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o -/>er yjy o CD 'Zd a ^-r H3r- 7fee l "TFT!' ITS I MdU "ZVG l IBT TTETHIT "i fee t t h is ' 7 fc.61 .NdP ' TJV..SI no t j w t ITiP UT8T1(78 1a*Bi TT0F <D E 5 <o o A C>D- Oa; .a 3 CO *233 > 3 09 o Q. A CO Q O' CO Q> w33.) IZ TTST i!50 "661 -mr SUBJECT- ooo o f-- CO --* i .1 Aao/g.d on oo o ID 1o o QOa CD CM CO m- > ID sJ- CM JkBQ/fid GW oo oo OLD oo o o oooo M- CO CM -- JUtfO/Qd 0W oo a eh . 0.0 *5T CD CM CD CM O .. * , OOoo Aba/8d ow oo CO CO M- CM o o~ o * o o .. O o go o o o o o :waaGl/8d GW N 27622 50 DUP040008038 SUBJECT- NK MG PB/DRY MG PB/ORY MG PB/DRY MG PB/ORY MG PB/lGGOM Figure 3E. Data Plots for individual Subjects with Time. 52 DUP04000803S SUBJECT- HR Figure 3G. Data Plots for Individual Subjects with Time- C/3 >- CoE JWG/8d OW JUHP/fid OW AdQ/Qd GW AtHJ/8d OW WGG0l/9d OW 54 DUP040008040 SUBJECT- MOB Figure 3K. Data Plots for Individual Subjects with Time. 09 aO o o o CM oo o o Q o ao a o .o o oo CD CD CM OO CO CD CM o o CO CM r o CO CO CM OCD oo CO CM o -- O O O O 0-- O o o o o oO * fi -- a o .1 1 1 a o o o a -- a o a o oo a O o CD CDO o O o o o AHQ/8d OW ABQ/gd OW ABQ/ad ow Aaa/ad ow WOOQI/fld ow 58 DUP040008042 SUBJECT- JUS Figure 3M. Data Plots for Individual Subjects with Time. to >Oa-: AUO/ad SW xua/sd aw Atia/Sd H Aua/ad ou WOOOt/ad CM 60 DUP04000S043 SUBJECT- Figure 30. Data Plots for Individual Subjects with Time. to t>z- O bSJT .sCDr A'bO/Qd OW Auo/ad ow Ab.a/a.d ow Afl/8d OU W00.pt /8d OW 62 DUP040008044 A BALANCE YEAR 5 o c o UJ .a a. 5Q t1fi yH UaV>l Q U. B OIET -------FECES:-.---- (PER SAMPLE) C URINE ------BLOOD- --- <9 O> o< <9 (9 a. 3s 40-1 30?0- 10 -1------------1-------,--- . -------- ------------- ---- r-J 1930 1940 1950 <960 <970 YEAR Figure 4. Control Period Means for Each Subject by Year of Experiment 64 DUP040008045 URINE OR BAL ANCE ( pG P B / DAY) BLOOD(pG PB/IOOG-). Figure 6. Response Data for Lead Balance and Fecal, Dietary, Urinary and Blood Lead for Oral Supplementation Experiments. 66 DUP040008046 FECES Figure 7B. Response data for fecal lead for the inhalation experiments shown as a function of a 0 A Aexposure rates and particle size. Particle sizes are designated as ,0.05 um; +, 0.11 urn; , 0.75 um; Q , 0.90 um; and , 1.20 urn. DUP040008047 (Ava/orl) 8d 3Nian 70 o o ~<o0 c .3 CO 03 o CO w to CO >fC- -<C1 4<c .s S= <0 a to H> WS O Ll ) cCc U<Jr o co k> oQ. X LU IT Q aoi u_ o DUP040008048 UJ o BLOOD oto o CM ( 900i/on) 9d aooia 71 O d o ro to CM o CM O o t DUP040008049 EXPOSURE RATE ( JJ6/M3) Figure 7E. Response data for blood lead for the inhalation experiments shown as a function of ad exposure rates and particle size. Particle sizes are designated as "\ A , 0.05 um; +, 0.11 um; , 0.75 urn; Q , 0.09 um; and <3> . L20 urn. About the Author: .S Dr. Stanley B. Gross is an environmental tox icologist with over 25 years of experience in research. He has formal training in chemistry, biochemistry, and medicine from West Virginia University, and completed his postdoctoral training in environmental toxicology under Dr. Emit Pfitzer at the University of Cincinnati Department of En vironmental Health, Kettering Laboratory. Before joining the Department, he served at Battelle Memorial Institute as the Life Scientist on a U.S. Public Health Service contract to design an overview system for evaluating the public health hazards of chemicals In the environment. The resulting two volume report raised questions about mercury pollu tion prior to the discovery of the problem of the mer cury contamination of Lake Erie. Dr. Gross joined the Department in 1967 to develop automated information systems for tox icology, environmental and occupational health. Some of the concepts he published at that time are now being implemented within the federal govern ment, In 1969, Dr. Gross began measuring the human body burden of lead, a project initiated by Dr. Robert A, Kehoe. His publications emphasize the , changes in the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and other trace metals with age and pathological condition in a wide variety of organs in the human. He also developed a method for classifying lead body burdens based on various types of exposure. Dr. Gross is presently a senior level toxicologist with the Hazard Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency in Washington. He has been active in the development of toxicological testing guidelines. He maintains memberships in the Society of Toxicology, the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, the American Chemical Society, Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Sigma Xi, and the American Association for the Advance ment of Science. ii DUP040008050 abst r ac t The Kehoe lead balance experiments were carried out from 1937 to 1972 and involved over 21,000 days of measured exposure of lead in humans. Lead balance, lead in the diet, feces, urine and blood were measured under normal conditions and during periods of oral and airborne lead supplementation. A considerable amount of natural variability was seen throughout all of the experimental periods due primarily to variations in dietary lead. The overall mean blood lead concentration for all subjects was 25 ug/100 gm, with individual control means ranging from 18 to 40 ug/100 gm. The urinary lead concen tration averaged 29 ug/l overall, with individual con trol means ranging from 19 to 45 ug/l. The overall average diet contained 181 ug/day (159 ug/day based on median data); however, the mean dietary lead for the individual control periods decreased from approximately 300 ug/day in 1937 to 100 ug/day in 1970. Fecal lead had an overall mean of 225 ug/day (212 ug/day based on median data) on a per sample basis which exceeded the dietary lead average due to the fact that most subjects did not defecate on a daily basis. When averaged over the entire control period, fecal lead was 196 ug/day, still in excess of the overall average diet. Lead balance was calculated as dietary lead minus the lead in the feces and urine and did not include an estimate of inhaled lead. Although three subjects were in positive balance during their control periods, the overall average balance was a loss of 32 ug/day ranging from -106 to +25 ug/day for individual control periods. The balance data indicate that an ap preciable amount of lead absorbed from the air was excreted. The ingestion experiments involved daily supplements of 300,1000, 2000 and 3000 ug of lead per day. Except for the subject SW who received the j; 300 ug supplementation, all subjects experienced increased lead in the blood, urine, feces and body burden proportional to their ingested lead. For SW, the blood and urine did not increase even though his body lead burden and fecal lead did. On an overall basis, the feces, blood, urine, and balance increased by 0.83 ug/day, 0.017 ug/100 gm, 0.045 ug/day and 0.133 ug/day for each increase of 1 ug of lead in the diet. The inhalation exposure experiments involved chamber concentrations of 10, 20, 75 and 150 ug/m3 for varying exposure times. These chamber ex posures resulted in overall exposure rates ranging from 0.6 to 35.9 ug/m3 when averaged over the en tire exposure period. The influence of the natural variability of the dietary lead permeated all of the in halation experimental periods and tended to override the responses of the blood, urinary and fecal lead at adjusted exposure rates below 10 ug/m3 (below.chamber concentrations of 75 ug/m3). On an overall basis, the blood, urine and feces in creased by 0.57 ug/IOOgm, 1.41 ug/day and 1.47 ug/day for each increase of 1 ug/m3 of lead in the air. All subjects who experienced obvious increases in body lead during their exposure periods showed obvious and prompt body lead washout during their post exposure periods. iv DUP040008051 Table 2. The periods are listed alphabetically by the subject's initials and are designated by letters and numbers in this table and throughout the other tables, figures and the text. The "Time on Collection'' in Table 2 (Column 3) was considered the duration of each period even though calendar-wise the length of the period included "Off Time" (Column 4), which represented gaps in the data (shown graphically in Figures 3 A to P). These gaps are relatively short and generally