Document DgrJd59M01r9ZQKvZVwL7Ly4

FILE NAME: ZK DATE: 196 DOC#: K00 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: PresentationZ^WZ<ZZ & K>from the NSC Conference, 196, Vol. VOLUME 8 .N4T10NAL SAFETY CONGRESS / TRANSACTIONS CHEMICAL and FERTILIZER. I DUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFar COUNCIL ~ 425 N. MICHIGAN AVENUE- ~->D.4IUnt''' . CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611 ." , OFFICERS OF THE AEROSPACE SECTION NATIONAl SAFETY COUNCIL 1966..67 General Chairman-H. J. STONe, Chief, Safety and Industrial Hygiene Engineer, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif. Vice Chairman-DANA A. FRAS1ER, Industrial Hygielle & Safety Coordinator, North American Aviation, Inc. EI Segundo, Calif. Secrrtary-Trcosurcr-B. GAWAIN BONNER, Chief Safety Engineer, GertM-~l Atomic Division, General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif. . Ncwsleiler Editor-W. W. ALI.ISON, Safety Department, Salidia Corp., Alburqnc.r,qllc, N.M. (, ') Scnior EngiHuring Cltairman-H. P. CUTTER, Chief Safety E11ginccr, Lockheed Propulsion Company, Redlands, Calif. Enginuring Chairman (Ccnlra/)-HARRY DONAl.IISON, Mgr.; Hygicne & Safety, The Bru~h Beryllium Company, Elmore, Ohio. Engineering Cfiairlllan (So1dh)-FRED R. TEMPI.E, Chief Safety Engincer, Gcncrnl Dynamics, Ft. Worth Div., Fort Worth, Texas. Enginuring C"airman (East}-GoRDON D. STEVr.NSON, Chemical Propulsi~n Infonnation Agency, Johns Hopkins Univcrsity, Silver Springs, Maryland. , Senior Program Chairman-It A. NORWOOIl, Safely Director, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington. Program Cllairman (East)-J. M. DURHAM, Safety Director, Martin MaricHa Corp., New York, N. Y. Program Chairmall (West)-JoliN M. KANAK, Safety Officer, Manned Spacecraft Center NASA, Houston, Texas. Edllca/jon & Training CJJairwon-C. V. (ARgON, Safety Manager, Trans World Airlines, Inc., Kennedy Space (enter, Florida. ScJtior Indllsrrwl Hj.gicnc Chairman-E. G. TROUTMAN, Acddcnt Prevention Auministra- tor;-Wcstinghousc Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Industrial Hygiene Chairmtln-W. C. ApPLEGATE, Chief Health & Safety, The Boeing Company, Aerospace Division, New Orleans, La. Senior Membership C/zairmon-R. W. GOIT, Safety Manager, Radford Army Ammunition Plant, Radford, Va. Membership CilairlllGtI- J. C. CALDWELL, Chief Safety Engineer, Fcderal Aviation Agency, Washington, D. C. 39 I OffICERS Of THE CEMENT, qUARRY AND MINERAL AGGREGATES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1966-67 Grncral Cilairllloll-GARLANII E. MIllYETIf, Safcty Director, Supcrior Stolle CompallY Division, Martin- Marietta Corporation. Raleigh, N. C. First Vice Clwirlllan-]. R. TREAIlWAY, Safety Director, Vulcan Materials Co., Binningham, Ala. Second Vice Chairman-MARTIN D. GENTRY, Manager, Indl1~lrial Hc1atiolls, General Port- land Cement Company, Chicago, Ill. Sccrctary-P,HRICK C. HATI.ER, L1bor HclatiOlls Asst., Ideal Cement Co., Denver, Colo. NC1.Usietlcr Edilor-T. W. MVER5, Mgr. Employment and Safely. The Diamond Portland Ccment Co., Division of the Flintkotc Company, Middle Branch, Ohio Associate News/clIer Editor-VINCENT GAI.LI\.(;UER, Manager of Safety, Material Service Div. of General Dynamics Corp., Lyons, III. ~~ Program J. COIIIlIIittCl'- R. TREAllWAV (Chairman), Corporate Safety Director, Vulcan Ma- tcrials Co., Birmingham, Alabama; ROBERT M. HOJ.DERU:O, Safety Coordinator, Standard Materials Div., Martin-Marietta Corp., Indianapolis. Ind,; HOWARD F. JOHNSTON, Divi- sion Manager, Industrial Relations, The RlIberoi(\ Company. Bound Brook, New Jersey; SIDNEV A. QUlN, Manager of Loss Prevention Dept., Royal Globe Insurance Co., Dallas, Tex.; 1'. ). ROGERS, Manager, Administrative Services, Gypsum Association. Chicago, 111.; ANTHONY WOI-:WUCKI, JR., Director, Industri,,) Hygiclle, Continental Casualty Company, Chicago, 1I\. . Membership Commil/('c-P. C. HATtER (Chairman), Asst. to Labor Relations Mallager, Ideal Cement, Denver, Colo.; A. VICTOR AUNEE, JR., Secreiary-Gelleral Manager, GYPSUIll c.; Association, Chicago, III.; GENF.RAL HOWARD E!;GLESTON, Managing Director-Secretary, National Slag Assn., Washington, D. KEVIN CALl.AHAN, National Concrete Masonry Association, Arlington, Va.; LF.ONARD It FUCKER, Director of Safety, Kaiser Cement & c.; Gypsum Corp., Oakland, Calif.; ROBERT M. KOCH, President, National Limestone Ill- stitute Inc., N.W., Washington, D. SlIlNEY A. QUlN, Loss Prevention and Eng., Regional Manager, Royal Globe Immrancc Co., Dallas, Tex.; LESUE S. VOLTZ, Safety Engineer, Vulcan Materials Co., Midwest Div., Hillside, 111.; E. J WARIN(;, Lwerack & Haines, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y.; G E. WU.I,IAMS, Safety Director, American Aggre- gates Corp., Greellville, Ohio c.; Statistics and Contcsts Committee-FORREST MOVER (Chairman), U. S. Bureau of Mines. Washington, D. CVRII. L MAW)Y, JR., Admin. 