Document DnZwwyQQGXQ7MM1Z4BNjGaKn

3HEEWIK WILLIAMS COMPANT. SOPPliMSSlAST THCBKZCaI. OPERAIIQtS REPORT November 1946 - February 194?. Preseated Hay T 1947 <^> r\ \\ <-*. -- __ N 25402 Series No. 54 30PPLEME<TAHY TECIM1CAL OPERATIONS REPORT NOT. 1046 - FEB. 1047. Rase 1 6 6 ia 13 14 16 17 18 19 24 28 32 33 36 41 43 46 47 43 a S3 58 59 60 61 62 INDEX Item No. C. 12 0.13 C .20 1.5 I-.8 1.15 If .17 I .18 P .21 If .85 P.3 P.40 P.S4 P.ffiL I*.88 P.86 P.98 P.103 P.108 P.117 P.120 P.181 P.122 7.3. 7.30 7.31 7.32 Title Viscosity Control Cellulose surfaces & Stoppers. Nitrocellulose Aircraft Finishes. Permanent Red 2.B. Cromat Maroon Lake Effect of Stearamide on Chroma Green Para Reds Hansa Yellows Abo Orange, C .2611. Stonhard Fire Retardent Paints Tinting Colours Polykcan Super Synthetic Pompeian Finishes for Prefabricated Bouses. White Lead Paints. Railway Ooaah & &aginc Finishes. Label Varnish & Waterproofer Kemplastite "Twelve Star" &lkyd Enamel Dymard Storing Enamel Coloured Stencilling Paints in Solid Form for Warehouse Use. Wax Polish Anti skinning Agents. Rubbing Compounds Fenta-erythritol Resins. Acknowledgment le due to the following, under whose supervision the abOTe-eosctloned investigations have been made Mr. ,H. Stiteon Mr. R.C. Soaervi^J-e Mr. J ,K. Barracleugh Mr. 5.2. Francis Yerniah and Development Saction ,, Paint Control Section Dry Colour Section Cellulose Section.. (Sgd) H. A.' HKBSBAM liAI'UGER " Technical Operations. SUP i-i F, 12 (1) VISCOSITY CQKTROL by I. KECKVJkH. Series Ho.54. (0.12.) Viscosity Keaeuramante Using the Brookfield Viscosimeter. Tbs Brookfield Synflfcntiectrio Viscosimeter is an olectrieally driven instrument wh4c: measures viscosity in terms of the dreg produced on a spindle rot;ed in the material under test. The spindle is driven by a synchronous motor, the dial of the instrument slso revolves and is driven directly from the motor, whereas the drive to the spindle is transmitted through a spiral spring. The spring absorbs the drtt, produced on the spindle by the material under tost. The distance by which the spindle lags behind the diel is communicated to t. pointer which indicates this distance on the dial. Dial readia/.j can he converted to viscosity measurements in absolute units. The dial may b rotate: at four different speeds, :?peed akangns being mace whilst the rotor is running. There are seven- 'ntercVengaahle spindles of different sizes, to cover trie jner-suro.T.mt of-vi aoositiea from - 80,000 poises. The visooiitiec- of- eight materials were measured ut 35 .*,. using (a) Gaidner Btr-hle Ttisss (h) Tbs .3--.o 1.j L-.j v . I Vioccbinetor with .- -o. 1 ApicAlo Mvtiiriels sue. results ao tviuivtou below : -- - A:' . [Jj '. \ ubr:leating 0:11 ' tinni Oil [B!J- ; -1 A.6191 vivc jrino ; vtanl Oil. -u 1 OyXivier Oil . 111093 - OH ;io: lab v* M/ripv Z?; ions Brotkfield j vv.biv a-Tubu i 1.6 :>.4 ; ; <-y i rf: rj r/,i i>.? ; 6.0 20.0 S 13 BO. 5 .11-' 1.8 Bo set o i bt-ibo:':. ft ' v ', 1 *|: u. CiffOAS-iA <v =, 0,7 - o.e (2) VISCOSITY CONTROL (Continued} (C .12) Series No,54 Over this viscosity range results by the two methods show close similarity. where there is disparity the Bubble Tube Method is more probably at fault because (1) When the rate of rise of the bubble in the material under test does not exactly coincide with that of (me of the standards, the reported figure can only be an approximation. (2) Variation in diameter of the empty compariaon tubes causes error. Determination of effect of varying the motor speed using the No.l spindle. Materials used lubricating Oil, Glycerine end Stand Oil (89). These materials gave readings at two or more motor apeeda. foAT 1*ilijTvL Lubricating Oil j Glycerine Stand Oil (69) R.P.M. Reading Reading Reading converted to converted to 20 r.p.m. poises. 2 16 160 4 32 160 10 80. 160 20 160 - 4 112 560 10 287 574 4 54 270 10 152 268 20 278 -- 1.6 x6 1.6 1.6 6.6 5.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 CfcEc'inaion: Shm in any material two or more motor speeds give satiefrctc : readings without changing the spindle, it is ii&iiateriol which speed is used as the viscosity figures calculated from tbs read infra are virtually identical. ty of Tartars Paint. 4.1.1891. le Ho.6. Temperature CO J? t ffotor Speed 1st reading 2nd reading 4 r.p.m. 8 r.p.m. 238 122 30 120 J??-an reading at 4 r.p.m 1170 poises. co: ft- r SUP 052$ ! * (5) VISCOSITY CONTROL (Continued) (C .13) Series Bo.54. Vlacoalty of Lino Adhesive B.4950, Spindle No.5 Teapt. 850 t. B.I4I. 10 let reading 400 2nd reading 400 f 380 poises Viscosity of Pigmented Saalalca Pasta Cleaner (Formulation now different). This material did not appear to be homogeneous and there was a tendency for liquid to separate after stirring. Successive readings showed lack of agreement. Sometimes the pointer would remain steady for several revolutions and then rapidly jump to a nee position. Normally the pointer reaches the stable position without any jerkinsas. The following readings ware obtained using spindle No.6 at 4 r.p.m. at room tsaperature (60 F.) 188, 178, 154, 180, 176, 178 and 180 Mean of 1st, End, 4th, 6th and 6th readings a 178 8 890 poises Preparation of Staid Oil. 4 gallons of (8) in a 5-gallon pot was brought to 560 F. and held for several hours. Periodic viscosity determinations ware made lnmersing the Brookfield Viscosimeter in the hot oil. After each determination a small sample of oil was withdrawn and the viscosity determined by the Babble Tube method. The readings from the Brookfield were obtained using No. 1 spindle at 80 r.pjm. This covers the lowest viscosity range viz. 0.5 p. *=> 5 p. Readings below 0.5 p are stated to be unreliable. All fee readings were below this limit, and therefore unreliable. The final viscosity of this stand oil at 85 C. by Babble Tubs was 12.9 p. A 27 p. stand oil (tho stoutest available) was heated to 560 F. and ita viscosity measured by the Brookfield. The viscosity wao 0.17 p,. again sell below tho accuracy limit of the machine. contd. 5/,/P ri` '15 (4) VISCOSITY CONTROL (Continued) (C .18 i Series No.54 Tims Temperature & p.ifi. .40 " s.O" 3.30 '' 4.0 9 4.30 * ; ; : 660 y. 580 y. 560 F 568 y. 560 y. 560 F. Brookfield Beading 2.0 8.0 2.23 2.25 2.5 2.5 Brookfie.d Ibises 0,1 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 Bubble Tube 25C. 2.65 5.0 6.3 8.8 10.8 18.9 660 F. 3.5 0.17 87.0 ! When the Brookfield Viacoaimater her been issuersed in Stand Oil i.< 360 F. the adhering film of Stand Oil present on removal of the isB? saeat set practically ismediately and was noat: difficult to ressovo. f. !. spindle and calibration sleeve were given a rough cleaning after each '.'.saarslon. At the sad of the experiment 'he baked film on three and -gide aims was extremely hard anil could i ct be removed with paint rranc' i;.'. The film was eventually softened by refluxing with matt chloride ir.? light hours. rt i Co; dual oz Hie instrument ia unsuitable for tier in hot stand oil vataisk bet > because .) of the trouble with baked films desi.xibod ebav. ;: ) the low vieoosity of bodied material e at the teaper&tu of cook ia usually below the range i f the instrument. Pr: carat! o >.C Alkyd (S.A.S142) 181.731 (368) (350) {458) 5C4 2S0 455 171 n The 731, (368) and (350) were heatet co 500 S'. and he', i'o:; B Louir. shun the experiment wao brought to an rax ay an electricity ,ut TS.i spscifif i Kirks cooking time is 3 hours but svon in the limited time ccntt P/./P 8528 1 (5) Ttscoamr c c mt h o l (Continued) {o .i z ) Series No.54 ths alkyfl via over bodied. Periodic Yiooosity nabBuiansutti were made at tin cooking temperature using the Brookfield viecoaimetar with Spindle 230.1. at 20 r.p.su. All readings axoapt the final one (when the alfcyd vus over-bodied) were below the accurate range of the instrument, Nevertheless, when viscosities were plotted against tine a smooth curve wae obtained. Tims Brookfield Beading at 800 F. 1 te. 10 adns. 1 Iff. 28 " 1 Iff. 48 " 2 lire .20 S hrs.43 <b 4o 4.28 8.0 9.78 18.0 Beading Cor.vart.ed to poises. 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.48 0.76 After immersion in the alkyd at 500 f. the adherent film t. li-iuid on its instrument set hard immediately and war voet difficult to i'ewove. 'Me iplndle and calibration shield ware roughly cleaned after tin first jmsestoa. They were not cleaned again until after the third inra: : r lor, by which tine a thick film had been deposited. Jfcet o this waa Kuoved prior to the fourth immersion. Thr fourth and fifth ratings -rsr taken without an intermediate cleaning. After the fifth reading the calibration sleeve had a hard layer of alkm which wen only removed wifi great difficulty after standing in (453) overnight. Alkyl had built, np on the spindle, and on the rim had a thi ikness of about i/j Ibis deposit v.-aa most difficult to remove even after -itending overnight immersed in solvent. 0or.clU3lci.-:. Che Brookfield Viscosimeter provides a ra id and accurate xcathod of determining the viscosity of varnishes, sta;:d oils, lubrioatii oils, test-lire paint and lino adhesive in absolute unite. Other mafcerie for whiah ;.S aoild be used include Brunswick Blacks. somatic Betrolsum residues il paints over a wide range of viscosities. For normal varniahoo ' is instrument is less convenient than the dribble Tube as a much grant-to -oLuma of liquid, namely, 500 o.os. nast to brought to -standard t- rnsrature. Tea instrument is not suitable for contro lling varoiah aookt she = bncat.-") (1) The instrument lacks accuracy at vise os: ties bdlct^ p contd SUP fi` (6) VISCOSITY CONTROL (Continued) (C .18.) Series No. 54. (3} Toe material under test rapidly bakes hrrrd on the imaerasd part- of the instrument. The instrument ie sufiiefeen -ly robust for careful uas in the laboratory but is too delicate for use on the works. CELLULOSE SURFACES AND STOPPERS by la-L-JSgff- (C.13.) Ap it was desired to release for H.S. Sienals euppliea of 0<&lo3olve. -i-fi present fully used in our primer surfacers, alternative formulas not requiring cellosolve were tested. 'the clecsea comp ared were iA) standard 40.44, 45, 46, based on Shellac end Blown Castor Oil. (Bi Sobao Eoimula dG.SQO.l, based on Ester Gum end Dibutyl Hiihalate. (Ci !iCiassoM Type, similar to 40.117 Stopper, baaed on DoeskacAte 100 Pale and Treated Linseed Oil. (D) is.1321 type based on Ester and Damar and D.3.P. * 0ester Oil with some selenium-treated Bung Oil. TTPoa'(8) end (D) were discarded as being considerably poorar then standard fsv adhesion, but Type (C) was very promising. When tested Llcnc- thy ajpasred slightly brittle, and so an 'extra %$> of T.L.O. was addaft.- The uaciltared material was. bewover; better under snaraal, being tnual to standard after 1-2 days drying. 3-4 weeks ageing, however, both trie unaltered and cites-td fur vv*re too brittle, and it was found after extended teste rhst an s.ciA'; ' c*d.-. 6$ of 'l.L.O. was reunited to give satisfactory oX.eE-ticity i ;;-:> ng, but- this made the material too soft for satisfactory flatting tht . freshly applied. To overcome this difficulty further fasts era :la Laid using maleic type resine in place of the Saekaoite 100 ft? when it la i-.ea to combine the good hardness and adhesion with satisfacboi advent rsla ? s, HITHOOSIHruOSE nIBCHAgT EII-ISHES. iy O.Ji. FEBB. (C.,20.) Sc--;;! experimental work ha3 been done to determine the ceu.se of tha presi .libation and coagulation which has been-occurring with D.T.D.75 con to (?) HagSOCMOLOSE AXBCBAET FIHISHgS (Continued) Series iso.54. ;C.20.) OsEOUiiagt finishes on ageing. This trouble has 3a;c osrpsrienead thraughout the range. It. was thought that it was probably stai-isd by the action of lactic acid, formed 'oy the kyctrolyBis of the sthyi lactate In the solvent lieee, on reactive pigments in the finishes. Vihite was the reset eaves91? effected. "Shis is made on Zinc aside end it is known that tale pig-seat ia prone to coagulation if the p3 j eI.u c of the medium ic too low, as it would be in this caae if lartie cold ware being liberated. Another pigment which might rear: with the lactic acid and f hica ia common to the whole range ia Zinc stearate. Several aeries of experimental mixinge -.rera made to detezsnlnt whether c4s? theory as to the cause of the trouble w.*> correct. Qua males* Mbilenity was that the coagulation takes .several months to dsvaloj, td it was necessary for us to obtain, speedy results. we thesafes tried a ntm&er of methods to accelerate the reaction. Thee included the incorporation of various quantities of lactic acid, the addition of large quantities of ethyl lactate and in ox.a case the addition of water to spaed the hydrolysis of the ehtyl lactate in the solvent he.se. Sour aeries were made, each on a differt pigment. 