do not represent Important losses of data. There were several special studies (Table 2) which are not described here in detail, but are presented in order to show as completely as possible the ex posure history of each subject. The CORN exposure period (and post exposure period, PCORN) for MOB was a feeding study. The CNE period for DH was a short inhalation chamber control period in which no lead aerosol was generated. After a long oral ex posure period, MR participated in a variety of dietary manipulations while still receiving daily supplements of 1000 ug of lead. These periods are referred to as E-DC's and P-DC's and were each of a four-week duration in the following sequence: (a) the ad ministration of milk in large volume, (b) large doses of ascorbic acid, (c) deprivation of calcium, (d) deprivation of both dietary calcium and phosphate, (e) the administration of excess calcium, (f) excess phosphate, and (g) excess calcium and phosphate. Subject LD participated in a feeding experiment midway between days 200 and 300 on Figure 3-1 during his control period, but this has not been represented as separate exposure and post ex posure periods. A. Experimental Procedures Since the procedures used In these experiments have already been published on several occasions, they will be presented here only in summary detail. Clinical Evaluations. All of the subjects were given thorough examinations by a physician other than Dr, Kehoe before being accepted as experimental sub jects. Similar examinations were continued throughout the course of the experiments In order to monitor the Subjects' health and to assure that hone of the subjects experienced any harmful effects due to their exposures to lead. These evaluations includ ed medical histories, physical examinations, and laboratory analyses. The histories were concerned with general well-being and emphasized gas trointestinal and neuromuscular functions. The physical examinations included information on body weight, temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, neurological reflexes, hand strength (measured with a dynamometer), as well as ex aminations of the fundi, teeth and mouth. The laboratory analyses included red and white cell counts, white cell differential counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations and stipple cell and reticulocyte counts. The urine was examined for color, specific gravity, sugar, pH, protein and formed elements. Porphyrin analyses of urine were per formed for the inhalation subjects only. None of these clinical and laboratory data are presented in this report; however, none of the subjects was found to have experienced any harmful signs or symptoms due to their exposures. Sample Collections and Lead Analyses, Samples of the subjects' diet, feces, urine and blood were collected for lead analyses throughout the oral and the inhalation experiments. The preparation and analyses of the samples were carried out in the Analytical Section of the Laboratory. The samples or sample aliquots used were dried, charred and ashed at 500C using lead free nitric acid as an ashing aide. The ash was then analyzed using the spectrograph ` (Kehoe, et a!., 1935) or dissolved in acid and ana lyzed using the colorimetric dithizone procedure of Cholak, et al. (1948). The more recent experiments depended more on the use of the dithizone method, which was shown to be quantitatively comparable to the spectrographic method (Cholak, 1964). Collection containers were constantly carried by each subject to all of their daily activities. Duplicate samples of all ingested foods and beverages in cluding medicines were collected by each person on a 24-hour basis. These were combined, homoge nized and one third of the homogenate was diluted to 250 ml. Fifty ml of this solution was then used for the lead analyses. Feces were collected for similar daily periods when available. The entire fecal sample was ashed and diluted to 50 or 100 ml depending on the quantity of feces. Five to 10 ml of this solution was used for the lead analyses. The urine was collected Without preservatives, mixed thoroughly and 100 ml aliquots were used for lead analyses. Two 10 gram samples of blood at each sampling were drawn on approximately a weekly basis. An entire 10 gram sample was used for the lead analysis. Ingestion Experiments. The ingestion experiments involved daily supplementation of the natural dietary lead in the form of lead acetate solutions, one third of the total being taken with each main meal. The solutions were given to the subjects in standard con tainers and were emptied each time in a uniform manner, so that the slight loss due to incomplete emptying was made as nearly constant as possible. A similar amount of the solution was added to the composite daily food samples using the same technique, inhalation Experiments. Subjects received air borne lead supplementation by spending time in one of two identical respiratory chambers built for this purpose (Kehoe, et al., 1961a). The chambers were cubical rooms, 10 feet in each dimension and were equipped as office-laboratories where the subjects carried out data handling tasks or simple laboratory 2 DUP040008052 were exposed to constant additional amounts of lead in the diet or in the air, these parameters should in crease as shown in Part B. There should be two por tions to Part B: an exponential increase which levels off into the second phase, period of stability or "ex posure equilibrium." The differences in the parameters between control levels and the exposure equilibrium levels constitute a "dose-response" due to the exposure. During this time, the soft tissues of the body should become saturated with lead com mensurate with the exposure rate. The opposite changes (Part 0) should be expected when the ex perimental lead exposure was stopped. There should be an exponential decrease in each parameter followed by a "post-exposure equilibrium" in which the lead in the blood, urine and feces should return to control levels. Because of the absence of airborne lead in the balance equation, the changes in balance should simulate the curves for blood, urine and feces only when lead in the diet was increased, but would be ex actly reversed when the subject was exposed to in creased airborne lead. That is, measured balance should decrease during increased airborne lead ex posure periods and increase during post exposure periods. These changes in lead balance would be seen only if airborne lead absorption remained con stant during dietary supplementation and if dietary lead remained constant during airborne lead ex posures. A. Data Plots and Statistical Summaries The raw data for each subject are shown in Figures 3 A to P, and are summarized statistically In Tables 4 and 5. The Figures are presented in order of increasing overall rates of exposure, beginning first with the oral experiments. Individual data points are shown in separate graphs on the ordinate. The individual experimental periods are separated by the vertical lines. The seasons are represented on the abscissa by January for winter, April for spring, July for summer, and October for fall. Periods of "off time" (Table 2) also shown on the abscissa sometimes overlapped the seasonal designations. When this occurred, preference was given the offtime designations and the seasonal arrow was omitted. The time scale for subjects FC and MOB had to be greatly compressed in order to plot their data pn one page. The vertical scales for the parameters were chosen to include at least 99% of the data over the whole experiment. This caused some of the scales of individual parameters to be considerably compressed. The data exceeding the scale limits are presented by the short arrows at the top and bottom of each parameter graph. The curves running through the center of the data points are weekly averages of the plotted data, excluding the off scale data. The curves for the averages help to delineate the trends within the scatter of the data. Selection of Data. Abnormally high data were in cluded in the final data set if there was other cor roborating information. For example, high fecal leads which were associated with high dietary leads were retained. The overall means for each parameter of each experimental