent example of a Doa-poTiticat safety council which has had notable suc cess, is the one at Waterbury, Connecticut. None of the members receive pay for work on the couotil and all were chosen for their particular specialized knowledge aad civic interest The industrial members, I believe, are responsible for giving the council the spark which has brought its activities to its present high level of accomplishment The council makes available to any interested group the services of speakers, materia! for speeches, films, slides, literature, statistics, etc. ft bolds regular meetings and reedres good publicity from local pros aad radio. The council serve* not only Waterfwry, but a number of nearby tows* and villages as wclL Achieving broader financial support of the safety movement is primarily the respondbitity of the National Safety Caacl One community that 1 knew of that give* popular "grass roots" support for the safety move ment is Cleveland, Ohio. Here the Greater Geveland Safety Coundt once a year carries oa a Green Cross dollar membership drive. It gets help from the police, the fire depart ment, aad the public schools, and raises a substantial portion of its budget la this way. Upwards of 70,000 members are enrolled, and, ta addition, 100,000 school children get the Greta Cross button far lesser eontriba- Our Children Can Hint a Sift Community 25 tion*. The important thing about the Cleve land plan is not the amount of money that is retied but rather, the comparatively large manber of people that become Interested in safety as a result of their financial support, 1 believe that some adaptation of the Cleveland plan can be foretd which can be applied on a national scale, la any event, when the round! comes up with a way to stuck the problem, industry will be able to tend substantial help through its plant safety program* and employe* information channeli. Coodarion In concluding my remarks on industry's part in community safety, I would like to point out that industry has been the pioneer in the safety movement in the United Staten. It has made dar-g* contributions to Afety, and stands ready to increase its effort* in tliti field. But safety must be a joint effort of all of us if we are to succeed ia reducing the tremendous losses that occur each year. There must be greater partiapaticn by edu cational institutions, local govensKnts, busi ness leaders, and individual dtizens if we are to succeed in bringing to all oar people the fundamental concept that safety is every body's business. The American people amM afford to continue to pay the unnecessary annual toll of 90,000 dead and 9,000.000 injured. Such a loss is beyond the ability of even this country to bear, whether cenridered from the viewpoint of the amount of money in volved, or the human mffertog. Safety must be accepted by all our people as a foedamental of the Americas way of fife. Saving reel's fives coofonns to the ancient biblical concept that we are our brothers' keepers. Safety work should ooc be con sidered a chore which we of necessity must perform. Saving men's lives, and eliminating or reducing the peua and suffering resulting from isanvccjaary aen-fatal accidents Is a noble occupation, worthy of the best efforts of all of on When the Public Official Cooperates By HON. sn> MCMATH Governor of the State of Arkansas, Little Rode It ussi to rec that we have represented here the groups which can do the hum about those reflections en wr greiemniir/ integrity which we label "pofeiSc xukuti.* When the industrialise, the educator, the safety council manager aad the pubfic official work together there is almost do Inaic to the good they on do. Conversely, no matter how bard each might work adtifaBy, woteas thor efforts are related and unified au I'tirpose, result* are problematical. So it Is gratifying to "team op" with an outstanding industrialist, an anno* edu cator and an able safety coonril mn|tf. and with them to try to rawtUsh a few guideposit for our future effort. The thesis of our discasrioB. that am children can have safer cruremwstica when all concerned cooperate. Leu bora proved a great many times. Through the process of cooperation we have made some giina la ay own state of Ariqyns; bee we tsvort made enough gains. And 1 challenge ray friends, tint ia yew eewranrilwa too, oo antler bow good your safety programs, ire* bare realized oalj a fraction of the potential. If we satisfy ourselves here today ssspty by agreeing en something we already be- tiere, we are in dugu of reining the point altogether. I to yon that oooe of as U doing anywhere near enough cooperating. Fine of an, kt's examine this creature called *Tbe public official.** Contrary to what tome might bare told you, the avenge public official is a normal, decent americas citizen; a human being. From some of the thags you have been reading, you may daobt that; bet it's tree. f say be is a human bring. Perhaps hts greatest fault is that he is too human. Hasan enough to believe be really should serve the expressed desires of the people wbo pay his salary. Human enough to fistex the moat to those who shout the fondest, though his coesdcsee tell him the shoot is a lie. Homan esough to wonder why those who speak tn him of high pria- 26 Hams Safety dple also ask him to compromise that prin sidered in he light of the great struggle in ciple. And human enough to grow at least which we are engaged. mildly cynical under the impost oi what We need to husband our strength and happens to him when he delivers what the conserve our national and human resources. public asks for, only to trnd that public missing, at home and silent, when the chips are down. .America stands today, whether we tike it ee not, as the last clear hope of free men in (lie world. Is this an indictment oi the public offi We are engaged in a cochin with com cial's boss, the people? Is it just another munism the outcome of which will deter way of saying that the people get the kind mine not only the survival of our insti of government they want and tolerate? tution^ and our way of life but will What 1 am trying to *y is that the public official is of the people. Hi* vision frequently is the vision the people give him; his courage, often as not, ts the courage they determine the future course of dviliauon as we know it. We find ourselves in Uie position of leading the free forces of llw world ia this struggle impart. Here today we are talking about accidents. I think we should recognise that we could ;ost as well be talking about soma of the other things bothering our national con science, because in doing so we would be talking about the same thing. We are by inference declaring that accidents in all these areas have their roots in the same soil. For example, our fight against crime in our communities and in our states is the same as our fight against accidents. When ever we find indifference to law enforce ment, there we find in the shadows deplor able traffic records. The prevention of crime U primarily a community 3nd state responsibility. Organ ized enme can be eliminated for the most part by a vigorous and effective enforce ment of State Taws and municipal ordinances. The responsibility for enforcing these laws belong* to the elected public official. When we reflect upon it, it utm as though wc have been csgxgcd Is this tune struggle tor the past thirty odd years. You recall that wc fooghe the first World War believing szneerdy that wc were Mak ing that great effort la order to preserve freedom in the world. We believed that dus war would tad all wars sad bring peace to the world. After the first war, however, wc efirf not assume the position oi teadersiilp in die world that destiny bad placed upon ts. Wc decided that events in other sections of tits world were do coucera of oars. Wc with drew into a shell of isolationism; refused to join the world court or the league of rattens. This negative attitude of ours contributed toward the second World Wax. We dhl not realize our mistake until Pearl Harbor, Wc were thrown into soother world conflict and only after a great sacrifice did wc emerge victorious. But wc finally leaned our lesson. We matured, we realized after the second war By the same token, accident prevention is that if we were to be secure in our freedom a community and state responsibility, and a and if ever wc were to have pace in the vigorous enforcement of traffic laws and world, wc must concern ourselves will) the safety regulations will contribute greatly to affairs of other nations; we must assume accident prevention, and reduce the cost in our position of leadership in the wortd. live* and dollars that we are called on to Because of this attitude we tiav* bees pay each year. able to check the advance of tbe commu lost year, 1950; for example, accidents in nists, and thus Car at least we have been able the "home and on the highway resulted in to avert a third World War. 02,500 killed, 5.300.000 injured, and a $3,700,- But this struggle ta which we are en 000,000 economic loss. This country cannot gaged will last for many years. We will afford this drain on our finances and oa our no doubt have to fight many limited wars human resources. Our responsibility a* a and be prepared at aQ tames for aa all-out nation at this particular time in our history conflict. To carry oo this struggle costs is such that this waste must be eliminated. Americas lives and billions of American Most of the things we do today, and most dollars. of the things we fail to do, must be con This Is a fight that cannot be left just Our Children Can Have a Safe Community 27 to the soldiers and sailors and marines. This U a fight In which every individual must participate. What greater contribution could you and I make than to eliminate the drain that negligence and indifference make tipon our manpower and upon our treasury? The saving of billions of dollars each year, the prevention of hundreds of thou sands of casualties each year, by accident prevention, miglh conceivably make the dif ference in this "no quarter" conflict in which we are engaged. As educators, public offi cials and engineers; as citizens we arc chal lenged to do a job that will not only save money and Inman suffering, but will cootribute ia large measure to our ultimate victory over our communist foes. When we win this fight, and if we will continue our support of the United Nations, someday we will have peace in the world. It Is apparent that, though accident pre vention may appear to be a routine and run of the mill job, the consequences of a successful safety program will be far reach ing. So like good soldiers, let us meet the challenge and do the job. It's Everybody's Business--Together By JOSEPH M, KAPLAN , Mgr., Greater Lea Angelc* Chapter, National Safety Comical Can we have a safe community for our children? Of course we cm if we our selves come of age and fully assume the responsibility for making it so. The com mon dosonuaator is found in the BibGcal injunction about bong your brother's keeper. The touchstone to success is ia rwo key words--identification and panidpaliea. Tbe catalyst is In the cormaunity safety council Apropos Is the old Chinese proraib that says "the longest journey begins with tbe first step." And that first step is a mow important ooc. Not only the nl-aic of it bog the direction in which we strike oat. the goal we strive for, the preparation and planning that go into making that goal attainable; and probably most tbe ctogred determination and stirk-to-St-t\ne* tluU keeps us on the road tmril wc get where we're going. What is our objective--a safe community ior our children. Is it possible of accomplish ment? More Important do you believe that it (S? Quite a worthwhile objective, isn't it? Tbe toll in young lives lost in acci dents is Car too compelling to ignore. The life of your youngster or mine alone is worth all the effort. Let us determine today, then, that wc warn a tale community for our children so badly that we will dedicate ourselves to eventually having it. Welt, we have decided to take the first step--oh, wc have all done that much many times before, in various ways and directions. But many lives arc still bring lost and many fine, healthy young bodies forever incapacitated, because you and I weren't really convinced an accidentfree Community could be achieved. So somewhere along the way, with too little ialtb, our steps began to falter, and finally, let's admit it, in too many cases came to a stop. Wc must make up our minds here today that our long journey to safer communities has begun with the big step we are taking by having this meeting. Now then, with uur etwnmoo objective determined and tbe first advance made, our real problem Is how-to best reach that target and not be pushed bade If this seems rather ele mentary, 1 simply remind you that records in this business of aoddent prevention prove w* have cither strayed from the funda mental approach that ultimately brings suc cess in any endeavor--or we have never realty discovered the A which leads to the Z in stopping the criminal cartage that is our accident history. So i want to search with you today for tlie touchstone on which we can stand and see a whole new vista in safety, with our reward at the end of the long winding road a safe community for our children, and the rest of us. K*y Principles and Some lfa The two key words or principles with which we must begin if we are to step out oa the right foot, are identification and 2& Home Safety participation--identification personally with the problem and participation or alliance personally in a never-wavering effort to solve it Alt of us--li businessmen, indus trialists, educators, governmental representa tives, or just plain ritirms--are Inseparably and naturally linked with not just the phases of safety that affect us directly as individual groups (such as traffic, withinibe-ptaflt, fleet, home and school, farm, etc.) but also with entire, overall, commu nity-wide safety- For the actual face is that an accident, any accident, which could bav* been prevented has both a moral and prac tical implication affecting all of us to the community. We have (ailed, each one of us personally and professionally--particularly those in the full-time business of promoting safety-- every time a youngster is killed in a home accident, or when some father is taken from bis family by a traffic or industrial accident. Any organization, agency, institution or group--as a member of oar community-- ha* failed if It does not participate with its services and/or finances in a community safety program, ff your community, or mine; is unable because of lack of funds to support a complete public safety program that gets down to the grass roots, part of the responsibility for oar appalling acci dent statistics should cause that commu nity's non-participants some sleepless nights. A community safety organization Has failed if we have not sold the oommuBity generally on being identified with its acci dent problem to the extent of actually doing something about it collectively and individ ually. And wc fail most miserably IX we let ourselves become complacent, content to just hold the line, or if we do anything short of militantly seeking ways and means to prevent all accidents. Let's look at traffic safety, for example, tf you and your company or group still haven't accepted the thesis that calk on you to vontribute to a traffic safety program which embraces the entire axnraunity, and are satisfied to work only within the bounds of your own organization, consider the prac tical side of the matter. Insurance rates oa cars in your community are not based oa the traffic safety record of your own em ployees or members, but on the rtcord of the community as a whole. No matter how well you may instruct your own group is safe driving, it still costs you to replace one of your workers killed in a traffic acci dent by the .employee of a firm where traf fic safety education is non-existent, or by someone In a community where there's no such thing u an accident prevention pro gram. The Best Approach How do we achieve this identification and participation which determine how safe our communities are? Can the police depart ment do it? Can businessmen do it? The educator? Yea you can, partly. But bow can we get the total community identifica tion and participation essential to making our towns and our country safe for our children ? ft is obtainable, f think, only through our community safety councils. The main func tion and service of such an organization la that of the catalyst, the unifying force to bring alt phases of accident pnrwilcn closely together in a comprehensive, continu ous program so they can help each other and jointly create a safety donate in the community as a whole. When you have an effective safety ongnization for the entire community--and It is your rapormbitiry to make it *0--one that is representative of all elements and interests there--you have a potential that properly employed can bring about the safe community that is our ob jective. If w are reasonable to expecting a safe community for oar children, we should ex pect it to be safe in every way through teamwork of all resources. The educator plays a part individually, as does the in dustrialist and the enforcement agency, but we cannot secure community safety m seg ments, only u a unit. If one side of the line falls down the whole team suffers. How does a oDraaunity safety oouodl work toward this so'rouch-to-be-dcsfred goal ? First of all, it tries to unite all forces in the comunity which have a rightful re sponsibility to Uae public. When you. the industrialist, the educator, the public official, the private dtiaos, and group member really join up In this cause and la so doing, make a safety eoundl possible, the prime step has been takes. This unified, active and potent force, in the community's name and because it U a community welfare effort, with as axe to grind but public safety, cza accom Our Children Can Httoe a Safe Community 29 plish the safe community we are sedtifig (or our children. It can launch safety pro grams that wilt receive community support jack ,as no single agency, commtrail or civic organization might expect. As a spe cialized public Service and educational asso ciation whose motives are above reproach, A can oitist financial backing and active cooperation for accident reduction impossi ble for more general and limited groups to accomplish, .-Vs the recognised voice of safety in a community and with the pres tige of a national organization behind ft, it can approach and utilize to the fullest extent the public information media which are indtspenable in providing the promotvonai impact necessary to safety. The things wc do as community safety councils arc so wrU houuii to sane of you --tike radio and' television broadcasts; news releases, pictures, cartoons, editorials; in dustrial, fleet, home aad school safety programs, contests, and so m that Fa aot going to take time here w nunx further or discos than sporifieaSy, How ever, all of us woriaag together through Mich an organization cm. I klku. reach any goal aeridme pcmiim we set (or wndvn. We are bailed only fey oer imagination. inpMi. capacity for work without let-op, and ear afeSry to de velop that loog-wogbt-for famsti which spells safety is sock giwriic. aaquMt and personal terms to the anti ilihi i* that he. at tang last, takes bead and xa. fa view of our past records. Bar alaaosc a aalKont traf fic fatalities anee the w el Aw ewtery. the holiday holocausts, the home aad child accident toB year after ymr, we nsst Mrmount our limrtatoan* with all out effort. The CtiBmge aad Aarnr I'm afraid w*'rr aB beat roris*--(be community afety eo--rib who have been either unable or lax to raff tbc weed for such an Ofpwntwn as the fewness com munity. and the latter which la tern has not teen the need or rtalued the benefits to the community possible from aa effective public Safety program. So eaaanonty safety went begging Tbit, Udks aad gentlemen, can net continue, tf we rally cacao It when we ray' we want a safe oamnaatity for our children. Aad I hdievc It is squarely up to us--we here ta this (tea this afternoon ---to develop the setting campaign which has the biggest potential return onagjnable --inestimable value is lives, happiness and dollars. The problem and the answer are synony mous with the individual. But until we think constantly In term* of self-identifica tion and self-participation we are going to continue scattering our shot and seldom, if ever, tutting the bulti-eye. If you and t are not first of all sold oa the idea that we can make our eooamsuties safe for our children, then of course we never will. If we are not convinced that by all working together through a community safety or ganization of some decryption. we can ac* eonfplbh any objective we establish for our selves, then we wifi never do much more than hold the tine. There cm fee no really safe ctsnroimtks as wr <ration Aon mks* we bare the faith thnC amu aueaaauins, and also are wiling to work vereMaagfy toward raEatxn of te rairwie. Do we have that faith, riat humam* Until we have honestly eowinri wahu mi on answer mplitftofejr wd wnmify an die affirmative, we vriB twwe axle crawawti- ties for oar riigirar or nqent rise. We cannot mpbuin tee print m trwglj. lecuse a fine : tikriy to rank only in a "irrv- doable -n-Ti--" -* hide i Tte ini i prepare the i Let me ask--do yon an an irihriri fee- Here that fey Uaog aware of te motion menace aad tifemg piagr privative xtkn you an ranch yonr nrirral fife uptrtsnry before- being wiped wt or mcapnatated by an aotidwt? Yea. ;w any, I litfi-ri Z am --but how about the other fc&GW? Well, are you wilting as educators, pubBe official*, business men, tndustriafists, profossbarai safety meat, aad private rituess to assume the job of bring your brother's keeper? Are we aS ready to identify ourselves with and actively pftrtidpftte ut solring the aerident problem? Are we going to shoulder fully the responsibility involved in saying yes to these challenges--and bow else at the name oi humanity can they be answered? If so, we have taken several important first steps here together through this, the first national public safety meeting. We have act a ecvnmou goal, wc have identified ourselves with the problem individually and aa groups aad have derided to work together to solve iC as cmmrnitie% Comdex, stales, and aa a nation. 