1 s $s TV Sine Oxide lead Chromate Zinc stearate Titanium Oxide. The titanium oz?.4e series was introduced st a control because this Is an inert substance and would confirm rhather the pigments were taking any part in the reaction. Tabulated on the following pegee are the details of the finishes aod the observations undo. eontd. SUP 052 (8) SeriM Ho.E l HiaBOCBmHflSB AIBOR&KE KlMTamts (0.20.) (Continued} Sorias T PAgaagntod nith Zinc Oxide. Standard { 4}t (455 : ) Solent Base- A, Contains 20$ {453) B. 20$ (456} and 6$ Lactic Acid Initial . Ovar- 1 waak 1 month Obeorvation nlght O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. 3 iconL-it O.X. O.K. O.K. O.K. lamadiato Coagulation O.K. Coagule Us coameac J) <2* tlC'/b (45S; ~ <5^y O.K. O.K. O.K. Slight algos coagula tion CoagtLUi to: eosonnccinn II. :30$ (458) 0$ Lactic Acid. 33, -L-, instie Aci< joiy? i-scSis Ac 5x-. (5. 0*.$ Leotla Acid Imaediate Coagulation Ian odists Coagulation J j 0*E f J O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. = O.K, O.K. 0,1. o.i; 33, 0.001$ Laetia Acid' j 0,X. i O.K. O.K. O.K. 0.K er:i*< (9) SerlM No.64 XgTBOCSmJLOSE AIRCR&ffP FINISHES (Continued) (0.80.) Series U Pigmented with Lead Chromate Standard ( 4$> (456) ) Solvent BaseA. Qontalns 2054 (455) B< 30f> (455) and 5?^ Lactic Acid . 0. sop i455)+ S~;/3s<3$lmtw S. !/ Lactic Acid ! i! 3*. 0.1% .'Lactic Acid !................................................; G-, 0.01% Laotic j \c id ; .... . ! ......... ..... ...... ... J E, 0.001$ Xactis Acid Initial j Overnight 1 Observation i week 1 math i <........... O.K. ii | O.K. 0* O.K* Ll . .... - O.K. ; o.x. . O.K. O.K. 8 sent as O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. OaK-s O.K, ' OeKo O.K. Shots Coagu lation does not dry. j O.K. i O.K. V.Sli^jEfc Y.Sllg t 1 signs signs coagula consul tist j tion J Shows ooagulation. Slight j | | ! I tack. i ; o.K. ; \ O.K. O.K* O.K. O.K. .; O.K. O.K- i O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. OCBvl. 31 I 1 hi !w ) i.... (10) Seriss Ho.54. larBOCSIIMLOSS AlHCRU?? KHilSHBS (0.20.) Continued) Series HI Pigmented with Kino Stearate. ' Initial Overnight 1 week Observation Standard ( <1> (455) ) Solvent Baae A. Contains 20)4 (455) O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. Bt 30# (465) and 5# lactic Acid jSCfc (4-'i5)-r a -/ 3x.i) -cRiter Coagulation, apparent dissolution of pigment. Does not dry. O.K. 0 cK * O.K. SOii (455) -r ioid Iftoti-3 O.K. 0 cagolstion Hon-drying 1 month 2 O.K. O.K. O.b . O.T . 7.Slight vO signs o? coagulation . Atiici . )?. O.XJS Laotto-iseiG I, 0,0X3 L:;Sxc .ixi-Z ~' O.K. O.K. I OoEw j O.K. i 1 O.K. O.K. O.K. 0K* O.E, O.K. O.K. O.K. . O.K. o,,, O.K. " 0.1.. OwK. O.i . 51-IP fit (H5 NlTBOCELIUIXlSE AIRCRAFT FINISHES (Continued) Series 1?, Pigmented with Titanium Oxide. Series No.54. (C .20.) Standard ( 4$ (453) ) Solvent Base A. Contains 20$ '155) Initial ] Overnight Observation j i 1 | O.K. ji O.K. O.K. O.K. 1 wash O.K. O.X. 1 month O.K. O.K. moi ;he 0. i . o.j . B. 20$ (455) and .3$ Laatio Acid O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. o.: , 0, 80$ 1455) 4- S^'arfl^atsr - 0 ' SO/i* Acid t?Tv jK- ,^}j ,.a:tic Aaid f : Ooj-/J i.-UO'tiC A3 Id ;a > OeOL# Aaofcio icsia t TL 0.003# Lactie Acid i 0 * O.X. C.X. 0*& O.K. C.E. O.K. 1 O.K. | C.K. !i O.K. O.K. | O.X. | :i i O.K* OciS.ii j C'K* ;i 1i 11 0*K* o.,; O.K. 'i O.K. o; . O.K. O.K. : O.K. O.K. O.K | j } 1 i i I 1 1 -V ,1 .2: c .at'} SUP 0= KTTBOfia-.Tin.OSB AIRCRAFT riNISHIS (Continued) Series No.54 In the control aeries on Titanium no coagulation has occurred, whereas it has developed in some cases in all the other series. Lactic Acid in any appreciable quantity will show almost' inmediate coagulation, the concentration necessary to effect this reaction varying somewhat with the pigment in the finish. In the ease of the Zinc Oxide Series, coagulation has commenced in the finish containing 20J& of Ethyl Lactate, end it has bean shown that water in the finish will accelerate the process. There has as yet been no chenge in any of the finishes made on the standard aolvent baas which contains 4a of Ethyl Lactate. The result of these tests therefore confirm our assumption as to the cause of the trouble, that la, it is due to the reaction of the pigments with lactic acid formed by the hydrolysis of ethyl lactate. Normally, in the finishes of the standard solvent base the concentration cf lactic aaid takes some months to become high enough to have any effect. Consequently, we are altering the formulae of all our Camouflage Colours to LTD.754 leaving out the ethyl lactate. EsauaiaCT b e d s .b . by R. HEaTON. (d .5.) 0=2995 is the barium toner and C.5CS8 the calcium toner of Permanent Red S.B. In each case manufacture falls into two sections (1) the production of Permanent Red S.B. sodium salt by coupling diazotisfti 5-aaiEo - 4 - chior - toluene - 5 sulpkonic acid, and {8) forming the alkaline earth matal salt. However the dye is produced under somewhat different conditions for C.2995 end C.3028 and laking of these dyes is carried out under different conditions. Analysis of the quality of the factory C-3Q.8S is much more uniform than that of 0..2995. The present work: was undertaken to find out whether the sodium salt of Permanent Red B.B. will give a barium aalt equal to C.2995 standard. a s a preliminary experiment C,3028 was prepared in the laboratory with the calcium chloride in the formula replaced by an equimolecular quantity of barium chloride. This product was much deeper and seeker than 0. 995. In the second experiment the sodium salt was prepared as in C.3033 tut the laking was carried c:n, as in C.2995. Here the selfcolour was much brighter and somewhat paler than standard 0.2395; the undertone cheeked wall with standard but the toner was lO-SC# weaker than C.2S90- (13) PBBMAHBff RED 3.B. (Continued) (D.5.) Series 2Jo.54. Variations of pH of dye suspension before 1 eking have shovn that the barium salt will not form if the pH value ia 5.0 or iese {c.fc calcium lake tfhioh will not form if the pH value is pH 5.5 or more). Work ie continuing. CBOM&T by H. WBBB. (D.8.) .^resent production of Crcmat is on casein/soda aeh binder, although it .a known that a casein/lime bound water-distemper produces u batter, harder film which can be recoated. However, casein/lima dieteiapsrs have poorer dispersing propertiee and tend to froth more than thoas based on aoda aah. A recent publication by Technical Products, Ltd. recomueiida the use of T iopol X ae a dispersing agent for aqueous Buspenaione, particular; useful in presence of hard water. Casein/line distempers were therefore made up as follows ; unmodified to act aie control. containing 1% Teapol on total weight of distemper. .SI containing 2% Tee pol or. total weight, of distemper, Vbey were then dicpersMt. in water with tie results aet o r: in the fc-.c .;. >ir...; table. 2aso of nixing with water : frothing i Skinning c j 1 n i'.itb.i f. ; Settling, o:. isSsnding. : '-zrL"izr~A :.r. Control Standard Fair 1/ Teepol X 0 Teepol r-- hat noticeably different from control S-qual to Control An 1% leepul . Eipel^t ' Goiu; Pronouna sd About equal, t-o control Slightly 1 js-i than centcol- Bad ; Amount about the ease aa SI and ii-.i j but rather more readily tils per.'.sen ; on SUP c r o ma t (Contd.) (D.a.) Series Ho.54 Conclusion:- Whilrt Tecpol X has a slightly beneficial effect on oaaein/liiM; distempers, especially in relation to settling it will not bring the up to the standard of our normal product. Sodium pyrophosphate has also been recommended as a disperaing agent in the case of inorganic solid/aqueous dispersions, in quantities of about 0.Q1 Molar percent, (this is equivalent to ebout 1 os. on a 5-out. batch of Cromat). A laboratory batch of a green Cromat me made up in which about 0.01 Molar % of sodium pyrophosphate was incorporated. This was dispersed in water end compared with a ample of corresponding run-of-plont material. This particular oolour was used bnaau.se at the difficulty of wetting the green which tends to float on the water. The treated batch wet at about the sme rate as the untreated batch end settled to about the scoue extent overnight. The subsequent dispersion of the settled Cnomat did not appear to be easier in the case of the treated batch and no advantage of brushing or in the dried film was apparent. Conclusion: Sodium pyrophosphate does not appear to improve the quality of Cromat in say way. MfeBOOS U&3 (D.15.1 by 0. lu WEBS. Various maroon pigments have been on exposure in Proxcella ronaulas for the past 1 yr. 0 months, and the following is a oummery the results to date. (Exposure Reference PX.263S A & B.). on the waclo these results confirm prsvious experience, although the poorer re-ralte obtained with C.1465 ceuee eoma apprehension regarding the durability of deep shades in which this predominates. This is somewhat allayed by the improvement shown in the blends, and by the consideration that the above materials wars based entirely on Ester Gran instead of the Ester-Oamar blend now in use. Soutine tests os current manufacture should provide further i:;.formation in 8-12 months, and further tests are in hard using a proportion of alkyd resin. contd, (IS) Series So,54. hTposure Testa on tferooa Enamels. (D.18) 868/271/1. There ere no signs of breakdown in the finish. KapAd deterioration of the sloes and polish occurred but otfcervdae this exposure is fairly good. The colour beams dirty after about six months and there were slight signs of chalking. 266/858/8. The colour of this finish is still quite good. C-lcaa and polish aro fair and slight chalking and pitting hare occurred. On the whole tails is quite satisfactory. S.IBS& The colour of this is still quite good. Gloss e'o : polishing are fair. The finish is chalking and pitting sai checking is just comeneing. 3.88*6 This blued up fairly rapidly. The gloss is fair eat polishing poor. The finish las chalked very slightly. 3,2.865 The colour is new slightly bin. Gloss and polishing ha/fj gradually deteriorated. "Hie finish has chalked ba<lly end checking Sbioh as very alight is not? beginning to spread evrr the panel. y, 3JB88 a pt ) 1 5 pte ) The colour of this is still quite good. Gloss and xc3iah hare deteriorated. Th finish has chalked slightly. Thera, are no signs of pitting find cheeking, ?. 0 1 pt. ) t5 ;t-i ) dolour fair. Polishing and gloss ax-a poor, slight <&oleins has occurred and thore is no pitting or chalking. SUP 052 U) ^WtUS 01 STxiARALlDa CW CHROija CK ~ ' ' by g. >7cBB qO * K/.*i?.v 1? The surface active agent stearamide has been recommended by its producers as an ideal material, for reducing flotation in Chrome Greens. They maintain that satisfactory result's are obtained if the paint medium, chrome green and stearamide are milled together. About 4# on the weight 03? green is recommended. The material ms tested as follows:(1) &S stearamide was ground into Y5G89 and the treated pigment ground up on a palette with varnish 75929. (2) Ti stearamide used precisely as above. (5) spa stearamide was added to C1688 slop, thoroughly stirred, filtered and dried. The treated CX680 ms then made up to Y5G8B and a paint made up as in (1). (4) Y5Q89. 4$ stearamide and 75929 were all ground together t o make up a paint, (5) A control was made up as in (1) omitting the stearamideThe paints were brushed out side by side and examined after i hour and after several hours. No difference in flotation was observable. Parallel tests in stand oil (45), and linseed oil (5) gave exactly similar results. Conclusion. Stearamide doesn't appear to have any beneffciaTeffHci on the floating of chrome greens. Su p 05 (17) PARA RHDS D.18. II J.K, BARBAGLOUGH- S.54. ,, .following the Laboratory. Report in the issue Series 52 rccemendations were made to the production' department to replace sulphonated loral in C2461 by Galsolene Qil xLS* This has now becomeestablishsd works procedure and during the past two months 19 batches have been made on the revised formula, 17 were satisfac tory to standard, the other two were slightly deep(N.B - the formula ms revised because run-of-plant material was tending to.be too pale). Production will be watched and if present standard of output is maintained the formula will be taken as satisfactory. SUP u cri - 29 (18) HftflSA YuILOWS..-..