period were ob tained and any data which fell outside of 4 SD's of these means were excluded during the final calculations. This process resulted in the exclusion of relatively few data points. All of the remaining data for each of the control periods were used even though there was a con siderable amount of natural fluctuation within the period. Many of the exposure and post-exposure periods did not exhibit any response to experimental manipulation nor did they reach equilibrium con-; ditions.. This was because of natural variability of lead in the diet and/or air or because the experimen tal period was too short. In these cases an arbitrary selection of data which represented equilibrium con ditions was made. It was observed that those ex periments which achieved an equilibrium period did so by 20 weeks or 140 days. This was based on the inspection of weekly data plots (not presented in this report). For experimental periods greater than 240 days, the data from day 140 on were used to calculate equilibrium means. This allowed the use of at least 100 days of data in the calculations. For shorter periods (less than 240 days), the data from the last half of the period were used even though many of the exposure and post-exposure periods were of short duration. The lead distributions in the diet and feces (but not urine and blood) for most of the experimental periods were found to be statistically skewed to the right. Therefore, the statistical data have been presented both in terms of means (Table 4) and In terms of medians and log-means (Table 5). The dose-response data in subsequent tables and figures have been calculated from data means only because the results obtained using medians were not appreciably different from those results based on the means. 8. Control Periods The control periods ranged from 31 to 602 days in length. Inspection of the data plots of each individual (Figures 3 A to P) reveals relatively stable levels for all the parameters during the control periods of sub jects SB, MOB, PB, IF, HR, JOS ahd SS. The periods of EB, NK and MR reflected overall increases in several parameters; DH and JUS, overall decreases; and FC, LD, and SW had wide fluctuations throughout their periods. The Control periods of MB, DH and JUS showed fluctuations in the lead of the urine and feces without corresponding changes in diet, suggesting possible changes due to fluc- 4 DUP040008053 relations for the control period data, there was a larger number of higher and more significant interparameter correlations. However, none of these parameters could be used to predict any of the other parameters. D, Oral Supplementation Experiments. for SW even though SW showed no substantial in creases in his blood and urinary lead during ex posure. All of the individuals reverted to negative balance during their post exposure periods. The urine and blood lead for MR, EB and IF, even with long post exposure times, did not return to preexposure control levels. Oral Exposure Responses. The data points for the individual oral exposures are shown in Figures3 A to D. Definite exposure responses were obvious in all of the parameters for the upper three dosage levels (MR, EB and IF). The changes were seen in the diet, feces and balance for SW; however, his blood and urine did not show any responses. Equilibrium ex posure conditions were achieved for MR and EB but not for IF. IF's exposure period was terminated before equilibrium could be achieved. The con siderable amount of fluctuation in urinary lead seen for the exposure periods of MR and EB was probably due to the concurrent fluctuations in dietary lead which is difficult to see in the figures because of the scale compression. Both MR and EB had long ex posure periods during which time their blood leads increased to equilibrium averages of 53 and 60 ug/100 gm, respectively, with a few individual values exceeding 80 ug/100 gm. Their daily urinary leads increased to means of 79 and 117 ug/day, respec tively, with most of the values remaining below 160 ug for MR and 240 ug for EB. The dose-responses to the oral supplementation shown in Table 12 are plotted in Figure 6. The daily lead in feces and lead balance were linear for all 4 subjects. The responses of lead in blood and urine were linear for the intermediate exposure rates (1000 and 2000 ug/day). The final blood and urine lead levels of IF were low because his exposure was terminated prior to achieving equilibrium conditions. Although fecal and dietary lead and lead balance were changed, no responses of the blood and urine were seen for SW even though he received dietary supplementation of 300 ug/day. The solid lines in Figure 6 represent the overall regressions of each parameter with increasing oral lead supplementations. The lines have been drawn through the origin and are placed so as to give the two intermediate exposure levels the most influence. The calculated oral response data in the top of Table 15 are based on these regression lines. The slopes of the lines represent increases of 0.017 ug/100 gm for blood, 0.045 ug/day for urine, 0.83 ug/day for feces and 0.133 ug/day for balance with each in crease of 1 ug of Pb in the diet. Oral Post-Exposure Responses. Post exposure responses for the oral subjects are summarized in Table 13. Obvious washout responses (exponential decreases) were seen in the post exposure data of MR, EB and IF. There were suggestions of decreases in the blood and urine along with the diet and feces E. Inhalation Supplementation Experiments Inhalation Exposure Responses. Individual's data points for each of twelve inhalation exposure sub jects are found in Figures 3 E to P. The exposure periods of NK, SS, HR, DH, LD and JOS were of such short duration that exposure equilibrium conditions could not be achieved. The responses that were observed for subjects NK, SS, HR and DH wereassociated with increases and decreases in dietary lead rather than increasing exposure to airborne lead. Parameter responses due to the chamber ex posures were not visibly apparent until exposure rates of 75 ug/m3 or more were used, Mean blood leads for most of the exposure experiments re mained below 40 ug/100 gm and exceeded this level during only 3 exposure periods (LD-E4, and JOS-E3 and E4). The dose-responses to the inhalation exposures which are summarized in the bottom half of Table 12 and in Figures 7 A to E are presented in terms of adjusted exposure rates. Particle size information has also been included in the dose-response data in Figures 7 A-D. The adjusted rates represent the exposures averaged over the whole experimental period and were obtained using the following formula: Adjusted Inhalation Rate = TwCpt where c represents each daily chamber concentra tion in ug/m3, t represents the time in hours for each day, summed for each exposure (2ct) divided by the total time of the experimental period T, in hours. T was obtained by multiplying the total number of calendar days (experimental time plus weekends and off times) by 24 hours. Expressing the responses for each inhalation experiment on the basis of the adjusted exposure rates allowed for the comparisons between experiments which used different concentrations and exposure times. Blood, urine, and fecal lead increased and lead balance decreased statistically (Table 14) over the whole range of the exposures; however, the responses in the lower ranges (less than 10 ug/m3) were related primarily to changes in dietary lead. This relationship was demonstrated statistically (Table 14) and by the fact that balance for the lower exposure rates were positive (Figure 7 A). Diet also had its influence at the higher exposure rates, along with particle size which had a major influence. Blood 6 DUP040008054 as medicines). Since the duplicates were not measured exactly, over- and underestimated por tions were possible. Requiring each participant to quantitatively measure each food item would have distorted the normal dietary patterns. Most likely any excessively large samples were counterbalanced by correspondingly small samples. The range of natural dietary lead was con siderable. It was not uncommon for the daily dietary lead to be as low as 30 ug and as high as 500 ug. Temporary fluctuations such as these had no effect on the