'Assistal1t, National Sand and Gravel Association, Silver Springs, Md.; GENERAl. HOWARD fu;LESTON, Managing Director-Secretary, National Slag Association, Washington, D. C. Enginecring Committee-DARRELl. M. CoRNEll. (Co-Chairman, West), Safety Engineer, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, III.; I..oVll L. CASH, JR., Safety Director, The Georgia Marble Company, Tate, Ga.; VINCENT GALl.AGHER, Manager of Safety, Material Serv- 32 icc Division ot Gelleral Dynamics Corp" Lyon~, llI.; MARTIN D, GEN'fltV, Manager- Industrial Relations, General Portland Cement Company, Chicago, Ill.; ROIlERT M. HOLDI':RIEIJ. Safety Coordinator, QSUtalnNd,arLdosMs atPerreiavlesntDioinv" ;lwMlarEtinng-,MaRreiegtitoanaCl orMpaolr1aal~icorn,, Indianapolis, Royal Globe Ind,; SIllNE\' Insurance Co,. A, Dallas, Tex.; TEll It REYNOLlIS, Din'ctof of Safety, Medusa Portland Cement COlllllany, Cleveland, Ohio; CHARLES SHELTON, Vulcan Materials Co.: c.; , Salem, N. ARVIIl TIENSON, Director of Insurance ,lild Mhl-E,lst Division, Winston Safety, Material Service Div. of General Dynamics Corti., Chica~o, III.; LESI.IE S. ... VOLTZ, Safety E(Cnog-inCeheari,rmVaunlcaEnasMt),ateSraifaelstyCEomngpianneye,r, MCiodrwpsestofDEivnigsiiollne,ersH, ilNlseidwe, EInIIg.;- W. M. HOXIE land Division, Waltham, Mass.; J. MU.roN DURHAM, Safety Director, Martin Marietta Corporation, New York, N. Y.; P. J. JUllta" Industrial Relations Manager, Houdaille Construction Materials, Inc., Morristown, N. J.; BOWARO RIEFENSTAHL, Manager of Training and Safety, Alpha Pnnoertll,aTndheCWemheitncthaClol mCpealnllycn, tEMastaonnu,faPcatu.;rinFgRECDomE.paSnTyO,RCCHe-, .Director of Safety and Perso menton, POI.; Roy G. STOTT, Mining Health and Safety Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, c.; Washington, D. JOliN J. SWEENEV, Safety Engineer, Brthlchelll Mines Corp., Stolle and Slag Division, Hanover, Pa.; E. J. WARING, Lavcrack and Haines, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y.; RflLpH WRAY, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co" Baltimore, Md. c.; . ViSllol Aids Committee-LESLIE S. VOLTZ (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Vulcan M;\tcrials ., Hillside, Ill.; BOWAR!) F. JOHNSTON, Division Manager, Indus- Company, Midwest trial Rclati~ls, The Div Rubcroid Company, Bound Brook, N. J.; W. A. MCCORMICK, Safety Supervisor, Dravo Corporation, Neville hl:md, Pittsburgh, Pa.: FRI:ll J. l{O(;EHS, Man- ager, Administrative Services, GYPSUIll Associ atioll , Chicago, ll1.; JOll N J. MCCI.EI.LIINI1, National Crushed Stone Association, Washingtoll, D. CHAHl.ES SHEl.TON, Vulcall Materials Co., Mid-Ea~t Division, Wil1~ton-Sakll1, N. C. . Off-TIle-lob SafelY C01llmittcr-W. B. DAHILL (Chairman), Safety Engineer, The New Haven Trap Rock Company, New I'lavell, Conn.; ]. It D. BROWN, A..Gst. M<lllagcr, Accident Prevention Bllreau, Portlaud Cement CASH, JR., Safety Director, The Georgia Marble Association, Chicago, 111.; LLOYD L, Company, Tatc, (;a.; J. :MILTON DUR- HAM, Safety Director, Marlin Marietta Corporation, New York, N. Y.; LmNAHo R. FLICKER, Director of Safety, Kaiser Cement & Gypsum Corp" Oakland, Calif.; l{oy G, Snrrr, Mining Health alld Safety Engineer, U. S. Burcau of Mincs, Wasljtlg(OI1, D'. C. P11blicity Committl'c-KENNETli A. GUTSCHICK (Chairman), Managcr-Technical Services c.; National Lime Associatioll, Washington, D. CVRIL 1. MALLOY, JR., Admin. Assistant, National c.; Director, Sand & Gravel Association, Silver Spring, Md.; National Cru~hed Stolle Association, Washinglon, WILLIAM CflRTER, Executive D, JOHN J. MCCU:'U.AND, National Crushed Stolle Associatioll, Washington, D. C. Training COflllllittcc-HoWARJ) RIEI'ENSTAIil. (Chairman), Manager of Training and Safety, t COlllpany, Eastoll, Pa.; J. MILTON DURHAM, Safety Director, Alpha ,Portland Cemen Martin Marietta Corporation, New York, N. Y.; Wn,IAM A. Ku'!', Manager-Safety, , Universal Atlas Cement Division, U. S. Steel Corp., Pittshurgh, Pa ; GERAU) D. RAVER, Logansport, Ind. Long Range Planning Committee-FRANcIS W. Bmm, SR. (Chairman), Director of Safety, M. J. Grove Lime Comnsp,anTyh, eFRreudbeerircokid, CM'cdm.;paHnOy,WABRoDundF. BJrOoHoNk,STNOeNw, DJeivrsiseiyon; HMoawn-- ager, Industrial Relatio ARD RIEFENSTflHL, Manager of Training and Safety,' Alpha Portland Cement Com- pany, Easton, Pa.; FRE!) E. STORCH, Director of Safety and 1'ersonnel, The Whitehall Cement Manufacturing Company, Cementon, Pa.; and Safety, Material Service Division of General ARVID Tn:NsoN, Director of Insurance Dynamics Corp., Chicago, III.; Ll:~I.IE S. VOLTZ, Safety Enginccr, Vulcan Materials Company, Midwest Div., Hillside, Ill.; PAUL J. WORSECK, Manager-Safety and Welfare, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Young Bldg., Allentown, Pa. 33 Industrial Safely Subject Sessions realize the goal of a safe, healthy ellvironment in which we work, live, and play. It takes knowledge, understanding and coopera tion to have all efficient, effective safety program. That is why we arc pleascl to have a part in this session and you are to be congratulated in making it possible for all of tllose who are interested in safety to (ome together to share ideas and learn what part they can play in the accomplishment of an effectual program. We as industrial nurses need to lca.rn to be better prepared to care for the health and safety of workers on the job and to be able to answer questions about safety away from work As an association, we're glad to be a particillant in this worthwllilc project for we arc desirous of doing all that we CaU to fulfill the purposes of our organization. This we can do by taking part ill meetings such as this with other national associations who have similar goals and purpos~,. Since health and safety are so closely related, you cannot have a good health program without a good safely progmm. One complements the other, for a healthy productive worker must have a safe work environment By working together, to recognize safety hazards and cooperating to eliminate them, we can makc the environment of the American industrial worker the most healthy, safe, and productive place in the world. WHAT HEALTH. SAFETY AND PLANT PERSONNEL SHOULD KNOW ABOUT DUSTS. FUMES. MISTS, GASES, VAPORS. AND NOISE By WARREN A. COOK Professor of Industrial Health, Department of Indulltrial Health, School of Public Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Harbor, Micb. A quick answer to what should be known by health, safety, and plant personnel about hazardous materials used in the plant iseverythitlg! Practically, the extent of the knowledge must necessarily faU somewhat short of this Utopian goal. There are a number of categories of information which should be known. I propose to explore a number of these. Perhaps the most critically needed inorma~ tion is that concerning materials which may cause serious illness or death without the worker realizing that he is being subjected to a dangerous atmosphere. An example of such material is one which has resulted in only some 20 deaths as reported in the literature over tlle last fifty years, and only three reported casC5 since 1956, Certainly, , such a material should not deserve too great emphasis among the myriad of substances which compete for a place in the overalI knowledge of health, safety, and plant personnel. But let us cQn.idO;:f whllt the llctulll facts may be. In January, 1966, a worker in California was brazing metal parts, using a silver solder. After some two hours of work, he began to feci bad and the next day experienced some tightness of the chest, was coughing, and felt that he had been exposed to too much welding fume. As the condition worsened, he called a physician and they agreed that he must have permitted himself to be exposed to excessive welding fume. He was treated symptomatically. On the fourth morning after the exposure he was found dead in bed. Within a short time after tllis, a second worker on the same job be- came affected. By this time, it was known that the silver solder contained over 20 pt!r cent eadmium and that the condition was actually due to excessive exposure to cad mium Wme. Following the report of this fatal" and accompanying nonfatal casc, 10 additional cases were reported to the Cali- fornia Bureau of Occupational Health, three Q thcs~ lata1. A detal1ed account of the circumstances of the two initial cases is to 131 1966 National Sa/ely Congress l)c