*B*21. BY fi,, HDIS. S.54. U,S Patent Ho. 2*261,626 claims that by the introduction of quaternary ammoniu compounds during the formation of azo pigments, brilliance and tinct orial power are improved* The patent elves formulae for Hansa. Yellows prepared m presence of about 12" quaternary ammonium compounds - none or which are commercially available in"jangland* However the iissolamines (I.C.i.) are compounds of this type and two of these, viz... Lissolamine A450 and Lis solamine V have been tried* Using the formula quoted in the patent, dirty brown products were obtained,, but using our Standard Hansa Yellow G (02510) formula along mth suitable quantities of the Lissolamines pigments of slightly greater strength and slightly impaired self-eolour have been obtained. Although or little interest ~ from a paint viewpoint they are of importance from that of printing-inks since in stand oil'"they give films of greatly enhanced finish when compared with 02610 or 02776. Lighs-fastness tests are in hand. SI-IP 05 (18) A20 0RAHG3, 0,2511...,, D.25 BY J,K, 3ARRACLCUC-H AHD R. HnATGS. Background. C261.1 prepared by coupling diazotised o-ni trip-aniline v&tb. B-naphthol is known in England as Azo Orange ana in U.3.A. as o-nitro-aniline Orange. L.B. & 3. . are the only makers in England. The'formula an used prior to this work has been used for many years giving results which fluctuated round a mean with such regularity the batch and batch blending' gave results equal to standard. However, some time ago, a Yorks run of material came out consistently too red in self-colour and too blue in undertone. Records of earlier work,..unfortunately, do not exist. Some of the work described was carried out in the laboratory befure further 'works batches were made, the rest, of the work described in the report was made as works trials were in progress. Laboratory Results. Two basic formulae were used during the laboratory work, those are designated (A) and (B). (A) was used during the earlier work ana (B) "during the later work. They ares-- A. B. 8.0 gm 8.0 gm 60 ml'.' 100 mi. 6.5 mis* 5.0 mis. 3,8 gm* 3.8 gm. 10 gm* 10 gm* Re 570 (o-nitro-aailine) mixed thoroughly with rater; to this (60) (sulphuric acid) ms added and stirred for 16 minutes. After cooling to 0C- the Re 570 ms diazotised with Re 529 (sodium nitrite) as'20^ solution.. When diazotisati.cn was complete the ctiazo solution was settled with J&2Q and the clear lieuor used for coupling. 7.9 gm* 5*8 Sr * 200 ml. 600 ml* 19 mis. 7.9 gm* 3.8 1 Kn mSBl** 600 il. 20 ml* RE 400 (B. naphthol) and RE 543 (caustic soda) were dissolved ir, hot water and diluted to Ift case B 10 (66) (Turkey Red Oil) was added and then coupling was carried out., In case A IQ, (66) was added immediately after coupling. 7 SUP Pi<=l (20) A3D OMSGS* C.2611 (CONTI)) I). 25. s. After coupling the'dye was stirred for 2 hrs. and washed twice with 3000 ml* water by decantation,. It was then filtered and ailed for 18 hrs. at 70C* The valiants examined are listed below:~ (A) Surface Active Agents* Experimental No*& formula based on 379/70/1 A Surface active Agent used (66) 379/70/2 A Sulphcnated lorol added before striking No* (66) used 379/70/3 A Sulphonated lorol added after striking No* (66) used (B) Speed of Coupling. "colour, against standard S/c deeper than standard 3/c = standard U/t - slightly yellow to standard Strength * standard S/e slightly dirty Otherwise equal to standard Experimental Humber Formula used 379/76/2 579/70/2 379/77/1 393/71/A 379/70/2 B 393/71/D B Time of coupling 30 secs* 20 mins* 20 secs. 20 mins* Colour against standard S/c deeper than standard S/c deeper than 76/2 Paler & yellower than standard. Redder than standard (C) Presence of Excess Nitrite in Diazo. A Experimental Humber Formula used 379/79/1 379/70/2 Variant No excess nitrite Colour against standard S/c slightly paler and cleaner than standard. 379/79/2 579/70/2 Exoesi nitrite S/c very deep fin'd dirty. 7 SUP 05 gg (si) A20.OPMGS, C.2611 (COSTS) .25. Sv54 (S) Amount- of Acid present during dlasotisf-tior. - 2xperirasn1:al Humber Basic formula used; , Jo of acre Colour against (Basic forr.-.:>< =* lcc./O a standard 579/70/2 379/82/1 379/85/1 579 85/2 379/90/1 579/90/2 579/91/1 395/62/S 393/65/A 393/64/A A .sAi. A A A A A B B B 1,0/ 98/ -1 ) ic /: 98 . 105/ 94 1(X$ 102/ 104/ 0/c - staC/c clirMly redirr thm std. 3/e deeper than 82/1, a/c alar than 83/1. 3/C - 579/82/3. J/c uecper than -0/1 3/c slightly yellower than std> :Vc cleaner, brighter and & little yellower th ;n standard. 0/c p. little yellower than std. 3/o yellower than 63/a . The end of counting P*1 of the series 595/62/13, 65/A d 64/A varied or.l .</ from 10 to 10.5 (E / V an .vticas in Bn ''v; -- ikoorimenti5.1 Number 579/94/1 579/94/8 579/94/3 Basic fc;ovC. . usea A A A Ca:?s No,of ft; 370 -1 2 5 Oc Lo t ./ .udnst ' .O' /r.C.ord ,5/3 lightly. paler char-, standard J/t si. yellow strength = standard 3/c si. deeoer Liuoi std. U/t si. blue strength. - standard 6/c much deeper than std, U/t si, yellower strength = standard. (F) Temperature of Coupling. Experimental IfTimber 385/57/a. 595/62/T </9o/31/Oj Basic formula Temperature used of coupling. B 45 0. B 25 c, B 80 C, Colour against standard 3/c little paler than standard. S/o little cleaner & yellower than s': d 3/c equal to std. SUP 0^26" (28) A20 ORANOD, C.2611 (QCBTD D.25. S-64- (Or) Excess of Naphthol, An accidental spillage of a small quantity of diazo"gave rise to a finished dye which was "o9t of place" in a series* For this reason the following series was carried out. Experimental Basic formula % of theo Dolour against Number used retical diazo standard. 593/88/A S93/68/B 395/68/C 595/S8/D B 90 3/c redder than standard. B 95 3/c redder than standard. . B 98-j S/c redder than standard. Less red than A or B, B loo;' S/c slightly redder than stan dard. Less red than A, B or C (H) Filtration of diazo solution. On settling with i&SG a clear''solution is not obtained. 595/66/B was settled in the normal way, 595/66/D was filtered instead* The two' finished products were identical, (I) Reverse coupling. Normally the diazo is run into the naphthol 'solution', m "the series 598/67/A, /B & /C the reverse procedure was employed, AH the dyes were very dirty in self-'Colour. aDteAKy OF NES0IT3:- H.B, This summary also includes conclu sions drawn from factory experience,. 1, The two chief factors influencing the colour of o-niiro te enzene azo -2-naphihol are - speed of" coupling, and the presence or absence of B-naphthol as impurity, 2, Sulphcnated Lorol is a more satisfactory auxiliary than Turkey Bed Oil. 5, The speed of striking, in the Works, can not be less than 15 minutes, (otherwise dirty products result)* 4, hxcess Nitrite in the diazo is to be avoided, 5, The amount of acid used in diazotisaticn is not critical for this reason the new formula now in use in the factory contains only minimal quantities, 6, Temperature of coupling is not critical, 7, No advantage would result from filtering rather than settling the diazo before coupling, 8, Coupling Naphthol to diazo is unsatisfactory. 7 SUP 65 (23) AZO ORAMh, G 263,1 (OCHTD) D. 25. S.54. There seems to be no doubt that differences in the""self" colour of C 2611 will occur from batch to batch during manu facturing; but it is believed that we know Which factors are most important* and can adjust the formula, in such a way to produce redder or yellower- products. It is not proposed to carry out any further Laboratory work on this colour unless factory experience proves con clusions to be false* staving enamels in which Cobalt driers are present. corresponding colour change is imparted by Lead or Manganese direr* No SUP SPCHHAig) P. 5 Stoshard Resurfacer. by J0 D. Stefanuti hardness Test*. A simple test is being devised to give sctecTnalcfcfeaa of the hardness of Resurfacer* The hardness of the material was determined by measuring the impression produced by a steel ball when dropped from, a fixed height. The procedure adopted was as follows* A sheet ox carbon paper was placed face uppermost on the specimen to be tested and covered with a sheet of paper* The steel ball was then dropped on the specimen and the diameter of the impression obtained on the white paper measured. The size of steel ball used in these experiments was The height from which the steel ball was dropped* 3 ft* The mean diameter of a number of impressions was taken. Comparative data of different materials was obtained by testing in the same way* Average diameter of Material* impression* A* Concrete! TSTdays. old. o mm* *StLam* B* Magnesite {composition flooring) Old. 6 nmi. diaffi. 0. Wood floor* 9*0 mm* diajsi* D* Resuriacer* 14 days old. 7* 5 mm* dia. Resurfacer (using sawdust as filler) 14 days old. 12*0 mm* diam* Moisture Absorption* A number of similar resurfacer specimens were prepared and dried in the incubator at 40C until constant weight was reached* The specimens were then immersed in water and the equilibrium moisture determined by frequent weighing* Maximum absorption was obtained where there was no fui"ther increase in weight* The average absorption of a block weighing 120-150 grams was found to bs 1*4 to 1*6/ as compared with a concrete block having water absorption of 2.94/*_ The water absorption of a Resurfacer flooring is therefore less than that of a concrete floor of the same sand/cement ratio* in this case 2 to 1* Rotes on priming of surfacers,. (using 60/80 Bitumen Primer and 180/220 Bitumen Primer) Absorbent surfacers* such as concrete. Dry. Two coats of primer were applied to a dry concrete surface using primer diluted in the ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 and allowed to dry out. it was found ahat the primer could be scraped off the cot.oro be surface* showing poor penetration. Da^;p. The experiments were repeated on a d&nP surface and although the time taken for the primer to dry out was longer (about 2 hours)* the pene tration of the primer into the concrete surface was greater, the primer film not being easily scraped off. (26) STCKHAliP P. 5 (COSTD) 2- Less or non-absorbent surfaces, such as hard wood* Beta! or'stone. When allowed to diy out* the adhesion of the primer at 1:1 and 2:1 dilution to this tyne of surface vyas found to be good . Conclusions to be drawn from the results obtained are:(a) For concrete a clamp surface gives greater penetration of primer and therefore better bonding. (b) Ben-porous surfaces can be primed satisfactorily, (cj That the most effective way of priming a surface would be to use,the dilute solution 'Ratio 1:1 primer to water) as the first coat add the'more concentrated solution (2 pts. Primer and 1 pt. water) as the second application. Introduction of ooloared pigment in Stonhard Trsurfacer. ibcperimcnts are being carried out with the view of determining the suitability of various uigments as colouring agents for Kesurfacer* The restilts will be reported later* Preparation of a tackier Primer using 180/220 BHumen. The raw materials used with the exception of the substitution of 60/80 Bitumen by the 180/200 variety in varying quantities* were similar to those in the preparation"of the standard primer. The final emulsion proved to be a satisfactory product but less viscous than the 60/80 Primer* For brush application less water was required for dilution* i.e. 5 pis 180/220 Primer to 2 pts water as compared with 1 pt 60/80 Primer - 1 pt- water* The 130/220 Primer appears to give the tackier surface but on practical tests showed no advantages. Resurfacer (180/220 Bitumen) Similarly a quantity of kesurfacer was prepared using the same basic formula as in the case of 60/80 Bitumen Resurfacer. The new product when mixed ?dth sand and cement did not give a mortar which could be trowelled easily. There was a tendency for the material to adhere to the trowel. Also the material took a longer time to set and never attained the hardness of 80/80 Resurfacer, The material is also susceptible to heat (40C) and becomes soft. The use Of 180/220 Bitumen in Resurfaces' is there fore not. recommended. ;a6> STQNMKD P. 5 (CCHTD) - Stonhard `'gtonpach" - The conclusion that may be drawn from studying the details given in the Stcnpach literature is that me material"Probably consists of a mixture of sand, cement and a cement hardener possibly calcium chloride. The following preliminary experiments were carried out with~the object of formulating a similar product, A number of mixtures containing 2 parts sand and one part Portland Cement and to which varying amounts of calcium chloride (ground) was added, were preoaredand the initial and final setting times recorded at 15HC. Observations were also made cn the appearance of the re sultant materials when set, (using Vieat Needle), e.g, (1) 300 gms, cement & 400 gms. Leighton Buzzard Sana, * 65 gsis, water. Initial Vieat setting time == 15 mins. Final' " rt " ~ 5t hrs. No sign of efforescence after setting over-night, (2) 200 gm's. cement & 400 gms, Leighton Buzzard Sand, * 2 gms, ca.cl.g' i,e,, 1%'of cement. Initial setting time - 12 mans. Final " =2 hrs, (5) 200,gms, cement + 400 gms, Leighton Buzzard Sand, + 1-2% calcium chloride. Initial setting tijae = 12 mins. Filial " = less then 2 hrs.slight) (4) 200 giT-c- Client + 400 gms* efforescence ) Leighton Bukzard Sand * 2'L calcium chloride Initial setting time = 7 mins-. .? final " " = 35 Definite efforescence- (1), (2), (3) & (4) were allowed to stand several days. No parked difference in appearance was noted. Comparative strength tests are to be carried out at a future date, A dry -mixture of sand" ana cement containing calcium chloride CUtf of wt. to cement) which was exposed to the atmosphere for over a week did not show any signs of deterioration. Conclusions (tentative)." (1) . Fdctffcian of "calcium chloride to a sand and cement mix- accelerated setting as is well known. (2) The amount of calcium chloride in the mix should not exceed 21 of the cement content, (5) The mix does not deteriorate rapidly cn exposure. Further work is in progress to confirm package stability under norms! conditions of storage and to determine -the maximum water content of sand used In conjunction with cememsold as a dry mix. Noilcs Test with Resurfacer (overall, area test). ""Areahr -firi't. long by Pri" insT.'"fcdeT Laid i-o a thickness of 1" on the ramp leading to Paint Store (Basement Ho.10). Owing to adverse climatic conditions 43 hrs. elapsed before the resurface? had set hard enough to :akc traffic. Examination of the floor after several days sup t~i` STOMAKD P. 5. (COSTS). did not reveal any sign of cracking or lifting* There ms no modification in procedure of laying~'ihe Resurfacer except (1) The primed surface ms still damp when the Resurfacer ms applied (2) Ratio of Piijr.er to water ms 2:1 instead of 1:1* The floor was given a good trowel finish, " To date the test is very satisfactory. It has con firmed that it is not necessary to leave the first coat of primer for 8 hours, and our literature will be altered accordingly. S, M* (89) Fire Retardent paints,.......... p. 40. By C. Stevens, _Fire Resistance Tests, have been conducted an various paints which were regarded as having good fire retardent properties* They have been subjected to the Paint Research Station's "Fla^e Spread Apparatus'*, a copy of which has been made* Peal panels free from knots and of low moisture content were used, siae of panels being 9" x 6n x f. Preparation of Panels* 2 coats applied by brush. 