30 Home Safety We are on the road to sale communities for our children, and we will get there when aod if we fully and effectively employ the capacity that is ours. As delegates to this gTeat 39th National Safety Congress, alt participants in the national crusade to re duce accidents, we must pledge ourselves to return to our respective communities and intensify our search for the educational key to that all-important factor--the beginning and the end of our problem--the individual What has been done already was effective. but it limply hasn't been tor enough, or rather we have not invested enough in this cause to find the really effective approach to people themselves, who are the problem and its answer. But the most important repute is that we believe in our cause--for those who be Hcve, achieve. Starting from that soEd base ail working and worlds* together by ptu toward specific objectives, we can have safe communities for our children. It's up to os! It's everybody's business--together f Officers of the HOME SAFETY CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 National Safety Canned Vier-Pretiieut far Hornet^TYLER S, ROGERS, Assistant to the Executive Vks-PmideK, Owms-Gorainc Fibcrgtas Corpi, Toledo, Ohio. Ckainna--TYLR S. ROGERS. yice-CbJermam, Deism vf Cewestjr Service Groufx--UR2. FRED KNIGHT, Chair man, Committee on Safety, S'u. Congress of Parents Teachers, CartcxsviDe, Ge. PNte-Choirmom, Heeltk & MedUal Dhirion--GEORGE M. WHEATLEY. U.D., 3rd V3ot*Pnsdag Hohh t Welfare, Metropolitan Lift Insurance Ce, New York. N. Y. l^t-Cksumon, Home BmeUirng & Equipment Divuion--LEONARD HAEGER, Director, Technical Strricq and Research Dcpc, National Association of Home Builders, Wash ington, D, C iTrcrriary--THOMAS FANSLER, Director, Home Safety Division, National Safety Couodi, Chicago. 1IL' CAoinrww of Committee sn SfcmSerxAif--W. GRAHAM COLE, Assistant Secretary. Safety, Metropolitan/Life Insurance Co-. Ncvr York, N. Y. Conference Refrexantttitaj Beard of Directori. National Safety Council-*-ALFRED it, CANTWELL, Director, First Aid, Water Safety and Accident Prevention, Amer icas National Red Croat. Washington. D. C TYLER S. ROGERS GEORGE U. WHEATLEY. 1LD Other Volumes in this Series Users'of this volume will find much value ui its companion volumes. Here is the list: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volumes..................... 1 Aeronautical Industries ........... ..................................................... .............................. . Air Transport Industry............. ......................................................................... . 2 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries............. .................................................................. 4 Cement and Quarry Industries................. ...................... Chemical Industries ............. ....................................................... ...................... Coal Mining Industry ................... .................................. ........................................ 5 6 ? Construction Industry ..................................................... ......................................................... 8 Electrical Equipment Industry.......................................... ................. .......... . 9 Farm Safety .................................................................. ............................................................ 10 Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Meetings.)..................11 Glass and Ceramics Industry............................................................... .................................... 12 Home Safety ....................................................... *............................ ........................ 13 Industrial Nursing ............... ................................................ ................. ................. . 14 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)............... ......................... ............. .. 15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)........................................................ .................. . 16 Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather Industries........................ .......................... 17 Metals Industry..................... .................................... .........................18 Mining Industry .......................................... ..................................................... 19 Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)..................................... 20 Petroleum Industry ..................... .........................................................................................21 Power Press and Forging Operations............... ..................................................................... 22 Printing and Publishing Industry................................................... ...................................... 23 Public Employment (Public Employees Safety' Committee)............... 24 Public Utilities Industries................ ................ ...................25 pajp and Paper Industry................................. .........................................................................20 Railroad Industry .............................. ......................................................................................27 Rubber Industry ........... ...........................-..................... .......................................................23 School and College Safety.............................. .......... ............................ ............................... 29 Textile Industry ................... .................................................................................................. . 30 Traffic Safety ..................................................................................................31 Transit Industry ................. .................................................................................. 32 Wood Products Industries............................................................................ .. 33 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Coromunicatioo (Early Morning grationj)...... 34 PRICES OP EXTRA COPIE5 OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME SIZE l to 9 cojnts Bach 10 to 99 cofitx JSseM 10G to 999 cof%tt Each 1000 or mere Each Less than 24 pages24 to 48 pages-- 49 to 96 pages-- Over 96 pages-- $0.29 -35 ,46 ,69 $0-23 29 .40 -63 U7 -23 45 -58 $0-17 23 45 Complete see of Transactions (34 volv) --$6.90 (1 to 9 Copies), 4J0 (10 to 99 copies), 5.70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except voframes 10, 13, 29 aad JZ. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 42* NOKTH MICHIGAN AYE. CHfCACO II. IU. Ueo-Ml--WHT Current Safety Topics in INDUSTRIAL NURSING 1951 | C ( Vm Nw'* Rate m Health end Safety 3 The MeOial Nary UbL to tto latobbl Nurse................ 6 Psychosaafynag Moeifint____.... Growth and Development of the Nurse in Industry Through Membership m Her Professional Organization. II A Good Health Program for the WhHe Collar Worfcer, , . 13 The Therapeutic Use of Oxygen in Industrial Medicine.. 18 Off the job Accidents........................................ .................. .. 20 Vlin 14 Tr8Mef!ois 3ffli Notional Safety Coi^reit NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 No. MldUgo* Avote* * Chicago II, III. 'Hecv *)deaA... If safety is to keep pace will) today's rapidly advancing technology* we must continually have "new ideas." year, at the National Safety Congress, tbc Ideas and experience* of many of the nation's top safety men are pretested in tbc yarioa* Sessions. Uasy of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congress session, later become generally accepted within their fields. In order to present this information conveniently and at aH cost, the Congress Transactions are published m volumes, one for each Section or Division, along with a General Sesctoos and Detailed Index to alt volumes. The 34 volumes of the 1951 Congress Trans actions are listed on the last page of this volume. Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transaction* a useful aid in their accident prevention programs. La Industry, for example, their judicious distribution to key personnel bs Bancaacnt and supervision has proved to be' of invaluable service. In preparing these Transactions, the proceedings of the Cengrtoa have been condensed and edited for reference purposes. Complete origami manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available us National Safety Council files. Views expressed at Ac Congress or in this record are those of the Coogress participants susd are sot necessarily those of the National Safety Council. THE INNSTBIAL HIRING SECTION This volume Is a record of the sessions held at the 19S1 National Safety Coogress by the Industrial Nursing Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the sassy cooperative activities which the Industrial Nursing Section carries on in behalf of its members, and for the benefit of accident prevention work is industrial nursing generally. The Section give* guidance a the preparation of a great variety of technical and educational material useful In the day-to-day safety programs of sodaririal nurses. The activities of the Section are under the direction of Its Executive Committee, the members of which ate Hated at the dose of this volume. Hie Industrial Nurse's Hole In Health and Safety By ICRS. JOAN TUCKS, RJ4. Americas Medical Aaatu dtieago Whenever as enployce has as accident or feels ill, the person to whom he most fre quently turn* for help Is the industrial nurse. Statistics have shown a* the truly vital part the nurse plays in the industrial health picture They are impressive figure*. We know tint the nurse takes care of 90 per seat of all accidents and ricfaacg which occur ia the plant We also knew ths* the nurse Is frequently the only one en doty to handle such cases. Tbia it trac bceacac most of American industry as composed of small plants. There are ahooc nine of fiet smaller plant* for each beg one. The nmfl ..oee* usually have on* ewse. with a physi cian only oo a part-time or emergency call basis at best. Many companies stiQ fed that once they have hired a capable sum and installed her <a a boepital-like roam, they've got a first class medical program. Bet this pro gram often ia a glorified first aid room with the nurse sitting aroond waiting for an emergency to hsppen. Thi* is somewhat tike a dry wMch has beautiful clinics and hospitals bst so stopand-go lights to hrap on Cram crashing into each other, The vktns are wdl cared for, bet you don't at down the wxident rate. Here is oee of the biggest epporttsstics for the nurse. She aa be one of the key individuals in the health and safety pro gram. Ia more and more plants every day, the mine is taking this role. Plant managers, production men, and all other members of the safety team are welcoming ber help. The nurse la in m nataral poaitioa to talc* the sedative and to aid n dcTtfopiog an over all program for health aad safety la the plant Through daffy pr"**--if contacts with workers, she can caecyrage them to seek her help Inttrad of Setting snail acci dents or tiloesMs go mrtpoctcd and ta- treated. Because they turn to ber ia times of seed, employees learn to trmC aad confide is the era* about problem* that or* bothering them. She frequently must interpret to than the company policies on sick leave, group health insurance and retirement plans. She often can sp*cd up e***-finding and therapeutic work by encouraging employees to see a doctor for a check-up Or die can help them with her knowledge of community services offered by the tuberculosis and cancer societies, the Red Cross, public and university clinks, and famity service bu reaus. The nurse is both listening post and guiding band for the employees. She may be able to spot faulty assignment of per sonnel. She might detect an acadeit-prooe mdSvidnal ia a job that is inherently dan gerous. Sbe may get the first due to emo tional problems which might lead to the employee's breakdown. Or, she may lean of personal worries which preoccupy the worker so that he on not concentrate the way his own job-safety demand*. Because of her intimate relation to the employee, the mine can note accident areas in the physiol setup of the plant. It is up to the nurse to make sure that she caa and does play ber maximum role in plowing and carrying out the industrial health program. She must work constantly to keep the confidence and frmxlship of all the employees--a tremendous task ia itself. She most coetinualfy be a super-salesman with management as well as labor, to insure that the health `program keeps up with tbc plant's needs. This means that she must keep good personal public relation* with everyone. Every industrial nurse actually is ta public relation work without trying. It may be good or bod, but it's there. So ber pi&lie relations had better be good. This means watching the little things as well aa the bigger ones. First, she should always have a friendly smile and a cheery greeting. Sure, rite's human and has problem* of her own. But, it's her business to help the others. So she eaa't become preoccupied with her own trouble* and walk blindly through tbc print. If 4 Industrial Nursing She must see each person she passes and greet him sincerely. Here arc a few other suggestion* for the industrial nurse. They are based on sound principles which have made men and women well-liked for coiturics bade The nurse should nuke an effort to know the name and face of each employee. This is one of the reasons Franklin 6. Roose velt was so popular. He recognised cads person's inner desire to feci important and to be called by name. She should compliment a worker on his appearance or w t good job he has done. It should be sincere, rather than mere flat tery. Every one of us deeply wants to be appreciated when credit is doc. She should chat briefly about a mutual topic Maybe they both bemi, or have dogs, or know someone who's apartment hunting. They needn't talk long. She should inquire about a family prob lem. taking a real interest Maybe the worker's daughter is ia the hospital, or it looks like his wife may need aa operation. Maybe die can help relieve his worries by explaining away some doubt in his mind about the case Maybe his group insurance will cover a large part of the expense But, by all means, she should never give the impression of bong nosey. That will undo all the careful work she may have done for mouths to gain the worker's con fidence. And he might spread his distaste to hU friends. Here also, she should constantly remember to keep strictly to herself anything an em ployee has told her in confidence. Of course; it's hard sometimes when another employe* starts to discuss his own gleanings about the case. Or, maybe she is not sure just how confidential the discussiocf really was. But, if she has any doubts at all, she should keep the information to herself until the employee concerned 'tells her otherwise. That tie* in with another important as pect of industrial nursing. Many plant executives have the impression the nunc sflould be a policewoman or truant officer. That is not true. The nurse should remasher a confidence is just that---whether it comes from the manager or the stock boy. She must maintain trusting relation* both with workers and executives; or she will defeat her chances of finding trouble spots in time to prevent the trouble. She should, of course, investigate all cases where health is involved. And, try tactfully to learn the real reason so that she can work to solve the problem* cow nccted with it The nurse must constantly maintain her professional standing and qualifications. She should keep her house in order. Her first aid room should be spotless at all times. And that goes for her personal makeup, too. She should use her best manner* for every visitor to her office, eves if tt?s that irri tating company gossip She should pot visitor* at ease and give them her faB attention. She should use good tekyhent manners. And, if she hu ooeariop to wrier a letter, it should be warm and friexSy as writ as burincs*tike. Knowledge of her good performance la these matters will first spread UlenSjr among the workers and increase their co operation with the medical program. Later on. management will bar of it too. And she. will have a smoothly woridag beldr program to go with ti* There U an old expression among em ployees, particularly industrial workers. The expression Is "Company Man." It is ased with contempt There are a few varying shades of meaning. But *** gtocral, h m used to describe someone who thinks only of management aod how the firm can Imep expense* down or make money. This with tobsl disregard for the welfare or ntmiti -of the employees generally. The nurse should not let herself be pal in this class in the minds of plant worker*. Her function Is responsibility to both. Stic should know how management thinks os safety issue* so she cm interpret llw* to the employee. She should not take the rale of stool ptgieoe, to embarrass tadirhhab. At the same time, however, she can lamp management posted oo potential trouble spots. The iodcxstrial nurse belongs,oca the plant safety ffiBBtittee and placating omsqIs along with representatives of naiBgrancBC and worker*, aad the plant physician if ibex* xs ee. Bat. maybe she it not indoded for seme reason. Tint doesn't scut she cut not CBotribnte toward safety planning. Stic aa oa* tW information at her finger tips to woefc up documented suggestions for action. Before toog aomecoe will suggest asking her advice or including her ia the The Industrial Nurse's Rale in Health end Safety 5 next safety meeting. Why? Because they have suddenly realized that she has a pretty good knowledge of the things they need to ifiscma. And maybe she can be a* help ful with this problem as she was m those mgyvttions she submitted last time. Most companies have come to realize the vaiae of job analysis from a personnel pro duction standpoint. But the ourse must hdp them team the equal value of job accident analysts. Take the carpenter shop; for instance. The bob muse knew the bask trade of carpenny. But, from management's standpoint, it U jost as important to recognize the dangers of the carpenter's toots. In one plant, just recently, two carpenters were eat seriously by electric saws. There were way* this could have been prevented- These pajtkuhu' men,,needed ample work space around their table saw as well as Instruction in working safely. There is also the problem of "k*"f sure that these preventive mess- era arc used. That's another place where tb aura* cu ml* a nimble contribution: Kelp the safety caeumirtec work out a plan to keep ougloyce* safety conscious. Try to get worker* so fed dot breaking a safety rule as juse a* had as stealing, or assault and tansy. It Is act oaiy that the lax worker Bigbe hart himself, He asght seriously in jure unbar employee, or eves came a deahe TW Swhmi i,if sane muse also remember that caacutiwa aod supervisors are tinman beings Sat ether worker*. They have their caw worries aad pcofcless. They caa get aide or they nmy bare added problems from dmifiac wuh vartaua personalities aaewg riaar sdwdau*. Perhaps she can help ia sene way la these problems* The worker of today is much better cheated das be was a quarter of a eea- mry ago. sad nock store alert to world wide Bade 2$ or 30 years ago, the average worker seldom had gene to high School, and may bare only halt the primary grades. Today's average work ers nearly always hare finished high school. More and more of them bare taken a few college courses or earned a degree. This means that they no longer passively accept everything they are told, oo longer blindly follow orders; Today's average worker U able to analyze what be is told and therefore he wants to know the reasons behind it He may sot be able to do your work, but he is anart enough to notice some of your mistakes. To keep ahead of this modem working force, the line supervisor, executive and professional employee must constantly an alyze himself, and develop his own abilities and personality. The curse must constantly keep this Is mind while working with the safety and health programs for the plant. She can help satisfy this desire for knowl edge by writing a colusm or some short items for the plant paper, by talking health end safety to employees and by helping distribute reliable health information pam phlets to them. 7 know I hare outlined a rather heavy program for the industrial nurse, hut there is still another vital field of activity for her. That is in helping prevent off-the-job accidents which lose many hours or days from the job. Getting safety oanadoosaess Into the borne is cae of tbe biggest problems of afety organisations such as die National Safety fjyvidl. a man's home is his refuge; and the ways of getting to hem ia the home are difficult. Tbe industrial nurse eaa start with the workers ia her own plant by supplying than with information about home safety. She can jots some of their dubs, or get dub representatives together to help make these clubs safety conscious. In so doing, rite will not only gas many more friends, but she will get satisfaction from doing a well-rounded job. 6 Industrial Nurxwg The Industrial Not? Looks to the Industrial Nuree By WINNIE GIBSON Captain (NC), USN; Director. Norse Corpe, U. S, Navy. Washington, D. C. For it* care of civilian personnel the highest type of professional patient care, Navy was sot the first to employ a curse. returning the mat to duty as quickly as However, ell o{ xu in the Navy are vitally possible. interested in the development of industrial nursing and keenly interested in its achieve ments. The first curse employed is indus trial cursing bade in 1895 at the Vermont Marble Company was Ada Mayo Stewart. The Navy had a very strong attachment to her, as die was the daughter of a Navy chaplain who later became a rear admiral in our chaplain corps. Certainly neither Miss Stewart nor her father could have forescat the vast health programs for which the medical department is responsible today. To accomplish onr mis sion, which is to keep as many men, at as In performance of these duties, nurse* are ailed upon to serve m hospitals, on board hospital ships and transports, and ia the air evaesatioa of patient personnel from forward areas to imtalhrino* behind the lines of combat. This is required la order that more extensive treatment may be given. Our Nurse Corps is s targe, far reaching organiaatioa which mast be flexible and fluid. It most be capable of expansion at a moment's ootkx and h mast be able to quickly move its personnel from place to place to meet the emgexses of the military services. many guns, as many days as possible; oar Navy conducts two distinctly different pro grams. One is concerned with the military personnel and the other devoted primarily to the civilian industrial workers. ' Tbe industrial nursing service Is one Is which health and safety must prtdoa&ate, where human life can and must be con served, where tbe handicapped cae find s place to work within the lints of their In our shipyards the program is aimed rehabilitation potentials. toward the prevention of occnpatiocni in jury'* On the battlefield it aims toward con servation of life through effective treatment. To a marked degree, much of the success of each of these programs is dependent upon the professional nurse. In both of these program* the ntiarmurn qualifications of gradation from an ac credited school of noramg and professional nurse registration on scarcely be considered sufficient to prepare adequately the none for the job demanded of her. Foe these The , United States Navy is one of the largest employers of industrial workers m our country. Some half-million civilian workers are employed in shipyards, ordnance plants, supply depots and air stations. They furnish logistic support for our air arm and fleet Without support by this industrial navy the military navy could not function. With reasons, every encouragement possible Is given for advanced study. 