published soon by Dr. Hector P. Blejer of the Califomia DCI)''\ftmcnt ill the Jollrtlal of Orcttpllt1onaI Medicine. Here we have an example of a material which docs not immediately become excessively irritating; one concerning which we have not had too many published reports of difficulty. Very possibly, the reason for this was that ease~ lllay have occllrred but, being sporadic, they have not been recognized nor Iltlblished. Since a welder or a worker engaged ill brazing operations may have been using solders over the years containing no cadmiutn, and then stich a solder is required for the next day's work, it is vital that not only the health and s,lfety personnel but also the foreman in charge of the operation should be well infonned concerning the hazards frolll cadmium oxide ftlme. Another example of hazardous materials in this category is chlorinated naphthalene. This waxy material is melted in order to impregnate wire or cable insulation or electrical condensers. The vapor from this synthetic wax condenses in the air :J.bove the melting pot as a fume. On being inhaled in excessive amounts it may cause scrious and even fatal liver damage. Among the earlier fatal cases as result of such an exposure, one worker died with a diagnosis of yellow atrophy of the liver. At that time there had been no such experience with this material and it was thonght that tile fact that tllis worker was a rather heavy drinker may have led to his death. A second worker continued the operation. When he developed a liver condition which also terminated fatally. but witlt no history of alcoholic beverage complication, investigations were instituted which definitely implicated this harmless looking and non-irritating synthetic wax as the produc~r of tilese liver conditions. As further categorics of knowledge concerning hazardous materials, wc should include those materials actmtty in use in a plant, together with those which may be contemplated for early future usc. Possibly the best and earliest source of information concerning such materials is tllrough the purchasing agent. Accordingly, it is strongly recommended that a close liaison' he set up between the purchasing agent amI the health and safety personnel so tllat early informa- tion will be provitlecl concerning materials in use and those which are to be ordered. These materials may best be discllssed in categories. related to their physical and physiological properties. Among 'the most illliloriant categorics arc the dusts that producc the pncllmoconioses. In the major industries involvillg cxposure to silica dust. there tends to be a good knowledge of the fact that too much of these dusts will calise a hmg condition which may be disabling. Where the dust may contain crystalline free silica, such as is the case with molding sand ill the foundry, or granite dust in a quarry or stolle cutting shop, it is weU understood that the greater the percentage of f rec silica in the dust the lower the dust conccntration should be ill order to avoid the development of silicosis. It is known that w(Jrkcrs should be given periodic X-ray examination, and that the extent of the dust exposure should be determined by air an:llyses, with control measures such as will be discussed later in this session. Less knowledgeable, as a rule, arc health and safety personnel concerning such CX~ posure5 ill those opcrations where crystalline ree silic~ may be used rather incidentally in an operation at a plant not normally con~ si<lered to be a dusty industry. An example would be the use of silica floar as a filler in a paint mixture or as inert material in a variety of products. Asbestos has been much in the daily newspapers over the last year or two, not so much because of its action in causing osbestosis, but because of the association of a cancerous condition known as mesothelioma which has been found among workers with asbestos in far gre-,ter incidence than among the gcneral population. Talc and soapstone powders are used in such industries as rubber goods manufacturing, and may introduce appreciable amounts of such dusts into the air. Whereas most dusts made up of silicatcs are esesntially inert :md, as such, as much as 50 million particles per cubic foot of air may be considered acceptablc, these two minerals have been found to produce disabling pneumoconiosis in lesser concentrations with the result that no more than 20 million particles pcr cubic foot of :lir is considcred within safe limits. 