1st. coat Airdriea 3 days. 2nd* .coat Airdried 7 days* the whole face, sides and IT inwards on back of panels were coated. Materials Tested. B 2684. B 3477. I&2210* 396/8/1. B 6578* B 6654. 396/9. EX457G. 396/27. 398/26. 345/328, 345/528/1* 345/328/2. Jgnot No, 1. Ignot No. 5. to B3/ARP 59, Matone, Standard formulation. Matone. Based on {ill Antimony Oxide Ell 618, Bureot, BNC/FSPl White. ltd. + 10 - 15/ Microalsed Mica. Matroil Cream. Matone TYKM 50/ Antimony Oxide, 10/ Micro Mica, 40/ Barytes* Modified B 6654 <;19/ Micro Mica ifi place of China Clay) ltd. + Wood Ash = pts by volume, Erl + Coal Ash * pts by volume* ftcl + 50/ Wood Ash 50/ Coal Ash by volume. 7 SI-IP 95284 ip Flame .Spread Tests (89) S.54 matiae d l l i% PeF. NO. Protexit. 345/ Wood Ash. 528 Protexit 545/ Coal Ash. 328/1 Protexit 505? Wood A flfl wO/0 Co&3. Ash 345/ 328/2 Ignot No. 1. B2634 Ignot No. 5 BS477 PNC/ FEP1 White B6654 BXlwKSS lacro Mica 396/9 t imn Bj SFORIS IGNITION m s&cs. 70 25 27 * ' 35 55 FIAi2$ SPREAD m ps. 2i 2| Si Nil Nil 8.75 5 BLISTERS IN sec s: CONDITION CF PANEL AFTER TEST. 5i EENUTES BEATING. 30 General small blisters. Dis colouration 6" along panel. Heavy charring 2s" 25-30 General slightly larger blisters. Discolouration 51" along panel. Heavy charring 2s". 25-30 Blistering similar to Coal Ash. Dis colouration 54" along panel. Heavy charring 2f". 15 Huge blisters v/hich crack on cooling. Wood un touched by heat. Panel buckled. SO Slight blistering. Discolouration of Film 5" along panel Some slight char ring. Nobreakage of film. Panel buckled. 30 Slight small"blistemng. Film chaired 8f" along canel, Heavy burn ing of wood 3" along panel. Panel buckled. 10 Heavy general blis tering. Discol ouration 7" along panel. Wood burnt 2**, charring up to 5" along panel. C05STD * Flame Spread Tests* (30) S. 54. i.!AFLJtIAL Pu$\ TIHH NO. BLFORB IGNITION IN SHCS. PIAbN SFIittAD IN S5S. BLISTERS IN 3iS: CONJIflOM 0? PANdL AFI'iiE , TiiST. 5t minuted beating. liatone 396/ All BM618.8/1 25 3,75 30 V.slight isolated small blisters. Slight discoloura tion uo to 6^ ins. Charring 3fH, Heavy burning of wood 3'*. Katone Std Pigs, RX 2:310 12 Only very slight 6,4 30/35 local blistering. Piscolouration and charring 6t", Heavy burning 11". Burnot. S6578 22 4 12 General small blisters. Dis colouration up to Gil> along panel. Heavy charring 3-K Katroil 4576 22 2*4r Nil No blisters. Dis colouration 2i" along panel .Heavy wood charring 2-1". Matone 5C^mi618 4&BU21 lOfrklcro ilica 396/27 12 5 15 Heavy charring. Small blisters in patches. Dis colouration 6i" along Tianel. DHC/FEP1 396/26 modified 7 2&-2f 15 Local blistering. Heavy charring If" along panel. Dis colouration 64", Class 1 requirements are;- A flame spread of not less than 11". Class 2 requirements axe:- A flame spread of between If" & 5l". Class 5 requirements are:- A flame spread of between 5v" & 8" . Class 4 requirements are:- A flame spread of more than 8", GontcL SUP 0 (31) ater Resistance on Fire Jetardent Paints. 3.64, Glass slides prepared with each paint- which were then aardried 7 days, then immersed in distilled water for 48 hours. The amount of water absorbed being calculated l&TGHAL. KiSP, CONDITION OP FILi. NO, AFTER LsiLiJiiSIOri. Z 17AIJSK ABSORPTION, Ignot No* 1 B2684 Film removed from glass. - Ignot No. 3 B3477 Film removed. Partly dissolved. - IFC/FiJPl B8G54 Untouched. Fhite 6.65 - xl + ricro uica s i ! 596/9 ' 396/ 3/1 Some blistering. Softened. Film lifted. Softened. 45,0. 12.77 intone 2210 Film lifted bottom, edge only. 10.0 StdvPigs. Suraot '.tote 36578 Completely removed from glass. - : atroil 4576 Softened. 2*05 Frotexit Food Ash Protsxit Coal Ash Frotexit 50'; Food 50/ Coal 345/ Small blisters. 328 Softened. 345/ moderate blisters. 328/1 Softened. 345/ General fine blisters. 328/2 Softened* 28.82 25*46 23.32 Conclusions to date are that,, KuG18 is advantageous* Oil promotes blistering, it is therefore oreferable to use varnish. licronised xJ.ca is an advantage for flame resistance* "Protexit" gives dark grey colour and both Coal and Food Ash are water soluble* SUP 05284- (SS) g?.CTC5S ctatjaw Gy 0, StsveEs. ISL &; sqgai surase?jxs P.G4 :-ik s x s Tories 54* jhcposnro of U oenths duration ChrOBks | Exposure ITo. ; Chocking*. 'Jsod. 75508 j 836^ ; 3A j Glass. I j Good 3TB671 : 8S5B i9 j j Good 02973 ; 01636 CD <U5 83SC 1! Incipient j Poor ......... 1 ....... ............... \ 1 *1 j Good 02S64 03103 627 337 \ ) Tt i I ' | Good j Good { f' !{ Col otir i Bad J Bod ; Bad j Bctaazks. ! i iVery dark and brown |&adei!P.te Birt aotentior. 1 ! j i ~t~~ i --...~ jVcry Blight hlistorirc {Greenish in ta6a*loder&tc* iVSrt Setcation inoderate 't1 litodrly jGood jnouemte i liiuch Cooper and darker ] Fair dirt retention hiest colour in caajerisosi luith others, flair dirt ! retention. | {Green and dirty (Steir dirt retention 02064 1b the beat of series for stability of colonr C1SSS and G510S sro next host 02973 worst rfor gloss. Pompeian. Sopor Synthetic iiiemcl Saxon Groan Panels tlos. 833 & 9 & 40 oboe. cade on. these satno individual yelioo pignente in conjunction with Uocaotml Blue and Cbiaess Bine airo very similar results to the straight chrcoes etc It is noted that where J-oaostral Blno is used the genoral tone Is dork and blue whereas with Chinese Bine tho general tone is dark and rank. C2664 with BY8352 (Chinese Bios ) gives the host colour retention followed by C3103 & 3T8352. The chocking reported has occured since the lost exessination, soo this report series 52 7 ShIP 65 2S4 4 poLucas, BY J, RIGKiJdh P, 81 Beigezmaster. Investigation of properties of Styrene copolymer vehicle s a 5320 and paints Nos. Be 6980--698S* 1. ' Pilm weight at which wrinkling occurs at 1Q0F. Tested; each colour and Paints. Below 2 02s/sq.; at 2i> " " at 5-1 " " Vehicle. A't 1.8 H 2*5 " " 3*0 " 2. Heat Stability. V II* MUWxhMft C Incipient wrinkling and wrinkling of fat edges* Pronounced surface wrinkling* First sign of wrinkling. Slight surface wrinkling. Pronounced surface wrinkling* Half pint samples of each colour and the vehicle were testecLthrough the Ford Cup and then placed in the incubator at 104%. for 14 days* Settlement;- 6980 Broken White : Fairly hard settlement- 6981 Cream * It fl 6982 Biscuit : Hard rubbery settlement- 6985 Terra Cotta : Little settlement 6984 Turquoise : Virtually no settlement 6985 Berk* Green : Fairly hard settlement Where settlement had occurred the paint could be knocked up to give the original homogenity* All the paints and the vamisn were trashed out and gave satisfactory panels* Viscosity: In'most cases there was a small increase in viscosity* Colour Broken) White ) Cream Biscuit Terra } Cotta ) Turquoise B,, Green 3AJ320_ No* 6980 8981 6982 6985 6984 6985 "Viscosity;Ford duo No. 4* Seconds @ 25C Initial Final. 147 158 129 150 107 125 198 242 175 183 169 176 171 205 S.54 m) 5. Baja Spotting after 1-5-7 days' application. Tested: All colours and the vehicle. In all cases rain spotting ms pronounced. It ms difficult to detect differences between Sanels splashed after 1 day and those splashed after days. The panels splashed after 7 days showed slightly less pronounced spotting. 4 % Water Absorption. (Specification 2 g 17 i-gathod). 6980 6982 6982 8988 6984 6985 SA 5520 5435 6833 Broken White Cream Biscuit Terra Cotta Turquoise Berk. Green Pompeian - Berk. Green Super Synthetic Pompeian) Berk. Green ) 5.5 4,2 4.4 2,6 2.5 2.8 2.5 4.5 6.5 5, Bloom of SA 5520 applied over matt black, compared with SA 2155. SA 5320 copolymer and 3A 2165 alkyd, were applied side by side on a panel coated vdth IS 6120. The varnishes dried with equal gloss and gave no bloom initially or after ageing in laboratory for several days. 6, Adhesion between enamel coats when applied at 6-16-24 hour intervals. Lach colour was tested In every case adhesion at each time interval ms satisfactory, Ho difference could be detected between panels brushed at the different time Intervals. Contd. SI-IP 052SP (35'. S.54. 7. Petrol Resistance; liTD 260 method. Tested all colours and the vehicle. Paints. Slight loss of gloss Film weakened Bend test satisfactory after ir^iersion. Would pass ETD 260 only as border-line case owing to loss of film strength- Eote:- Turquoise - In case of Turquoise a colour change occurred, the treated film being bluer due to solution of Sanaa Yellow- 3A_5320.No loss of gloss Bend test satisfactory Film softened considerably . Owing to last factor 3A 5320 would oass i/.'D 260 only as a border-line case.' 8. Oil Resistance DTP 260Tested all colours and SA 5320 All films unaffected by oil 9. Gloss Retention of Bergermaster compared vrith Pompeian Super Synthetic, Tested Berkeley Greens only, 4 uanels were coated with U/c. 6765 2 were given one coat Bergermaster 6985 2" " " P.S.S. 6835 After drying overnight the panels were placed'over water in a sealed tank and left for 7 days at room temperature, ' Initial gloss was very similar After treatment P,3.S. had very slight bloc Bergermaster had no bloc s UP 0 (86) Super Synthetic Pompeian..,. *1^82* By J. F. wells. S.54 "Comparative Water Absorption of Bouse Paints and enamels* " "' Aluminium panels were given 1 coat (brush application) of materialj then air dried for 7 days, films weighed, then immersed in destilled water for 24 hrs, and reweighed. Films were also examined after a further 4 days air drying for any permanent injury (i.e. bubbling - loss of gloss). Tests were made in duplicate 'and following results are averages, duplicates gave comparable results in all cases. Colour. Kef. No. B. Green 6985 Terra Cotta 6985 Stone 6982 Cream 6981 White 6980 Turquoise 6984 -- Film wt. 0.347 0.272 0.267 0.365 0.562 0.283 Berger master. - absorption Film appearance 4 days" after immersion. 6.55 6.25 5.65 6.29 5.63 6.04 O.K. 0*K. O.K. O.K. O.K, O.K. .. Pompeian iinamel B. Green 3455 Terra. Cotta 5420 Stone 3407 Cream 3487 White 3488 Turquoise 3458 - B. Green 6353 Terra Coota 0020 Stone 6307 Cream 6387 White 6388 Turquoise 6358 0.303 0.298 0.686 0.612 0.594 O.510 13.78 " 8.0 11.04 12.48 16.05 16.48- 0. FI O.K, O.K. 0. E. 0- G.E. Super Synthetic linamel. 0.294. 9.230 0.247 0,526 0.316 0.318 16.41 12.55 15.10 14.53 10.29 22,35 0/a TtrT O.K. O.K. O.K, O.K. . "B. P," Paint, B. Green 387 0.575 Terra Cotta 367 0.395 Stone 388 0.825 Cream 668 0.905 White 680 0.748 385 0.522 23,5 22.05 35.25 26.55 7,76 Film soft. Lost gloss (Flat) Film si. soft. Filin' soft. Film si. soft Film soft. (rcc) T&c 685 is B,p. r&'ddle Green as no Turquoise shade is made in ;Ms range. It is observed that the styrene copolymer enamel>Bergemaster has higher -rater resistance than Pompeian (ziiic oxide-cleoresinous vehicle) or Super Synthetic (Titanium-Antimony in Allcyd). B?'! head Paint has, surprisingly, a very much higher water sensitivity than the other lines. Su p 052S4 (37) 3. 54. SPRuR 3IBiTEaTIG iai.YFAlR G1M.M aKAMaliS. P.82,, BY J. P. 'feLLS. enamels were ground using various pigments and pigment eeafiinatioos, tinted with liansa Yellow, The finished enamels were then exposed* mainly to check colour and gloss retention* Type formulation. 253/284/: Bqtial parts Titanium Ra 715 V * Antimony Rl i Q18 224 Gns. 715'' 224 618 Tint C 2664 674 Ocs. 3A 5291 102 " (25) 52 (86) V 3906 V 4031 This is the present Super Synthetic and Kemitoae formu lation RX 6887. The above pigment ms" substituted as followsa the total quantity varying to maintain opacity. 284/2. 284/5. 284/4. 284/5. 284/6. 284/7. 