levels of lead in the bipod and in the urine. Much of the literature suggests that the average diet contains approximately 300 ug Pb/day which was often based on past reports by Kehoe (1961a). With the inclusion of the more recent experiments, the overall average of the Kehoe studies has been reduced to 180 ug/day (or 159 ug/day based on me dian data which are more representative of the nor mal diet). The decrease in dietary lead (Figure 4 B) suggests that normal diet in 1970 was more on the order of 100 ug/day (87 ug/day based on medians). The decrease from the 300 ug/day in 1935 was con sidered by Kehoe (1961a) to be due primarily to decreased contamination of food during its process ing and handling. There is a limited number of published studies which involve measuring lead in actual dietary samples. However, none of these are comparable to the present study in the number of individuals and the number of days measured. Thompson (1971) sampled 5 individuals for 12 to 28 days and found mean intakes of 274 ug/day (range of 237-306 ug/day). Couiston et al. (1972) measured one day samples from 17 individuals in an institutional setting and obtained a 113 ug/day average (range 74-215). A number of other studies (WHO, 1977) have found comparable estimates of daily lead intake based on lead concentrations in various individual foods. Fecal Lead. Fecal lead on a per sample basis varied more widely than did the daily ingested lead and was considerably higher than the lead in the diet. The correlation between fecal and dietary lead was poor (Table 10). This phenomenon was probably due in major part to the fact that most sub jects did not defecate on a daily basis and thus the fecal lead represented unabsorbed dietary lead from more than one day's dietary intake. This assumes that biliary secretion of lead is quite limited (N.A.S. 1972). The practice of using single fecai samples, therefore, cannot be used reliably to predict dietary lead. Converting fecal lead to an average daily basis brought the fecal lead more in line with dietary lead (shown graphically in Figure 4 B); however, the con version resulted in an overall ratio of fecal lead to dietary lead of 1.09 which suggested that fecal lead amounted to 109% of the lead found in the diet. This percentage varied considerably from individual to individual (Table 6). These results are at variance with the notion that fecal lead represents 90 to 95% of the lead in the diet (Kehoe, 1961a: NAS, 1972; WHO, 1977). However, five of the subjects (LD, DH, NK, MR, SS) had very high fecal leads which aver aged 149% (ranging from 135 to 177%) of the diet while the other 11 subjects excreted an average of 92% (ranging from 83-104%) of the dietary lead in the feces. Under the increased dietary lead load of the Ingestion experiments the percent of the dietary lead found in the feces decreased reflecting arr'in creased absorption rate. Thompson (1971) found fecal lead to average 240 ug/day (range of 207-271) in 5 subjects on collection from 12 to 28 days. The, Kehoe subjects averaged, 196 ug/day over their control periods. Tepper and Levin (1972) reported median fecal leads of 85 to 150 ug/day based on 10 day collections from groups of 20 subjects from 8 cities over the U.S. The Tepper and Levin data are somewhat lower than the median fecal data shown in Table 5. Urinary Lead. Like most of the other parameters daily urinary excretion of lead varied considerably from day to day (Figure 3 A to P) and from individual to individual (Table 8). Thompson (1971) reported the average urinary lead to be 16 to 30 ug/day which compared well with the 19-45 ug/day in these studies. Although there are numerous references to acceptable levels of urinary lead excretion (Lane et al. 1968, NIOSH, 1972, NAS, 1972), there are very few published reports on urinary lead excretion per Se in adults under normal conditions besides the data already published by Kehoe. Most literature reports involved exposed populations, chelation studies or analyses of other indicators of exposure such as urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid. The lead in the urine averaged 18% of the diet with a range of 9 to 47%. The 47% (of LD) was the only such value with all of the other values ranging from 9 to 22%. On an overall basis, daily urinary excretion (29 ug/day) approximated the 24 hour urinary lead con centration (25 ug/l); however, the individual ratios of the concentration to the daily urinary output were quite variable ranging from 0.3 to as much as 12 times. Based on the means and standard deviations, 95 to 99% of the control lead concentrations (Table 6) were well below the 80 ug/l cited as normal (Lane et al. 1968) and were in good agreement with the data reported in the "Three City Study" (USPHS, 1965). Blood Lead. Except for 2 early subjects (MR and SW), the control average blood concentrations were at 30 ug/100 gm of blood pr less. Blood lead had the least amount of variability although individual data points (Figures 3 A to P) varied considerably at times. Such variability was probably analytical in nature. Keppler (1970) reported on a study by 66 8 DUP04000805S lead than adults. Other factors such as dietary calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin D which can modify the absorption rates from the intestinal tract (WHO, 1977), may also effect the rate of absorption of lead. C. Inhalation Supplementation Experiments Exposure Rate Selection. Only three chamber concentrations (10, 20 and 150 ug/m3, except for MOB-E1) and a wide range of exposure times, rang ing from 3 hours every other day to 13 hours a day, 6 days per week were used to supplement the sub ject's airborne lead exposures. The exposure rate of FC 1 was excluded from any analyses because this exposure was for only 9 days. The chamber concen trations of 150 ug/m3 were chosen to simulate the acceptable work place concentrations. The Threshold Limit Value at that time of these ex periments was 150 ug/m3 for the 40 hour week (ACGIH, 1971) which, when converted to the ad justed rates, corresponded to 35.7 ug/m3. The lower end of the exposure range simulated community ex posures which can be expected to vary depending on whether the area is urban or rural, the traffic den sity and the time of day, the weather conditions (inversions vs. good air .circulation) and on the prox imity to industries which emit lead fumes (NAS, 1972) . Factors Affecting Dietary Lead Responses. Dietary Lead, The influence of the natural variability of dietary lead was unexpected. In reports from the literature, dietary Jead was measured directly during the inhalation studies by Rablnowitz et al. (1974) and Coulston and Goldberg (1972 and 1973) and Indirectly by fecal lead analyses by Tepper and Levin (1972). However, none of these in vestigators examined the influence of potential changes of the diet as it might have affected airborne lead responses. Dietary lead intake during the control periods was also important since elevated dietary lead would tend to dampen and lower dietary intake and would tend to exaggerate the exposure responses. In several cases, the control period diets were ap parently not representative when compared to the diets of the exposure and post-exposure periods: S3 had an unusually low (146 ug/day) control compared to an overall average for all of his dietary lead levels of 201 ug/day which ranged from 137 to 460; the control diet for MOB was 211 ug/day compared to the lower overall average of 153; and FC had a high control of 238 ug/day compared to an overall average of 171. There was no way to determine what was an appropriate control period level nor to adjust the data for the influence of changes in the diet. Since there was a relatively large number of different inhalation exposure periods (44 in ail), hopefully any elevated control diets were balanced out by any low diets (Figure 7 C) to provide a reasonable overall response curves (Figures 7 A, B, C & E). Particle Size. Particle size affects the deposition and therefore the absorption and retention of lead from the lungs. According to the ICRP lung model (Task Group on Lung Dynamics, 1973) small size particles with mass median equivalent diameters (MMED) of 1.0 micrometer (urn) or less are deposited in the