1b the military services, there is greater demand for nurses qualified la tbe various areas of clinical specialization and in super vision and administration. For the industrial positions, advanced preparation a public health or industrial muring is essential. out a sustained, active and realistic health program, neither could carry oe to the full est of its capacities or capabilities. Is fact, neither could survive. The success is health , conservation is largely dependent upon the nurses, whether military m civilian, and their ability to work with medical, dental and ancillary medical department personnel. In each the nurse should be an active member of her leal, state and as- noted muring ergaMxatians. She should wherever possible, attend seminars, symposia, and woitahoj* to take advantage of the many opportunities available for promoting her own growth and development in her particular field. There is a difference in emphasis between military and industrial nursing services. The combat injuries and illnesses may be eoesidered inevitable. The members of the Nurse Corps are charged with rendering the I like McGrath's statement ia her book, tVurntff in Commtrt* md Imdmrtrjj regard ing Industrial sorting. She atatta, **The land of work die rally, good mdasCrial nurse has done Is wntfc that carnet poambiy The Industrial Navy Looks to tht Industrial Nurst 7 be dooc by a woman lacking tbe professional nurse's training, but neither can it be dose creditably by a professional nurse lacking tithes wits or compassion." That statement defines every field of pro fessional nursing. We need not only su perior nurses, we need superior people The value of tbe service depends on the quality of the nurse who renders it In an organi zation whose mission Is of such vital im portance to the defense of the nation, we cannot afford to have less than the best oa out health team. Tbe duty requirements of the Navy in dustrial mine determine her objectives and guide her ftmetioos, I mentioned earlier the various types of shore establishments in which the industrial nurse of tbe,Navy is employed. Became of the diversification of functions, not "ill activities demand that the nurse meet the same needs but the areas in which rite works will be simitar. In certain activities steel construction will predominate, is ethers explosives, in still others clerical work. Many of these jobs are routine, monotonous tasks and make for real and imaginary illnesses which often as sume proportions greater than they really arc Wherever tbe nurse works her duties wiB be oooccrocd with the physical examinations of penomwl Her daily tasks include the treatment of minor occupational Injuries and oceupstiooal medical cowdsdoos and personal illness of patients immediately returnable to a working status- Mach of her time will be spent in health education. The doctor and nurse are aa important liaison team between employee and employer frees the time the mas is hired until he is relieved of his job. Through her knowledge of job analysis and pbyrical capacities ap praisals tbe nurse units the doctor in advumg personnel maaagtsitst as to poten tiality for employment, fitness for duty, or retirement. With the extensive utifiatio* of women in industry, with rehabilitation of the handi capped and with tbe upward age trend of workers to the point of bringing us kita the Arid of geriatrics, the scope of indus trial nursing has Has broadened unmeasarably. .t Production speed-ups and tbe tension* of daily living impose demands upon us which we may be able to meet physically, but which require considerable mental adjust ment. Such are the repetitious, monotonous, machine operations which are more demand ing or the mind than on the body. The nurse treats the minor occupational Injuries but more important than that, she spots those early signs of human failings from which many tragic acodenu result. Machines may be controlled and guarded. Work production assembly lines <-n be reg ulated, but the adjustment of the individual to these demands introduces these personal factors responsible for so massy lost-time accidents. The nurse is the pivotal point in the re lationship of management, physician and production worker. Upon her rests the im portant function of assisting in the promo tion of the health and safety of the em ployee* through every possible means. Fd like to end with one thought--the in dustrial nurse in civil defense. She plays an important port in the catastrophe pro gram of the industrial plant in which she works. This role, on a small scale, is suf ficiently similar to programs for national catastrophe* to enable her to be used ef fectively in dvil defense programs in times of natioeal or local disaster. Books BIBLIOGRAPHY tferftmt im Cammeeee raj lajattey. Bethel J, M<fintt, Ut. <. MunmiTj/ta fund. New Yotk. 19H-M4 pom. Warner ia Iwdmtter. Aim U. Btctftf. JcD. W. B. Uamdm C*.. Fkdutdpbis. !?*--? pi, tmdaetruU Meaitt ned Medical freenemt. Minim Kin*. Miriam F, KeKwrtr tod wilier J. Car, M O,. P.H3. PaMkatioa No. IS. FSA. PHS. tti*ie *1 t*4wnil Hygiene. 195B-->97 pejc*. Article* * Pumueale.lkjlDitn.trdtri #/ Older MmsUiN--t.J I-c-o--o--ir-*- HMk,l Me_d_kiac mjSlt. W, V1 tl. Prmierl Methods far Htaitjae FrjeSeeamme FtsHimi fa ledtuwy Gdtim A. iadie, M.D. Ia* I**i tie Health AUtaieaaare Prtiua Menu to am Offtatrag Otrutem. C. W. Moyer* faftutrtet Mediae* uA Seqiq. SiylMiiiif (*?. Voi. IS. No. 9. pp. SSi-SSi. 8 Industrial Nursing Psychoanalyzing Management By a F. SHOOS, H.D. Medical Director, Owens-Illinois Glass Co* Toledo, Ohio industry ti learning' the hard way that are limited to first aid only which is not L>oth health and safety are of vast impor enough to keep them comfortably occupied. tance to the every day operation of business. The pre-employment physical examinations Accordingly, my subject will be narrowed are done by a plant physician in bis own down to the health and safety program of office in town and the nurse makes no con management. tact with die new employee until he is in Why should top management be inter* ested? Let's look at oar last year's Indus trial Accident Stsnmaxy as reported by Thomas P. Swift in the May 6, 1951 edi tion of the New York Times. FUteoa thou sand five hundred died from the results of industrial accidents and 84,900 employees jured. She doesn't even know he exists un til an emergency arise*. I might add also that the plant physician is rarely scan at the plant There is no semblance of health serv ice to the people and yet management as sured me they bad as excellent setup and thej' were satisfied. were permanently disabled either partially or It U to managgnent's interest to provide totally. Forty millioo man-days or ooc not merely a first aid roens but an adequate year's full employment for 134,000 worker* up-to-date medical service Such medical were lost. The cost of alt industrial acci service should be supervised professionally dents for 1950 has been estimated at $2^00.* by an interested fedustrial physician, not a 000,000. Our problem is industrial medicine is be coming increasingly difficult and might well be compared to the early days of World War It when industry was faorrieefiy dung ing over from peace-tune production to the manufacturing of essentials of war. Then, like now, the marginal worker cutmed the picture to augment the shortage of skilled manpower. The rising accident rate might busy surgeon who u interested ka tasugcucy cases time This pbyrioas if be is inter ested win be m attendance at regular periods is the plant He will want to amarc Idmaelf that good dean ethical service u being rendered looBy by the Nm He will ac quaint himself with the pbot proper to be able to properly make roconmcndaiians open placement, hygiene, sanitation, and health. The inertia begins at the lop. If the com well be traced to the imnu of wwaa to pany'* top executive* are not coocomS with industry, re-eatplojxaatf of older people aad the health and safety ot their people then the temporary wnfamifiirity with production the supervisors and foremen are likewise tools. unustmated. With these distressing facts before us Why should management be huerested in we wonder bow long industry aad its establishing an adequate mcdkal service for workers on stand these costs. You can re their employees? First of all may X my it i* place machine* or pom of machines as they just good business and secondly that good wear out through time and service but yoo common sense shows that the operator of a cannot replace the year* of experience held machine needs repair and maintenance a* by the operator. If you review the safety much as the steel machine be operate*. We accomplishments of some of our leading are finding that production comes Cram peo industries you will find little excuse for die ple, not machine*. <*Mtiauation of snch losses by others. Tht It ha* been proven tint with an estab sue of the company U not the criterion for lished, well operated pbait medical service a good medical service. accident rate* fall both ia wnbrr and se I have seen large well established com verity. Thia is a great financial saving to panies operating medial services in name the employer a* well as So the employee. only. I have one nationally known orgaoux- There is lea* absenteeism and employee turn tion in mind as an example. This company over and beat of all time is an improvement has an excellent dispensary with a nursing m labor-management relations or honan service around the dock; but these mines relatione. Prj<k*m%ah/t\ng Management 9 Business is supported by fonr mam pillars --production, sales, finance, and twcoaa rela tions, No business mas ha* ever questioned the first three; but not everyouc has rec ognized the value of the fourth, bomaa re lations. It is a {mown fact that companies who have slighted human relation* have usually had trouble which interfered with the success of the business. ities are ever assumed by the average plant medical service? We are talking about the average, for many plants do have a good medical service backed up by both manage ment and labor and are permitted to acquit themselves in a satisfactory manner, X am tfnid they are very much in the minority. Even where a medial service exists it often times is limited in action to first aid and Specifically, how does a company go about perhaps rudimentary physical examinations. improving its human relations? One of the best ways is by Increased intelligent atten tion to people. And one of the best ways of doing that is by increased attention to industrial health and safety. Here is another group of reasons why a good medical service should pay dividends to management. The Council on Industrial Health of the American Medical Associa tion his defined the scope of a good medical service in the following terms: l. Regular appraisal of plant sanitation. Although there are many activities that van exert a helpful influence on employee effectiveness, one of the most important is a well-planned program of industrial medi al service. The medial service of an industrial organization is concerned not only with employee health but with many other phases of employer-employee relations as well. The personnel comprising the medical staff are til close dally contact with both employees and management, and are there fore in an excellent position to foster con I Periodic inspection for occupational dis fidence and respect on the part of the em ease hazards and rocensnmdation* of ade ployee and to encourage understanding and quate Control measures. consideration on the port of the employer. 3. Provision for first aid and emergency service* with prompt and early treatment foe all ffinniTf respiring from occupational VJCPOMO. A Anfcnwe* to the ^family physician of ndBig attention; co-operating When the employee visits the dispensary without hesitation you can be sure that he ha* found the service to be helpful, cour teous and cfficLui, and beause of this you will have a healthier and happier worker. This is not a mere expression of wish ful wed* the paiienc amd gfeyricua in every prac fillment nor is there any intention to convey tical way w nnwdjr the condition. the idea that industrial medical service is aa 5. Uniform raroefluag of absenteeism due unselfish function. We know that many to aS fcmd of dmMfty, workers receive more and better health ore 1 Inpanni health appraisals of all through the medium of industrial medicine wckrt than would otherwise be available to them. 7 ft--im for rdhabititatioa services wkhin mAwmy The fact remains, however, that industry also benefits by any program which will help 6. TW noiad of a hnwfiotl health educaeaaai |i>srm. to keep the worker on the job and in top notch condition. Moo ist* Mr whas the American College of Snrgonm him m advise upon the same mbjiKt. Herr arc their fonr baric objec tives a* A*y me em Industrial medicine rijouM: I. A lent--. by ommaation, the physiol and nurd fiatm* of employees for work. Maintain aad improve the health and d&eaency of tbooc already employed. Most of the larger industries, I think, do have a fairly adequate understanding of what the medical profession on do for than, and their expectations measure up to Its facilities. These industries have estab lished health services in their plants, with physicians, nurse* and other personnel, and these services have demonstrated their value from the standpoint both of human welfare and of dollar and cents return. Many ta L. Frimaie the wotfcu in accident preven- ilustries are providing health service, but uon and pnrwil hygiene. many more thousands have little or no such 4. Rrinoe lost time sad absenteeism from provision for their employee* and have an ittaos aad injury. utterly inadequate appreciation of what an What peicudage of the above responsibil organized health Service on do for them. 10 Industrial Nursing Industrial efficiency require* the maximum production at the lowest cost per product unit It is the goal of American enterprise and its attainment is dependent upoo many economic {actors beginning with the avail ability of raw materials and ending with mar ketability. No matter which factor or group oi factors we may select for study or crapiwement, we find invariably that there is one element that cannot be eliminated from consideration. Regardless of how impersonal or subjective may be our analysts, sooner or later we will be obliged to recognize the mdividuai as that indispensable IcgredicoL It is logical, therefore, that in progressive industrial management, the efficiency of the mdividuai should be of primary importance Even with limited experience in the fields of industrial medicine and industrial relation* 1 am convinced that we cannot hope for industrial efficiency without thinking of the individual as the basic contributor, and that when we consider him, we have taken the first step is the right direction. undoubtedly linked with his proper job placement and later pcrianaace Although the pre-employment examination furnishes basic medical knowledge about an employee, there ts no assurance of its con tinued accuracy unless it is followed up with periodic examination*. Seek periodic ex aminations are indicated especially for those employees who ar subjected to toxic haz ards oa their jobs, so that it will b* possible to detect the earliest iatScatioa of feexk effects and remove the man from such exposure. Periodic examination* of the executive force and key personnel arc also of par ticular value. Life msaraoce statistics haw shown that periodic medical examinations actually can prolong the useful life of an employees by 2S per cent If be i* a key person in the organaration, the value of re peated health cfmJisgii is obvious. Such examinations should be followed by recom mendations for correction of rtmedUble defect*. Pursuing this theme further, we find that employee effectiveness is in itself a product of many factors which include among the most important, health, a sense of security for Self and family, a feeling of accomplish ment, and the existence of a mutual under standing and dependence between himself A medical program is a very powerful factor in developing either good or bad In dustrial relations. The bexltby employee is of much greater value ts management than is the ailing worker. A better nwSeil pro gram needs very tittle added effort ts im prove workers' health. and management The pie-employment examination lays the. groundwork for an industrial medical pro gram. It initiates the employee** plant medi cal record; it rules out those with com municable disease or with certain specific conditions that will render them unfit for factory work, ft permits accurate place ment on a job commensurate with the appli cant's physical capabilities. It permits the salvage of manpower through the employ ment of the handicapped individual It lists pre-existing conditions to refute subsequent erroneous claims, and it discloses rancdiable defects, treatment of which will improve the ^health of the worker. SVe in industrial medicine are more and more aware of the fact that the prevention of accidents is dependent as much upon physical and mental fitness of employees as upon mechanical safeguards and safety-first drives. We believe that an individual's health, state of mind, nutrition and well-being are Management Is miming more asd more ts recognize Its moral for the welfare; the health and the happiness of those mat and women whose working Efc u largely under Its control. Mediriae has much to contribute ia this field. This con ception of management's responsibility must be broadened sad extended. In addition to this human responsibility, the sxfujtrial man ager should understand the value of these services. The values that will be derived from a good medial service arei 1. A fall m accident rates. Reduction la number and severity. 2. Decrease ia compensation costs. 3. A favorable reduction ia absenteeism. A Leu labor turnover. 3. Higher employee morale. 6. Greater interest ia the job. 7. Better labor-management relations. 8. Improved public and community rtta ttoos. Growth and Development of lAt Uueje in Industry 11 9. Simple hnmanitiriadgH. 10. Securing and bolding a better type of employee. U. Full compliance with both the letter and spirit of existing legislation 12. Eariicf treatment--less cocupUcatioa, Experience has shown that a sound well- thought-out health program intelligently ad ministered, once started, is rarely stopped. Is fact the trend is always to extend L It may be assumed that industry seeks to keep as many men working at as many machines as many days as possible. Indus try most leans that the medical profession can help attain that eccocmtic objective. Growth and Development of the Nurse in Industry Through Membership in Her Professional Organization By AGNES B. U. ANDERSON, UN. Aabtut Baocntlre Secretary, American Norses Aasoebttos, New York, 1 To be able to --ilentand bow the nurse ia industry raay consume to grow profesriooally through membership la her professional organization, we meet first evaluate what (lot organization is, why it exists, where it exists, and bow and when the nurse par ticipates. The American Nuno* Association is the recognized national professional nurses' as sociation with a membership of more than 17Sj000 registered bbtxs. It now embraces the members of district and state associa tion* m all 41 states. District oi Co?tanbit, Hawaii aad Fnerto Rico. The American Nwsc*' AjMeotee is a membership assoriatiott wherein its members have certain right* and privileges, and wherein the ex pressed will of the majority of the members moot determine its policies. The American Nursa* Association it spearheading nationwide activities to enlist the support of the public ia its program to alleviate some of the problems in nursing. So wide spread aad so acute has this threat to America** health standards become that the American Norses' Association's efforts can only succeed with the cooperation of the public. The American Nurses* Association pro gram is doigaed to achieve: 1. Adequate dtstribatton of nurses through proper cotmsrimg aad placeman. 