565 Gspigment ocJnurising 2 parts Antimony 618 896 " AUQ n h ? il 1 part Titanium Rg 713 all Antimony 618 all Titanium VilO } 610 565 M 2 parts Antimohy Bu 618 585 " ' T< 1 part Titanium .A10 RLX310 8 parts Antimony fai 618 4 parts Titanium A10 Iu.:6l0 486 " " [f 1 part 3inc Oxide R&i 6 4 parts Antimony Hu 618 4 parts Titanium BU 71S 1 part line Oxide I4a 6 These enamels were exposed on steel panels over Primer and UndercoatiSg against Pompeian i:ayfair Cream :& 5487 (all Sine Oxide pigmentation) with the following results. After 1 month 284/1 ) 284/2 j 284/4 ) 284/5 ) Showed definite fading After 3 months Bx 5487 and 284/5 (all Antimony) show very good colour retention. 284/1 and 284/4 - very bad fading 284/2 and 284/5 - bad fading, bur better than 284/1 and /4. 284/6 and 284/7 - redder arid darker in colour* also bad dirt retention. 7 SUP 05 S.54 (28) exposures are continuing, but it will be already ob served that Axitimory retains colour in pale tints, whereas Titanium pigments i^ue badly. The addition of Zinc Oxide as a third component stops fading, but shows darkening to occur, N,B, The Zinc formulations were applied to panels the same day as ground, since such enamels are not stable with the vehicle used. ffater Absorption Tests, Absorption tests were fdso made with the above pig ments, together with additional enamels ground on the same type formula and then all standardized on a constant pig ment to tedium basis of 11:.. Pigment - 83* media panels used were aluminium, 1 coat of enamel dipped and then air-dried for 7 days before being immersed in distilled water for 24 hours. Tests were done an trioiieate and the following re.3u3.ts are the averages obtained'; :-n no case was there any appreciable variation zn the resit u of the three determinations. Ref .Ho. Pigment "'Film Leichi. ---------bsorption. 284/11 284/9 284/8 284/4 284/3 284/10 as 8 RM 8 m 713 ill 610 El i 818 m 770 Zinc Oxide Lithopcaie Titanium A. 1CT Titanium Antimony White L.r.d 284/1 (1 part Ka 618 Antimony (1 part M 713 Titanium 284/2 (2 parts 115618 . citimony (1 part H5713 Titanium 284/5 (2 parts 112616 ti'imony (1 part Eg610 A- 10. Titanium 284/7 (4 pa:rts E2618 /nximany" (4 parts KJ 713 Titanium (1 part Eg 6 bmc Oxide 284/8 (8 parts 131618 Antimony ( 4 parts 132610 A. 10 Titanium (1 part PJ2 6 Zinc Oxide 0.725 0.S7S 0.948 0.760 0.759 0.821 0-962 0. S3Q 0.850 1.120 1.084 16.3 10,72 5.7 5.55 4.7 4.16 7,19 5.42 3.53 7.22 7.03 Conclusion. Antimony. White Lead and Antimony-Titanium A- J.0 combina tion give the best results, while lithcpone,as expected,worse. The result on Zinc Oxide may be false as this pigment feeds badly with the medium used, and gives as a result a very thick film on which to gauge results. G'ontd. SUP 0 5 2 S' 5 U (39) 3., 54. SliPLP; SYKTHLTIt POIPLIAH by C ;tc'JsfiiS> P.82, Pompeian Super Syn.-hetic Daniels Be 6888 Type made on. various alkyd resin/; and exposed for 12 months, 2,P, 608 ~ 816. WHIT.; Resin Che;king Rati;e 0-10 Colour Gloss Beckosol 1427 " 1450 1441 Synolae- 15r; ParaLas 1C IX 15 W-. Resin (3 N8 SA 5089 SA 6000 J SA 5291 Alprokyd 60" P SA 5339. Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Slight) Brow ) Good Good Yellowed Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Flat Fairly Good Poor Pair Fair ?air/poor Fair Fair CBBAh -IXAliXl. Beckosol 1457 K 14S0 13 1441 Synolae 157 A Paralao 10 11 " 16. Tt R;:?3in. 6 *8 SA 5089 ) SA 5090 ) SA 5.991 Alprokyd S0r P SA'5239 lt. ;'i Good Good Poor Poor r; Good Flat u t Faded Fair! Goodi/ i'OOX 7 Good Flat. Good Pair i( Good Poor g9 Good Fair Slightly .1. dirty Poor a Good Poor ty. Good Poor 8 Fraction dirty p 00T POMPBIAI SUPnR SWTHifflC GR&iN Beskosol 1437 ft 1430 N 1441- Synolac 157 A Paraias 10 IX U 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Good Slightnly :i M Good it Fair Fair Fair Fair - Light dirt retention Good Fairly Good Fairly Good Conti. 7 SUP i-i cone; P(M>2Em SUP*R SYHTHifflC GRtM (OCBBD)- Resin W. Rensin 6 8 iSA 5089 SA 5090 SA 5291 Alprokyd 007 P SA 5239 Ohal king Rating 0-10 Colour Gloss 10 Good Fairly good 10 Good Fair - Light dirt retention Fraction) 10 Blue ) Very fair 10 rt Fair 10 Good Fair 10 Good Fair All panels are free from failure by crazing, checking or flaking- Berger resins appear to be equal to com petitive products- For light fastness of Super Synthetic mamels see Item P.54-. 141) Sries 54 PIUSHES FOR PREFABMQAgSD HOUSES. P.66 BT - g.C. Everett - D.B.Star ms j>ian?qqr.i h o u s b . A foa changes in formulation have been necessary due to raw material difficulties & for other reasons. 1XDPB 101 -- B6842 -- off-whito primer is unchanged. bat some trouble has boon exporiemoed with tbs dip-tank at Messrs Blackburn, doe to excessive loss of naphtha caused by the method of agitation used (airblcving). Thinnara for this material will in future consist of ( 35? ) naphtha only. DORS 104 -- B7205. The omission of 76698 has been neoessaxyf due to the shortage of aluminium Stearate. Although retained reference tins of numerous batches shooed no pigment sedimentation complaints tram received from the consigner. As a resalt the stearate was replaced. The solvent in the medium has been changed from (522) to vhifco spirit (i.o. Medium change tract 77394 to 75024) without loss of drying speed. The use of KT127 china clay as e possible alternative to uhiting has been investigated.* found sat isfactory . feme failures as regards specification drying- & bend testa have been experienced with production batches & these appear to be due to varia tions in the non-volatile contest of the medium or to the pigasni non volatile medium ratio. BD&j AOS SA3560 Tests of old reference tins of this material, have indicated that serious darkening occurs on storage* when the urea resin from Messrs pinchin Johnson (467)A - which contains %'] of water & soluble salts, has been used. This colour change is noticablo on storing for -;iir at 300 P. in the normal say. This trohblb has been traced to contamination by iron from the black plate tins follewxr.g the softening of the protecting lacquer. Such contamination docs not occur in tin plate containers or in the tame plate 5 gallon druns rtcr.-slly used as bulk packages. The Customer should therefore not meet any trouble. A similar defect has oecured when batches of SA3560 axe mads in a steel ball mill 4 this practice has been discontinued. Consar-J&tios of butanol. & xylole hams been necessary. The latter has been replaced by ,469; a light solvent naphtha * the former has been con siderably reduced. Sthyl lactate is now omitted from SA.3560, the present formula for which is now below:- mm SA5g4 ISO Is - 713 Alkyd Medium 40 > - 27 72 Ibo - (197) "ixat5^ ' 60 0 - 22 Sis. 615404 " (467) or (4o7)A 33-1- 125 03 - SS731 -- '(368) - (51731 14 " (469) 125 " ~ (365) 100 ^slls* GO !! - (453) 60 rails r (469) -- (422) - (sS> Tu yield = 110 g&lli Manufacture eo S&555&. contd .. > a o j SUP 052S (43) Series 54 She present- foraola for SA3560 leaves much to be desired as regards flexibility when stored Ate at 300F It has been found possible to obtain satisfactory performance to specification & ranch improved flexibility by e s J:ing a sobs tantial redwticn in tile quantity of U.F. resin tests ana proceeding on these lines. UDJB 109 -S6301. fills enamel based on SA5338, - a 50$ oil length linseed alkyd -- shoved a tendency to excessive rain-spotting whan subjected to the specification feathering test. A series of 4 accelerate! feathering tests of the standard 4 -coat system were tested, using 4 diff erent media. The following results ware obtained:-- Complete system on SA53S8 -shade S52 - Gloss fair, rain spotting moderate. Colour retention rather poor, film OS. Complete system on SA5072 -shade S52 - Gloss fairly good, rain spotting causes blue spots. Colour retention rather poor. Film shoos local blistering. Complete system on Baralac 11J -- shade S54 - Gloss good, rain spotting moderate, colour retention good, film OK, Complete system on Baxalao 161 - shade S54 - Gloss fairly good, rain spotting alight, colour retention good, film 0. This series of tests again demonstrated the superior feathering proper ties of the Paralac resins. A mare recent test on S36301 has however given a very much better result to that obtained above & no immediate changs in medium is contemplated. SUP fi1 (43) Sorioe :*o. 54 F98. C.StevoDB. Further xsnination of c.posura after 10 moati EP867 874, (I) Comparison of Cookeon* Laoa.uro, Metal Colors grades of Ell 77C Bith Octagon Hitii stain and uotogon Low Stain and electrolytic process hito Leads. (2) i'-io evaluation of 'blende of ,/liite Lead with aine oide and Antimony Oxide. All paints were tinted Pale Blue with BT8362 'Z'ttfS OF LIAD HLDIULI ClIALEEiG COLOUR GLOSS 1 BEIARKS. Cooksons 7431 ' . Cooksons 345/105 ; Cooksons 345/110 Cooksons 4201 Ljmbarc 7431 ........ ........ . i '_____.................. . ... I Innabarc 1 45/109 lonabarc 45/110 %01w.ba.XG 4201 iietal Colors 7431 natal Colors 345/109 natal Colors 345/110 5 Faded Badly V- Poor ii . Heavy dirt retent ten ] 6 K H1 n --s-- t1 6 (I i " ii n i 6 : er | Slight erosion 5 5i __"_Tt. ' . 5 5 V ni : n it j ti J i i 1 n j Heavy dirt retention j Very alight 1 'blistering ft ' Heavy dirt retention ! .. 1....................... .............................................. s ft i 'blistering. Tioderate to ho&wy __| erosion 5 i 5 6 i IT \ et n n ti it 1 Heavy dirt retention, j Slight erosion i i Heavy dirt retention t } i ni"" .................................. j i .lofcal Odours V4201 5 TJ n Fairly heavy erosion SUP 05285 (44) OS E'JVD iLffiDIUil '( "" " Octagon j V7431 ni_h stain 4<h . ___ _ Octagon j 345/109 High Stain i CHALK2IIG 8 8 COLOUR GLOSS Badly 1 Faded poor L ..... ; 1* 1 KSMASKS Hoary dirt retention ft Octagon Hlg-i Stain Ootagon nigh Stain 345/110 f | V4201 ;B i5 Octagon. IiOt Stain Octagon Lew Stain ; 77431 i : 346/109 ;s j \ i ;5 Octagon Loc Stain Octagon Low Stain ; 345/110 ! 8 f ;V420i 1 :5 LXoetrolytic 77431 ref .241/220 4/6 It ! - .... ; .... , .... ... .................... ;* ... .}. . \" 1 --A____ .. ... ?t * t .. i .......... i 1 i V.POor \ \ > tf Moderate dirt retention Slight erosion aoder&te dirt retention i 1 * tt ! n - i____ . t> Poor i i ..loctrolytie ' 345/110 ref. 841/820 ; Octagon U.S.Sj345/3-1-0 izn6 1; 4/5 6 ti : rt If tt n S* Octagon L.S.3 345/110 6/5 ft 7.Poor Moderate dirt retention Ito6 l Elicit erosion lonabarc Se S 3 345/110 i' ccoicaons sciS 3 345/110 1 6/5 6/5 tt W Poor Moderate dirt retention 7 oPcor tt S/./P 05285 (46) HITE LKAP PAIBES OTffi OF LEAD UHDJDS! CHillHG G0L00R i dotal Colors 3 Ha 6 1 Filet al Colors.14 Pm & Hm 618 !i Octagon n.s. :4 Ha 6 ;i to 618 ;1 Ootagon L.S j4 Km 6 1 to 618 1 345/110 345/110 345/110 345/110 7/6 ................. 7/6 ' 6 6/5 Badly Faded ft fl i 1 11 rn i ft Cookeons lid 6 "to 618 4 1 345/110 1 7/6 fl lonabarc to 6 to 618 4 1 345/110 1 7/6 If C Stevens i GLOSS i i :?*Poor i , Moderate dirt retention Aft foor } .Isolated blistering i It Moderate dirt retention ft If A IT SOEflIHSIOi:Si^ The influence of the addition of 33ft linseed stand oil or of 33Jj linseed wood oil Stead oil is only sliest * Thin stand oil is worst of the four media tried, on account of erosion., Only small differences arc apparent & it is not possible to select ary one type of lead as being best The addition of antimony & 3inc Oxide to at$r of the '.Thite leads so far shews a slight improvement,) re cnsllting. ulna Oxide as a sole additive has no apparent effeot.7 7 SUP (46) RAILHAT COACH & SHGIiai FHIISHBS GiffiAg -/ssasRir r a ie 'a t v a r h is k TPSTS KL05 Series 54 CoStcvens, Varioiis varnishes have been exposed to the G.TM,B specification, for 18 months, trith the following results, E,P. 718 - 783. {116) Sr. Pale Oak Vsh. Heavy checking. Poor colour. Ho gloss. Heavy Dirt Retention. Checking first visible after 5 months on 1 coat of Vsh i 116) f&5) 314/186 federate to Heavy checking, Poor colour,Ho Glo.ss, Heavy Dirt Retention. Shooting first visible after 4- months cn 1 coat of Vs' (116}-tl5f; i) 314/186/1 Hoderate to Heavy checking. Poor colour,Slight Glosa., Chocking first visible after 4-J-months. 1 at. of Vsh. Heavy Dirt Retention. 1118) r?erfecto,! Heavy clacking, 51odorate erosion. Poor Colour, Ho C-los Checking first visible after 4^ months. Slightly acre heavy dirt retention than on others. 1 Coat. ' 116} 'V'7"|;: Y7371 314/187 Moderate checking, Best colour, Pair gloss. Checking first visible after 4-j norths 1 coat Moderate dirt retention. (77371 314/187/1 Moderate checking. Dirty Colour Ho Gloss. Heavy Dir t Retention. Checking first visible after 4~> months 1 coat. Prom these tests it appears that (116)-t' 7^1 V7371 Conlinol Stand Oil is slightly the best. Panels to be withdrawn. Conlinol is Conjugated Linseed Oil manufactured by Tounghusband Barnes. Process of Panels. Sandblasted steel panels painted with 1 coat 1x1201 YJhite Lead paint thinned with 74079 and Thite spirit Vanished as fellows 2- 3 coats Varnish on 1-- inch of panel 2 coate Varnish on 2^ inch of panel. 