Document Dv6DbZMMEZzGv9jE2N55rqX7d

ffns tha old the new LEAD'S NEW IMAGE You can hardly have missed Lead 's new cover design. If you're among the thousands who have be come used to the old cover over the years, we hope you approve of our new dress. The new image of Lead , the maga zine, comes at the beginning of its thirtieth year of publication. Inevita bly, too, there have been changes in lead's use, its image as a material, in these 30 years. Let's look at some of them -- 1931: with "prosperity just around the corner," one Lead story deals with abolishing "unsightly over head power lines" in Brooklyn as underground lead-sheathed cable is installed. 1934: Lead notes that the burned out hulk of the Morro Castle had become so hot that "great flaps of its paint had blistered, peeled, and dropped off to reveal the red lead beneath." 1939: Nazi troops seize the Danzig corridor; Americans troop to the Trylon and Perisphere of a World's Fair. Lead pictures the many fair buildings painted with white lead. 1941: Pearl Harbor -- a feature article on tetraethyl lead to boost octane for PT boats and carrier aircraft . . . cover picture: bi planes on a carrier's deck. 1945: V-J Day. An article on the 35-mile lead cross-channel pipe line that supplied gasoline for our tanks crossing the Rhine. 1959: Lead 's story on the leadtelluride SNAP-III space power unit symbolizes a technology of atom power, TV, and Sputniks. There have been some changes. Lead 's new image reflects its grow ing role in such diverse new technical advances as "solid state physics" -- see "the spark pump," page 4. LIA26229 ATOti Indian Point, 24 miles up the Hud son River from New York City, is the > site of a $100 million nuclear power' station now nearing completion. Built ; entirely with private funds, the 275.-1 000-kilowatt station is scheduled to go 1 critical for Consolidated Edison this year. W hile the primary shielding of the big pressurized water reactor will be water (neutron shielding) and con crete (gamma shielding), lead figures as gamma shielding in two interest ing areas. One of these is the fuel transfer tube which leads diagonally downward % from the water pool at the top of the reactor to the water-filled storage ; areas in the fuel-handling building adjacent to the reactor containment. * After 600 full power da\s the fuel ele- ments containing U-235. U-233. and various waste products will be highly I radioactive. Their safe removal will involve hoisting them out of the reactor itself with remotely controlled equipment operating under water at all times. As each element is lifted out, it is placed in a stainless steel strap basket, lowered through the stainless steel transfer tube to the storage area, and placed in underwater racks for a cooling period. The transfer tube is filled with water and is surrounded by concrete shield ing between the containment wall for the pool and the steel containment sphere. However, in the annulus be- tween the sphere and the outer con door between the fuel-handling build ilve ' 'elf : crete wall, less bulky shielding was de sired. Lead's outstanding performance as a radiation shield recommended it in this area. ing and the reactor containment. The labyrinth technique was impractical for this doorway which measures 11 feet by 13 feet, 6 inches and passes Valve in the fuel transfer which passes from the reactor to the fuel handling building. Wall at left is the steel con tainment sphere, at right is the concrete ent Good engineering turned the tube through the Sf/h-foot thick outer wall. building wall. As! shielding into a simple project. The Wiat was needed w as shielding be ed j annulus between the transfer tube and tween the operating floor of the fuel et, i an outer carbon steel containment pipe handling building and the interior of The lead is in brick form with the in eel | was filled with lead shot. Specifica the reactor containment which would terstices filled with lead shot. Despite nd tions called for shot not less than give air-tight shielding equivalent to its weight of 75 tons, the door is 0166 in. or larger than .0328 in. in di 51 2 feet of concrete during operation easily opened and closed by the 3 ameter. The space filled was 22 feet of the reactor but could be easilv horsepower motor which operates it. ter long and required 92 tons of shot, opened during maintenance and fuel The outer edge of the door frame Id- : which was simply poured into it. handling operations. formed by a concrete wall, against for : Another area where lead shot pro Engineers chose a lead-filled steel which the door is held by an air seal, nt. ved a happy solution for a shield- frame door 13*2 feet high, 16 feet. is also of lead. This framing of the >e- lng problem was the equipment access 5 inches long, and 12 inches thick. rlnnr ' al 70 tons. -- 3--_____________ LI A2 62 3C i~Y_ COMPLETE new