2. Adequate legal regulation of nursing. Proper fimetiona aad relationships of Bants throqgb rewards and studies. A Economic security of nurses. A definite professional need brought the association into being in 1896. Its organiza tion was a logical step forward oa the part of the nurses of the day, a step that wa aad is still vital to the protection and growth of nursing and nursing standards as well as to the protection of the public through sound legislation regulating the practice of nursing. Decisions ia such matters as distribution, legal regulation, functions, and ecoooraic security are the right of nurses to decide, and is the responsibility of a democratic pro fessional organization to guide and develop. It is a well recognized fact that the pro fessional none not not only be adequately prepared aad licensed to practice but to maintain her professional status she must constantly continue to read, study, obaerve, investigate and participate ia projects relat ing to her field of endeavor. Rcccgidtios of the need for a "continua tion" of professional education by the Amer ican Nurses* Association has resulted tn the publication of the official organ, the Amer ican Journal of Nursing, Rapid and revolu tionary changes in science, especially those in medial science, have revolutionized many health, medical and mining practices. The American Journal of Nursing is one avenue by which these change* are made kuown to nurse*. An individual nurse would find it impossible to solve the problems cre ated by these changes, but a well organized association of professional nurses. Is using 12 fnduririaf ffursing a!! its resource* is an effort to attain satisfactory solotioo* for the profession and the public it serves. Today, as perhaps never before, nurses must grasp every opportunity to prepare themselves for the ever mounting tasks, and at the same time conserve themselves for the particular functions for which they have been prepared. Nurse* are all aware that inconsistent demands create extreme pressures and frustrations. To maintain a degree of stability in the profession, it is essential that each individual mine, as Dr. Jean Spencer Felton, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, has said, "should secure for her self that inner contentment which results from better understanding of ber own moti vations and goal*, aa widerStanding arriving only with insight "These should be a constant intellectual growth which derives solely from the seek ing of answers to questions stemminr from one's work, one's living, one** thinking " The individaal nurse cannot find solutions to all the present day demands. However, collectively, through the professional organi zation, answers can be ascertained by re search, studies and evaluations on a regional or national basis. Recently, the Americas Nurses* Association has launched a five year program, "Studies of Nursing Functions." As you know this project is financed wholly by nurses on a voluntary basts. `The purpose of this program is threefold t 1. To determine what should be the func tions and relationships of institutional nurs ing personnel of all types -- professional curses, practical nurses, and auxiliary work ers--is order to improve nursing care and to utilize mining persotmel rpost effectively and economically. 2. To determine what proportion of min ing time should be provided by each group in various situations. 3.. To develop tednuqoes for fulfilling the first two purposes, which can be used na tionally in ail types of hospitals and so ** benefit all nurses and the entire profession, as well as the people they serve. The promulgation of aa economic security program for nurse* has been a major ac tivity of the American Nurses' Association ta an endeavor to alleviate the critical nurse .Nmratme fmaimj. Bf Mm XUnhttk LsPole. ft--ririe J--nul t ttmsEJT VL sx, Aagwe Ifii shortage, to stabilize nursing service over statewide areas and ta community agenocs, and to provide more and better nursing carr. We are all only too well aware of the fact that ecooocmcs and working conditions directly affect the quality and quantity of nursing service the profession can give. It is through ber profasional organization moabersiup that the nurse can participate in helping to solve her own sodo-ecooocsic problems, help other nurses to improve their employment standards, and help keep the professional corse ox the Bold of curling State and district nurse** association* are membership associations in the American Norse*' Association. Specific sections for various categories of curses arc provided In order that ours** practicing In similar fields of nursing may have an opportunity to meet together to <'" and express their opin ion*. Facilities within the state and district association are also available whereby all mine* may come together to discuss and solve problems affecting nursing and mines within the jurisdiction of the state and/or the more far reaching national or interna' tiocul influences. Thus, one can readily see that the many programs and activities promulgated by the American Nurses' Association stem from tbe desires and win oi the htw fca tfc* sctietu of the district and state associations. To provide health and safety protection for the American people, the American Nurses* Association is ever raladfol of the great value of nurse* participating actively with allied health and safety group* to meet the needs of the country, and particularly the needs for nursing care. Ia coerce, this statement is the very first plank of the plat form for the American Nurses' Association. At this point, as tndostrial nones, you might well ask the question, what cos the nurse in industry hope to secure for herself ber company by bring a member of her professional organization? The following are bat a few of the more tangible boscSts that may be enjoyed as the experience* and partidpatioa continue in professional organ ization activities: 1. She is provided with recent or up-todate information regarding mining and health practices. 2, Sbe has aa opportunity to exdgangc Idea* with other annea. A Good Health Program for the White Cottar Worker 13 3. She participates to solving problems with others having similar problems. 4. Ad opportunity to develop the art of sdf expression by word of mouth, or through the written word ti accorded her. 5. She acquires knowledge and techniques which she aa employ in her particular situ* ation. be, safety sod health education pro grams. 6. Through group action, she acquires aa assurance and endorsement which loads moral Support when difficult situations arise. Kamgooextf an be assured of a sound, progressive, and up-to-date safety and health program conducted by a truly proiessional nurse who has aeqared a better understand ing of her own professional objectives and has developed an ability to interpret them. The profasional nurse in industry having , attained greater knowledge and skills through membership in her professional organization enhances a safety and health program for the industry. By accepting responsibilities in her profasional organisations, she devel ops qualities of leadership which give her a degree of recognition which reflects credit to her employer. likewise, as a leader she become* a valuable asset in the community as a participant in planning for the safety and health of the people in the community, many of whom are employees in the plant in which the nurse is employed. Nursing ia industry, like nursing in alt other areas, is no longer confined to the plant and the community; it* influences are and must be global if we are "to help one's fellow man in'his completion of the world's work, and aid him in reaching the security that will reader him economically solvent, more adjusted emotionally, more physically fit, more personally effective, and more serv iceable to society."* 'Emuit**} Pieter* im Ai***ie At* Nir/wr-Jun Sgjjow^cboa, Oik Ktdsc NuiMtf LabMatwy, Oik A Good Health Program for the White Collar Worker By KATHERINE H. SltlTH, R.N., Coast Federal SaTtng* & Loon Association, Los Angeles, Calif. Industrial nunc* are coocenxd in the health care of employed groups. Under the supervision and direction of the medical director or plant physician, the nurse ares for industrial and non-industrial injuries and minor illnesses. She maintains the dcpartzBcnt, orders supplies and equip ment and sepervues tbe cleaning and main tenance of the department. &ie assists the physician with physical examimtions on ap plicants mod the periodic re-examinations done oq employees and does the laboratory fats as ordered by the physician. She doe* the follow-up for correction of defects that are revealed by the examina tions and this indodea a conference with the patient ta encourage him to see bis family physician or to refer him to one of the commtaaity resource* for aid and care if he is financially taxable to seek care front a private physician. . She promotes health program* through the use of bulletin boards, pbutt home organs, through cooperation with the family os w*n as employe* groups such as labor unions and welfare orgaoiatiens; and by personal interview with the em ployee what they come to her with a specific problem, medical or otherwise. She does an intensive program on improved nutrition. In many instances the nun* supervise* the plant cafeteria and assists with the menus. She a member of the phot safety team and frequently serve* as secretary for the safety committee. She aids la the promotion of safety by use of cdueatiooai material vuch aa films, posters and other literature. She assists with first aid training. She as sists ts the use and care of protective equip ment such a* respirators, goggles, gloves, aprons and safety shoes. She assists with plant sanitation by malting frequent survqys of drinking water., fatali ties for dispensing food, general housekeep ing, lighting, rest rooms, locker rooms, wash ing and toilet faril!ties and ventilation. She participates in plant welfare programs by coanseting with employee* regarding group 14 Industrial ff*rting health policies, hospital and medical plans and other group activities maintained by the plant Last but most certainly sot last; she maintains adequate records. I list these activities that make up the day of the industrial nurse to point up the fact that she U no longer aa duty just to render first aid to the injured but has long since proved her value as a member of the indus trial health and safety team. The need for extending industrial medical services is apparent and in many departments expansion is ia progress. Leonard S. Scbecle, Surgeon General. U- S. Public Health Service, wrote as follows in the June 1951 issue of the Industrial Health Monthly: `'The horiaoa of the field of industrial health has expanded hi recent years from a circumscribed interest in the control of industrial health hazards to a com. prebensive approach to the total health seeds of the employed population. This expended concept has resulted from a growing recognixarioo by management, labor sod health professions of the great opporttsstics that the extension of all industrial health wort offers for the prevmtian and oily detection of illness, for die improvement of efficiency and productivity, mad for the redaction of losses caused by absentemra for medical reasons,*' In order to institute a program to meet the total health needs of aa employed group the medical department personnel must keep adfqtiatg records and determine from a study of their experience what programs will be of the greatest benefit. That part of the industrial team we call top management will lead a sympathetic car if they arc approached for approval on an expanded program if the facts are written and the need explained in a memorandum that can be left with them to digest after the interview. Each nurse knows her or ganization and can select the best time to make the approach to management Present your recommendations when you Icoow top , management has the time to laid you that sympathetic ear. This is a good time to review the physical iet-up and the personnel of your department Obviously one nurse already operating at peak production cannot contemplate expea>ion of departmental activities without addi tional help. The plant that has a medical deportment but does sot provide In-plant service of a qualified phystdaa is limiting the scope of activity of die department and the nurse and by-passing aa excellent opportunity to make a very valuable contribution to good human relations within die organization. Nurses are trained and Ucaued to practice nursing and for obvious reasons cannot prac tice medieme and 1 would urge every none to sake very sure her every act is within the nurse practice laws of ber state. A program of greater range tosy require more space and equipment. Determine the grad* you wish Co reach and then go to work. Remember your dqartmeot U the maintenance department for ms and women in industry who represent a dollar and cants investment to oaaagwncnt, not forfeiting your moral and legal responsibility for their welfare and well-being, ta discussing specifically a health pro gram for the white collar worker, may I say the need for a health program here docs not differ from the need of any other type of worker. It seems to me the only differ ence Is Wmply this; because wmlting in aa Sice presorts few if any hazards, the nausea' time ts not taken up with the awe of industrial injuries and die has time to devote to the Iryping of adequate records, reviewing the experience of her group and developing health programs. Any Industrial medical department can do likewise if there Is a staff targe osough to handle both the routine duties including the car* of injuries and a health program. There is a noticeable pay differential be tween the production-tine worker and the office employee. It is no secret that the white cottar worker is caught in the middle of the higher and higher prices and the mediocre Income If those of vs la an office industry are to maintain a high level of health for our employees, thereby improving efficiency and production and reduce losses caused by absenteeism for medical reasons, w oust expand oar services and whew necessary use commuoaty resources for aid and assistance. The pre-placement examination is given to determine the physical condition of the applicant ia order that recommendations can b made to management as to what can be expected of him ta work performance; and not necessarily to deny him employment, 'rhe applicant has been screened in person nel as to his training and experience suitable A Good Health Program for the White Collar Worker 15 to the opening for which he is bring con sidered before submitting to the physical examination. Tbe reports from our depart ment are sa the form of a recommendation aad not an order. We find that keeping our service to management on aa advisory level makes a very fisc woriang relationship. The final rteriara as to whether or not an appli cant Is hired is exactly where it belongs and that Is the u ywisWity of management Last year the wnpleyec* participated ia the mass x-ray seres/ that was done in Los Angeles County by the several health agroues. This year employees will be of fered a chat x-ray and serology as a part of tbe annual periodic oranunation Preplacenwat examinations are compulsory; periodic examinations are voluntary. Our department Is just a little more than a year old' so that- last year we <d what was equivalent to a periodic eoxmaatioa oa pres ent eaployees on a voluntary basis with 98 per ccet participation. The medical department was offered to employees as an additional service and as such was beaefiitth asd wholeheartedly accepted. 1 stuped lad management Issued a tftrectivr requiring all employees to submit to a physical exaeahatioo it vrould have met with considerable reristance and it would hare taken years to accomplish what we hare bees able to do in our first year. Tbe fiiyfay on this first round of physi cal examimtions gave ns the material for our first health program. Mathematically speaking, about 68 per cent of our employees lad a bemogtobua below 80 per cent. Med ical eomptafato of fxtigoe, various aad sun dry poles aad fltotttes, high taddenca of upper respiratory infections and ia seme Instances rtxhaced cstimriasm ia meeting the new day led ns to believe that not only something could be but should be done. Aimed with diet sheets aad a sopply of enteric eftstfd ferrous sulphate tablets we were on ear way. Employees were called back for interview. We explained wfaat we would try to do for them mod the response aad benefit they could anticipate. With but one exception every patient we called bock joined the "secondary anemia. party." The one patient did wot beSeve la medicine be cause of ber religious training but did study aad follow the diet /beet aad brought her hemoglobin to within sonnsi limits. To the rest we dispensed the "Iron pills." Patients were listed oa a control sheet and were called back every thirty days for a eheck-up. A few patients who did aot respond to this therapy were pat oa a hematlxuc with good results. Whoa complete blood counts arc indicated, the doctor the blood sample and it is scat to a private laboratory for examination. We have established an Industrial rate for our employees for all referred labora tory examinations. TMs program was a real "conversation piece" and the employees wbo did not require treatment were very busy trying to find a complaint for which they too could carry a little bottle of pills and take one alter each meal This program accomplished much more than to raise the health level of our group in respect to hemoglobin. Every one imme diately became the* conscious and questions came pouring into our office fay the dozens. Confidentially, the nurse had to quickly re fresh her memory on dietetics la order to be able to answer the queries. Employees with problems Is underweight and overweight became interested ta tbrir problem and came to us for assistance. Actually the way was opened to do a magnificent educational program on nutrition which, I am sure, not only beaefitted the employee but his entire family. The depart ment enjoys the confidence and respect of the entire organization which serves as a real inspiration to be of greater service. Vitamins are prescribed by individual patients and only whoa the physician believes there is a deSdascy. W* ocoarage all 'patients to eat a well balanced diet aad supply their stiss&uxa daily requirements from food. Counseling is aa important part of our activities. It has been ay experience that counseling is about 90 per cent listening and 10 per cent guidance and assistance. The employer who issues aa order to the none that she is oo duty to care for the industrial injuries and thereby reduce insurance rates and oot to take care of the "troubles" of the employe** U surely tu&sformed. I un derstand there are still a few employers who feel the employee should check Ms par cel of problems at the gate when be reports for work and pick up tbe same unsolved package at tbe gate at tbe end of tbe day. Unfortmiatefy, we aren't so constructed aad that problem, however large or small, can 16 Industrial Nursing well be reflected ia the production tine in the my of reduced production, costly errors, industrial injuries and even influence co- workers. Some one has said, ``Give me the courage to accept that which cannot be changed, the courage to change that which can and the ability to know the difference'' t be lieve these few words can be very helpful in attempting to guide others in the direc tion of solution to a personal problem. Every problem is unique unto itself and its owner. Therefore each one must receive individual consideration and a solution that will apply to one will not necessarily apply to a tike one. Each nurse must recognize whet a prob lem is beyond her realm of experience and training and this knowledge coupled with a thorough understanding of available com munity resources will be invaluable in ob taining help for any source of worry and tension experienced by an employee. We are very fortunate in Los Angeles to have community resources available for al most any type of referral all the way from heart studies to marital problems and we use them aJJL However, as you all know, many problems can be solved right to the medical department and will never need to be referred out It is not necessary to point up the value of a blood bank. The American Red Cross has done such a tine educational program that laymen and professional workers are equally well informed. We have established a blood bank for our group but m those areas where the American Red Cross Blood Bank facilities are not available, the medical department can act as the recruitment center tor donors la time of need A card file can he set up for all employees who have been typed and then it will be a simple pro cedure to get donors of a specific blood type when transfusions arc required. For as long as we have women working in industry we shall have the problem of "* dysmenorrhea. We have attempted to de velop good mental hygiene and improvement in general health practices along with the use of an excellent brochure. Patients who do not respond to this treatment are re ferred to a gynecologist. All of our women employees have been taught sclf-brcast ex amination for the early detection of tumors or masses. With the stepped-up tempo of civ3 de fense planning came iocm&ed attention to improved public health measures including advisability of immunization against certain specific diseases. We went into conference with top management and received approval to offer immunization for smallpox, typhoidparatyphoid and tetanus on a voluntary basis. Since many people seem to have a hearty dislike for "shots" we expected that about :*0 per cent of our employees would take ad vantage of the program. You can't imagine how pleased we were when the last shot was given and the totals added to find that more than 90 per cent of our employees had received the series. The vaccines were given on company tune and at company expense. Supplies were pur chased directly from the manufacturer and a minimum of time taken for giving the shots. Smallpox vaccinations were done at the rate of two per minute and shots were given at the rate of four per minute it has been our experience that every ooe is interested in maintaining a high level of health and will do so to the limit of their finances. As do most industries, we have hospital and surgical group plans and dis ability insurance. We have established industrial rates for the purchase of vitamins and prescriptions. Employees who can pay for private eye care are referred to a private doctor for rciractloo, the prescription is tilled through our office and the employee receives an in dustrial discount. When the patimt is unable to pay for private are, be is referred to the eye clinic where refractioa and glasses are provided at cost. In many industries there is no need tor this service but in aa office industry It is certainly indicated. We can't discuss industrial medical de partment activities' without some discussion of safety and accident prevention. Industrial nurses can and do make a valuable contribu tion to safely by assisting tn the middle "E* of the trinity of safety, i.c, education. Norses should not assume nor accept the responsibility for safety engineering and eniorcqncpt. They cast no more be safety engineers than the afety engineer can be the industrial nurse. They are each a very special field of endeavor and even if ooe person were trained fa both fields there are .1 Good Hrolth Program for Ike White Cottar Worker 17 not enough hours in the day to assume the responsibility of both. However, industrial nurse* more than ever need definite knowledge in all phases of safety in order to assist in the great educa tional program being spearheaded by the National Safety Council. 