1 coat Varnish on centre of panel. In every case the two coat system is better than one- scat in respect of gloss & checking & the three coat system only fractionally hotter than two coats. -.UP 052 * (47) Series 54. T.A-RKT. TAS^ISH 4 ..AJERPROOggR by D.I. Star. F.108 A sample of a label Tarnish from a competitor was analysed & a match prepared using the foil owing formula:- 338/240/1 102 gnas. 84 - 414 - - Gelva 7 - (24) - (38) Cold cut. This was tested on many different types of paper & labels in the Printing & Advertising Department & found to give satisfactory impregnation combined with a semi-gloss finish. 7atarproofing properties ware also good in all cases. $he flexibility was far superior to tho standard manilla type Varnish & shooed no damage whoa folded 5/,/P (48) R5FBI&G.MT0R AKD i&PIPMi33T FIHISEeiS. a. o4f KblglASrm. P.117. Further work has been put a hand to determine the relative merits of SA 5534 and SA 5404. Five pots of each have been made under joint Technical Service and Technical Operation supervision, tanked and converted into Kemplastlte in the works- innufacture of Media. For the purpose of this test the following standard formulae ana procedures were adopted. SA 5507 SA 5354 1, (58 lbs. (197) (27 " M 751 (120 2. (164 (104 t368) IM 751 (566) 48 (455) 57 gls. (240) Yield = 94 galls. 72 lbs. (197) 35* U m 75i 125 ft 205 n 126 n (568) m 75i (565) 80 w (465) l5jU0 Lgtlts. (340) (452) p w ( 58) Yield = 110 galls. Manufacture. . '(1) rim' to 300F.in 1 hr. and hold till clear, (2) added and mole raised to 575FVin. 3 his. and held 5-10 mins.for very tough bead just showing cold fracture. Manufacture. ^ (!) rim to""300F .in 1 hr. and held till clear. Then (2) added and whole raised to 5009F. and held for anf average time of 2 hrs.20 mins, for a very tough bead showing cold fiacture. The progress of the reaction at 500P. was carefully followed in the case of SA 5354, samples of base being re moved at Intervals during the cook and made into a solution in xylol of 80% solids. The following constants refer to such a solution. Tim at 500f , i1 htr? s. f.X 2" Si " (pot off fire) S (450F. ) 51 (425PF. 4* (thinned) Viscosity poises 3.4 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.2 12.9 Acid value of solution 20.12 17.52 17.24 15,39 15,04 15,51 15.10 15,55 Colour (3-ardner-Holdt) 6 61 6 8 S 9 9 lam&srar*; ?.'n? (c o n t d ) Constants of 5 blended pots each of SA 5507 & SA5554-. These were as follows Acid value > Solids Vise.poises @ 25C. Colour (Berger) S.G. @ 1!5C* SA 5354 (17 .ISFriBr7fi 52, 65 U1-65] 2.40 4.5 0.991 SA 5307 47.68 5,7 5 0.981 The figures"!*! brackets represent constants determined on samples from each of the five pots blended in the laboratory. Remarks. TEe constants of the SA 5334 bulk are normal. The viscosity of the SA 550? is however considerably lower than standard"(.6-8 poises). From an examination of the changes pocurxing during . the cooking of SA 5334 it is apparent that the greatest viscosity increase is obtained during the cooling period and the duration of this period"/normally 2-2i? hrs. in the case of 3a 5334) is obviously important. An attempt was made to reduce the acid value of one pot of SA 5334 by increasing the COo blow towards the end of the cook. It was not found possible to effect any sub stantial reduction in acid value by this method, nor is it possible to check accurately the rate at which COg is being passed with the existing works equipment. The discrepancy between the constants determined upon the laboratory blend of the 5 batches and the bulk when tanked would appear to be due to loss of volatiles whs** the tank is mixeci by blowing. A similar difference was noted in ;he obe of the SA 5307. Incidentally moisture is intro duced on ;:ir blowing. Other aspects of this investigation relating to SA5507 have been covered by Technical Service, Freoaration of Kemplastite enamels on special batches, on : iVT53lT?' ' '~ - 3.5d'gajLlffr Ferranti Cream SA 3805/52I5G-grounc.-40 hrs. 50 galls. Armstrong mrorn SA 5705/S219G - ground - SO hrs. ;?5 galls. .Apple Green SA 3609/2962&/A - ground - 48 hrs. 150 galls. Serigloss Brown SA 3734/3527G- - ground - 40 hrs. on. i.A 5334 larpift Leaf Green SA 3558/54493 - ground - 70 hrs. 75 gaJ.lr, Apple Green SA5609/2962G/3 ground - 48 hrs. These gave the following results after ageing for 6 weeks T.her stored for w hr. @ 220F. on tin plate. Reference tTaadriTidi ucnaiTiM factory " ho. Gloss just after 4 days report just stoving, after ctbving, 'after _________ ___________ ________ raking, _ '`'T5KD7 15003/fit 1 Aucollent SI,short hard * tough 0,K. sA5703/3219 Fairly good. very !; F.hard & ' si.soft SA86C9/2&G.1A " Good " very short 0,K. OA3734/3527 Satisfactory Rather" Hard & tough. SI-IP 0` SAL. {SO) k x ^p ia s t c t k p.117 (orntd) S.54 Reference Rd. (floss Condition Condition Factory just after 4 days report aust storing, after storing, after '__________________________________________ 5534. Fairly Ifether 3A5556/3449 good short Hard & tough O.K. 3A5609/28S28 Good f. hard Hard & Tough & tough O.K. Remarks. _ The general improvement of adhesiat and toughness of Kemplastite films on ageing is very apparent in this series but nevertheless does not always develop with works batches. Conclusion. From this series of tests it is not possible to differentiate between 3A. 5334 and SA 5807. The slight advantage in hardness and gloss shown by SA 5307 in a previous test is not apparent. This may be due to undercooki g of SA5S07 in this instance as indicated by its aonormally low viscosity. There is no evidence which warrants a reversion from SA 5334 to SA 5307. 7 PUP (51> "Th il t s s e a r * a ie t o armtix P120 Series 54 c.Stevens. Comparison of aikyd resins SA5291 and SA5239 after having been exposed 11 laonths on Steel. Primed with BX4102. 15. P. 821 = 826 Col our '.'odium 1 "--1 Chalking Colour l lOS 9 Remarks. ..lii te SA5291 10 Fairly Fair Fine extensive blistering Good '.'.liite Uayfair Cream SA5239 SA5291 10 .. 10 tlajfair Cream SA5239 9 Pale Biscuit SA529X 10 Pale Biscuit SA.5239 .................... Crimson Oxide SA5E91 ix Crimson Oxide SA5239 10 10 1C Fraction Tell av Fairly Good Fine extensive blistering Faded " . Fraction Faded Good Vary Diriy Fairly Good subtly Dirty Good Good : JI ; sair Colour nothing like original Fine general blistering. Pine general blistering Slight checking,dirt retention. H&nsa C.2510 disappeared. Checking 8. less dirt retention than with SA5291. Chroma C1522 Chocking 7 Good Poor Checking 8 Turquoise SA5291 10 Fraction j Good Slifjit dirt retention,Veiy Pale & blue I slight blistering j T'u.rquois SA5239 Early Green 5A529X 10 10 ft ! Good Checking 8/7. Slight dirt i rotontian i j Good 1 Slight dirt retention Checking 6 j Early Green 5A5239 10 n j Good Sli^tly norc yellow then with SA5231 -Slight dirt i retention. Saxon Green r"jA5291 10 | Little ` Good Slight dirt retention ; or am Saxon Green SA52.19 1J j > rt . Good Checking 8/*7 Berkeley Green Berkeley GirDsn Si291 SA.5239 10 LO Fractim 4ar? ...... . ....... Good i Cheeking 9. .i Fairly Slichtly darker then SA5251 ic .1 Checking 9 Colour Medium ~ Chalking (*& \ Colour Bios 8 bark Lincoln. j SA5291 Green j Dark Lincoln j SA5239 Green ] i Terra Cotta i SA5291 1 Terra Cotta S45239 Blank SA5291 3i&ck SA5239 10 Fraction GOOd deep & blue 10 *t Good 10 Fraction Good deep 10 " ' Good j 10 Good I Good i i 10 Good j T.Good Series 54, Remarks. Incipient chocking Checking 8 Incipient checking ; ncipient checking. Bloom over Film Cheoking 7 Chocking 5 Li-iit Tan Licht Tan Chocolate Chocolate j SA5291 1 i1 SSA5239 \1 SA5291 10 io/9 Xo/9 Red 4 Deep W Good Poor T.Good ' : Fairly 1 Good Slight bloom on film Cheeking 9/8 Slight bloom on film checking 7 Slight bloom on film Chocking 7 SA5239 10/9 Good j Good . Slight bloom an film Checking 7 ConeIn*lone All shade* In present range have satisfactory light fastness oith the exceptlcm of Mayfair cream. Other exposures hate shoon that this shade 3hould oontaln antimony as sole uhlte pigneat. Shis involves con^. ^derations of supply 4 pries. 2A5239 Is rather better for gloss retention than SA.5291 hut th. differences do not Justify the marketing of too lines of house or cocch paint on the too mediums. She blistering observed Is unusual in this type of exposure 2, asst be _ue to the abnozmaUy uet year ( plus insufficient protection of the ne tal surface by the prlner ) T (63) DXlflHD 3T07ING ZHAktiL BY W7H. STIJSQK dfG.GflLtt.. P,121. 3*54;, Report on investigation to produce a reasonable oil type substitute for ''Keaplastiie* stoviag enamel. The first stage was to try out our standard oil type stoving medium 7 5144 with Kemplastite pigmentation at various tines and temperatures. It was found that at 200 - 220% and both i ana 1 hour staving tines gave reasonable gloss and colour retention on pale tints but a very soft film which tended to become generally rather brittle after 7-10 days. Above 220% the pale shades tended to discolour although the initial hardness of film was improved, V 7027 and V 4407 were than tried', both separate and blended, at $ hr. at 250% but the films produced were veryshort and discolouration took place, particularly with V 7027, We decided to work on V 4407 and blends of this and 7 5929, 7 5438 and <118) were tiled with far more promising results, particularly at 1 hour at 200 - 220%, Higher temperatures gave discolouration and a reduction of the staving time tended to produce an initial softness, 7 5458 was also tried alone and blended with (118) but with less promising results. Alone, when stoved below 250%, it was very soft although colour retention was good.Some of the blends with (118) were harder but were still soft through after 7 - IQ days. On examination of a summary of our tests it was decided no give a trial to the combination of 2 Parts 7 4407 and 1 Part 7 5929, A small works batch was put through on flats tone mill grinding and larger tests carried out. Samples vers banded to Technical Service for their opinion. The main tnags with our material was that it sprayed wetter than Kemp!istite and in order to obtain a solid job one tended to apply too heavy a coat which produced bad mas and tears during stowing. It therefore became necessary to replace all ir part of the 'Shite Spirit in the varnish and a trial was made replacing half the thinner an the V 4407 with (522), chip gave very much better results so a larger works batch was uadi of a Pastel Green shade. This produced a far more favourable report from Technical Service although results were of course no comparison with Kemplastite in toughness. It was also found that the enamel tended to become somewhat brittle on agoing 7 -- 10 days, We also considered using a white undercoat for the paler and less opaque shades and although KXL88 White Undercoat gave fair results, SS8119 Air Drying Kemitone White Undercoat gave even' better results on adhesion, so that the final set up nas become as follows. Pigmentation generally on Kemplastite basis but in a few cases, namely the very pale and less opaque colours, it has been increased with the addition of lithqpcne. zu p 0 <8*) PYlAHD STOYJNG IffAnaL P.121 (Caatd) S-.54- To be seat out in thin brushing condition 60-80 sees. P/C 4 and to take 10$ of thinner V7119 for spray* Stoving tine 1 hour at 2009F which can be varied to a higher temperature at a shorter time although attention must be paid to colour change an the paler and brighter shades. Air drying in 4 hours(dust free)and hard in 8 hours* SS6119 recommended as undercoat for the pale shades when stoved at 1 hour at 20QP. 74407 has been'"adjusted in formulation to contain equal parts by volume (522) and (18) and this has received the new reference V7519. We are however not entirely satisfied with this formula',' and tests are still being carried out to effect au improvement in elasticity on ageing. Some promising results have been obtained on a Penta resin ICO type medium 587/100/1 both alone and blended with our Y7519. work is still pro ceeding so a full report cannot be given yet. Tests are also being carried out on our present formulaticn to determine the stability in a dipping tank. The existing formula for Dym.ard medium being high in ester gum content* via., 2 parts V7519 and 1 part 75929 stoving tests were done on the Pentalyn varnishes made. V 7519. V 5929. 500 lbs. 6 " 25 galls. 25 " 23 BE 258 :< 4031 168 lbs. 45 galls. tt 1 ft Iv ft fti 259 V 5098 (18) V 4031 V 5906 Y - 94 galls Y - 107 galls. Stoving 1 hour 200P irrespective of oil length. Penta Grade 387/73/1 --T~ 587/73/2 X 587/73/1 G 387/74/2 m07 362/183/2 G 562/182/1 Z 362/183/1 X 362/184/1 123.07 V4046 Std. V4046/4 X Y4046/5 G 362/189/1 li 362/190/1 X 355/194/4 G 555/194/5 X Tough';" Son marl slight mar. ** mar " mar SI. brittle, mar V. si. brittle, mar it n n it Brittle Tough, si.mar * non mar Soft through Tough, mar ` n si. mar * non mar Bad surface rivel. Tough, non mar Bad surface rivel. Package stability. Skins. W Signs of skinning. No skin. ft Jt It It n tt it ft Edge skin, tt t? Si. edge skin. No skin. tt II rt rt it tt S UP 05 J) BraAKD ST073KG IflAaiSL P. 121 (Contd) S , 54 555/194/6 555/196/5 555/196/4: SA 5S91 6 X Tough, non war SI* edge rivel'. V. toughncn mar SI. edge rivel. V. toughncn mar SI. edge rivel. Ho skin. nH SI. skin. 562/190/1, 387/71/1 and 74046/4 were selected for trial in Bymard.lfttite vis., 175 gms. 14 * 7 K; 715 Hi 165 C 1686 810 ccs. Varnish Results:- 589/65/1 on 562/190/1. V. tough and flexlbLe, Good gloss. Tougher than standard and more flexible. 