132 ---------------------- This, however, is not the wholce. sNtoorty inil-l caans!c~,waams ireimt oi5vefdcltwthheant mmuacnhufoafctuthreershaol-r connection with talc and soapston frequently, these two matcrials are found fluorescent lights agrccd to omit beryllium in to have some quartz content; litcbaistiomn aoyf bae fmllacnirypdheossiprahbolres pinroJpuenretie1s94a9n.dTihsisfimndeitnagl hians- laS much as 20 per cent. App fonnula given in the Threshold Limit Value creasing usc in a diversity of operations. In list of fllC American Coennfeisrtesncteoofa Gtaolvcemo-r amlletapll!a;notsr wcehrearmeichsigmh atyembpeertiasteuor,e threesishteaanlcthe mental Industrial Hygi soapstone dust with 20 per cent Quartz limits and safety personnel should be alert to the the exposure to only o1n0semquilelinotnly,llawrthice1ncssupcehr itniotnrodoufctiorenlatoifvethhisazmaradtse,riatlh.eAesxapnosuinrdeicato- cubic foot of air. C materials are being llsed, it is essential to beryllium should be kept to abont a hundredth have the additional bit of knowledge as to of that considered permissible for lead. percentage of eryst'llline free silk:t. I t would seem that everybody is well in- Somewhat the same situation occurs in formed concerning carbon monoxide, the gas which is responsible for more exposures connection with a dusty material made up of diatomaceous earth, a fonn of amorphous than any other, and also the gas responsible for the greatest number of cases of fatal silica. The natural material has been found asphyxiation., In areas where there is an to e<ttL<;C a disabling silicosis when the exposure exceeds 20 million particles per cubic active possibility of cs<:3pc of gases containing carbon monoxide, there tends to be an foot. However, where the diatomaceous earth is subjected to a calcining operation, some increasing usc of multipoint carbon monoxide alarms. Such installations have been of this amorphous free silica changes over placed in a number of blast furnace plants to the crysta11ine form known as cristohalite. Depending upon whether the diatoma- where carbon monoxide concentrations of the ceous earlh is calcined with or without a gas are in the order of Z6 or 27 per cent. Fortunatciy, for most fuel gas purposes flux. the percentage of the cristobalite may be in the order of 20 per cent Or 30 per natural gas is coming into increasing usc and cent. fllc lattcr with the flux calcining. Ap- this, of course, contains no carbon monoxide. Furthermore, where in earlier years supple- p1ying the ACGIH formula, these calcined diatomaceous earths shoitld be kept either cubie foot or to mentary gas supplies have been provided through water-gas or producer-gas installations, these arc today being replaced by to 10 million particles per seven million, in order to avoid lung injury. liquified petroleum gas with no carbon mon- In the category of metals, we would ex- oxide content. It is. of course, important pect that all health and safety personnel arc always to keep in miud that imperfect com- familiar with lead as an occupational hazard bustion of natural gas or LPG will produce and that proper precautions are taken to a sufficient amount of carbon monoxide to prevent excessive exposure. In spite of this cause asphyxiation. Cases of carbon mon- general knowledge, lead poisoning cases con- oxide asphyxiation have occurred over the tinue to occur in industry, not only in tlle years on Monday mornings where cold sys industries that have produced the greatest terns are being heated with natural gas. Here, number of cases over past years. After a the impingemcnt of the buming gas on cold report in the literature that lead poisoning surfaccs interferes with complete combustion cases were occurring in plastic manufacturing with markedly, greater amounts of carbon in Italy and a subsequent report of such monoxide in the products of combustion. c.."15CS in this industry ill France, a group of Among thc gases which might well be lead poisoning cases occurred in a plastic listcd with thosc which may cause sudden manufacturing operation in this country. death is hydrogen sulfide. The worst' case Possibly if a close relationship had been of liberation of hydrogen sulfide in an oc- maintained between the purchasing depart- cupied area occurred in Poza Rica, MexiCo, ment and the health and safety personnel, where liberation of hydrogen sulfide at Q the CXJlOsure