1 am convinced nurses working in industry and public health nurses working with families m the home if properly informed can lend valuable as sistance to accident prevention beyond any expectations. Ir Los Angeles, we as industrial nurses were aware of and concerned about the great number of non-occupational injuries we were caring for is our departments, many of them disabling, We sat around telling each other we ought to do something abput it But what? A review of our knowledge Tcvcaled we had a spoking ac quaintance at least with industrial safety but what about home safely, traffic safety and all the other safety programs? W* knew them alt by name but there our Information aided. It was apparent if we woe ever going to assist others wc would first need to educate aursdve*. So with all the soap boxes worn thin, we decided the time bad com* to go into action. A group of twelve industrial nurses from Lm Angeles County met and formed a committee to study the problem. Think straight regardless of where that thinking takes you and our thinking took us straight to the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of the National Safety As a result, is September of last year the Industrial Nurse Seetiow within the structure of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter by authority of the officers and executive committee of the Chapter was activated. The purpose of the section as stated in the Constitution and By-Laws is as follows: "The purpose of the Industrial Nurse Sec- tioo. Greater Los Angeles Chapter, National Safety Council is to attain a high standard in Industrial Nursing and through participa tion la programs of broader range to en courage the development of Industrial Nurs ing as a profession. We recognize that through meetings and discussions we can better prepare ourselves to assirt in educating the employee to pro tect his own well-being and the health and safety of his family. We also recognize that with more definite knowledge of all phases of the safety movement we shall be better equipped to assist in correlating health and safety programs la the plant and com munity. Cooperation with the National Safety Council and other organizations seek ing to promote health and safety shall be a paramount consideration. Our aim is to work in harmony with all groups with but one goal in mind; that is health and safety for all--at home, at work, in traffic and at play." All medical and legal aspects of industrial nursing are discussed ia meetings sponsored by the professional nursing organizations. The Chapter Section is for the purpose of acquiring as education in all phases of safety. Last year we dis cussed ia detail home and traffic safety. To be sure, we have barely scratched th surface but have aJrady found the informatioe invaluable in our daily contact with employees. If we are to succeed in our efforts to reduce the astronomical number of deaths every year due to accidents wc must educate the individual to make safe living a port of his every act We might well start- by encouraging the employee to apply the rules of industrial safety to his conduct and that of his family at home. The Industrial Nurse Section ia Los An geles is lending their assistance to the Chap ter, Harry F. Dtetriek, hLIX, and Children's Hospital to do a survey among 50,000 in dustrial workers to ascertain and compile Information relative to injuries suffered by children In the home. It is hoped this survey will enable us to develop a safety program for children. Cannot you see the great aod valuable assistance that lies within the power of each and every Industrial nurse to give to safety if she so wills? As co-workers in health and safety, let os resolve to search for the greater horizons ia industrial medi cine aaa *o put our shoulder to the Green Cross and carry our share ofthe load. 18 Industrial tfuriinff The Therapeutic Use of Oxygon in Industrial Medicine Br J. C. CARTER Sapernaar, Omca Therapy Dsst, LWe Air Product* Co, Dir. of tim CartSte ft Carboa Corp_ Chicago Oxygen is oot an euy metine to |irt to the patient Oxygen itself cocoes in balky pockages, unlike the single ampule which contains a substantial dose of penicillin. The equipment for administering oxygen is like* wise bigger and more involved, than the simple syringe with which penidllifl is ad ministered. Finally, its administration must be continuous, in contrast to the quick msertion of a needle and consequent depoex* doo of pcnteillin into sabestaacons tisanes. With penicillin, and other similar media- ments, the host will accommodate it and tat the drug gradually over may hours. We do not have this convenience with oxygen as tbe human body has no prevision for its storage. Therefore, for oxygen to be effective as a therapeutic agost, elevated coocmtratioos must be taken into the bags with each inhalation. This applies throogfa any period oi oxygen administration, whether it be for a iew moment* as in cer tain enjTajd, or for a long period of perhaps several weeknP as is often "" With cardiac patient*. There are three primary applications of oxygen therapy for you, as industrial nurses to consider. 1, la an emergency, 2, Zs your dispensary. 3, For the pattest in the hospital or at home An emergency is inherently a sodden occurrence and the maintenance of Ufe per haps depends upon moments. Oxygen nay often prove to be tbe deriding factor is sus taining a thread of life immediately follow ing the emergency. These emergencies may be touched off by accidents. They nay be the result of strictly ~vfiryl cond>tSoos*--the coronary occlusion, heat prostration, or fust plain fatigue which brings about collapse. All fit into the non-accident category. Acci dents themselves, of course, can result in as imlixnited number of injuries wfakb seri ously jeopardise life. Regardless of the cause of the emergency, you will probably want to treat the patient at the icae before trying to move him or while waiting for tbe arrival of the pbyri- clan. Obviously if oxygen is to be applied, you must have seme type of readily portable oxygen apparatus. The cesrntiil elements are a small cylinder of oxygen, a reducing valve, a piece of hoje. nd a face marie. Mechanical restudtaion are good and on be used not only for rouaritatios best for Straight oxygen as mil However, they are not as light or as realty portable as tbe sample i.mrigm j oxygen ueh. Tbe eqnipmBtt should be kept readily arceastbk beg protected kvatiaos asd several people adi section of the plant should be famflrar with its nan It should be com* ptetefy assembled at aS times--don't just have a cylinder sitting in a tmu1 and a regulator on a shelf, or a *** with regulator attached and a marie in a draws* some place--keep the entire rig imdjr to go at a asomenfs notice. Inspect the outfit weekly, and ,m particu lar, check the easterns of the cylinder male* ng sure it k fan. These seaS cylinders bold enough oxygen to treat Ac avenge patient for about as boor. Don't lots a part-full cylinder on hand. The aaaB Iocs involved In exchanging a partly used cylin der for a full one is not worth the risk of naming out of oxygen during an cmergowy treatment. As soon as you get to the victim and start administering oxygen, dispatch some one to arrange for additional oxygen. If ft is likely that you will treat the patient where he is for an indefinite period, lave someone. bring a large cybads' to the scsie. The regulator on the smalt cylinder may fit a big cylinder if yon esc a caaBadil type valve on your small cylinders. Usually, however, the small cylinders axe equipped with a medial or yoBc type valve and you will have to get another regulator for the huge cylinder. Yon wtB probably have one in your dispensary. If not; have a regulator such as the type nsed as gas welding and cutting equipment brought to the acme. Opening the valve slightly on this type of The Therapeutic Use of Oxygen wt Industrial Medicine 19 regulator will supply enough oxygen (one disposable mask has just been made avail petmd per square lach pressure equals ap able, and you might with to consider utiliz proximately tf liter* per minute with the ing masks of this type. average mdojtrill regulator). You can check the oxyaefl Sow better by watching the breathing bag of the face mask. It should rise and fall as the patient breathes. A large cylinder bolds 244 cu. ft or 7,000 liters of oxygen. At 10 liters per minute this will give about 12 hours continuous service. At 6 titers per minute it will give There are availably devices knows as liter' about 20 hours continuous service. This flew adaptors. This device coeverts a weld-, cylinder regulator mask set-up should be mg regulator to oxygen therapy use quickly located Dear a cot The people you treat in sad simply. The directions inscribed on the a dispensary will probably be conscious and device tell how to adjust the setting oa the co-operative. It b desirable to have them regulator to get the correct Sow in liter* place the mask oa their own face You can per minute It would be desirable to have seettne the head strap. This b an intimate ooe of these devices in your emergency rig. piece of apparel and is like eye glasses. The Try Dot to use all the oxygen a your small cylinder as ft will probably be neces sary to continue oxygen administration white tbe patient is befog moved. This I* important" Tbe value of oxygen is greatest patient can best find the most comfortable adjustment of the mask to his face. Also by doing thb be shares in the procedure and any apprehension which he might have concerning the treatment is thereby reduced. during the period of transportation. There Tell him to relax and breathe normally. fore, you must arrange for someone to Thb it Important, as the tendency when walk alongside tbe litter with tbe small putting a face mask oa is for the patient to cylinder of oxygen and to keep aw eye on hyper"Ventilate. This will make him dizzy the mask to make sere that It does not be and increase hb discomfort, as it would do came displaced. to anyone whether breathing oxygen or not. Make sure that the ambulance service Thus, with the patient brathing normally wfdcfa yon nsc is equipped to give oxygen yen can adjust the oxygen flow so that the m route II eo sodt soviet is regularly reservoir bag of the mask rises and falls available, or ax teaft not at the time of the with the respiration*. Tbe bag should oot specific emergency, make arrangements to eotiapie completely at the depth of the tn- have your portable cxygra equipment go with the patient If tbe patient U to be bosfaa&wd, have someone call the hospital to have oxygen Usually, your doctor will ask you u. . high concentrations of oxygen to your dispensary patients and thb technique will accomplish the therapy required. ready on your arrival. This will eliminate The major safety precaution to observe any UBKcasuy waiting for oxygen to be concerns smoking. You must tell each oxy set Bp when you arrive. Is addition, you' gen patient that he cannot smoke while tak will hare impressed the hospital with tbe ing oxygen. Also; there should be a "No need for oxygen immediately. Again, tills Smotoeg" sign prominently displayed. A period of transferring the patiort from good place for it to right over the cylinder ambulance to hospital bed Is often critical, valve. Also, do not use any electrical equip and oxygen may perform its moot valuable ment ce the petiot while he is getting oxy- sendee right here is supporting a thinly gm, Don't try to combine diathermy with ticking life. oxygen, don't take an X-Ray while be is Let's take a quick look at oxygen an your dispensary. You need a large cySnder of oxygen, preferably on a four wfawl carrier, a regulator, tubing, and a face static These actually breathing oxygen, and don't use a scope of any kind (it would be possible with this nasal mask for instance; to look down hu throat white'oxygro was being given). should be kept assembled at aU times. Keep Tbe batteries aad bulbTiled for ittuminx- the regulator attached to the cylinder, and turn could be a possible source of ignition the mask attached to the regulator. The la a high oxygen concentration. Ordinarily, mask cus be wrapped In a dean tewsL It oxygen use it not a highly hazardous pro , 1* desirable to hav% two made* available, so cedure, particularly if treated with just plain that you can dean one should you have common sense aad observing the precautions another patient requiring oxygen. A good mentioned here. 20 industrial Nursing Hospitals arc almost universally equipped to give oxygen. Expense-wise this is in cluded today in practically all group health insurance benefits on an unlimited basis. Private insurance company policies generally provide a specific sum of from $50.00 to $100.00 for oxygen treatment in each illness. Of the various methods lor giving oxy gen, the tent is the most expensive, and the catheter and mask methods the least expensive. Catheters and masks involve about half the expense of the usual tent therapy. This applies to the cost to the hospital as well as charges to the patient. However, there are times when a tent is distinctly the method of choice. The use of oxygen therapy in the home is increasing rapidly, particularly for chronic cases such as, cardiacs, asthmatics, migraine sufferer*, and others. Most cities have one or more oxygen therapy* rental services who have good equipment and trained technicians on 24 hour calL They arc prepared to make arrangements with industrial companies for the care of employees who might need oxy gen at home according to a physician's pre scription. Many of them will make con tractual arrangements at favorable rates. In the rural areas or smaller cities, there is always a distributor of oxygen (he usu ally handles welding and cutting products) and you will find that he also has oxygen therapy apparatus. He will be glad to sit down with you and tell you what arrangemelts can be made lor supplying oxygen and apparatus to your employees, on phy. sician's orders, for use in thdr homes. We have done considerable thinking and work on the matter of oxygen in the event of disasters such as, atomic raids, severe plant explosions, and train or plane acci dents and we have cocne up with a few practical Ideas. By cutting a snail hole In the crown of a bat and unerring a piece of tube; It can be placed ever a face and oxy gen can be given. A paper bag usually obtained for carrying groceries gan be adapted in the set manner. You can take a regular cardboard carton end, with a few alterations, improvise a temporary oxygen tent or Burgess box as they are Sometimes called. These masks can be cut from a simple templet and made from cardboard, old X-Ray film, or any other similar material which is handy. Devices such as these plus oxygen which can be commandeered from any industrial plant, will provide oxygen therapy ia the minutes and hours when it means the most The important thing is to realise that there are usually substantial sources of oxy gen in location* near to you, and that with with ingenuity- you cut -improvise equip ment which will perhaps be of major value in the case of catastrophes such as those mentioned here. Off the Job Accidents By COLONEL WILL L. TUBBS ILS-AJ?-, Assistant for Ground Safety. Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D. C. The safety of airmea and civilians alike, while working oa Air Force installations, is of vital concern to the Air Fores- `through the USAF ground safety program every effort is made to provide a safe working environment, proper equipment and adequate supemsfoo and guidance to prevent need less personal injury and loss from accidents. According to records maintained ia my office; we are having reasonable success is preventing accidents os the job, and w are constantly working for even better results. But the prevention oi co-duty accidents is only a part oi the safety problem which confronts the Air Force. Accidents occurring to airmen (a their off- duty and off-base activities coosttrule a seri ous hindrance to the efficiency and economy of operations. The prerattioe of these acci dents is as essential phase of the ground safety program for several important reasoos. Wbca as airman ia aeridentiy injured, regardless of where, when or hew, he is hospitalized at goviraatae expense and costiaoea to receive fuS pay. If Use airsom dies from bis injuries, the Off the Jab Accidents 21 goverasaccit pays insurance benefits, pensions, gratuities and even burial expenses. A fixed charge; which was derived fmas otrciul study of these costs; is assessed for each injury and fatality to provide a measure of theeceooenSclou from these accidents. These charge* are used in the Air Force accident cost ascganWg system enabling tosses from off-duty accidents to be evaluated on a dol lars and. cents basis. In toms of economic management and good human relations. Industry may con sider it advisable to take a more active role in the off-the-job safety of employee* in the future. Only a very small percentage are taking an active interest in off-the-job em ployee safety today. Labor organizations undoubtedly have a parallel responsibility vs this respect. The possibilities of off-thejob safety cannot be ignored as a potential It cannot be denied that the injury and instrument for more efficient production. death payments assured by the government In the Air Fore*, about twice as many are essentially due to the nature of the mili accident* occur to airmen off-duty as occur tary service, but by preventing accidents and to them an duty, and off-duty accidents needless injury and death these costs can be kept to a minimum. Beside* ewootny, a moat important reason for prevailing off- duty acedcnls is the eoasenrstioa of man power, Under the presort emergency the Air Forc*( must conserve and dSdoilly utilize the manpower assigned for its mission. Through rive continued application of cen tral measures at alt echelons, off-duty acci cause about seven tunes sore fatalities. The majority of all off-duty fatalities sad about ooe half of all off-duty injunct axe sus tained In the operation of private motor vehicles. Sports and recreational activities arc responsible for the second greatest num ber of off-duty accidents. Swimming stands out ia this group as the source of many fatalities through drowning and hunting is dents are being reduced Much indirect fffiood involving deaths resulting from mis assistance is bring pvta by civil sod cocs- handling weapons. The third Source of offrntruly agencies which are gradually taking duty accident* are domestic activities around a sore active past ia promoting all-round barracks and other living quarters. safety is their momdpaltties. These approximate comparisons pout out that off-duty accidents account for more off-duty aeddenta in the Air Force are ap than, two-thirds of the Air Force accident pliable,. in a limited sense, to off-the-jo experience, in a numerical sense at least. acridotts ia private industry. Some of yw The situation in private industry is similar. in industry do pay hospitalization, insuranc Recent figure* I have seen indicate that for aad other costs for employees injured o each employee accidently kitted on-the-job, lolled away from the job. However, pro two are kitted by accident* away from the election tosses result whoa the services of i job. Off-the-job injuries undoubtedly run slotted worker arc tost regardless of tfv to a! least several times the number of ofl- dretanrtanees of his injury aad industry the-job injuries. The company which takes like the military services, has a large it as active interest in the off-the-job safety sponsibUtty tn manpower cooservalioa dur of its employees will realize a certain amount tng the present emergency. of economic profit and enjoy better human With the labor imricei becoming shorter relations and public approval. every day, manpower losses of any land Engineering and supervisory measures for will hinder our national industrial efforts. off-the-jcb accident prevention are necessar It should be the responsibility of the safety ily weak due to lade of employer jurisdic director to evaluate the effects of off-the- tion over the personal activities of person job accidents oa economy of production asd nel. The key to preventing off-duty accidents to keep management informed. Of coarse, is the proper us* of educational media and industry an exeras* practically no juris publicity devices. By employing these means diction over its employees when they are in the Air Force it is possible to eoovey off-lbe-job, and necessary facts concerning knowledge and develop attitudes which will off-duty accident* to employees would have help condition the airman to behave and act to be obtained from employees on a volun safely. tary basis. Similarly, controls can be ap- pGed ooly indirectly by soggestioe, per* stasias and .encouragement. Through the USAF Ground Safety Pro gram, all available educational and publicity media are used to indoctrinate airmea ia the 22 Industrial Nursing principle* of thinking and acting safely. By Air Force directive, as accident report must at many Air Force instiftatiecis ta pro dding a safer environment for airmen. be submitted by the supervisor of the is* la private industry, cootrol measure* di jtired individual for each off-duty accident rected at off-lhe job accident* certainly coeld <n which an airman U injured. not be at extensive as those used fa On the basis of statistical studies of these reports, it is possible to isolate to areas of highest accident potential, and plan and di rect corrective measures accordingly. As private motor vehicle operation is the moct terious source of accidents, greatest empha sis U placed oct education and publicity en couraging sale operation. At each Air Force installation suitable movies are shown, ap propriate posters are displayed, base wad the Air Force for obvious reasons. The statistical information, accessary for pro gram planning relating to off-tbe-job acci dents to employee* could not be obtained on a mandatory basis as in the Air Force bat would have to be procured cu a voluntary basis. The first step in such a program would be to stimulate the employee's interest in his own safety by showing him how he will profit personally. local newspapers prim articles, columns, Cooperative actioo between industry and stories and eves pictures related to safe community agencies, labor organizations and driving; and lectures and demonstrations state and federal safety authorities would concerning driving are gives as needed, la be essential. Through the cooperative activi addition to these measures, other devices are ties of these organization* and by the distri used at the discretion of the commanding bution of suitable indoctrination materia!