569/65/2 on 587/71/1. V. tough and flexible. Tendency to rivel. 589/65/5 on 4046/4. Tough and flexible. Sl clam. 562/190/1 is best, but supplies not being sufficient to employ this as the sole vehicle makes it necessary to conduct further blends. 382/190/1 ` 300 gms. Pentalyn X 240 " (45) 240 (194) 700 (13) 25 ccs. 74055 8.5 V4051 Resin and (45) taken to 565P in $ hr. Hold for 5 mins. Add (194). Take to 565P in 20 mins. Hoi 3 20 mins. Cool to 450F and thin. Ailsing from this V7524 has been fixed using lighter solvent. 77524 lledium for Dymard. To be used equal oarts with 77519, 164 lbs. Pentalyn X 15 galls. (45) 15 galls. 27 galls. sin ana (45) to 565^ in rhr. Add (194). Take to 565? in 20 mins. Hold 23 min:;. Cool and thin. 27 galls. 100 galls. >7t,, per 9 lbs. soia 5$, yiscosity 2-2.5 p. 0 25^C, V7519 3#mard Blending i'edium 300 lbs. m 258 Heat (81) to 50GF. for bodv. Add half the 258, followed by ei * m 14 14. Hold at 500?. for svr: ng 25 gls. Check with rest of 258 and iiea 25 * to 500?. Hold for hard pill 25 * (522) " 74051 Y = 94 galls. Wt. per gl. 9.5 lbs. 7iscosity 1.6 p,-0 25C. pu p (86) DTkiAIiD STCTOG IHAMtiL P.121 (Contd) S.54. Following work on pentalyn varnishes the following blends were made up and tested by pouring on degreased tin-plate and stowing 1 hour O 200?, Equal parts 587/100/1 with V7519, Good tough film. Slight tendency to rivel. " " 587/100/1 with 76929 Soft film. Slight tendency to rivel. " * 587/100/1 with 75458. Soft film. Rivals badly. " 387/100/1 with 77514. Tough film* but rivels. * 587/100/1 with V6960, (lab. manufacture) Soft film* Mvels very badly. The 387/100/1 used in the above tests had an addition of 2 V5906 (Lead and nanganese drier) as a test of 387/100/1 undiiered was still very tacky after 1 hour storing at 200F. The following blends were tested in the same manner as outlined above. Equal parts 587/100/1 plus 1< V3906 with 77519. Good tough film. Ho signs of riveiling. 387/100/1 undiiered with 77519. Good tough film. No signs or rivelling. One part 387/100/1 uadriered with 2 parts 77519. Good hard film, but rather brittle. Ho sign of rivelling. A test of 387/100/1 plus lr> 73906 was also made* This gave a tough film but it riveiled badly. The blend of equal parts undiiered 387/10Q/1 (now 77524) with 77519 was chosen as being the most promising combination and a lab. batch of Ks6406 made up on the following formula. 175 lb. 14 7 713 163 C1686 45 galls 45 " 5 77519 ) formulae given 77524 ) above. (522) Brush applied against our present standard on bare steel and stowed 1 hour @ 200, showed the new formula to give better gloss and is far more elastic on ageing than our old one. As soon as we are able to carry out spray ing operations further tests will be made and its stability in a dip tank will be determined. A dip tank test has been carried out with our present formula giving the following results. sup 05 sy) DMH) STQVINCr HIAMaL P.131 (Contd) S..S4. hunning'time 8 hours. The second solids taken after material had been thinned to original viscosity. ..gf. No. Viscosity Viscosity at at end of commencement real. of test. t Solids at comrv:.cer.ent of run. fj Solids at end cl run. ' 1x6408 26 secs. 5X6408 + V?) V3452 25 secs 45 secs. 3D secs. 64*5$ 63*8fi 58.5;; 63*5-. (38) 3.54, COLOPRSD ST-aNCILLIffG PAINTS IK SOLID FORK FOR WARcflOUSh USc. ^' BY P. LVaRx/fT. (rraip.lsg) .U Yellow. The Warehouse stencillers have for some years neon using yellow stencil paint in the form of solid cakes, vduch have been made in the laboratory on the following formula 3 parts Ru 368 1 part IS: 7002 (C-Dept. YellowJTinting Paste) Melt Lster Gum at about 380?. ~ Remove from fire.and pour in yellow tinting paste. Pour mixture into flat tins while still''hot> As these cakes have proved more convenient and economical in use than the liquid stencil paints used'Tor other colours, the laboratory was requested to develop similar cakes in Red, Yellow and Black, 2, Red, It was first attempted to make red cakes by sub stituting a Helio Red Tinier ror the Rx. 7002 in the above fo:mLa, but"'it was found that the Helio Red" could not with stand the temperature of the molten lister Gum. It was there fore necessary to make a special tinter an a heat-resisting pigment. Red Tinter. 70 g, C5119 (Ba salt of Perm.Red ZB) 260 Co. (2) 150 co. (23) Red Stencil Cakes. 2700 g, Bi: 268 420 g, Red Tinter (above) 150 co. (2> vaue as for yellow cokes. The extra (2) was found necessary to soften the cake. isv Black-. A mixing was made as follows 3700 g- 258 650 g, Rx 7022 (0 Dept, Black Tinter) 200 co- (2) This was tried out by the Warehouse but had insufficient covering power and it was necessary to add 700 g-. Oil Black Lye 55385 ex T/illiams (Hounslow) to obtain sufficient opacity, A. White. C. DeptVr White Tinting Base B3555 was found'to'De quite useless for this purpose, being made on liihopone, and having far too poor an opacity. Laboratory grindings have been made using Rtf7!3 ground in (2) but the cakes so far produced are still insufficiently opaque and --risings are now beirg made to incorporate larger per centages of Rk 713. 7 SUP 05 WAX POLISH V- 5. by W,H.Stitson and C,Stevens* The Guardeese Wax Polish is in production on the fallowing formula;- Wr 2^ 62 lbs. Special Polish Wax fTo* 756 , ex: Poth Hille. 18z galls* (23) White Spirit . Kax* possible theoretical yield 200 lbs* This"polish gives a harder and more water resistant fair than Super Wax i 590* (60) Asti Skinning Agendo, V.5-0 by JiLIiale,. A sample of 2:4 Dimethyl ~ 6 tertiary butyl phenol i 24j.'6B) received from I.C.I, 8illineham was tested as an snti skinning liquid, V 4048 la spar varnish) which is known to skin under certain conditions in a narrow tube was used as control, A solution (a) 10p 24u6B in (23), by volume, and a solution (b) of V-3452 7.0% Guaiacol were used, 'ip and 2%. of solutions (a) and (b) were added in turn to 74046 and the four solutions, thus obtained, left' in contact with air against a control, ?he additions of Ip and % of solutions (a) and (b) resulted in concentration of 0*1 and 0.2# of the anti oxidants in the varnish, 74046 alone skinned over between 24 and 48 hours, Chi! addition of 24i,:6.3 resulted in the retardation cf skinning for 5 weeks when a skin appeared at the edge* The skin spread rapidly and within 4 days had spread to the centre, 0,2! addition of 24M6B and 0,1! and 0*2! addition,-; of Guaiacc-I showed no skin after 25' days, 4 skin appeared on the 74043 containing 0.2$ 24h6B after 50 days. Ho skin was present cn either of the Guaiacol additions Flints were poured of she four solutions against the cuntrcl After 6 hrs, drying films were as follows: After 18 hrs* films ware as follows; Control Hard set,slight tack. V4C46 + CJ.% 341,238 Surface set, strong tack 74046 + Surface set, very 0,2?: 24Eq B strong tack 7 1C 46 + 0.1! Guaiacol Wet 7-4C46 + 0,-2;;, Guaiacol Wet Slight- clap. Slight clkn. Slightly more pronounced clam, Very tacky. Very tacky. Conclusion, 24n8B appears to be less effective as an anti skinnin, agent than Guaiacol weight for weight. Its effect on the drying is correspondingly less. It is a poisonous liquid. Guaiacol is toxic to a certain degree. The results obtained justify works trials in place of the Isa I phenoloids used as a Guaiacol substitute. SUP 05 <1) RUBBING- COiaPOIMDS V, 51. s Guardeese Cleaner. by W.H.Stitscn and C. Stevens,. Work has been carried out to improve the stability of the wax emulsion used in the preparation of the cleaner,. The formula adopted is:- Wx 101 Emulsion for Guardsese Gleaner. a: 587 (18) (59) 105 lbs. 21f galls. 55 lbs. Water 62 galls. Triethanolamine 14 lbs. Yield Wt/gln. 100 galls. 9.6 lbs. 1. Beat wax, thin.with white Soiiit, add oleic acid and use at 250F. 2. leat water and triethanolamine to 180% in agitator Add 1 tc ? aw; mulsify in agitator. 59. Guardeese Cleaner. id: 381 m os BS 93 It Su 742 I& 317 Kai 722 560 lbs. 52 lbs. If lbs. 4f lbs. lit lbs. 96 lbs. Wx 101 157 galls Yield 1 ton .(take in edge-runner. Keening tests have been carried out on the cleaner to determine whether 0.5$ borax is sufficient to prevent mould growth. . After. 4$ months at 40 Blank showed fine growth around the'edges. 0.5$ borax - no mould 0.1$ Mercuric chloride - slight black mould 0.-5$ Sodium pentachlorphenate - no mould 0.5$ Sodium ortho phenyl phenate - no mould O Op tea) Penta-erythritol Resins V 52. S.54. Supplementing the work dene with pehta-erythritol in 11 yds, reported under item P 82, experiments have been arcied out with the Hercules range of Pentalyn Resins and raj Valley K.R.10?. The resins examined were:- ^ Hercules Pentalyn G. This is a maleic modified psnta- erythritol resinate claimed .to have a slight" dispersing effect on drying oil polymers. Hercules Pentalyn L~. This is a phenol modified version which""is very reactive and is useful for imparting high viscosity to varnishes made on low viscosity oilsHardness is a special feature and it is claimed that Pentalyn li is useful in soar varnishes being better -Ulan modified phenolics but somewhat in ferior to pure phenolics. .da-.ouics Pentalyn X. Is a highly maleic modified pentaerythritol resinate which like 11 has little effect on the dispersion of oil polymers but is useful in cooks'with soft oils. Gray ?alley Orc :;P?allac KR 107. This is an unmodified penta-erythritol resinate similar to Pentalyn A. Pentalyn A is not at present available. The above"resins were incorporated in a variety of fo-'-aiae. Remarks concerning manufacture are given separa tv;! y on the following pages. J sup (33) l o n g on. aiAiaa. me d ia. by d .h . star. Media were prepared, using the V 5458 type formula and replacing the ester gun by Pental'yns k . G, and Xt ex Hercules and Crayvallac M,R. 107 from Cray Valley Products, The following formula was used:448 gras, Penta ester 500 cos, (81) 300 cos, (45) 1000 cos, (23; 20 ccs, V4051. Manufacture, Heat penta ester, all (81) and 100 cc. (45; to 560 F, in | hour and allow to rise to -580o F* Check with balance or (45), cool and thin, Bgamfnation of media. The following results were obtained:- Hesin used Pentalyn Pentalyn Pentalyn CrayG M X yallae MH 107 Colour Viscosity 2zrQ Acid Value Solids % m 1*4 p, 6.88 7 6.1 p, 6.61 60.16 6* 2,5 p 6.79 62.40 ' 74 0.9 p. 7.9r nster Guar Ba3Bg" 5 hours. Overnight-, 24""nr, water immersion of films A,D, 3 days. Conclusions, Surface Surface Frosts set, fairly set badly tacky tacky Surface set, fairly tacky Surface set, utroafe tac Tack free Tack free Harder Harder Tack free T aok fr-i. Harder very very very very slight slight slight slight clouding,clouding clouding clouding slight very sl&gnc blistering. blistering. Pentalyn G in this instance gave a similar viscosity to ester gum, Crayvallac M. R.107 was lower whereas Pental m M caused the greatest body. It was not found possible uith Pentalyn X to produce a 75438 type of varnish free front frosting tendencies and grade M also had this tendency to a lesser degree, Pentalyn G appears to be a suitable substitute for use in V5438i All the media were repoured approximately two months after making. Those an Pentalyns G, iz & X all frosted badly, whereas the yarnish on Crayvallac m.R.107 did not show this defect7 The particularly cbld weather prevail ing at the time may have contributed to this failure. SUP 0 (61) S.54 PHEPABATION OF PatTrA-tHgTHPITOL AMDS. By D.h.Star. Two formulae of this type i.e. SA 5401 'and SA 5541 were checked in the laboratory to determine their suitability for large scale manufacture and what losses might be expected. Both are alkyds of approximately 60$ oil length and conparable with SA 5291. SA 5401. The following formula and procedure were used:- 200 gims. 751 120 " 752 penta-erythritol ex 1.0*1. 216 (565) 181 " V4201, 5 pcd.se stand oil 650 cos. (18) 570 " (16) manufacture. Take all except thinners to 460 p. in 4? mins, aha hold 1 hour with vigojous mechanical stirring and moderate co2 blow. Then increase Goo blow and hold for rubbery beau with 10 inch string - about 60 mins. Total actual yield 1400 ces. (includes 7% (16) extra to standard formula) equivalent to 1510 ccs. on the original formula. The RLI 752 used had Ash 2.07$ and Penta-erthritol con tent 83.