ignition sys tem. smaller than a man's fist, de\elops a 20.000 volt spark from two small chunks of ceramic called PZT I lead zirconate-titanate). Developed l>\ the Clevite Corporation, this new device was dubbed the "spark pump" because it produces voltage from a short pump-like stroke of a cam. A "spark pump" and a small timing switch perform the job now requiring a magneto, points, coil and condenser. Besides simplifving the ignition svstem. the new system delivers constant full \ oltage at all engine speeds -- at start up too. This means that at the first turn of the engine a powerful spark is available to break through even burned or fouled plugs. Field tests with small gasoline engines show that only a quarter to a half turn is required to start the engine. The secret of the operation of the "spark pump" is the phenomenon known as piezoelectricity. Some cer amics and natural crystals produce electricity when pressure is applied. Barium titanate ceramic phonograph cartridges are a good example of this. Lead zirconate-titanate I PZT) is the most efficient and highest temperature piezoelectric material that has been developed so far. Lsing piezoelectric ceramics to generate a spark in igni tion s\stems has been attempted be fore . . . without success. The problem Hand demonstrator model of the spark pump. When squeezed with ordinary handshake pressure, 20,000 volts is produced LiA2 62 31 was that piezoelectric properties were lost under the high pressure required. Physicists call this depoling and PZj is the first material with sufficient "coercivity" to resist depoling. First use of the "spark pump" is in; a new line of premium cast iron single; cylinder engines from Clinton Err? gines Corp.. Clinton. Michigan. Avail able in the power range 2Tj to 61,3 horsepower, these new engines are being used in lawn mowers, garden equipment, and for portable genera tors. spravers and pumps around farms and industrial plants. For the homeowner mowing his lawn, the new engine eliminates start ing trouble because of broken down coils, dirty or worn points, fault' condenser or malfunctioning magneto Among the advantages cited bv Clin ton for its new engine are reduction of plug fouling from carbon reaction due to partial firing: elimination of ignition failure from dust, oil and moisture; and low-er repair bills be cause of reduced field service prob lems. Good news to the power boat en thusiast is in the cards. Ease of start ing with the "spark pump" makes this device a natural for outboard and in board marine engines. A single turn of the familiar starting cord and the engine is running -- no need for com plex starting mechanisms. How about use in automotive en gines? This looks like a good bet for the future hut Clevite says that the device is too new to be certain about all its applications at this time. n0 fuel/ no fumes, no noise Battery Lawn Mower Is Safe, Quiet, Inexpensive "'eri icien ism arei fully. fl'licn. about a year ago, a batterypowered lawn mower was introduced jn England, garden columnists hailed it and gardeners themselves gave it strong popularity. Now the independ ent development of a battery powered machine in this country is finding the same popular support. Within weeks of the announcement of "Lectro Lawnshear.'' its manufacturer. Lectro lawnshear Corporation. West Point. Penna.. had orders for 5,000. Bv Spring. the company expects to have 1 produced 20.000 -- though as a prod uct the device has not yet reached its first birthday. Adages about mousetraps and paths to doors notwithstanding, this is startling success. Behind it lie several big and obvious advantages of a bat tery powered lawn mower over its gasoline powered rival. First, the only noise is produced bv the whirling of the motor armature and blades. I Both rotary and reel mowers are being built with battery |)ower.) Second, while electric mowers pow'ered by house current are also quiet, there is always the danger of cutting the extension cord with the blades -- or at least the nuisance of keeping the cord out of the way. Third, "`fuel" for the mower comes from the electrical outlet. There's no gas and oil to fetch and mix -- or store. No danger of fire. Fourth, while the initial purchase price of the batterv-powered mower is about the same as that of a qualitv gas-powered machine, operating and maintenance costs are much lower. "Refueling'' after mowing 15.00ft square feet of lawn costs about 2 to 21 u cents -- that is the amount of electrical power drawn from the 110 volt AC line bv the mower's built-in charger. Low maintenance is assured by an absolute minimum of moving parts. The battery mower starts at the touch of a button, though for safety sake it can be locked, with a key, in the "off'' position. "Gassing up" at the elec tric outlet. Built-in charger will put 2 to 2Y2 cents worth of power in the battery -- enough