* officer. For example, at some installations, pri vately owned vehicles must pass a mechani cal injpecdcw suid be properly injured before they are allowed on the has*. Where fla grant driving violaooos occur leading to an accident, disciplinary action is often taken oo safe driving, accident prevention is the .home and In recreational activities, aa ef fective start could be trade on the control of off-the-job accidents, Uhrimle remits would depend on the rigernrity of industrial safety personnel and tire ejratity of manage ment backing. to act as a deterrent to other vehicle opera In the interests of economy and bunu tor*. Character guidance activities of chap- welfare, off-duty accident picventSua la the tarns sod supervisor* are periodically de Air Force U cssoitiaL The ridostral stta- tected at acodesg prevention. These and tioo may be different in degree but not in similar fPWHB trc applied in the preven kind m this respect ft i* Ifajy tint is each tion of accident* occuring in sports and industry, the seed for preventing off-the-job recreatxxt. At many installation*, efforts are node to provide the beat possible recreational fa cilities on the base as as inducement to air men to ratals in the controlled military environment Special measures are now be ing taken with respect to drowning*, and the program for this purpose is outlined by oeddmts would bare So W riliuHtd, first en economic burin. from tbc nuafctot point of nor, ml the* aa its broader merits. FoutiMy the greatest value ri industrial partiespaikm la the prtTtmirw of off-tbe-job acckfcria would nor be the profit to a particular isiuoy or individual but the gnprovaaeot wftidt might W unde ri the . Air Force directive. The other sources of rational accident trdL accidents rccerrc ecu responding attention. QaJdrcn and youths an gating more iri The final objective of alt measure* is to more aeodest pirreation education each day help oar airmen to be better, safer citucns, ri the schools of the nation, but it is difficult for their own good as well as for the good io reach and educate the adult population. of the Air Force A valuable source of as Cocsnnsuty, state and federal agvnde* are sistance in the application not only of edu orlong more and sere toward accident cational measures but of engineering aod prevention and private safety organizations supervisory controls in particular is the aad risureaet compeauss have beat working local CDUBMUQlty. I Throcgh cooperation with the local police. American Red Cross, astooobSe clubs. Chamber of Commerce and rimhav organi sations, excellent remits are bring obtained on the isprevemcBt of national safety for years. Perhaps the aaau to real results la redudog the national aeddori toll rests is the widespread participation of tnansgtxBcnt m off-the job gaiety. Officers of the INDUSTRIAL NURSING SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 Gnurti Chairman--mss ERNA UAYRER, R. H, E. L da Pont de Nemoor* & Co. Joe, East Chicago, lad. Pie*`Ckairma*~VRS. UAREN FRYE, JL N, thrice Carbide & Carbon Corporation. 230 N. Madogaa An, Chicago, I1L rw-Oriwi, Mrmber/Ai>--MR5. BERNARDINE HOLMAN, R. N., Employer* Mu- tral* of Wisconsin, Wausau, Wis. Newt Letter dt(6r~~MI5S IRENE NARLOCH, R. N., Industrial Hygiene Div., Wls- enuriu State Beard of Health. State Office Bldg., Madison, WIx. Program Ckrirmmv-MlSS HAPPY BRUDER, R. N, Saks Fifth Avil, 669 N. Michigan Art, Chicago DL FeMieity Chairman--URS, MARY DAVISON, R. N, Chicago Dally Tribune, Tribune Tower. Chicago, 111. Uedkai Advisor to the Stction--DR. CHARLES F. SHOOK, Medical Director, Owen*- nhuots Clm Co, Ohio Building, Toledo, Ohio. Jrervtery--MSS DOLORES BENGRY, R. fi^ Public Service Company of Northern ISaok, 1701 South First Avenue, Maywood, IU.. Stag Refraaentativc-JANE S. WEIR. R. N, Natimal Safety Council. 425 N. Mich igan Ava. Chicago. I1L 23 I -* I; Other Volumes in this Series Users of this vohsoe will find mud) value in its, companion volumes. Here >s the tist: TITLE VOLUME No. Geoenl Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volumes........................ . Aeronautical Industries................. ............,............................................. ................. . Air Transport Industry.......................................... ................................................... I 2 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries................................................. ............................... 4 Cement and Quarry Industries........... ............................. ....................... . $ Chemical Industries ........................ , ........................................................................... . 6 Coal Mining Industry' .................................................... ................. ....................................... 7 Construction Industry ...................... ............................. ......................................................... 8 Electrical Equipment Industry........................................................ . 9 Farm Safety............................. .............................. .................................................. . 10 Food Industry (Including Proceedings oi Refrigeration Safety Meetings.)............ II Glass and Ceramics Industry............. ..................................................... Home Safety .............................................. ............... .......... .......... ............... Industrial Nursing .................................. ......................................................... 12 13 14 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)........................................................ . IS Maritime Industries (Marine Section)......................................................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries...................................... . 16 17 Metals Industry ............................ ........................................................... . Mining Industry ................................................... ................... .......................... 18 19 Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)..................... 26 Petroleum Industry ............... . ........................... ............ Power Press and Forging Operations................... ............................................. 21 22 Printing and Publishing Industry............. .............................................................................. 23 Public Employment (Public Employees Safety Committee)................. 24 Public Utilities Industries............................................................................ 23 Pulp and Paper Industry................... . 26 Railroad Industry................. .......................... ........................... 27 Rubber Industry .......................................... .................................................. ................. .,..28 School, and College Safety........................................ . 29 Textile Industry ............................................ ...................................30 Traffic Safety ............................................... ........................................................................... 31 Transit Industry ............................................................ ................. . 32 Wood Products Industries ............................... .................................... ......................... 33 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Communication (Early Morning Sessions)...... 34 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OP INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME IfePcvfter SIZE Each Less than 24 pages-- f029 24 to 48 pages-- 3$ 49 to 96 pages-- 46 Over 96 pages-- m 10190 copies Bath $023 29 ,40 .63 IDO io 999 copies Each $0.17 .23 M M lOOOorntre Bach $0.17 23 JS Complete set of Transactions (34 vols.)--|6.9Q (1 to 9 copes), 6J0 (10 to 99 copies), 3.70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 10, 13, 29 as4 3L NATIONAL SAOTY COUNCIL 42S NORTH MICHIGAN AVI, CHICAGO 11, ILL. Current Safety Topics in INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 1951 As pimM Is the Subject Session of Hw 19S1 Stfvfy Ch^mss. Sp-satari by Hn Awrfcm feebly of ,, Safety b^iitrs American Society of Safety Engineers An Introduction to the Effects of Atomic Weapons____ 5 Associations and Their Safety Programs Introductory Remark ................................................................ U What Our Association hat Accomplished Through o Group Safety Program,........................... ....................... II How to Get an Association Started on Safety Program 17 The National Safety Gouncti's New Program for Smalt Business and Associations... . 20 Safety In Small Businesses A Practical Program for Small Businesses.............................. 23 State Function in Servicing Smalt Businesses....................... 27 Trade Associations Participation in Small Business Safety .31 (Cwtiud )( peg*) V*I>M 15 Traasacfioas 3Ttk National Safety Coagrost NATIONAL SAFETT COUNCIL 42S Nm. HlcUqmm AVMM Ctlcvfa It, III. Carr*at Topics ia Industrial Safety (Cm^hW from co**f) Ovil Defense and the Safety Engineer Fir* Centro!..................................................................................................... . 33 The Safety Engineer and the Community......................... ........................ 31 Conference Techniques Getting Aixficyien to Think............................................ 41 Coordinating Safety With Plant Engineering Coordinating Safety With Plant Engineering In Relation to Plant Design .......... ............................................. .. 43 Coordinating Safety With Plant Engineering In Plant Layout....... 49 industrial Hygiene Industrial Dusts--Whet Every Supervisor Should Kow........................... 55 Occupational Dermatitis: Teamwork In Engineering and Medical Control....................................................................................... 57 Te--amt ia Fighting Dermatitis...................... 57 Maintaining Interest In Accident Prevention Maintaining Interest ui Accident Prevention by Means of Reports.. 43 What the State Can Do to Maintain Interest In Accident Prevention 44 Visual Aids ..................................................... ..................... ......... 70 PiogieJS in Effectuating the Alim of the President's Conference on Industriit Safety Progress and Objectives of the U. S. Department of Labor......... *. 73 Progress and Objectives of the State Departments............................ 74 Progress and Objectives of Labor Organisation*.............. 74 Progress and Objectives of Business Organizations ............. 77 Questions and Discussions by.thc Audience..................... 77 Public Relations and.the Safety Engineer Fundamentals of Public Relations................... ..... SI Public Relations m the Safety Program.................................................. .... 14 The Public Relations Value a# OIMheJob Safety. .............................. tl Static Electricity Electrostatic Hazards and Their Controls............... .................... 91 SU6c Electricity wk! H Bimlniiia* by landing *nd Groan**... 99 \ Tfeea Vdeax.... If safety is to keep pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, we mux continually have "new ideas.'* Each year, at tbe Nabors*] Softer Cocgrm, the ideas and experiences of many of die oatfoc'f top safety men ere presented ia the various sessions. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congrats session, later become generally accepted within their fields. In order to present this information conveniently and at small cost, the Congress Transactions are pnblished ta volumes, me for each Section or Dfririoo, along with a Cooera] Sessions and Detailed Index to all volumes. The 34 volumes of tba 1951 Congress Trans actions arc tilted on tb* last page of this volume. Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transactions a Useful aid ia their accident prevention programs. In industry, for example, their judicious (Sstribotion to lecy persocod w management and supervision has proved to be of Invaluable service. Ia preparing these Transactions, the proceeding* of the Congress have been condensed sod edited for reference purposes. Complete original naamaeripta, with any charts or tUastraticn* which were used, are available is National Safety Comal files. Views expimtd a* the Congress or In tills record are those of the Ccegrea partidpaats and are no* necessarily those of the National Safety Council. ASSE SIBJECT SESSIOM This volianc is a record of die subject seasons sponsored tor the Americas "Society of Safety Engineers at 1951 National Safety Cnagrew Tbs eondoet of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the may cooperative activities wfakfc the ASSE carries on in behalf of its taeosben, aod for the benefit of accident prevention work In industry generally. 5 American Society of Safety Engineers Jin Introduction to the Effects of Atomic Weapons mb By LT. ALLEN W. KENNEY, MSC, USN & Sorcery, Dept- of the Navy, Washington, D. C. (TW egaBMms er assertions contained The first concept men had of radiation koai are A* prnoSe oeo of the tpntrr was in aa ore discovered ia 1996 by Bee* ia4 are m to be timifnwd as ofiail or reflecting the nm of the Navy Dcpextmmt or die anf wrice at buxe,) la order previously talked about n- Amtit-m kinrtiraBd effects of atomic weap ons thee inwflltd fear for the mkimmi may he fltinffoii by acwtr knowledge, re- cmdy piH throarfa progressive research, we here seme mfecmatioc that we waot to dare with yoe. querel. a Frenchman. Forty-six years titer in 1942, at the University of Chicago, the first "chain-reaction'* was Scientifically demmistralcd. In 1945 tbe first atomic bomb was exploded. Think, then, from this meager description of the passage of time, who in 1896 radiawas first discovered, to 1945 wbo this form of ciergy was eoaverted Into a mass that created an explosion. ft is quite natural that earlier concepts of hazards of radiation would be changed through wr new experiences with this state of matter. You will act be gives,the complete story --time docs sot permit but a small, small part of aa introduction to the subject of radiological safety aod the effects of atomic weapons. This most be repeated--over and over again to dispel tbe fears that have been magnified is our minds, ia our reason- Let us review these atomic bomb drops. First expiation: Alamogordo. New Mexico, July 16, 1945, the bomb was bung cu a tower near the grotmd and detonated. This was a "ground burst** That was the first -test" atomic explosion. Less than a month titer oa August 6, 1945, us air burst about 2000 feet over die dty of Hiroshima, japan. Our screed air burst over land followed ra three days, August 9. 1945, at Nagasaki We waited a year then to further our tag of something new -- strange asd gd* known. This fear is quite natural; not tmderstaadlag this newer science our uwtds may have conjured pictures of situations that could knowledge of this new weapon and the first Bikini, "Test Able," over-water explosion ' was made on July 1, 1946. This was fol lowed oa the 25th of July 1946 with the first ooder-water burst, "Test Baker.** teavs bo other impressoo than that of help Until the results of these explosions had lessness. This Is not true--you are not been thoroughly evaluated by our scientists, helpless---there is much you can do. our physicists, bo eee knew, but many bad The very fact that tbe populations of Hiroshima asd Nagasaki knew nothing of tbe effects of aa atomic explosion spelled doom for thousands. Tbe knowledge that we lave now, and that you may learn, may save your Gfe! What do we bow know about atomic ex piations? Whnt is this science of unclear phytic* that baa, ha our lifetime, changed tbe concepts of survival .tof dvQixation, of predicted tbe results of the explosion of the atom. Blast is the most important aspect of atomic explosion. Let's go to the three types of atomic bursts: 1. An air burst over land; 2. Aa underground twist; and 1 As underwater burst. We are going to review these atomic ex plosions, asd because die "air burst" over land is the most destructive^ the type of an the creation of energy? explosion tint might be encountered, let's 6 indux/riol Safely use that for our first description. Its effects are: Blast, Intense Heat, and Radiation. The blast effect of the atomic bomb is like a giant blow in a matter of ooe Second with a rise in pressure--two sccoads later a giant suction with a lowering of pressure and then creation of a vacuum by the wind coming back or going ia the opposite dtrection. Later, a matter of five seconds from the time of the explosion of the air burst, our atmospheric pressure has returned to normal. Our blast wave velocity (or force) at ground--Mrro--(the ground Centex under the explosion) of the booth is K30 miles per hour. The velocity of our blast one mile from ground aero is about 200 miles per hour, and this force diminishes to about 50 miles per hour two and one-half miles froca ground zero. Now we must emphasize thi*--the deeremeSnff destruction -- with increasing distance from ground zero. Our air bum has heat like that from the sun and can be described as a ball of fire. For ooe tea-thousandth part of a second, the fireball temperature will be more than one million degrees Fahrenheit. The ther mal energy released at this point will equal eight million kilowatt hours--enough energy to supply power and light for a city of 55,000 people for twenty-two days. The ball of fire extends over an area of about 45 feet. The heat that was described lasts for a matter of seconds. We have one more factor---RADIATION --to consider. Our baQ of fire at ground zero contains certain rays which are emitted. The emission of these rays is called radia tion. and these rays are scattered and ab sorbed. Alpha and Beta radiations are minute Par ticles traveling at high speeds. Gamma, an other constituent of this radiation, is a ray of energy (or force) rather than a particle of matter. I shall talk to you later about these radiation exposure measurements. Here again is a description of destruction --by area in feet: At ground zero, within a circle of 2000 feet, tote) destruction. From 2000 feet on, roughly one-half mile to about two miles, heavily framed steel and concrete braidings will remain standing; but without any win- daws, and none capable of continued occu pancy tntil surveyed by competent engineers. At a distance of about two and one-half miles, wind blasts of about 50 miles per hour, and practically no danger from heat or radiation. A burn may be suffered at this distance similar to that of sunburn, which most of us at one time or another have ocpenoKri. In our air burst--at two thousand feet from ground aero we will find many injured survivors. We find our beat Hash has bees deadly to a distance of one-half mile. Our gamma rays trill be deadly for those lelaliy exposed, to a distance of about 3000 feet. From a distance of about one-half mile from ground zero our survivors will be in jured by the effects of the blast, by bums from the heat of the fireball and a few from radiation. The beat flash will be a serious considera tion up to a distance ot about two miles, and of minor consideration from (fiat pout to about two and ooe half mike. There are two other types of atomic bombs for us to consider. The under ground burst and the under water barft It our bomb were exploded so dx sur face there would be a crater in the earth 800 feet in diameter and 100. feet deep. There would be mods more mi Joe, or hat ing, radiation, much kuprawqrt or hnnactfrate radiation, and the bfcist nad heat effects would be concentrated fie a roach aimHer area. In the "crtZ-wWcr* bant, we find the formation of a waia--m waS of wafer. This U the immediate start of the *Bout,** and shows the complete formation of the ''plume." Is this type of explosion there Is almost no immediate or prompt radiation; asd con siderable or more restdual or hifitg radm* tioa than in the grocod lout. Slut effects have been concentrated { a mock wonTIrr area, and practically so fires or beat ef fects. la the water burst atomic bomb we Sod our arte of destruction reduced to leas than H of a mile- versus yi of a bBc for oar air burst Three-quarter* of a 3e wceerot* for our heavy damage of buildings, beyoed repair. From three-quarters of a m2* to about a mile and one-eighth major damage, and from that point to about one male asd American Society of Safety Engineers 7 icvra-ogbUis, relatively minor damage. Al manner became perceptible to any known most negligible damage beyond this point. human faculty. However, our radiation hazard present* a different picture. If we draw an ellipti cal circle superimposed over our dty, this "egg-shaped drcJe" represents the "un-oat** - the residual or tasting effects of the un derwater burst. We find a wall of water forming at tbe epicenter at a height of about 100 feet; diminishing to a bright of about 10 feet at nvo and oer-half mite*. There are no tidal leaves--the maximum wave will be about 100 feet at zero point, and 10 feet at about two and one-half miles. At ground zero. Guana rays ran pass through more than ooe foot of ccecrete or three feet of earth; 4000 feet from ground zero, however, the same amount of concrete or earthen thickness win effectively shield from Gamma ray penetration. What about our calculated injuries? Within a half-mile of air burst, 85 per cent of the penoos would have blast and bum injuries; of these persons injured there would be 15 per cent who would suffer from the effects of Gamma radiation. You will sole that la the #> type of burn (within a half-mile of ground zero)--all buildings arc dotrayed. Everything com bustible is on fire. There art no transporta tion fatalities. 