lower respiratory tract (alveoli and small bronchioles) and the larger particles (5 - 10 urn) are deposited in the upper respiratory tract (of the naso-pharynx, trachea and bronchial tree). Par ticles deposited in the upper pulmonary tract can be removed from the lung by mucociliary action and subsequently swallowed. Thirty-eight of the inhalation exposures involved aerosols with median count diameters of 0.05 umi; while 5 subjects were exposed to larger particles: 0.11 urn (PB), 0.75 urn (MB), 0.9 urn (FC-E3) and 1.20 urn (MOB-E2 and JUS). According to the Panel on Airborne Lead (NAS, 1972), median count diameters of 0.05 and 0.9 urn correspond to MMED of 0.26 and 2.9 urn and atmospheric lead particles range from 0.15 to 0.3 um MMED. All of the experiments in the low exposure range (less than 10 ug/m3) involved particles of count diameters of 0.05. Above 10 ug/m3), ail particle sizes were represented and the influence of size was apparent. All of the blood and urine dose responses of the larger particles were in the lower portions of the distributions of Figures 7 D and E. Also fecal lead (Figure 7 B) tended to increase when the larger particle sizes were used even in the face of decreased dietary lead (Figure 7 C). Pulmonary Deposition. Deposition varied con siderably between individuals ranging from 3.0% (SS and JOS) to about 70% (HR) and was also quite variable for measurements on the same individual (Table 3). An examination of the deposition measurements for only those experiments which used only particles of 0.05 um showed that there was an increase in measured deposition of 63%. This may have been due to modifications of the tech niques used in measuring deposition. There was no apparent association between deposition and parti cle size but there was an association between deposition and ventilation rate. As ventilation rates decreased from 18.5 l/min (SB) to 8.52 l/min (HR), deposition rates increased from 34% to 64.2%, respectively. This phenomena was also observed by Mehani (1966) and Muir and Davis (1967) and Hatch and Gross (1964) and was explained on the basis of an increase in the number of respirations per minute which increased the influence of the dead space of the respiratory tract. Overall Responses to Increased Airborne Lead, The linear regression lines drawn in Figures 7 A, B, D & E suggest the magnitude of the overall responses of lead balance and lead in the urine, feces and blood to increasing rates of airborne lead 10 DUP040008056 Campbell, I.R. (1966). The house that Robert A. Kehoe built. Arch. Environ. Health 13, 143-151. Cholak, J. (1964). Analytical methods for determina tion of lead. Arch. Environ. Health, 8, 222-231. Cholak, J., Hubbard, D.M. and Burkey, R.E. (1948). Microdetermination of lead in biological material with dithizone extraction at high pH. Anal. Chem. 20, 671-672. Coulston, F. and Golberg, L. (1972). The Effects of Continuous Exposure to Airborne Lead II. At a Level of 10.9 ug/m3. Report of the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Toxicology. Albany Medical College Report. Albany, New York. Coulston, F. and Golberg, L. (1973). The Effects of Continuous Exposure to Airborne Lead, IV. Ex posure of Men to Particulate Lead at a Level of 3.2 ug/m3. Report of the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Toxicology. Albany Medical College Report. Albany, New York. Coility, B.D. (1956). Elements of X-ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley Publishers, Reading, Massachusetts. Dixon, W.J., ed. (1970). Biomedical Computer Programs (BMD), 2nd Edition, University of Califor nia, Los Angeles, California, Goldsmith, J.R. and Hexter, A.C. (1967). Respiratory exposure to lead: Epidemiological and experi mental dose-response relationships. Science, 158, 132-134. Gross, S.B. (1976). Classifying lead body burdens using Z scores. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 38, 345355. Gross, S.B., Pfitzer, E.A,, Yeager, D.W., and Kehoe, R.A. (1975). Lead in human tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32, 638-651. Hatch, T.F. and Gross, P. (1964). Pulmonary Deposi tion and Retention of Inhaled Aerosols, pp. 45-48. Academic Press, New York. Kehoe, R.A. (1925), Tetraethyl lead poisoning: Clinical analysis of a series of nonfatal cases. J Am. Med. Assoc. 85, 108-110. Kehoe, R.A. (1935). The determination of lead in ex creta and tissues. Am. J. Clin. Path. 5, 13. Kehoe, R.A. (1961 a). The Harben Lectures. The metabolism of lead in health and disease. J. Roy. Inst. Public Health Hyg. 24, 81-97. Kehoe, R.A. (1961 b). Experimental studies on the inhalation of lead by human subjects. Pure and Applied Chem., 3, 129-144. Kehoe, R.A. (1966). Criteria for human safety from the contamination of the ambient atmosphere with lead, pp. 83-98. In: Proceedings of the 15th inter national Congress on Occupational Health, Vienna, Austria. Kehoe, R.A. (1969). The influence of traffic on at mospheric pollution. Atmosphereic Environ. 3, 87- 88. Kehoe, R.A. (1976). Pharmacology and toxicology of heavy metals: Lead. Pharmacology Therapy 1, 161188. Kehoe, R.A., Cholak, J., Hubbard, D.M., Bambach, K., McNary, R.A., and Story, R.V. (1940). Experimen tal studies on the Ingestion on lead compounds. J. Ind. Hyg. TOx,, 22, 381-400. Kehoe, R.A., Cholak, J., Hubbard, D.M., Bam bach, K. and Story, R.V. (1939). The fate of lead in human food, Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress, VI, 193-204. Kehoe, R.A., Thamann, F. and Cholak, J. (1933). On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. I. Lead absorption and excretion in primative life. If. Lead absorption and lead excretion in modern American life. III. The sources of normal lead absorption. IV. Lead absorption and excretion in infants and children. J. Indust. Hygiene, 15, 257-305. Keppler, J.F., Maxfield, M.F., Moss, W.D., Tietjer, G. and Linch, A.L. (1970). Interlaboratory evaluation of the reliability of blood lead analyses. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 31, 412-29. Lane, R.E., Committee Chairman. (1968). Diagnosis Of inorganic lead poisoning: A statement. Brit. Med. J. 4, 501. Lee, R.E., Patterson, R.K. and Wagman, J. (1968). Particle size distribution of metal components in ur ban air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2, 288-290. Lerner, S. (1975). Blood lead analyses - precision and stability. J. Occup. Med. 17, 153-154. Mehani, S, (1966), Lead retention by the lungs of lead-exposed workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 9,165-171. Muir, D.C.F. and Davies, C-N, (1967). The deposi tion pf 0.5 u diameter aerosols in the lungs of man. Ann, Occup. Hyg. 10, 161-174. 12 DUP040008057 Table 1 Personal Data on Subjects3 Subject Age (yrs) Sex Race Previous Occupation EB MB MOB PB SB PC LD IF DH NK HR MR JOS JUS SS SW 48 42 28 37 25 29 33 34 23 50 22 30 32 55 24 30 M N Post Office M N Chauffeur/Butler M N Student F N Lab Assistant M C Valve Company M C Farmer M C Merchant MC M C Student M C Wood Worker M N Student M C Student M C Welder M C Merchant M C Student M C Garage Owner a Personal communication from Ms. Jan Stewart of the Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati. 14 DUP040008058 Subject NK HR MRe JOS JUS ss Table 2 Experimental Periods Arranged Alphabetically By Subjects' Initials (continued) Period8 C El E2 E3 E4 PI E5 E6 E7 P2 Time on ^ Collection (days) 202 93 196 112 112 14 112 112 112 108 Offc Time (days) Rate of^ .6 ug/m3 1.2 ug/m3 1.9yg/m3 2.4 ug/m3 3.3 ug/m3 3.6 ug/m3 4.0 ug/m3 C 166 22 Ei 140 E2 112 E3 60 2.4 ug/m3 3.7 ug/m3 7.5 ug/m3 C E E-DC1 P-DC1 E-DC2 P-DC2 E-DC3 P-DC3 E-DC4 E-DC5 P-DC5 E-DC6 P-DC6 E-DC7 P-DC7 P 31 1095 28 35 28 32 28 14 28 28 33 28 28 14 42 283 16 18 1000.0 ug/day V // " V " ,, U if it it it it ft c 392 21 El 112 E2 112 E3 112 E4 112 P 179 9.4 ug/m3 19.3 ug/m3 27.1 ug/m3 35.7 ug/m3 C 140 E 772 12 P 504 7 28.1 ug/m3 C 129 El 168 E2 108 4 E3 112 E4 112 PI 21 E5 112 E6 108 4 .6 ug/m3 1.3 ug/m3 1.8 ug/m3 2.4 ug/m3 2.7 ug/m3 3.4 ug/m3 16 DUP040008059 J 11I Table 3 Inhalation Chamber Exposure Conditions and Pulmonary Analyses Chamber Conditions Pulmonary Analyses Subject & Exposure Period Concentration (mg/m3)3 Hours3 Per Day Days Per Week Particle b Size (microns) Nc Deposition a % Min. Vpl.a (l/min.) MB 0.152/0.027 (0.094/0.228) MOB 1 0.077/0.012 d (0.056/.111) 6.8/0.6 (3.0/7.0) 6.7/0.6 (2.5/7.0) 5 5 50% 0.75 26 54.1/8.3 90% 1.80 (38.7/69.0) 50% 0.05 27 39,9/14.8 90% 0.17 (16.0/94.8) 14.83/1.70 (10.70/20,20) 2 0.144/0.026 (0.054/0.223) 7.0 5 50% 1,20 18 53.4/11.4 12.12/3.65 90% 6.0 (24.4/76.5) (5.55/17.80) PB 0.147/0.063 7.0/0.7 6 50% 0.11 21 51.9/16.7 9.56/1.30 (0.032/0.363) (2.0/8.0) 90% 0.23 (18.4/74.5) (7.60/13.50) SB 0.153/0.015 6.2/2.2 5 50% 0.05 67 34.0/5.2 18.50/1.89 (0.095/0.200) (3.0/10.0) 90% 0.17 (13.6/45.2) (12.50/22.00) PC 1 0.288/0.183 6.9/0.2 (0.153/0.624) (6.5/7.0) 5 50% 0.05 90% 0.17 2 46.5/0.7 (46.0/47.0) 13.08/2.90 (11.03/15.13) 2 0.154/0.015 7.0/Q.2 5 Same (0.107/0.220) (5.0/7.0) 15 34.6/9.6 (19.3/48.5) 10.11/1.12 (8.20/11.60) 3 0.152/0.067 7.0/0.5 5 50% 0,90 9 43.2/13.4 17.37/3.09 (0.056/0.850) (3.0/8.0) 90% 2.00 (20.6/60.5) (13.40/21.00) max 4.00 LD 1 0.150/0.012 3:o/o.o (0.123/0.193) (3.0/3.0) 3.6 50% 0.05 16 40.2/4.0 17.25/2.10 90% 0.17 (33.3/49.3) (13.40/23.60) 2 0.154/0.014 (0.113/0.182) 6.0/0.0 (6.0/6.0) 3.5 50% 0.05 16 40.6/10,4 17,36/1.56 90% 0.17 (20.7/70.5) (14.30/20.00) 3 0.147/0.013 (0.120/0.167) 9.0/0.3 (7.0/10.0) 3.5 Same 38.7/3.7 (30.3/44.5) 17.50/2,00 (14.10/20.70) 4 0.151/0.012 (0.114/0.174) 11,9/0.7 (8.0/12.0) 3.5 Same 37.2/3.5 (28.7/42.5) 19.05/1.04 (16.90/21,00) DH 1 0.021/0.003 7.6/0.8 (0.011/0.029) (3,0/8;0) 6 . 50% 0.05 9 52.5/15.3 90% 0.17 (17.2/69.0) 10.53/0.87 (9.00/11.70) 2 0.021/0.003 9.7/0.5 6 Same (0.015/0.030) (8.0/10.0) 11 45.0/16.5 (7.0/61,6) 9.20/0.86 (7,70/10.60) 3 0.020/0.003 11.3/0.9 6 Same (0.014/0.023) (8,0/13.0) 13 57.0/6.2 (48.8/69.0) 9.82/0.89 (8.20/11.30) 4 0.021/0,008 13.0/1.3 6 Same (0,014/0.074) (4.0/15.0) 9 50.7/17.8 (18.7/74.4) 9.29/1.14 (7.60/11.00) 18 DUP040008060 Table 3 Inhalation Chamber Exposure Conditions and Pulmonary Analyses (continued) Chamber Conditions Pulmonary Analyses Subject & Exposure Period Concentration (mg/m3)a Hours a Per Day Days Per Week Particle13 Size (microns) NC Deposition a % Min. Vol.a (l/min.) SS 2 0.010/0.002 6,0/0-0 (0.008/0.015) (6.0/6.0) 3.5 Same 12 35.7/9.8 (18.8/48.5) 19.07/1.33 (16.70/20.60) 3 0.010/0.001 (0.008/0.013) 8.9/0.5 (5.0/9.0) 3,5 Same 14 28.3/8.6 (11.8/40.0) 18.82/1.33 ' (17.20/21.90) 4 0.010/0.001 (0.00/0.01) 12.0/0.0 (12.0/12.0) 3.5 Same 12 29.5/10.3 (13.7/41.0) 18.50/1.19 (16.70/20.00) 5 0.009/0.002 8.9/0.8 6 Same (0.002/0.013) (3.0/9.0) 2 20.3/2.3 (18.6/21.9) 18.65/3.18 (16.40/20.90) 6 0.010/0,001. 10.9/0.6 6 Same (0.001/0.012) (6.0/11.0) 8 54.6/8.3 (37.3/64.0) 7.03/0.69 (6.40/8.40) 7 0.010/0.002 (0.005/0,016) 12.0/0.0 (12.0/12.0) 6 Same 13 48.4/12.6 (24.0/69.0) 7.64/0.98 (5.40/8.90) 8 0.020/0,002 (0.13/0,025) 3.5/0.5 (3.0/4.0) 6 50% 0.05 19 57.4/7.1 90% 0.17 (41.0/71.0) 9.17/0.83 (7.50/10.60) 9 0.020/0.003 (0.014/0.040) 5.2/0,4 (5.0/6.0) 6 Same 12 52.4/14.8 (31.0/72.0) 8.87/0.78 (7.20/10.10) 10 0.020/0.004 (0.008/0.049) 6.8/0.5 (5.0/7.0) 6 50% 0.05 13 56.5/6.9 9.43/0.68 90% 0.17 (47.2/69,5) (7.90/10.50) 11 0.019/0.003 (0,010/0.030) 8.7/0.5 (7.0/9.0) 6 Same 14 51.9/6.0 (41.8/62.0) 9.21/0.40 (8.60/9.90) 12 0.019/0.003 10.5/0.5 6 Same (0.013/0.030) (9.0/11.0) 12 47.0/9,0 (38.3/73.8) 8.85/0.63 (8.00/9.80) 13 0.018/0.003 12.1/0.8 6 Same (0.012/0.027) (6.0/13.0) 6 38,4/11.6 (21.3/54.8) 9.37/0.64 (8.70/10.40) aMeans/SD over (minimum/maximum values) b Particle size data obtained from a summary table prepared by Larry Schafer, supervisor of the chamber operations. cThe N's represent the number of deposition and respiratory rate determinations. b Based on the 27 deposition analyses, rather than daily Samples. e Assumed to be 7 hours per day and 5 days per week taken from Larry Schafer's summary table. Data were not recorded on the original data sheets. 20 DUP040008061 Subject & Period b E2 P2 E3 P3 LD C El E2 E3 E4 P IF C E P DH C CNE El E2 ;E3 E4 P NK C El E2 3 E4 Tgble 4 Arithmetic Data Summary For Individuals a (continued) Nc (days) 477 397 225 360 Diet (mg/day) 0.213/0.104 (0.060/0.710) 0.160/0.079 (0.060/0.490) 0.128/0.067 (0.030/0.480) 0.138/0.080 (0.030/0.600) Feces a (mg/sample) 0.240/0.147 (0.050/1.200) 0.140/0.064 (0.030/0.420) 0.249/0.097 (0.030/0.640) 0.138/0.088 (O.O4O/O.650) Urine (mg/day) 0.076/0.021 (0.022/0.166) 0.023/0.010 (0.010/0.080) 0.071/0.016 (0.033/0.126) 0.022/0.007 (0.008/0.049) Blood (mg/100g) 0.039/0.010 (0.020/0.070) 0.020/0.005 (0.008/0.040) 0.031/0.006 (0.020/0.040) 0.021/0.002 (0.020/0.030) Balance (mg/day) -0.095/0.167 (-0.976/0.626) -0.004/0.090 (-0.333/0.341) -0.192/0.115 (-0.653/0.243) -0.020/0.182 (-0.488/0.390) 463 0.139/0.184 0.262/0.740 0.019/0.007 0.018/0.005 -0.048/0.443 (0.030/3.220) (0.020/12.120) (0.004/0.045) (0.007/0.034) (-8.231/3.195) 57 0.101/0.060 0.251/0.129 0.037/0.011 0.029/0.012 -0.096/0.162 ' (0.030/0.270) (0.060/0.660) (0.020/0.077) (0.019/0.058) (-0.485/0.219) 58 0.162/0.059 0.303/0.159 0.056/0.012 0.036/0.008 -0.058/0.243 (0.090/0.420) (0.090/0.770) (0.032/0.083) (0.023/0.047) (-0.689/0.947) 56 0.340/0.343 0.667/0.560 0.086/0.020 0.040/0.007 -0.180/0.579 (0.060/1.320) (0.100/2.200) (0.044/0.134) (0.026/0.049) (-2.052/1.082) 57 0.079/0.043 0.307/0.179 0.086/0.020 0.041/0.003 -0.190/0.212 (0.030/0.240) (0.070/1.020) (0.041/0.132) (0.037/0.048) (-1.042/0.118) 99 0.102/0.049 0.215/0.090 0.028/0.006 0.023/0.004 -0,053/0.161 (0.030/0.420) (O.O6O/0.460) (0.014/0.049) (0.016/0.032) (-0.369/0.635) 339 0.237/0.119 0.261/0.157 0.032/0.016 0.027/0.007 -0.024/0.204 (0.004/0.990) (0.020/1.240) (0.010/0.090) (0.015/0.045) (-1.122/0.932) 56 3.218/0.433 3.227/1.400 0.081/0.018 0,046/0.008 0.371/1.811 (0.315/3.720) (0.150/6.250) (0.043/0.142) (0.030/0.055) (-4.506/3.587) 85 0.162/0.076 0.225/0.140 0.036/0.013 0.040/0.012 -0.069/0.168 (0.030/0.450) (0.020/0.890) (0.014/0.068) (0.030/0,075) (-0.844/0.283) 224 0.097/0.058 0.330/0.258 0.045/0.012 0.030/0.006 -0.103/0.234 (0.030/0.420) (0.090/1.760) (0.018/0.087) (0.021/0.053) (-1.393/0.655) 15 0.079/0.038 0.174/0.087 0.050/0.009 0.025/0.001 -0.038/0.147 (0.030/0.150) (0.050.0.340) (0.027/0.063) (0.024/0.026) (-0.272/0.313) 57 0.096/0.055 0.188/0.080 0.046/0.011 0.031/0.005 -0.071/0.125 (0.030/0.240) (0.040/0.380) (0.025/0.072) (0.025/0.043) (-0.268/0.436) 57 0.097/0.065 0.175/0.081 0.040/0.016 0.026/0.004. -0.044/0.145 (0.030/0.390) (0.050/0.360) (0.017/0.083) (0.019/0.030) (-0.534/0.475) 57 0.104/0.073 0.232/0.149 O.047/O.OT2 0.029/0.004 -0.094/0.181 (0.030/0.390) (0.060/0.740) (0.021/0.075) (0.022/0.034) (-0.728/0.229) 57 0.071/0.028 0.190/0.115 0.045/0.015 0.028/0.003 -0,099/0.136 (0.030/0.150) (0.060/0.560) (0.018/0.075) (0.023/0.032) (-0.545/0.109) 25 0.079/0.044 0.214/0.125 0.035/0.010 0.027/0.002 -0.066/0,145 (0.030/0.240) (0.050/0.620) (0.020/0.070) (0.023/0.029) (-0.636/0.165) 202 0.141/0.071 0.200/0.095 0.027/0.006 0.020/0.003 -0.083/0.098 (0.030/0.360) (0.050/0.570) (0.009/0.045) (0.014/0.026 (-0.484/0.341) 50 0.168/0.114 0.165/0.070 0.031/0.006 0,020/0.004 -0,007/0.269 (0.060/0.600) (0.060/0.390) (0.019/0.047) (0.018/0.028) (-1,017/0.873) 90 0.140/0.073 0.160/0.067 0.030/0.005 0.021/0.003 -0.053/0.104 (0.060/0.530) (0.070/0.550) (0.013/0.045) (0.015/0.027) (-0.554/0.346) 57 0.151/0.050 0.153/0.049 0.032/0.006 0.023/0.003 -0,035/0.080 (0.060/0.300) (0.050/0.240) (0.015/0.047) (0.018/0.029) (-0.261/0.242) 57 0.151/0.192 0.208/0.316 0.037/0.008 0.026/0.004 -0.090/0.263 (0.060/1.170) (0.020/1.720) (0.025/0.064) (0.019/0.031) (-1.570/0.434) 22 DUP040008062 Subject & Period b JOS G El E2 E3 E4 P JUS C E P ss c El E2 E3 E4 PI E5 E6 E7 P2 B8 E9 E10 EH El 2 El 3 Table 4 Arithmetic Data Summary For Individuals a (continued) N (days) Diet (mg/day) Feces d (mg/sample) Urine (mg/day) Blood (mg/IOOg) Balance (mg/day) 392 0.112/0.061 0.237/0.183 0.020/0.005 0.021/0.004 -0.010/0.182 (0.030/0.360) (0.020/1.040) (0.008/0.036) (0.012/0.029) (-0.789/0.674) 57 0.119/0.056 0.231/0.133 0.035/0.009 0.032/0.004 -0.058/0.173 (0.030/0.300) (0.040/0.710) (0.021/0.074) (0.026/0.039) (-0.618/0.274) 57 0.191/0.087 0.241/0.155 0.057/0.011 0.037/0.005 -0.014/0.222 (0.090/0.570) (0.040/0.740) (0.030/0.090) (0.029/0.043) (-0.684/0.770) 57 0.138/0.045 0.253/0.200 0.063/0.011 0.041/0.007 -0.062/0.203 (0.060/0.270) (0.040/0.770) (0.035/0.091) (0.026/0.048) (-0.757/0.206) 57 0.116/0.060 0.247/0.177 0.076/0.016 0.046/0.004 -0.110/0.203 (0.060/0.270) (0.030/0.860) (0.011/0.122) (0.036/0.051) (-0.895/0.151) 