might have been brought under gas and oil field caused 22 de.'lths and several control Wit1lOut occurrence of cases. hundred lA"1SCS of sufficient severity to re- Beryllium is well known as a producer quire hospitaliz.'ltion. Wherever hydrogen of serious and fatal occupational disease sulfide is being recovered from petroleum 133 1966 National SafelY Congress !t and made into elemental sulfur, an cmer~ of eliminating a fire hazard and, in addition, be set up in the event of has the advantages of low toxicity together gency plan should nlplurc of hydrogen sulfide lines with pos- with good solvent propt!rties and a v'aporiza- sihle escape of large volumes of this gas. tiol! rate close to that of carhon tetra- 'Hydrogen sulfide is formed wherever there chloride. is decomposition of materials containing sul- It is to be noted that the hazard of a fur under reducing conditions, and cases of solvent depcl1t!s 011 other properties than the multiple fatalities, from two to five, have threshold limit value, perhaps most promi. occurretl. Wherever materials containing nent being the vapor pressure and cones sulfur are being handleo, all workers should p~nding hoiling point. Jt is to be pointed be briefed about the rapidly asphyxiating out that even such a slightly toxic solvent propertics of this gas. It should be empha- as methylcne chloride with its thresbold sized that at the highcr concentrations the limit value of SOO parts per million has sense of smdl docs not provide the warning caused fatal poisoning whcre its great vola- to which one is accustomed on exposure to tility has resulted in build up of concenu:a- the lower concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. tions higher than this value. Solvents WIth Workcrs should !mow ahead of time that, if low vapor pressures and high boiling points onc of them should collapse in some con- often may be safely used with open surfaces fined area where hydrogen sulfide could be at room temperatures but, if the operation the cause, the fellow workers should not cntcr involves heating the solvent, then there is the confined area to rescue the victim without always the possibility that even the high gas mask protection. The usual precautions boiling polilt solvent may be vaporized ~uffi. of providing watchers outside the confined ciently to exceed acceptable concentratIOns. area, provision of a proper harness with In past years the usc of petroleum solvents rope attached for rescue from the outside has indicated ~ low order of toxicity since if required, and availability of adequate these could be expected to be made up of ventilation together with grab sample checks aliphatic hydrocarbons. Today, there is much on the hydrogen sulfide concentration within increased probability of presence of aromatic the area should, of course, always be the hydrocarbons from petroleum sources. practice. ~houtd' be kept in mind that the aromatic A category of hazardous materials which hydrocarbon, content may change with the includes many substances found in practi. same supplier from time to time and con cal1y all plants is that of the solvents. A com- stant vigilance is necessary to make sure plete tist of all solvents used in the plant that the w.orker who may be exposed with should be maintained. Where proprietary out injury to a couple of hundred parts solvent mixes are utilized, every effort should per million of the petroleum hydrocarbon be made to determine the constituency of containing only aliphatic constituents may these or, in any even~ Whether solvents with have his health seriously injured on intro- threshold limit values of less than 100 parts duction of aromatics. Benzene is, of course, per million are included. the most toxic one of these ordinarily found With the extensive publicity given to the severe health hazards of carbon tetrachloride, it would seem that everybody knows that this should not be used as a general solvent. However, the experience has been repeated many times in which a highly toxic solvent has been substitutcd by one of less toxicity but at some later date the more toxic solvent, desirable for good solvent properties or low price, has been brought back into the plant without the health and safety personnel being aware of its re-introduction. Increasingly, methyl chloroform is being , recognized as a desirable substitute for carbon tetrachloride as it includes the attributes in petroleum hydrocarbons. The number of compounds that arc im- plicated ill the production of cancer of the lung, bladder, or skin appear to be on the increase. Epidemiological evidence points clearly to the chromium compounds as causes of lung cancer. Just how low the exposure needs to be to prevent this development among more susceptible people is currently not known. So far there seems to be no evidence that a sufficient exposure occurs at chromium plating operations to produce this condition. Certain dye intermediates are sufficiently effective in the production o bladder tumors that the State of Pennsyl. 