'Gommtsikaucei is all gone. Shock is u screve as it can be measured. From an atomic bomb ground burst--the effects arc only ooe-half a* great at an air burst. From an atomic bomb wafer burst--a few buildings (about one-fourth as many) are destroyed. There are no fires. Transporta tion .acuities are not affected. Coaununira- This radiation would be of the prompt type and after initial blast (for a period of 90 seconds), the hazard of radiation would be passed. tn a growd burst our blast and bum cas ualties would be those smzKdiately within ground zero. The prompt (or immediate) radiation would be decreased but the resid ua! radiatioQ would be increased because of the radiation particulate exposure. la a water burst, boms would be absent, blast effect decreased; prompt radiation ab sent, but residual radiation increased uoa facilities, unless a able hat been de stroyed, are oot affected. But die same shock damage may be expected--this U sot measured---it may be none, or it may be as much as front the air burst; up to a dis tance of one-half mile. Here arc the effects of radiation: Twenty-five R minimum exposure--no symptoms. At about 200 ff -- which may be termed the mmhwwH symptomatic dost; the symp We can now progress with this lecture to the point of discussing the effects or types ut injuries our population will suffer. We find mechanical injuries caused by (tying debris. Heat will cause our buna and toms would not appear until shoot 19 to 60 days. At shout 400 to 450 (Er would be a lethal (deadly) do*e for about 50 per cent of the persons ynd tbe symptoms would . appear la drvta or twelve days. faulting Area, Our radutioa Injuries will At about 70G Rs the fatalities would be be caused by the release of rays and parti about 100 per cent. Tbe symptoms of this cles contained in radlatioe; these are com amount of radutioa exposure would appear posed of Alpha. Beta, and Gamma. in two to four days. Alpb* particle* can be stopped with at little protection as a thick sheet of paper, ordinary clothing, or our ritin., Beta particles out be stopped by about K inch thickness of metal or of any material at substance providing the 13ce or equal amount of sobetanee thickness of H inch of metal Gemma radiation, however, it not par ticulate neuter. Gtmma Is ray, like a beam of light; this radlatioo can neither be heard, felt, seat, tasted, smelled or Is any other It must be pointed out that these effects would require that a person be "totally" exposed for the full ninety second* that radiation is a hazard us our air-burst. Total exposure to the entire body, not just some anatomical part Now what shout treatment? - The material* required to treat ooe burn case suffering a 40 per cent of body surface buna are: Forty-two tanks of oxygen; Thir ty-six pints of plasma; Forty pints of blood; One hundred pints of other Quids; As on* 8 inductmat Safety determined amount of antibiotics, Twenty*even miles of gauze; Three nurses; and Two physicians. NOW, The most important part of this lecture: What to do to protect yourselfi There are elaborate systems of air de fense---or air attack warning stations cur rently being developed $. If you are outside--get away from buildings--May away from trees. Lie down in a ditch, any land of a depression or behind a wall Protect all bare parts of your body; cover your face with your arms; protect your face from the blinding flash that follows the explosion of the bomb. Re main under shelter for a few minutes after the blast so you can be sure you will not be la Event of Ho Warning! Immediate action means the difference be tween life and death. 1. Drop to the floor. Keep your back to the window; curl up is a* small a hall as possible. If time permits, crawl behind or beneath a table, desk, etc. 3. Keep dose to interior partitions and injured by falling debris. 6, Try aod help those near you who may have been Injured. Your help is important --it is important that you team first aid, 1, Follow the procedure outlined for you by Civil Defense authorities. If you have a military billet; report immediately to your assigned task. supporting columns. Keep ouy from the center of the roam. 3. Cover your face, your eyes with your arms. 4. Curl up--shield your bare flesh with any kind of covering, with another clothed body. 5. After the blast: Remain under shelter until falling debris has settled down. Remember, by the time the debris settles and blast effects have passed, there can be no further radiation effect. 6. Assist the injured near you. Apply the first aid measures you have learned 7. Follow instructions of authorities. 8. Report to the assembly area as out lined by your supervisor tf at work. Fol lowing the blast, a block warden will give instructions tf blast has occurred while at home. 9. When the services of the health de- partmott become available, check your health with your doctor. 10. Do not spread rumor*--remain calm, cool and collected la Caa* of an Underwater or Orennttr Blast (These conditions may be termed reulam- ruitfd blasts.) 1. Your first steps are to cover yourself, ind if outside, you must protect yourself from the radiation contaminations that will pour out of the "air cloud*'--this "air cloud" may be water or dust You should have a raincoat or newspapers. 2. Remain under cover until the rain, if any, from the blast has slopped failing. Re main where you are under cover for at least twenty trundles, if possible. This will permit the Intensity of the radiation to subside. 3. We must work under the assumption that radiological safety monitors will be present lo guide you to any rescue work that wilt be attempted within the contam inated area. 4. You will be seeded to help In this rescue work, which will include evacuation of the wounded, fire fighting and other emergency work. 5. Unless a radiological safety defense worker announces die area nit from con What to Do When You Have a Warning Period of Impending Atomic Attack 1. Remain calm and obey authorities. 2. Full down window shades, Venetian blinds; tie these down securely. This may provide some protection from flying glass. 2. Take shelter in a basement, under a table, or lie next to walls away from win dow*. Secure gas, fires, light, furnaces. 4. Do not take refuge ia upper Soon. tamination, leave this area after the im mediate first aid evacuation work has been completed, Continue to wear such protec tive clothing as you may have o* until you have left the contaminated area. 6. Do not pick up souvenir*, plunder or loot These articles, if contaminated, may cost you your life. 7. Alter rescue work, aod when dear of w rnnttKiBaicd ms. take a thoro*`-w American Society of Safety Engineers 9 shower. Scrub yourself completely three or four times paying particular attention to hair, hands and fingtmulv Check with a radiologieti defense advisor or a doctor, if possible. 8. Do not cat. drink or use as smoking material, anything in (or taken from) the contaminated area. fa steomation of what you have bees told: An atomic bomb and its explosion effect is just about the same as any other highexpiosive type of bomb, except for the area of destruction. The atonue explosion covers a larger arm and U accompanied by hot and radiation. Within a half a mite away from ground jero your chances for survival are about one W ten with no warning; and immedi ately and rapidly from this point out, your chances for survival increase. Doubting the bomb's power docs not mean doubling the damage area. It will not even double the present value in destructive power. In am, atomic explosion* blast and heat are most dangerous. Blast will cause mechanical injuries from falling glass, buildings, wall, plaster, debris of all types. Heat will cause more bums because more people will be exposed to a greater beat than has ever been demonstrated by any force. By lying dozen ia a shielded spot from direct exposure to the "Tight" from the bomb's cxpfosaoo. protection can be afforded against burn, and by distance or proper dueUfcg against radiation Flash bums will be the most serious of our injured survivors' immediate treatment naparceaenta. 85 per cent of our casualties will lave blast and/or bum injuries. Of this 8S per cent, 65 per c*nt win have bums and some mechanical Injuries--the remainder -fractures, laceration*, etc--mechanical in juries of coocussioc. Only 15 per cent of casualties will have radiation exposure*. Any solid material will protect from flash bums. Loose white clothing will protect. Cloth with colored designs on white back grounds has been known to penult burning of stria ia the pattern of the design. Loose, white clothing will protect the slria from flash bums. The radiation --the radioactivity is the principal difference from ordinary high ex plosive bombs. This is not new--this is not mysterious. Detection by monitor* ot radio activity does not eJmtyx mean danger; it U (he type of radioactivity that determines its dangerous properties. Eva* suffering radiation exposure to garam rays up to 100 Rs is probably not fatal. We permit workmen to work at onetwentieth of ooe R per day--day after day. The common X-ray may give you as much as two Rs per picture. Twenty-five Rs is the minimal single dose, Chat can be tolerated without any symptoms of radiation disease or injury. Up to 200 Rs--in a nmtsnal single dose, symptoms will appear ia 19 to 60 days and these can be treated. From 200 to 400 Rs, fatalities w3l occur in 50 per cent of the injuries. These symp toms wilt appear in 11 to 12 days. Over 700 Rs, the fatalities will be 100 per cent Symptoms will appear within 2 to 14 days. Not much can be done to protect a home from blast damage, ft is better to _ take cover In die cellar or basement than in an upper floor. Basements wilt offer protection against blast, heat and radioactivity. An air burst will give oaly little, if any. lingering radioactivity. This lingering activ ity will come from an underwater or grotsid hurst Air bursts do not create "doomed areas." Specialists, monitors, ratflologkal safety engineers will determine hot areas, if any. 11 Associations and Their Safety Programs Introductory Remarks By H. F. REINHARD Hp, Safety Cedes DcpL, Union Carbide A Cvboa Corp>, New York City; Bndiww ud AMOdidoos CoeiadttM, Industrial Conference. N.8.C. l know, Urn most of you represent iwdatiana m an executive capacity and u* sodation executives are very busy mo who. if they rive several hours of a working day to a meeting expect to secure some* thirtg worthwhile is return. We believe that we do have a fregrain from which you will ret much worthwhile data and other infer* nation on why assodatioos should and how they can be helpful to their members in accident prevention. We know from the statistics compiled by the National Safety Council and other reli able bodies that there are an average of about 16,000 occupational fatalities and ^OOQOOG disabling occupational injuries each year and that the amial con of these on- the-job injuries is about two and two-third billion dollars. Association members pay most of these aeddent costa because they represent a larfe portion of American industry. Data compiled by the U. S. Department of Commerce and the National Safety Coun cil shows that plants employing leas than 100 workers hare an aeddent frequency* rate of about I&4 disabling injuries per million man hours worked whereat the aeddent frequency rate for plants employ ing 1,000 or more workers is 105 disabling injuries per million man hours worked. In other words, those plants employing leu than 100 workers have an aeddent fre quency rate almost double that of the larger plants. Let as also bear in mind that 90 per cent of all manufacturing plants employ less than 100 workers. This great loss of life, great number oi injuries and staggering cost certainly jus tifies any effort that anyone can put forth to reduce them. The facts with reference to the aeddent frequency rates of the smaller bHarnesses suggest that any suc cessful effort to promote a better industry aeddent frequency rate with a resultant reduction of aeddent costs would require that special attention be given to the smaller businesses These eaa best be reached by the association representing the industry to which most smaller businesses belong. The papers which follow define what an association can accomplish for its members in the field of aeddent prevention; what this vnQ mean to the members not only in human values but ia dollars and cents; how coe outstanding association wait about interesting its executive board in u acdrknt prevention activity; and ait explanation of the National Safety Council's new pro gram for smaller businesses and associations, including where associations can receive help. What Our Association has Accomplished Through a Group Safety Program BJ IVAN P. LB GORE Iffr, Aeddent Prevention Bureau, Portland Cement Am, Chicago Safety work is a mmmna Interest of yours and mine even though I have spent more than 20 yean at work on the problem representing an association that has bad an accident prevention program for more than 30 years, whereas some of you may have Mtulrtai Safety thought tittle about the subject and your associations may not have a program. dangers. A cement plant is highly convey orized, equipped with belt conveyors, pan conveyors, screw conveyors. Power inns' As members we have cooperated with the mission equipment adds to the onchine haz National Safety CoundJ since its inception, finding its services invaluable to our safety ards. The work is dose at saay levels throughout the quarries and Balls, present progress. We are looking forward to cm* ing the hazards of falls of uses and falling firmed relationships that should he mutually materials. High voltage electricity is a fac beneficial. We recommend membership in tor, as is the handling of railroad equip the National Safety Council to Mr mem* ment and trtrefa involved la haulage of raw bers, and many units of the cement indus materials and railroad cars reed in ship try have held active Council memberships for 30 years or more, ping the product. Portland cement manufacturing plants I shall give you some of the highlights ratinet be considered nail pbrits in the of what the safety program of the Port- sense of the definition of a ,ewll plane as iant Cement Association has accomplished, one comprising 100 cszpfoyeo or leas. Aver Mimnunie the concepts oa which that pro gram is based, and explain what a valuable service it is to our members. Please Jet it age employment ua oar pUues is approxi mately 225. Onfy a dona of 142 smasher cement operations have teas than HD em he understood that this information is pro* Hmted factually and objectively and with out any thought of boasting. We know our ployees. The two hiput faxre about UCO and 900 employees, lupatiidy. hortcominfft welt and we are hard at work Only about three doses yuan ago snfire- to improve them. Long experience has trial managements and employee* a3ee ac cepted a certain laont of wiffamg mid taught us that the only way to prevent accidents is to keep everlastingly at it loss of life as pars of the price ol indre- trial progress. Bet ofiSasls of the member Our plant operations like those in the Meet and glass industries are in the heavy manufacturing class and might be called hazardous. The grey powder which is portland cement results from some 80-odd op erations in a continuous flow manufacturing process. The principal ingredient, limestone, is blasted down in quarries and mines, hundreds of thousands of tons of stone re quiring the use of thousands of tons of compaates of oar asaoexatien derided time injuries and fatalities were niiirurri'ij. They believed dm nothing is of greater importance to an orgmantam than the people who da its wurfq and that nothing is more important to three employees than .freedom from injuries wlaefj, like tQnes and discsic, bring seguing <md depriva tion, shatter hopes and wrarie futures. high explosives to throw it down and break Since production comes from peejAe, there it up. Limestone boulders, some of them the is even greater need for a program to de size of pianos, go through a grinding proc velop and extend the coerpetoce of man ess in some of the largest moving machines power than for a progusn to insure the in industry--giant crushers, hammer mills, maximum efficiency and useful life of ma ball and tube mills. The resulting finely chine power. Without competent employees, pulverized stone is mixed with clay and protected against mechanical dangers and on other materials so that the chemical balance guard against tamfe acts, the equipment is right and is then burned in enormous which management selects and installs with revolving tolas at a temperature of about great care cannot be operated or main 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit. The white-hot tained. It is a tragic waste when the serv pellets that come from this calcining are ices of persons who have bees trained to called clinker, and are so hard that they wiB - perform important work are lost because cut glass. This tough material must be of death, injury or impaired health. ground and reground and mixed with a It would be a calamity to entertain the small percentage of gypsum to retard the notion that accidents sr bound to happen rate of setting up of finished Portland ce when the plain fact is that acadre* lure ment. been almost completely stamped out in most High explosives, quarrying and mining of our member cement plant*. The neces operations, grinding and coeveying, burning sary interest hi* bees shown and the neces regrinding and shipping present special sary steps have beta taken, mad as a remit AeseeioHoru tmd Their Safety Programs 13 thousands of our workers* lives sad Erabe have bees saved As a result of our program, we knew that there are no jobs in cement plants than cannot be done safely. We know that reasonably intelligent men can do a compe tent day's work without hurting thomeives or anybody rise, U they are trained and stimulated to do so. Danger on be foresees, and the day is past when an accident on be regarded as a glorified misfortune. With few exceptions, the person who hurts himsrif must realize dot be has dose something that is not much to h!s credit. An aerident reflects oo: the know-how of the worker who disables bunseif trying to perform useful work; the kxww-bow of the mjtired's supervisor, who i* rwpwiaHt 4ar prescribing the way work done and for assuring satisfactory perferm--gr, by uniting safety directions a part of every mjtroetion, explanation and urdcr gma; the know-how of the superrzor*s sopcrioTO, whose activities differ true those of the direct supervisor chiefly as degree. If the boss doesn't take safety mom sertoeriy. his mot could hardly he eapfMiii is do so. la one industry, safety `t nrsaaVml be an integral part of pro- --, am ii wniriil to competent workman imipinMc part of any successful member* in the United States and la the extent and quality of their expe rience, these men represent as excellent cross section of the safety thinking within our membership. Two Committee members are presidents of their companies. Others are vice presi dents, secretaries and treasurer*, general managers, general superintendents and works managers, safety directors, industrial relations and personnel managers, plant managers and superintendents. The safety program Is developed and ad ministered in accordance with the Commit tee's wishes by the Acridre* Prevention Bureau of the Association. The staff con sist* of the bureau manager and assistant, two office safety engineers ad two field safety engineers. Policies and plans m regard to insurance protection are handled by the individual member companies and oot by the Associa tion,, Risk* are experience-rated and it is fell that if the accident hazards are well controlled by mesas of the pooled knowl edge and experience of the membership, the accident costs will be kept to low levels. Many of our companies are self-insurers at savings made' possible by favorable acci dent experience. Portland Cnrert Association Program We bw foced that three principal elererets io effective safety work are; first, the reflection of accurate satistica for the purpose of ascertaining true acadent reuses and meamring progress in eliminating them; second, the establishment of a program of competition to stimulate and maintain miens* in safety; and third, effective edu cation and training among those directly frtfocgiacA Oar accident prevention program i* spon sored by our Acrident Prevrotion Commitice, which Is oac of the two standing ccutmitfee* of our Association appointed by the chairman of our board of directors and responsible to the board. Often referred to as the saduury's board of strategy on plant accident control, the Committee consists at prtXBl of 32 men representing directly the nsdriagcnacDt of 110 of the 142 cement manufaefiarisg plains operated by Association The safety program is based upon the facts revealed is the Varies of disabling in juries reported by the member plants on forms provided. By means of the statistical system, the staff keeps iafonned of safety characteristics, trends and requirements, fo cuses attention do the principal accident problems, and proposes protective measures as indicated by experience and judgment. The comparative effectiveness of the safety programs of Individual organizations is de termined and the efficiency of the member ship's program in relation to the experience of other industries is apmxnnated. The reporting system is based oq the American Standard methods for compiling industrial injury rates and reuses used universally, making our industry's accident experience comparable with that of other industries. Publications and materials transmit the benefit* of accident analysts, impart acd- drat prevention technology tailored to the seeds of the plants and safety work at all levels ia member organization* u Industrial Safety Accident report* from all plants, together with analyses sad comments, are published without identification in the monthly Aeddent Round Table for discussion by com* {any and plant leaden and safety commit tees. An issue of the quarterly Accident Prevention Mtprine ttaxsaarizes the anaral accident experience; other issues report the results of the *wn"*i safety trophy compC'. titioo and publicize outstanding safety per* iortnxnces, safeguards and devices. Twice monthly, circular letters are addressed to operating officials, plant bends and safety officers conveying timely information abocrt accident hazards and trends and basic tech nology. Thousand-Day Qub plants for their em ployee*. A safe worker's badge and pledge and are supplied to all plants at cost for dis tribution to employee* at the first of each year. During tiw first five months of each year a scries of region! safety conference* for company and plant leaders is bcld hi strategically located cities tiu-oegbeet the cwaitry. la one-day meetings of 21 groups aggregating 1,000 persons, safety policies are umnimd, safety organisations and pro grams are appraised, safety leadership prob lems are and plan* are perfected for unproved accident prevention work. Special bulletins ns saltsy subjects ary prepared and published and the safety paper* presented at the general sessions of Asso ciation meetings arc printed in pamphlet form for ready reference sec. Safety post ers are prepared and sem ta qgmtiop* for posting on plant bulletin boards. We invite die employees of member plants to seed as Assistance to plant leaders in regional group* is augmented by visits of Accident Prevention Bureau fieldetca to individual plazas reqasriag special help with their pro grams. Ftddmen inspect foe bawds to safety and health, investigate accidents, ex* amine the plane safety program, make roc- oaaaaasAsdinoa for Ifun unmt and address their home-made safety