for 15,000 square feet of lawn. LIA26232 K' Driving the oakum pouring the lead ... ... and calking it Calking Lead at a Housing Project On May 9 the first building of the Robert A. Taft housing development in New York opens for occupancy. The modern 19-story apartment build ings. nine of them in all, will contain more than 1400 dwelling units when complete. The architects were De Young, Moscowitz & Rosenberg. In keeping with good plumbing practice, waste and vent stacks, and underground waste lines are leadcalked cast iron soil pipe. The stacks are 3 in. and 4 in.: the main building drains are 12 in. extra heavy cast iron soil pipe. In all. plumbing con tractor Lipsky & Rosenthal estimates, there are 25,000 or more calked joints in the system. In addition, water distribution line and high pressure fire lines of cast iron pipe employ lead calked joints. Construction started in 1958. Since then three-man crews of plumbers have put in thousands of these joints in the concrete mat foundation. At each joint thev drive oakum into the space between the bell and the spigot leaving about 2 in. for lead in water distribution lines and 1 in. in waste lines. Then, fitting up a joint runner on horizontal pipe they pour molten lead into the opening. After it has solidified, the lead is calked to in sure a tight even fit capable of withstanding pressures the joint is normally exposed to. So long as good quality lead is used, the joint retains its seal through any of the normal strains and flexings it meets in service. A good standard for calking lead is furnished by the specifications of the American Water Works Association for Laying Cast Iron Pipe (see table). The general rule of 12 ounces of lead per inch of diameter of the castiron soil pipe was followed at the Taft apartments. It has been often noted LI A26233 that less lead than this is sufficient in many routine jobs. However, in event of blockage of the line, the drains of these apartments will have to with stand a 200 foot head of water. Mechanical Engineers for the job were Mever. Strong & Jones: the gen eral contractor was S. S. >ilverblatt. Journeyman plumber levels the 6 in. air Inlet to the house trap of the 12 in. XHCISP building drain. .The Lillie Walt That rTl . jood many rooms in schools, |?Dd other buildings can't make "flfrlr minds. Many times a ball"Tiniut provide an unbroken ex- tfor a big event. At other times be broken up so that several committees perhaps, can use ^ooce. The same is true of office jnc* rooms. One long-time of the architects who design tj^ooms bas been an easily mov| Will that provides privacy and Uolation. But the idea of a t tubstantial wall that appears (fUippears as needed has been 'ijown as an economic impossi'for most situations. Sacb i the pace of modern tech nology that "the little wall that isn't tot" is now being made. By late (tmmer its producers expect to be abb to supply it as needed for any (oration where quick, convenient changes of working space -- or play ing space -- are needed. The miracle ttuterial of the wall is a woven fabric, ,Utnjti-Flex, which embodies vertjral lead wires to give it high mass tlthout losing flexibility. Bf hanging Acousti-Flex from a WUtd-trap suspension fitting and pro K viding similar fittings at the floor and wall, you can achieve the same acous tical isolation as that provided by a painted 6 inch cinder block wall. Still, a petite schoolmarm of 100 pounds finds no difficulty in opening or clos ing the curtain by hand. For grand sweeps of The aldorf Ballroom genre, there are automatic electrical systems, of course. This combination of properties is brought about by com bining lead and textile fibers to give an acoustically "limp" mass. Though it is woven on carpet looms, the material looks like rich, rough decorator drapery fabric. A wide variety of colors and designs can be made. Most of the weight (3 lb/sq ft) of the fabric comes from the lead, but this is not visible in the hanging curtain. The two close-up photos give some idea of the appearance. This particu lar sample is a contemporary pattern ^ V- lytin. T'- in black, white, and two shades of brown. Note how closely the material folds on itself when flexed. An Acousti-Flex Wall adequate to sepa rate a room 25 ft. wide folds into a storage space of less than 4 ft. This may be a compartment projecting from the wall, or, with a curved track, a thin storage compartment along the face of the wall. One major field for the new wall material will be in construction of modern schools. The conventional auditorium is liable to become as ex tinct as the dodo since these walls can be used to open several classrooms into a meeting hall. The Brunswick Corp., which is marketing Acousti-Flex, points out that the added function and flexibility in the use of space will more than carry any cost premium of such a wall. Installed cost is