134 IndUstrial Safely Subject Sessions valtia has passcd a law, unprc("c<icntcd in the United Statcs, that two of these - betanaphthylaminc and ocnzidine-may not be produced or used in that statc. Some years ago, .011 thc basis of animal experimentation, it was believed that many of the high boiling oils f rom catalytic cracking opcrations in oil refineries were severe producers of skin cancer. Extensive control measures were instituted in many of the refineries to avoid contact with such oils. Over the years, observation has been continucd of workers with some exposure to these oils and in a recent publication it was rcported that the hazard to humans from this source docs not appear to be as severe as initially contemplated. Ionizing radiations of various types are increasingly common throughout industry toda.y. Alpha, beta, and gamma radiations are the most frequent, but neutron exposure may also be a factor. Where sources of these types of energy are presen~ competent health physicists. should survey the installations with appropriate instruments and make slire that adequate precautions are observed. A final category that is not a material, but a vibration, is that of noise. In plant areas where it is necessary to use an elevated voice at a distance of a foot or so, or to shout in order to carryon a conversation, it is desirable to make a check of noise intensities with a sound level meter. Where the overall intensity exceeds 85 decibels, it is to be recommended that the sound level meter readings be supplemented with readings of intensities at sound pressure levels, certainly in the 300600, 600 to 1200, and the 1200 through 2400 cycles per second bands. The American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology recommends tlJat the intensity in each of these bands should not exceed 8S decibels where a steady noise COI1- tinuous for [lYe hours or more per day is contemplated. The United States Air Force cxtelld~ the range over which octavehand determinations arc made from 300 to 4800 cycles per second. An octave-band level of 85 decibels is considered that at which damage risk is minimal but the point at which personal car protec- tion is recommended. 1 an octave-band level reaches 95 decibels, it is considered that damage risk is great and personal ear protection is mandatory. Engineering control measures should be developed wherever possible when octave-hand levels exceed 85 decibels. A hearing conservation progrum should include not only noise measurements and evaluation but also audiometric testing of workers before being placed in excessive noise areas and periodic testing thereafter. Personal protection admittedly has a place, but noise control measures should be instituted wherever possible. The health and safety personnel should avail themselvcg of the resources now available for obtaining infonnation on these hazardous materials. A number of these arc to be listed by later speakers in this session. It is to be emphasized that the threshold limit value docs not teU the whole story of the hazard of the material but all factors such as vapor pressure, temperature, degree of confinement, extent of exposure, and duration of exposure afe factors to be given consideration as well. Only by being as completely informed as possible on all aspects of a material related to the possibility of injury can therc be a wholly succcssful program in avoiding both outright occupational discases and also in provision of a workroom atmosphere can ducive to the optimum well-being of the worker. 