^j SA 5541. A 200 gms. *51 B 120 * "55 penta-erythritol ex Chemical Supplies C 210 " ;S35) D 180 (2) 600 ccs. :ia) 100 ccs. ,16) nanofaeture. Take, A, B & C to 400 P. jin i hr. and hold 5 hour. Add D, take to 476 P. in $ hr, and hold r. hour for 4 inch string, C09 blow and mechanical stirring through out, increased duringvlast stage. Total actual yield * ..276 ccs. (includes 8% (16) extra to standard formula), equivalent to 3,180 ccs, oh the original formula. The El i 752 used had Ai l 0,84 % and penta-erythritol content: 74.2$. Remarks, SA 5401. This medium was c3.ouc-.ecl due to impurities in the penta-erythritol used, host of the foreign matter re mained' as a hard cake -in the bottom of the-flask used for the preparation, but the responded matter did not settle on standing nor was it readi]v removed by centrifuging. The yield represents . total of 87 galls, on the standard batch, compared w th the theoretical yield of 96 galls, or the actual amour.' obtained in the Works-of 72 -galls 3A 5541, This was quice bright and free from sediment. The t'Hg-tSESm to reach the end point from 475 P, (i.e.I hr. ns considerably less than tiaf specified in the standard in structions (1 - 1& hrs.) S54. PREPARATION CF PU3TA-EKTHRITOL AI&ZDS (CQBTD)by D.E.gTAR. The yield corresponding to 78-J galls, cn the standard batch compared with the calculated yield of 80 galls. Constants of media. These were ias follows. SA 5291 figures axe given for comparison;- SA 5541 SA 5401 SA 6291 lilt Vii6-goisra j Colour Solids A.?.on solids 4i (5&) 8 (clear) Vs (SP 5 (Si) 6s (cloudy) 44.7$ (50$) 50 (50) (Figures in brackets are those supplied by Research Dept.) Drying plus 2$ V 5906 and 2$ V4Q51. Both penta alkyds were approximately equal to SA 5291 at all stages. In the case of SA 5401, the film was somewhat seedy. Water Resistance. Both penta alkyds gave a somewhat less cloudy "film than 8X 5291 when immersed in water, but they were rather weaker than the latter. Conclusions. The I.C.I. penta-erythritol gives alkyds which are cloudy and difficult to clarify, whereas the purified material from Chemical Supplies Ltd. is free from this defect. The general properties of penta alkyds of 60$ oil length differ from a corresponding glycerol alkyd insofar as viscosity is higher for a given solids and acid value. --| i ! ' fc v i m) SHORT OIL VAHTISBES. By JH Dale, S.54. Three resins from the Hercules Powder Co. Pentalyn &. entalyn 11 and Pentalyn X and one from Gray Valley Products MR 107) vhich are of the penta-erythritcil - ester gu ype, were used in the experiments. Varnishes of the 6592 type were made according to the cooking schedules uggestea for the respective resins. 1. Pentalyn G- - 600 gms. 362/181/2 (45) 600 ccs. (18) 850 ccs. Y4051 20 ccs. The oil and half the resin were heated to 585 F. in cue hour, the'rest of the'"resin added and top heat re gained in 15 mins. The mixture ms cooled, thinned to approximately 2 poise and driers added. Pftentalyn u - 600 gms. i45) 18) 600 ccs. ~ 1300 ccs. '4051 20 ccs. 362/182/1 The oil and resin were heated to 565 F. in one hour, cooled, thinned to approximately 2 poise and driers added. 3. Pentalyn X - 600 gms, 562/183/1 '45) 600 ces. 18) 1200 ccs. 4051 20 ccs. The oil and resin were heated to 565 F, in one hour, cooled, thinned to approximately 2 poise and driers added. 4. II, R, 107 (45) he) V4031 800 gms. 000 ccs, 700 cos. 20 ces. 382/184/1 The oil and rest*, were heated to 565 F. in one hour, cooled, thinned to_ approximately 2 poise and driers added, \ 6592 used for comparison:- Rl 258 (45) (18) V 4051 - 600 gmS, 600 ces. 1040 ccs. 20 ocs. 253 and (45) heated to 500 F, Hold hour, cool thin ad add driers. SUP W) SHORT OIL VARTISHSD (OQMTD.) BY J.fl. MLS. S.54. The varnishes thus produced were tested and the following results obtained;- varnish on. 1 Pentalyn)2 Pent .11. 5 Pent.)d MK107 V6592 ^) X. > Viscosity 2 poise Colour 7 Acid Value 7.7 2 poise 1,65 p. 2,poise 0.6 p. 1.5 6$ 7i 8.2 9.6 5J~6i 7-10 Filins of the varnishes (thinned to 0*5 poise) were poured against V6592- Varnish on. 1 Pentalyn)2 pent.K. 5 Pent.)4 Mia07 V6592 X )r After 5 hrs. Surface set Fair Tack After 20 hrs. Very hard Surface set Fair Tack Very hard Surface Surface set set sisgi* Fair Tack Tack Vary Very hard hard Surface set StroM Tack Hard Judging from the amount of'thinners taken, Pentalyn it and MR 107 axejthe hardest and most reactive, Pentalyn G is soft and yields varnishes of high'solids. `The X grade* s intermediate. Both K & I carry more thinners than ;ster gu. SUP pi` (88) SPAR VAMISH TYPE. BY G, MCMKSFIBLD. S.54. Pentalyn H... As ms expected, direct replacement, of Bi 258 in the standard 4046 formula ms unsatisfactory, gelling occurring within one hour at 460 F. Even using equal parts (81) and (2) instead of 2 parts (81) to 1 part (2) still led to gelling. The use of 1 part (81) to 2 parts (2) gave a satisfactory result initially but the resulting varnish ms unstable in package. Pentalyn -X. Gelation occurred also when Bl 268 ms re placed bv Pentalyn X in the standard V4046 formula, but a satisfactory result ms obtained using equal parts (81) and (2). Pentalyn G. This resin likewise led to a gelation but with equal parts (2) and (81) a satisfactory varnish ms obtained after M hrs. total cooking. The drying of both these varnishes, despite the reduced, wood oil content., ms satisfactory and equal to 4048 standard. The varnish on Pentalyn X was slightly harder over-night than that cn Bentalyn G and standard. Exposure panel 1066 ms prepared. SUP. i-i ` {9} VARNISHES HADE ON HiSRSULciS POMUSR 00. jpS3JLAjfi ________________ BY J. H. DAX&. S.54. Pentalyn resins G, Id, X from Hercules powder Co* and Cray Yallev Products' HR 107 were used in the'formulaa quoted by the Hercules Powder Co, in their pamphlet, Ji.1 10? was used in place of pentalyn A- The guar;titles wen, the same in all formulae, the resin and making instructions being the only variables. Type formula is as follows Resin 300 gas. (45) 240 11 (194) 240 " (18) 700 n diking instructions were as follows:- For MR 107 562/1S2/1 and 562/192/2. g of the resin, the (45) and (194) were taken to 586 P in 48 mins, held for 1-1 hrs, when the make gell'ed. The instructions called for holding for 2 hrs. 50 mins. A repeat of the experiment had exactly the same results. For Pentalyn G. 562A91/1 and 362/191/2. i: of the resin, the (45) and (194) were taken to 585 P in 1 hr. held for 1 hr., when the make gelled. The instructions called for a holding period of If b?r>. A repeat of the experiment, gave the same results. For Pentalyn 1'- 562/189/1. The resin and (45) were taken to 565 p, in 50 mins.., held for 5 mins., the (194) added and the whole taken ,585 ?. in 23 mins., cooled to 450u F. and thinned. Driers Y4055 - 25 ccs. and 4051 ~ 8.5 ccs. were added. Visa, @ 25 0. 3 p. Colour 7 Tor lentalyn X- 562/190/1. Tine resih and (45) were taken to 585 F. in 47 mins., bald for 5 mins., and the (194) added. The whole was ) akar. back to 565 P. in 20 mins., held for 20 mins., ad cooled to 460 F. and thinned. Driers 4033 - 26 ccs- 74035. - 8.5 res, were added. Vise, 9 25 0. 2,75 p. .Colour 6w tw* aiiocessfui makes have bean exposed, isposure .panel 1085,.- The pentalyn M Varnish ms surface set and dust free in T hr::* and ms hard-dry overnight .but with a prcnouaced cl The pentalyn X Varnish was "surface set and dust free in a hrs. hard overnight free frc$? clam, and tougher- This varnish shows an advantage over 6980 Much "Ms of similar comcosiuloh but an ester gm and is approximately equal ; o 5" 4046 for which V6960 ms s. war-time substitute. jorther work is indicated, water absorption tests etc. .; I :; fxuita.iyn X in this class of yareisnu tvo) !S * 54. jdODIFIGAlFION OF ALKYD5 WITH PENTALms G AND by ?. *7EMT, Three methods suggested by the Hercules Powder Company were tried out. 1. Addition of Pentalyn at end of varnish cook. s^mMijaLsmm ~ A sample of SA. 5291 base was removed fro a .works pot at the end of the cook. To portions of this were added (a) 2C$ Pentalyn G and (b) 2C^"Pentalyn X. Each was then thinned with the appropriate amount or thinner and driers. A sample was taken from the 3ame batch of SA 5291 when thinned in the works, "for use as control. 355/194/6. Exposed 27/1/4?. Panel No. 1065. '2. Addition of Pentalyn as solution in White Spirit. 5C$ (v/v) solutions of Pentalyns G and X in (18) were made by churning. These dissolved eventually but, not very easily. Additions of these solutions were made to SA 5291, equivalent to 20$ Pentalyn on the non-volatile base of the varnish. 355/196/5 and /4. Exposed 27/1/47. Panel Ho. 1064. 3. Addition of Pentalyn during grinding of paint. 5557ig57i%a'y2v~---- ------- --K-- Samples of Pompeian Super-Synthetic White were placed in ball-mills and auditions of Pentalyns G and X were made equivalent to 20$ of the ncn-volatile portion of the medium. The ball-mills were run overnight to break up the resins and and dissolve them in the paint. Exposed 27/1/47. Panel No. 1067. There was no noticeable effect an the drying of the Varnishes on adding the Pentalyn by either method. After a week 555/194/4 was not quite as tough as the others. All varnishes gave equal gloss to standard and showed good build and face before exposure. The two white enamels containing Pentalyns shored slightly improved initial gloss over the standard Re 6888 SUP (730 PETA-^HSTHPJTOL AIKYDS BY J. RICKME. S J4' Comparisons of Beck Eoller R 1028/2/5 (now Beckosol 1428) with paralac 10 and SA 5401. (6$ oil length) Beck Eoller sample and Paralac 10 were thinned with (25) to a -viscosity of 2? p* @ 2532. SA 5401 had a vis cosity of li p. To each varnish ms added. 2& by volcano of V4051 and 5906, Property Sample Paralac 10 Sp*. G. 0,955 Insufficient' sample Colour, original Colour, after thinning 5b 0 *{ 5 lb Viscosity,original Viscosity, after thinning 12 v. 2? p. Very viscous 2b P* Solids, original Solids;, after thinning 60,^2 48.^ loqg 55.6$ Acid Value,original 1.1 ' 10.? Drying time of thinned materials S*S. H.S. _ T.P* 2 hrs. 5 4n 2 hrs. 5 4" Films. Clear, good Clear gloss,cheesy good gloss, after 8 hrs. cheesy after Hard after 8 hrs. 16 hrs.slight- Hard after ly harder than 16 hrs. Paralac 10 A set of poured films after ex posure for 8 hrs, were iiranersed in water overnight. 2d.liy,'film weakened, slightly better than Paralac 10 Regained original condition an standing Slightly milkier, slightly weaker than Beck Eoller. Regained original condition on standing SA 5101 experi.f.^r-;ai ISnlfficSmt sa.nple 1 '-'4 4:7.6% 25. e 2 hrs, 5 Slightly tackafter 24 lire. Clear, gloss similar to oh. pronounced ta after 3 are: tacky .1 soft after iQ lire* Very milky & film vsry wea}: Film, reaaiaeu permanently opalescent & bubble!. 5/,/P 95 -;?s> PI3JTA- rtJfflHCrOL ALKYD5 (GOTO) by J. KCCKaAN. 8^34 Comparison of Beck Koller R 1028/2/5 with paralac 10, SA 5406 ( 85/ oil length) & 527/68 (itr. Gray). The Beck Koller & Paralac 10 Samples wrere the ones used for the-work reported above. They had~'stoutened and were thinned with (25) to 2 poises. The sample of SA54.16 v.s treated with 2/ by vol. V4C31 & 2$ V5096, and then thinned to 2i poise. The 527/68 had a viscosity of 2 poise. This was not thinned but the usual drier addition was made. Beck Koller Paralac 10 SA 5406 .527/88 s.s. H.S. T,,F. 1 aOs Film Cheesy,but After 8 hrs. hardest " 24 Hard toughest * 48 21 Hard, very tough 1 !& sS Cheesy, similar to SA 5406 Hard, and tough Hard and tough 1. 1% 31 Cheesy Hard & tough Hard & tOUgh t! JirA m Cheesy. softest Hard- but softer than others. Hard but not as tough as others Conclusion. "" SA 5406- Better than original sample 327/68, very similajTtSnparalac 10 but not quite as good as Beck KoiJ.er s sample. These results confirm the belief expressed by the Research. Dept, that Paralac 10 and Beck Koller 1028/2/5 are nearer S5% in oil length. Formulae and Standard Figures:-.... 527/68. R.K.751 R.K.752 (585) (18) (86) 150 gms. 109.3 " 340.8 " 416 ccs 60 * SA 5401. 155 lbs. I.G-1.80 141 n tt 121 42 gls. 18 " Acid Value 9.0 Solids 80$ Viscosity 5-4 Colour 7-8 Acid Value 50 S.Gr- 0,92 Colour 6i-7 Viscosity S-S-s p- Solids 5C$ IW5 P3TCA-SiaiRITOL MEEDS (CQNTD) BY <L HECKMAN S.54. Formulae and Standard Figures SA 406.1st works batch of 527/58 above- R.ll.751 Ii.ii.752 Rex' Campbell (3G5) (455) 18) (86) . 150 lbs. 109 541 " 10, " 415 gls 6 Acid Value 9.0 Colour 7-8 Viscosity S-a -q - Solids SC&, ' Water Resistance cf 8A540S compared with Beck Roller 1.1028/2/5_ and Paralac _ _IQ. Dried films of these materials were immersed in water .it room tewros-rature ior 44 hours. Beck Roller's sample and Parelac iC were unaffected. 3A 5408 was milky and tJB film, wrinkled at tire edges. After 24 hours'this film had not. regained its original appearance, hut remained wri-yeied at the edges and slightly orange peeled on the surface, film strength had been regained and the il3dness had disappeared. Conclusions. It is apparent that Penta-erythritol Rosiii listers cannot be substituted directly for rosin ester in an effort to make last minute economies in glycerine usage The above work, incomplete as it is, illustrates the variations in cooking procedure for each of a number of varying types of varnish. The use of Psnta Esters of Rosin, straight or modified, do not greatly reduce the drying time or an ester gu varnish. Hardness is increased especially by the use of Pentalyn.X. The use of these resins in Stoving Varnishes is repor ed separately as item P.I21.