estimated to be about SI2 to 314 per square foot. LIA26234 0,LTBOARD motors have become as familiar an adjunct to adult recre ation as baseballs, bats and gloves are to kids. But while bats and balls keep their standard size, outboard motors have become bigger each Year. So much bigger, in fact, that auxiliary gas tanks are now standard small boat equipment. A popular material for such tanks is terneplate. a copper bearing mild steel coated with a leadtin alloc ( usually 75 to 80 per cent lead). Corrosion resistance of the metal is good and it is easilv painted to match the color of the boat. The "BoaTank" pictured, made by Mitchell Metal Products, is white. .Mitchell makes 16 other sizes (and shapes) in other colors, too. t er ne g o es t o sea ; H l ibr ar y rV < - i / iMxFf o f TECHNICAL INFORMATION i UJJjjJij iiJJX' U'JJJj JJiJ VUiJJj following publiconons art available free of charge untecs otherwise noted. Send request >, ife , IEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 292 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK 17, K.T. The materials you buy - lead Descriptive information about lead from mine to finished products. Reprinted from "New coumarone primer for -ship hull., fixed **' tion methods for sound barriers, data on and common building materials. York Purchasing Review/' January, 1959. Truck costs in a jiffy Nuclear materials Corrosion Dato - lead & alloys Chart form presentation of the corrosion re sistance of lead and its alloys to 188 common chemical materials over the normal tempera ture range. Reprinted from "Chemical Engi neering/' February, 19.53. Flashing with hard lead A complete "How-to-do-it" article on the use of bard lead in roofing and flashing. Reprinted from "American Roofer & Siding Contractor," December, 5 958. Lead-asbestos anti-vibration pods ("lives specification, drawings, and reviews re cent applications of lead-asbestos anti-vibra tion pads for buildings. Three nomographs permit .wt,.., . for gas or battery ,VV ,of ^ m two or three minutes Unw-.s'.-t'm truc mg costs, and mainu'nhmv - ` ' *arately for all unusual <v,,/ J! 'V'* ojH'rntnm1 .S<1 Building construction bulletins A series of specifications f in building construct km rately.) A'hn eaiin\isbele 'f lea No. 1 Specifications for l ond VV * tions for Plumbing yi\turv t'onnes Traps (Water Closets Service Stnksl. >\si * a I 'hl- fIinntaelgsra- No. 2 Specification for 1 -nd Nh , Pans. ' and Eight-page reprint from "Materials in Desiga Engineering" inspects currem fuels, control, moderators, reflectors and shielding. 1000 F bearings Data on dry high-temperature lead oxide bear* ings developed by N.A.S.A. Reprinted fnj "Materials in Design Engineering." X-ray data - lead ceramics Detailed examination of X-ray and dilatoro*trie data for four groups of lead waits. Sixpage reprint from "Jour. Amer. Ceramic Soc." NEW LISTINGS Leod work for modern plumbing $2.00 Postpaid, $1.50 per copy in quanti ties of 10 or more. No. 3 Specification for tory Drainage Systems, d t horn Seamless (erne for roofing l.jibs'r* Methods of leod lining tanks Four page review of corrosion performance and fabrication methods for lead in proceae vessels and piping. Considers five ways ot Profusely illustrated with over 140 photo graphs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods required for lead work. Leod in modem industry A fully illustrated 230 page, cloth bound book describing all phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. Red lead technical letters No. 12 Seven formulations and schedules for painting highway structural steel. Illustrated four-pas,. archu,v r.i tion also provides data Mrve/h 1, P/ T characteristics and color . *' d *eiKh plate as roofing. ` rerne Design engineering data Twelve-page publication lead uses, tabulates data. ' Oilless bearings - helitoplers s sh''"N vNfReprint from "Design NYw lead-teflon bearings drawings included. in heliov'P'-er I'hou** and using lead. Reprinted from "Chemical Engi neering," January 9, 1961. Materials of construction reviews Lead and lead alloys in design and construe tion for research and engineering use. Bibli ographies for 1961, 1959, 1958 and 1957 are available (editions are not cumulative). Re* printed from "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." Isolate cooling tower vibrations Case history of the use of lead-asbestos anti* vibration pads to isolate rooftop cooling tower No. 13 L.T.A. Formula 9-2. A single Red Lead Primer for Rusted, Weathered or New Galva nized Steel. Improved sound barrier? Twelve-page engineering reyvr: of a New York office building. Drawing** specifications and photos included. ReprinUd from "Air Conditioning. Heating and Vent* lating." Jan. 1961. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. LIA26235 PRINTED IN U.S.A. ISHERS PRINTING -- ROGERS KELLOGG CO**- LONG T ;LA n D CITY 1. N. Y.