90 0.139/0.069 0.260/0,181 0.031/0.007 0.027/0.003 -0.063/0.214 i (0.030/0.420) (0.030/1.010) (0.015/0,053) (0.022/0.033) (-0.928/0.674) 140 0.169/0.074 0.178/0.083 0,024/0.011 0.021/0,005 0.002/0.117 (0.060/0.480) (0.050/0.450) (0.005/0.054) (0.010/0,030) (-0.342/0.432) 633 0.218/0.095 0.439/0.198 0.045/0.012 0.032/0.006 -0.171/0.273 (0.060/0.690) (0.050/1.430) (0.015/0.099) (0.020/0.050) (-1.328/0.594) 365 0,110/0.065 0,141/0.062 0.020/0.005 0.019/0.005 -0.023/0.102 (0.030/0.480) (0,020/0.420) (0.009/0.035) 0.011/0.040) (-0.510/0.347) 129 0.146/0.097 0.237/0.142 0.025/0.006 0.019/0.003 -0.091/0.200 (0.030/0.600) (0.030/0.620) (0.008/0.046) (0.014/0,024) (-0.644/0.704) 85 0.164/0.112 0.228/0.117 0.025/0.006 0.020/0.003 -0.012/0.166 (0.030/0.540) (0.020/0.490) (0,013/0.044) (0.015/0.025) (-0.385/0.517) 55 0.217/0.1567 0.328/0.139 0.027/0.008 0.020/0.293 -0.004/0.293 (0.060/0.870) (0.090/0.590) (0.015/0.054) (0.011/0,027) (-1.010/0,511) 57 0.088/0.046 0.216/0.172 0.023/0.006 0.018/0.002 -0.071/0.179 (0.030/0.210) (0,030/0.740) (0.005/0.039) (0.015/0.022) (-0.706/0.188) 57 0.149/0.081 0.261/0.161 0.027/0.007 0.019/0.004 -0.037/0.197 (0.030/0,420) (0,040/0.730) (0.017/0.043) (0.016/0.027) (-0.615/0.388) 11 0.172/0.060 0.276/0.140 0.028/0.012 0.017/0.004 -0.016/0,186 (0.090/0.270) (0.080/0.510) (0,010/0.046) (0.014/0.020) (-0.400/0.214) 57 0.222/0.169 0.510/0.259 0.035/0.009 0.023/0.003 -0.044/0.324 (0.060/0.810) (0.090/1.080) (0,023/0.058) (0.019/0.028) (-0.941/0.667) 55 0.156/0.105 0.297/0.160 0.029/0.010 0.024/0.002 -0.003/0.243 (0.060/0.600) (0.120/0.850) (0.006/0.059) (0.020/0.026) (-0.761/0.935) 57 0.219/0.125 0.285/0,145 0.035/0.010 0.024/0.004 0.045/0.252 (0.090/0.610) (0.110/0.740) (0.020/0.059) (0.015/0.030) (-0.649/0.837) 32 0.245/0.180 0.235/0.132 0.031/0.006 0.021/0.002 0.057/0.265 (0.030/0.780) (0.060/0,570) (0.019/0.042) (0.018/0.023) (-0.449/0.761) 71 0.132/0.105 0.212/0.088 0.024/0.006 0.024/0.003 -0.008/0.188 (0.030/0.570) (0.050/0.470) (0.011/0.045) (0.020/0.032) (-0.317/0.641) 57 0.171/0.103 0.314/0.191 0.027/0.007 0.021/0.005 -0.027/0.252 (0.030/0.570) (0.110/1,040) (0.011/0.045) (0.015/0.031) (-0.822/0.628) 57 0.206/0.132 0.309/0.161 0.033/0.008 0.027/0.003 -0.011/0.258 (0.060/0.720) (0.090/0.900) (0.017/0.055) (0.023/0.032) (-0.780/0.704) 53 0.164/0.108 0.236/0.135 0.035/0.010 0.026/0.003 0.000/0.213 (0.020/0.570) (0.020/0.510) (0.018/0.056) (0.022/0.030) (-0.407/0.720) 57 0,213/0.178 0.305/0.166 0.035/0.014 0.026/0.004 0,025/0.339 (0.020/1,270) (0.090/0.740) (0,011/0.075) (0.019/0.033) (-0.635/1.407) 57 0,290/0.213 0.216/0.123 0.038/0.011 0.029/0.006 0.098/0.256 (0.030/1.110) (0.040/0,540) (0.010/0.067) (0.024/0.041) (-0.517/0.818) 24 DUP040008063 Subject & Period EQ C E PI P2 MB C E P MOB C El PI E2 Corn PCorn P2 PB C E P SB C E P FC C El PI E2 table 5 Logarithmic and Median Data Summary for Individuals3 Diet (mg/day) Feces" (mg/sample) Urine (mg/day) Blood (mg/IOOg) 0,306/1.517 (0.320) 2.168/1.119 (2.162) 0.269/1.489 (0.269) 0.282/1.416 (0 280) 0.199/1.368 (0.185) 0.182/1.476 (0.178) 0.239/1.607 (0.243) 1.196/1.442 (0.182) 0.168/1.585 (0.153) 0.159/2.000 (0.148) 0.104/1.589 (0.093) 1.888/1.276 (1,860) 0.095/1.538 (0.095) 0.115/2.958 (0.098) 0.287/1.790 (0.305) 1.637/1.718 (1-701) 0.256/1.745 (0.254) 0.231/1.492 (0.223) 0.109/1,621 (0.184) 0.264/1.648 (0.265) 0.254/1.648 (0.252) 0.247/1.954 (0.262) 0.262/1.820 (0,257) 0.290/1.870 (0.294) 0.339/1.726 (0.345) 3.945/1.611 (3.470) 0.189/1.722 (0.191) 0.171/1.892 (0,174) 0.034/1,449 (0.035) 0.112/1.439 (0.110) 0.046/1.656 (0.047) 0.038/1.358 (0.038) 0.037/1.208 (0.038) 0.075/1.178 (0.075) 0.044/1.262 (0.044) 0.030/1.318 (0.030) 0.055/1.253 (0.056) 0.038/1,365 (0.037) 0.050/1.236 (0.050) 0.206/2.624 (0.214) 0.033/1.330 (0.034) 0.025/1.384 (0.025) 0.027/1.169 (0.027) 0.057/1.387 (0.057) 0.033/1.459 (0.035) 0.028/1.291 (0.029) 0.023/1.227 (0.023) 0.040/1,153 (0.040) 0.027/1.200 (0.029) 0.025/1.315 (0.024) 0.039/1,208 (0.040) 0.026/1.282 (0.026) 0.032/1.186 (0.031) 0,051/1.127 (0.050) 0.024/1.365 (0.026) 0.021/1.161 (0.021) 0.123/1.528 (0.123) 0.105/1.538 (0.106) 0,110/1.800 (0.101) 0.181/1.892 (0.195) 0.198/1.538 (0.214) 0.461/1.841 (0.400) 0.023/1.486 (0,024) 0.033/1.585 (0.035) 0.030/1.683 (0.029) 0.023/1.191 (0.024) 0.033/1,189 (0.034) 0.032/1.091 (0.032) 0.089/1.782 (0.088) 0.083/2.000 (0.085) 0.069/1.811 (0.063) 0.097/1.614 (0.095) 0.142/1.750 (0,140) 0,109/1.560 (0.112) 0.023/1.337 (0.023) 0.050/1.253 (0.051) 0.023/1.315 (0,025) 0.021/1,140 (0.020) 0.032/1.180 (0.032) 0.019/1.352 (0.020) 0.213/1.592 (0.208) 0.158/1.690 (0.131) 0.130/1.377 (0.125) 0.192/1.578 (0.184) 0.174/1.683 (0.165) 0.114/1.622 (0.107) 0.117/1.687 (0.112) 0.207/1.690 (0.204) 0.021/1.406 (0.021) 0.023/1,318 (0,022) 0.019/1.250 (0.018) 0.073/1.303 (0.073) 0.022/1,253 (0.021) 0.020/N=1 0.020/1.000 (0.020) 0.038/1.276 (0.039) 26 Balance (mg/day) (-0.057) (0.356) (-0.042) (-0.001) (-0.012) (-0.118) (-0.020) (0.051) (0.016) (0.009) (-0.261) (-1.206) (-0.073) (-0.018) (0.030) (0.027) (0.038) (-0.027) ' (-0.081) (-0.053) (0.020) (-0.008) (-0.003) (-0.088) DUP040008064 Table 5 Logarithmic and Median Data Summary for Individuals (continued) Subject & Period E5 E6 E7 P2 HR C El E2 E3 MR C E DC1 NPDC1 DC2 NPDC2 DC3 NPDC3 004 DCS NPDC5 DC6 NPDC6 DC7 P JOS C Diet (mg/day) 0.134/3.972 (0.104) 0.243/1.968 (0.274) 0.120/1.671 (0.122) 0.219/2.716 (0.200) 0.136/1.675 (0.145) 0.073/1.803 (0.072) 0.056/1.722 (0.057) 0.071/1.738 (0.077) 0.224/1.832 (0.240) 1.312/1.208 (1.288) 1.483/1.330 (1.290) 1.239/1.119 (1.230) 1.574/1.239 (1.550) 1.161/1.153 (1.227) 1.216/1.161 (1.152) 1.490/1.340 (1.275) 1.358/1.186 (1.327) 1.194/1.178 (1.147) 1.245/1.167 (1.240) 1.334/1.089 (1.367) 1.413/1.153 (1.360) 1.265/1.072 (1.245) 0.216/1.496 (0.210) 0.111/2.858 (0.093) Feces'3 (mg/sample) 0.114/1.578 (0.115) 0.131/1.648 (0.135) 0.128/1.721 (0.140) 0.107/1.660 (0.104) 0.259/1.905 (0.276) 0.257/1.592 (0.275) 0.301/1,442 (0.310) 0.358/1.400 (0.350) 0.316/2.692 (0.345) 1.202/1.816 (1.280) 1.358/1.400 (1.360) 1.361/1.528 (1.205) 1.507/1.400 (1.610) 1.002/1.919 (1.340) 1.148/1.435 (1.105) 0.927/1.510 (0.860) 1.426/1.690 (1.580) 1.127/1.879 (1.240) 1.683/1.849 (1.780) 1.346/1.462 (1.500) 1.514/1.567 (1.695) 1.291/1.483 (1.170) 0.266/1.862 (0.275) 0.185/2.037 (0,180) Urine (mg/day) 0.037/1.186 (0.034) 0.044/1.208 (0.044) 0.037/1.245 (0.039) 0.035/1.271 (0.036) 0.025/1.500 (0.025) 0.024/1.403 (6,023) 0.025/1.545 (0.025) 0.033/1.567 (0.036) 0.022/1.500 (0.020) 0.074/1.435 (0,076) 0.084/1.422 (0.082) 0.082/1.396 (0.093) 0.074/1.262 (0.070) 0.063/1.279 (0.066) 0,064/1.285 (0.061) 0.051/1.000 (0.050) 0.065/1.253 (0.065) 0.093/1.361 (0.091) 0.118/1.449 (0.124) 0.089/1.230 (0,090) 0.117/1.416 (0.116) 0.088/1.483 (0.085) 0.050/1.560 (0.050) 0.019/1.291 (0.020) Blood (mg/100g) 0.025/1.205 (0.027) 0.030/1.079 (0.029) 0.029/1.205 (0.028) 0.023/1.102 (0.023) 0.021/1.127 (0.021) 0.021/1.127 (0.021) 0.025/1.265 (0.023) 0.021/1.159 (0.020) 0.035/1.300 (0.035) 0.052/1.242 (0,050) 0.052/1.069 (0.052) 0.067/1.054 (0.067) 0.072/1.050 (0.072) 0.063/1.059 (0.062) 0.055/1.138 (0.055) 0.060/1.000 (0.060) 0.057/1.064 (0.057) 0.047/1.076 (0.047) 0.073/1.538 (0.061) 0.071/1.279 (0.072) 0.956/1.091 (0,056) 0.065/1.000 (0.065) 0.040/1.151 (0.041) 0.020/1.213 (0.021) Balance (mg/day) (-0.061) (0.078) (-0.053) (0.057) (0.064) (0.013) (0.005) (0.004) (-0.128) (0.130) (0.059) (0.135) (-0.035) (0.140) (-0.029) (1.083) (0.168) (-0.058) (0.060) (-0.276) (-0.196) (-0.140) (-0.041) (0.039) 28 DUP040008065 Table 5 Logarithmic and Median Data Summary for Individuals (continued) Subject & Period SW C E P Diet (mg/day) 0.173/1.567 (0.177) 0.498/1.211 (0.484) 0.299/3.170 (0.239) Feces*3 (mg/sample) 0.233/1.667 (0.225) 0.486/1.618 (0.490) 0.360/1.574 (0.305) Urine (mg/day) 0.037/1.466 (0.036) 0.040/1.449 (0.039) 0.028/1.324 (0.028) Blood (mg/IOOg) 0.039/1.253 (0,040) 0.038/1.219 (0.040) 0.025/N=2 (0,025) Balance (mg/day) (-0.023) (0.031) (-0.009) x a Data shown as log mean/log SD over (median) except for balance, for which only the median is given. N's for these data are shown in Table 4. b Per sample (rather than per day). See text. 30 DUP040008066 TABLE 6 Fecal Evacuation Rate, Adjusted Fecal Lead Per Day, and Fecal Lead as Percent of Dietary Lead (Continued) Subject and Period Evac. a Fecal