posters, or their safety meetings. ideas for posters. Those that arc accept In general, a ancaVer of plant* in one able we reproduce in quantities for posting locality eta be comed Is eon trip, the on bulletin boards of all member plants, fieldmaa spending a day or twn at each with full credit to the originator. Response in a two-week tear. When special investi lias been excellent, the men in the miUs gations are requested, several days are w- being proud to have their efforts broadcast ualty spent u the plane and conferences A library of sound-slide and motion picture are held with ma^any -**-**- richer at film programs and safetygraphs i* main the plant or at their bodqnarvrs offices. tained ior lending to the plants. For over 20 years a uwin safety cam Since 1023 we have sponsored a safety competition, awarding 7,000-lb. cast con crete safety trophies to plants operating a calendar year for the first time, without a chargeable disabling injury. The trophy is rawarded for each calendar year that the perfect record is repeated, winners being paign has been a feature, with special at tention to the traditionally high Tnnrrt months of Jane and Angus*. Many of our specially prepared grides and sysunntlring the jeu*rand safety program have been developed and supplied during campaign period*. authorized to have the rotward dates cut Special safety programs are developed in the concrete base In a quarter of a cen for adaptation by the plant* a* Thanlogfv tury our plants have operated a total of tag and Qirisona* time*. The holidays arc S3* calendar years safely, a record believed periods of Special appreeatkst of family to be unparalleled m industry. friends and competent fellow workers, of Our Thousand-Day Qub Is composed of member plants which have operated at feast 1,000 consecutive days without a disabling injury. Award of the handsome Certificate of Merit in recognition of this achieve ment and in acknowledgment of the inspiring example it sets has to data been made to 71 plants. A gold lapel pia designed and supplied by our office is purchased by dedication to complete tiring, of emotion* pcrsotaJ gratefulness for the Haring* of safety. They are especially appropriate times to rritindJe the fire of eotWriim with which worker* aad their lender* carry an the fight against hazard*. The Bureau staff asrizts the memberj in occupational health pcebloas, providing laformation aad advice. Medical and engi Associations and Their Safety Programs IS neering anSes here exonerated the taswnf ridostry aa a provider of employment con ditions capable of producing occupational diseases of a serioos nature. A great many requests from member companies aad plants for advice and assist ance are handled by corrtspoodencg, tele phone and office eoctuuxa. When oew men are gives safety responsibilities in member orgsniririoeg, by special arrange ment they arc sent to us to receive a short course of training as fmdamentala. RamJta of Program In the last 25 years member companies of the Portland Conest Association have reduced the frcqocoey of accidents about 80 per cent The accident rate of ooomembera baa bees found to range from five lo doves times greater than the rate of our members. This yrar Is expected to be the seventh successive postwar year of mfety Improve ment in our member operations. The alert ness, rcsourcefufccs and stamina of ce ment workers lave beta severely taxed fay the exoririvc snow and cold of an unusual winter, the flood esnergnaaes of an extraordimiy wancr, the Influx of inexperinjeed employee* dne to the''defense mofeifijatiao program, aod greatly accelerated repair aad roojtructioa programs. Nevertheless, producticv bn* increased steadily aod m right months of this year there were 10 per cent less aeddeats aod 10 per cent lower iajujy seventy charges than m the same period lut year. While three times as modi Portland ce* mmt is bring produced today aa seven years ago, the injury frequency and severity rate* are 40 per cent lower tfan they were seven years ago. la the face of all postwar ob stacles, the jeadcBce of calshape and the seriousness of fajurie* la our plants are leas ihaa they were a the five-year, prewar base period of 1WS-19J9, Where 25 yean ago there were five accident*, today there U one. Of the 142 plants participating la our safety work this yrar, fid were accidentfree at the end al right months, six more than had operated without any disabilities ta the iiiUL period baft year. Six of the seven plants wfakh started 1951 with records of mote lion IJD0Q anccessirt safe days have ecetioucd accident-free One of two plants which achieved 1,000 consecutive safe days of operation this year has kept its record clear. Four more are la a position to reach the 1,000-day mark before the end of the year. All told, 71 phots have at one time or another achieved titij distinction to become members of our PCA ThousandDay Qub. Ob* of our member plants, with a pay roll of about 85 men, has not reported a chargeable disabling injury to any employee since February 20, 1937, more than 5,300 days ago. That record Is continuing. A larger plant, with about 480 employees, es tablished a record le excess of >333,000 safe aisu-hoara in 1,921 days, but saw It terminated by an aeddent lut year. This experience indicates that our acci dent prevention program has been well or ganized and tailored to the operating needs of our members and that safety activities Have been effectively pursued. Cooperation 1$ splendid. The soundness of experience-sharing and mutual aid In stopping accidents oo an in dustry-wide basis is apparent la the consid erable success we have had with it Our time-tested pattern for the voluntary solu tion of safety problems is reflected In the National Safety CotmdTs printed brochure. Associations' and Employee Safety, which we helped prepare. The outline of our pro gram Is also in the printed Proceedings of the Presidents Conference on Industrial Safety. Nothing takes tb place of individual company effort is the prevention of aeridezsts. However, coordination of the talent and experience of a group of organintioos In the --** field in as orderly ap proach to the solution of conation safety problems will take them farther and faster along the road to control. There arc many instance* where individual companies acting CXI their own initiative have made a soccesa of safety work, but no cose of a whole industry achieving z tow accident record except where there has been cooperative effort along these lines through Its asso ciation. The National Safety Cotasdl and the United States Bureau of Mines have said that the Portland Cement' Association Is outstanding wncrag ortaaizatioas having rJ 16 [tiduiirial Safety proved that as entire industry is die logical unit for organized aeddent prevention work. Within an industry there is a similarity of personnel, practice. equipnoent and hazards which makes dose interchange of experience and a united attack on coe&DOQ problems the contribution be can make to the gen eral good. Every person is expected to con tribute to the extent of his ability, and his suggestion* leading to safe, well equipped, convenient and pleasant worldog places are welcomed. particularly valuable. Safety programs and Our program help* supervisory employees activities that prove helpful to one company to grow and develop into better ah-round are usually benchrial to alL member* of the management team. At our From long experience with a realistic and successful safety and health program, members of the Portland Cement Asso ciation know that the means to prevett accidents are inseparably linked with pro ductivity. The prevention of unexpected occurrences that would hinder production is sound industrial engineering. Safety ac regional safety conferences, plant heads and foremen take part enthusiastically fa prac tical discussions of what is expected oi them fa getting right remits by effective use of manpower. Workers' abilities and mistake-free performances develop to the extent that their supervisors* skills and ca pacities grow. tivities contribute tremendously to orderly Nobody can do the safety job for any operations and help to cut costs. Preven operating team. Tbe AuocuUm coordin tive measures taken are not an expense but ates and give* leadership to the safety pro an investment that pays dividends. gram of the member cospasks, bat those Some company officials have said that organizations themselves must develop ac Cement Association-stimulated safety work tivities based oa tbcxr own as well as others* helped their organization* to save through experience And that experience does not reduced insurance costs more than the cost teach itself. of their companies' association membership. One company reported that its insurance rate was reduced from $3.65 per $100 pay Tbe derooQstxated interest of top man agement is doubly important la a period when the need for cmaserrieg resources is roll to 85 cents per ?100t so great, fa the emergency confronting us Some of the benefits oi our accident pre we have do employees, ao equipment and vention work are intangible and not easily no time to waste, Accident prevention work determined. The measurement of safety offers tbe men who preface the foundation benefits encounter* the same "proof of per .upon which is built understanding, confi formance" problems that are met by the dence and eoopeatioB. They need and company legal department fa practicing pre should have every- aswstxoce that executive* ventive law and by the plant engineers is can give. preventive maintenance work. We never know what the costs would have been if certain action* had net bees We bcEev* that it is logical for aa asso ciation to Include La its activities aa aeddeat preveotioa program providing channels for We have been searching out.good safety getting across to eompaty managements, su knowledge and practices in our member pervisors and workers the vital importance plants and we have bees developing ways of applying constantly the lessons of collec and means of obtaining wider and better tive experience aad judgment to the battle use of that knowledge in all member pleat* for human aad material conservation. Safety to help stop accident waste. 1 cpDccrns all the members of as association, We know that our program of safety edu cation helps employees develop initiative and judgment In working out their own ac cident prevention problem* and forwarding the common aims of their organization*. It encourages respect for every team-mate and not just a few. Safety is ooo-competitivx, There is no place for "trade secrets.** The fullest type of expericoce-shorisg asd tantual aid can be expected, and it ia fa this type of relationship that the association operates mast effectively. Axsociations and Their Safety Progrmu How to Get an Association Started on a Safety Program Br A. B. MURPHY Bsocnrive Director, Folding Paper Box Association of America. Chicago if you caa think of this presentation in term* of "How we got our Association urted on a mfrty program," we may have something of interest to offer because we arc well on our way through such an ex perience. A grtat deal can be learned from the experience of others. Aa a matter of fact, we relied oa the experiences of the National Safety Cotsttil ami the Portland Cement Association fa setting up our pro gram. The start.of * program such aa this, in volving assodation funds, require* some careful planning, as most of you probably know. The need (or the program has to be made apparent to the beard. Facts must be carefully selected, and they must he per tinent. This information should be pre sented in a manner that U dearly under stood; a short quick story fa terms of dollars and cents. This presentation should be made at a special meeting, or made a part of the agenda of the regular meetfag. Our program had botmeed around for about four year* before aerially becoming an association function, There was aa in terest on the port of a few members, but there was s lack of follow-up of the presettaboo of a suggested program at the annual meeting Following this the labor relation* staff representative took over the direction of aa area program. This activity stimulated moegb interest fa the labor relations committee to have than accept the safety program as a national project. Since dollars and cent* were to be the basis of oar need for a safety program, our first job was to sec what accident* were costing the industry. We found the taamnl insurance rales for our industry excessively high when compared to a similar industry. For example the rates fa Illinois for tbe folding paper box industry is $LZ7 per. $100.00 payroll os compared to MS per $100.00 of payroll for the printing industry. Wbca the insurance underwriters were approached about possible change fa the rate* it u found that there was a lade of accident statistics for the industry as such; tbe rates were based cm paper and pulp experiences. Any hoped for benefits would have to wait for industry records. A study oi the available figures fa tbe industry did show that our accident rate wo* higher (13.6) than tbe national all industry average of 10.14 fa 1949. More over, our rat* was much worse than those m the steel (4.96) or cement industry (S.18) both of which seem more hazardous than ours. This also indicated to us tbe need for a safety program with more and better records. Somewhat to our surprise, one other re*- son for the need of this program was brought out; it was the lack of interest fa accident prevention and the related cost on the port oi top management. This condition may be the result of failure to take time to analyze reports and materials presented to then, or the information was cot pre pared aad presented to them fa a satis factory manner. _ Reviewing what transpired fa determining the need for safety program we find the following factors involved: 1. High insur ance rates; 2. Lack of adequate records; 3, Industry rates higher thus nation*! aver age rates; 4. Small plant experience poor; and S. Management's apparent fade of in terest fa accident costs. With the need fairly well established as far as we were cooccreed, objectives acceptable to mem bers became rather important. Bearing m mind that our plan was to use that tangible item; mono' saved, it was obvious that the objectives emphasized this factor. Probably the most tangible thing to man agement in safety is the reduction of in surance rates, this is a saving they can actually measure. This was tbe talking point and no ooe was allowed to forget that reducing accidents would eventually redoes rate*. This, of course, would mean adequate records would have to be kept :-y '! 20 Industrie Safety We hope the effects of our program will not only attain our objectives, but will also be looked upon as a long range or perma nent function of the association. We would like to see the members look upon the program as non-imposing, but rather a stimulant for sincere activity with the staff man a guide. Careful thought has been given to the idea of holding to a minimum the individual consulting the staff man should do. Such activity would limit his services to the membership as a whole Along with adequate records for direc tion of future activities, it is hoped that these records wilt be suitable for classifica tion of the industry in the anmrai reports of the National Safety Council utd the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Checking the sixth and final step, on effects, we covered the following: |. Range of program; 2. Staff nun's ftactloo; and 3, Records for dasrificatioe as an industry. A summary of the entire program will show It was based on factors which would not require a too elaborate presentation. We merely took into account the following 1. Need; 2. Objectives; 3. How; 4. Aid; 5. Attitudes; and 6. Effect* I would like to express our thanks to the National Safety Council staff for the time and materials made available to US during our organizational period. The services rendered were immeasurable. We know by experience that there is a place for nitty program in aa associa tion and urge you to consider this as an other rahzabte service function to others oi your asooattQBS If the program is the mesas of raring the eye, arm, hand or leg of only one employee is the industry each tw, it wiB hare more than paid for itself. The National Safety Council's New Program for Small Business and Associations By A. M. BAJLT2IR Dir, Small Business & Associations Program, National Safety Council. Chicago This meeting is a milestone in the 39 years that the National Safety Council has been holding these Congresses, It is the first time that any real attempt was made to attract association executives to a national safety meeting, although in September 1950 a smaller meeting was held foe association executives in the New York area. Roughly half of our audience today comprises asso ciation executives; the other half comprises government and insurance safety men to gether with general chairmen and assodation committee men from our industrial sections. The importance of such a joint meeting can hardly be over-emphasised because for years safety men have been trying to find a better way to reach small business and to gain the attention of executives in both targe and email business. One of the best ways to do this Is through the association which has the ear of top management and which has the promotional and distribution fariti- ties to ccGoecmraQy reach top management with the safety mcaagc. My own pan in the Council's Small Buesness and Associations program, which was launched July 1, 1951, is to serve associa tions and other groups that are is a posi tion to reach a U business. Chic means of doing this Is through the large Scale dis tribution of the booklet. Safely Pays the Smaller Business, which you received at this smding. Currently, trade associations, insurance companies, ttiety equipment dis tributor* and load safety councils are dis tributing this booklet to small business, but we are working toward even wider circulation. The green filer, Associations and Em ployee Safety, which you also received, de scribes the Council's policy of cooperation and suggests typical safety activities for as sociation headquarters and association mem bers. Copies of the booklet, the green flier IssomBsmc mud Their Safety Progrwnt 21 mid our qaartcrly Association Newsletter have been seat to a complimentary mailing list of over 600 trade associations, state manufacturing associations, insurance groups, focal safety councils and others. Many trade journals have given publicity to the pro gram and already a number of associations have shown interest aa orgaolzed safety program ax suggested la this material. mere* not directly serviced by our staff ecgvoeexs. 3, We now have the time and travel ex penses to work with associations on their home grounds, giving them assistance where and when It la seeded. We can meet with their committees In planning safety pro grams for their conventions or conferences My assignment to this new program does not mean that die Council overlooked the importance of cooperation with associations in the past For years we have had a spe cial membership for associations aod at pres ent over ISO industrial associations are member*. The safety engineers in our In dustrial Department have assisted many as sociations is setting op and conducting safety programs, and a number of our 27 industrial sections bare appointed one or rpore executive committee men for liaison work with associations ia their industry. Moreover, associations are represented, both directly and indirectly on the governing committee! of the Goundi and thereby help direct CoianfiJ activities and policy. The Portland Cement Association and Folding Paper Box Association programs have been described in detail, but there are many other associations who have adopted organized satiety programs of one type or another. Some have full tune staff per* sound, scene have a safety committee of voltmteers from the industry, and others merely engage^ in limited safety activities of give publicity to the overall programs. Typiol examples of association and National Safety Council cooperation are as follows: 2, The U&c Industry Foundation and the Council jointly sponsor a fleet and dairy safety contest in which the Council's Sta tistical Division takes care of all mechanical tabulating oa a cost basis and the Founda The Council. Insurance companies and other organizations always had a great deal of technical materia] suitable for small as well as large companies. In fact, they may even have been guilty of devoting too much tiese t preparing mn material and talking more about the small business problem when they should have been planning how to get this material to them. The teajor effort now will te is the direction of encouraging the small companies to do somedung about accidents and promoting the use of the material. The new program should result is more direct action because: 1, The program for small business and association* sow can be well planned and coordinated with the efforts of the Indus trial Sections, A.S.S.E. Chapters end local councils, etc. 2, We now have the necessary mechanism to carry out the wishes of the Small Busi ness and Association Committee of our in dustrial Conference. In other words, the staff is now specializing In a field In which our volunteer officers have given so much of tbar time. We now c\n work with scene of the .general groups sfida aa state manu facturing aasocaatioos and chambers of com- tion distributes and publicizes the bulletins. A safety certificate showing the name* of both organizations is awarded to winners who may or may not be members of the Council. The Council staff also prepared a Safety Manual for the Foundation which took care of the printing and distribution. Z. The U. S. Brewers Foundation now has a well rounded program which resulted in more than a 50 per cent reduction in accident frequency in the post six years. The Coimdl helped the Foundation in pho ning a loog range'program and supported it through its Food Section. 3. The Americas Meat Institute tzas given pubBdty to Council publications such as a ' special series of instruction cards and post ers for the meat packing Industry. 4. The Chicago Candy Association and the Council's Food Section recently joined together to organize the Safety Committee of the Midwest Manufacturing Confection ers. A specific example of their activity was the statistical questionnaire prepared by the Council and distributed to the Chicago Candy Association member*. Incidentally, the re turns from this questionnaire showed that the emallest candy companies bad almost fire times as many disabling Injuries per wnlKofl