Pb ^ Percent of0 Rate Per Day Diet (%) (ug/ug) (%/%) NK C El E2 E3 E4 PI 5 E6 E7 P2 HR C El E2 E3 MR C E P JOS C El E2 E3 E4 P JUS C E P SS C El E2 E3 E4 Pi E5 6 E7 P2 E8 E9 E10 Ell 12 13 P3 100 200/ 174 142/140 100 165/ 144 98/105 100 160/ 145 114/118 100 153/ 149 101/103 100 208/ 131 138/124 100 147/ 145 109/107 100 126/ 115 103/111 100 146/ 135 49/ 49 100 146/ 140 107/115 100 123/ 104 55/ 52 42 130/ 116 83/ 80 43 121/ 118 141/164 41 132/ 127 203/223 41 155/ 144 189/187 83 425/ 345 163/144 85 1409/1280 106/ 99 68 319/ 275 135/131 49 116/ 88 104/ 95 61 113/ 124 95/115 66 118/ 143 62/ 83 54 124/ 103 90/ 78 60 121/ 123 104/121 71 127/ 154 91/121 83 148/ 133 88/ 88 80 364/ 325 167/156 78 117/ 103 106/113 92 218/ 185 149/149 65 148/ 130 90/100 54 177/ 182 82/102 63 136/ 110 155/143 61 159/ 134 107/103 58 160/ 162 98/105 46 235/ 214 106/136 50 149/ 135 96/TOO 54 154/ 143 70/ 81 67 143/ 151 58/ 81 64 136/ 131 103/131 57 179/ 145 105/ 95 67 207/ 184 100/106 67 158/ 137 96/ 96 62 189/ 164 89/ 93 74 160/ 137 55/ 58 58 266/ 232 58/ 57 32 DUP040008067 Table 7 Urinary Lead Concentrations and Comparisons with 24 Hour Urinary Lead Excretion Subject and Period Arithmetic 3 Data (mg/liter) Log b & Median Data (mg/liter) Ratio c EB e E PI P2 0.037/0.012 0.026/1.48 (0.010/0.050) (0.029) O.Q46/0.029 0.091/1.365 (0.007/0.190) (0.090) 0.041/0.020 0.037/1.790 (0.007/0.130) (0.039) 0.021/0.017 0.012/3.266 (0.002/0.050). (0.025) Q.783/0.147 (0.400/1.176) MB C E P 0.034/0.007 (0.020/0.060) 0.065/0.011 (0.040/0.090) 0.043/0.042 (0.010/0.300) 0.033/1.216 (0.033) 0.064/1.186 (0.064) 0.044/1.262 (0.036) 1.153/1.406 (0.606/9.756) MOB C El PI E2 Corn PCorn P 0.030/0.007 (0.020/0.050) 0.053/0.012 (0.020/0.090) 0.041/0.015 (0.020/0,100) 0.050/0.012 (0,020/0.090) 0.216/0.046 (0.130/0,290) 0.032/0.008 (0.015/0,060) 0.028/0.022 (0.010/0.200) 0,030/1.770 (0.029) 0.052/1.265 (0,052) 0.040/1.837 (0.039) 0.048/1.288 (0.049) 0.206/1.256 (0.215) 0-031/1.300 (0.030) 0.035/4.819 (0.026) 1.020/0.632 (0.455/10.000) PB C E P 0.025/0.010 (0.008/0.062) 0029/0.011 (0.008/0.060) 0.026/0.011 (0.009/0.050) 0.014/1.409 (0.014) 0.027/1.585 (0.026) 0.024/1.600 (0.023) 0.629/0.204 (0.258/1.471) SB C E P 0.026/0.007 (0.015/0.050) 0.052/0.016 (0.015/0.102) 0.027/0.008 (0.010/0.052) 0.025/1.330 (0.030) 0.049/1.419 (0.052) 0.026/1.489 (0.027) 1.133/0.306 (0.625/3.000) FC C El PI E2 P2 E3 P3 0.023/0.016 (0.010/0.300) 0.039/0.014 (0.030/0.070) 0.034/0.008 (0.020/0.050) 0.098/0.030 (0.030/0.230) 0.027/0.012 (0,010/0.090) 0,087/0.019 (0.040/0.150) 0.027/0.009 (0.010/0.050) 0.021/1.552 (0.021) 0.037/1.352 (0.034) 0.033/1.259 (0.033) 0.099/2,018 (0.094) 0.027/2.805 (0.025) 0.085/1.274 (0.086) 0.025/1.349 (0.027) 1.071/0.696 (0.282/12,500) Subject and Period LD C El E2 E3 E4 P IF C E P DH C El E2 E3 E4 P NK C El E2 E3 E4 PI E6 E6 E7 P2 HR C El E2 34 Arithmetic3 Data (mg/liter) Log:b Sl Median Data (mg/liter) Ratio c 0.020/0.007 (0.005/0.042) 0.0371/0.010 (0.015/0.064) 0.060/0.012 (0.031/0.086) 0.085/0,023 (0.050/0.158) 0.082/0.016 (0.048/0.126) 0.030/0.007 (0.018/0.049) 0.019/2.051 (0.019) (0.037) 0.059/1.242 (0.059) 0.082/1.294 (0.080) 0.081/1.225 (0,083) 0.030/1.247 (0.030) 1.098/0.308 (0.467/3.556) ,/* 0.030/0.013 (0.010/0.080) 0.070/0.017 (0.040/0.110) 0.034/0.012 (0.010/0.065) 0.030/2.051 (0.026) 0.068/1.264 (0.065) 0.032/1.462 (0.025) 1.033/0.293 (0.319/2.029) * 0.026/0.008 (0.009/0.056) 0.023/0.006 (0.013/0.042) 0.024/0.009 (0.011/0.044) 0.027/0.007 (0.014/0.052) 0,027/0.000 (0.011/0.046) 0.023/0.006 (0.013/0.036) 0.025/1.365 (0.033) 0.022/1.297 (0,024) 0.023/1.449 (0.022) 0.026/1.312 (0.026) 0.025/1.429 (0.027) 0.022/1.291 (0.022) 0.585/0.150 (0.413/1.436) 0.023/0.005 (0,007/0.036) 0.027/0.006 (0.006/0.040) 0.027/0.005 (0.014/0.045) 0.028/0.005 (0.015/0.038) 0.035/0.005 (0.026/0.050) 0.032/0.003 (0.028/0.036) 0.034/0.007 (0.024/0.057) 0.039/0.007 (0.027/0.064) 0.036/0.006 (0.023/0.053) 0.033/0.008 (0.020/0.057) 0-022/1.282 (0.022) 0.026/1.315 (0.026) 0.027/1.219 (0.028) 0.027/1.197 (0.029) 0.034/1.164 (0.034) 0.032/1.091 (0.032) 0.033/1.216 (0.032) 0.038/1.213 (0.038) 0.035/1.175 (0.035) 0.032/1.250 (0.032) 0.838/0,109 (0.526/1.125) 0.026/0.009 (0.009/0.051) 0.021/0.006 (0.008/0.039) 0.024/0.007 0.026/2.084 (0.025) 0.020/1.346 (0.021) 0.023/1.400 1,143/0.708 (0.265/6.333) DUP040008068 Table 8 Coefficients of Variation for Subject Control Periods By Yeara Date Subject 1937 1939 1941 1943 1950 1.951 1955 1957 1959 I960 I960 1963 1963 1966 1967 1970 MR EB iF SW MOB FC MB JUS SB LD JOS NK SS HR DH PB Overall av Diet (%) 56 42 50 52 41 50 33 44 75 132 54 50 66 61 60 44 , - 57 Feces (%) 67 52 60 52 68 60 54 47 54 282 77 48 60 55 78 58 _ 73 Urine (%) 50 32 50 40 26 36 18 46 29 37 25 22 24 37 27 40 _ 34 Urine Cone. (%) 8 32 43 39 23 70 21 45 27 35 26 22 17 35 35 40 32 Blood (%) 28 19 26 23 35 27 21 24 14 28 19 15 16 14 20 17 22 Balance (%) 399 1152 850 632 7633 638 953 5850 413 923 1820 118 220 924 227 1656 : 1526 a Coefficients of variation = standard deviation/mean x 100%. 36 DUP040008069 Table 9 Coefficients of Variation3 for Inhalation Exposure Conditions and Pglminary Deposition Conditions (continued) Date Subject and Period 1967 1970 DH 1 2 3 4 PB 1 Overall av Concentration (%) 14 14 15 3$ 42 16 Hours/Day (%) 11 5 8 10 10 5 Deposition (%) 29 37 11 35 32 22 Respiration Rate (%) 8 9 9 12 ' 14 9 a Coefficient of Variation = standard deviation/mean x 100%. 38 DUP040008070 Table 11 Selected Correlation Coefficients Between Various Parameters For Combined Exposure and Post Exposure Periods Subject Exposure Rate B/U B/0 B/BAL U/D U/BAL (ug/Day) Oral Experiments SW 300 MR 1000 EB 2000 IF 3000 0.32 a 0.10 0.24 3 0.18 0.34 0.06 0.26 0.01 -0.08 -0.09 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.17 0.63 a 0.58 a -0.11a -0,06 a 0,06 a o.io (ug/m3) Inhalation Experiments NK SS HR DH JOS LD MOB SB JUS PB MB FC 2.4 3.7 4.5 7.3 22.8 23.0 25.4 27.4 28.1 28.4 29.4 30.4 0.33 0.23 a -0.07 -0.12 0.67 a 0.64 a 0.37 a 0.42 a -0.42 0.36 b 0.53 0.68 -0,01 0.11 -0.16 -0,13 0.08 0.18 b 0.19 -0.03 0.06 0,32 b -0.23 0,14 -0.09 0.03 0,05 -0,14 -0.04 -0.10 -0.15 a -0.05 0.20 0.10 -0.34 a -0.22 0.08 a 0.21a -0.04 0.01 0.0 0.17 a 0.30 a 0,14a 0,28 a -0.02 -0.08 a 0.15a -0,06 b 0.05 -0.08 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12 -0.05 -0.10 -0.33 -0.11 -0,21a -0.26 D/F 0.11 J 0.34 0.74^ 0.82 -0.30 0,02 0.22 -0.04 -0.04 0.37 0.37 0.29 0.30 -0,12 0.15 0.19 ap<0.G1 bp<0.05 cExposure rates for subjects who participated in more than one exposure period (See Table 12) have been averaged. 40 DUP040008071 Subject & Period Table 12 Pose Response Summary for Oral and Inhalation Experiments {continued) Differences from the Control3 Exposure Rate Diet ug/day Feces ug/day Urine ug/day Blood ug/IOOg Balance ug/day JOS 3 SB JUS PB MOB 2 MB FC 3 FC 2 JOS 4 LD 4 FC 1 27-1 27.4 28.1 28.4 28.4 29.4 30.1 30.6 35.2 35.9 64.8 26 2 49 - 19 - 94 - 12 -110 - 25 4 - 60 - 56 15 33 192 3 51 74 51 37 5 -5 - 73 43 20 - 52 27 11 - 57 .' 21 11 -173 ' 11 10 - 27 20 6 -272 38 16 -123 49 9 -213 54 17 -116 56 25 -100 67 23 -142 2 -2 15 a Experimental means minus the control means. b Inhalation exposure rates expressed as average daily concentrations calculated over the whole exposure period. See text. c Excluded from other calculations because data represent only 9 days of exposure. 42 DUP040008072 Table 14 Parameter Correlation Coefficients For Inhalation Exposures Exposure Rate All Exposures a Lower Exposures b Higher Exposures c Piet All Exposures a Lower Exposures b Higher Exposures c vs. vs. Feces 0.60 d 0.11 -0.05 Feces 0.19 -0.11 0.68 d Urine 0.85 d 0.36 0.43 Urine 0.11 0.46 0.24 Blood 0.78 d 0.32 0.26 Blood 0.20 0.35 0.46 a n = 43 bLess than 10 ug PB/m3, n - 29. c Greater than 10 ug Pb/m3, n = 14. dp<0.01 ep<0.05 Balance -0.72d -0,21 -0.53 e Balancd 0.55 d 0.88 d 0.38 44 DUP040008073 f2 B "3 OQ 3 CO O h- s < ffi 3- <Xi/_Tnl CO V- Aj:2 Ul 1 cr UJ 0. x UJ < 3 Q O X Ll . O UJ CO CO cr h- CM 3o o o U~zJ> CD 3,, UJ CO 2 5 I-- < OC 2 0 CD III o2 LI a: 2 mt0>> CO * h- ^ OS UJ O) 3 03 3 ro 8 O F<< X X : CO *2e CO CoO cp a C3* O 0 oa 2 QQ O S U. 46 UaJ: _j QL UJ X Q- DUP040008074 Figure 1. Time Course of Individual Experiments. SUBJECT- Figure 3A. Data Plots for Individual Subjects with Time. AU0/9J 9W XUQ/BA OW AUa/9d 9H AH 0/9d OU UT3001/9d OU 48 DUP040008075