135 1966 National Sa/dy CO/lgress self and llis fellows, who tls('.s his his knowledgc, tools, and safety equipmrnt 10 the llcst of his ability. It lt1ay be however, that we arc attacking symptoms rather than causes. We have, as 1 have said, bcgull to explore the nature aild true cause of industrial accidents since it is 'apparent that legislat ion, regulations, and good intentions do not in themselves solve the dilemma of rising accidents. They do, however, provide us with a legal, and we hope precise, framework to operate within. With our study, we hope not only to define the industrial accident and the role of the chief participants, but to be able in some measure to anticipate the future and legislate, not only for tllis llCriod, but in anticipation of the developments of the new industrial climate. I might say that we, as every prevention body is, arc working towards the day whcn we can no longer be employed. We are assured hy many economic planners that the advent of sophisticated technology (automation, if yotl will), will relegate the industrial workcrs to pushing buttons and performing monitoring functions for three hours a day. Our chief aim at the fIlomcnt is to keep workers alive and kicking until that day arrives. However, I might notc that since no less than two per cent of OllT industry is fidly automated, I fecI immediate need for a job re-training course, Ollf department has continual exchanges of ideas, stati~tics and operation descriptions with Ollr other provinces and other coulltries. We have just recenlly completd tll{' first of two tl1illi~ter~' safety conferences where representatives of trade unions management, and Rovcrntncllt have come together to re-tlxamine ideas generated by individual resea'rch. We have, as well, been host and key participant at the recent International Labour Organization Manpower Conf erence, wliich discllssed in some detail the international aspects of safety education and preventive techniques. All of us then-government, management, and employccs-share the responsibility for industrial safety. As government becomes more adept at defining it legislatively and management more adept in recognizing it as a method of enhancing tite balance shcet and employees learn to usc the safety mechanisms provided for their own protection, we lIlay yet find fomlUlas that work better than oUr current situation-hy-situation approach. Frankly, I cannot give you omni- scient answers, but I know that if we. to- gether, carefully select our questions and behave honestly and with proper coneem in the area of our responsibilities, we will arrive at solutions that lessen and may cvrnillally stop industrial accident and death. DISCUSSION PERIOD - WHAT'S BUGGING YOU? Delegates who attended the labor sessions were asked to submit written questions concerning safety llroblems within their areas of operation, or questions that were generated by the safety sessions that they attended during the Congress week. These written Questions were reviewed and answered by a panel of safety experts. Presiding Officer: John R. Kurnpcl, Safety and Compensation Representative, United Rubber Workers, Akron, Ohio. Moderator: Jacob Gold, Safety Engineer, Bureau of Labor Standards, U.S, Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. 38 Panel Memoers: Alan F. Burch, Director of Safety, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. c.; John L. Dowling, Director, Safety and Health Divi- sion, United Steel Workers of America (Canada), Toronto, Canada; Charles T. Greene, Director, Industrial Safety, District c.; of Columbia ,Minimum Wage and Industrial Safety Board, Washington, D. Floyd Van Alta, Ph,D., Deputy Director"Office of Occupational Safety, Bureau of Labor Stand- ards, U.S. Department of Lahor, Washing- ton, D. c.; Victor E, Whitehouse, Safety Director, International Brotherhood of Elec- trical Workers, Washington, D. C. Labor Srssions Madem/or: Arc pcnalties provided for violation of safety codes in the various jurisdictions actually sufliciellt to act as a deler- rent to the violation of cooes r Mr. Grcr"e: I would say no; they are not sufficient. The amount a company has to pay fo~ a safety code violation is not enough to act as a deterrent. However, publicity is more of a deterrent than ally fine that could bc imposed. Of course, the only way to have adequate pnl)licity is to impose a finc that is out of thc Qrdinary. We had a contractor that was fined $300 for a violation, which was the maximum fine that could be imposed. Later, the con~ tractor indicated that the fine was nothing compared to the adverse publicity from the newspapers, and that he would have much rather paid a $3,000 fiue than experience the publicity. Moderator: In the province of Ontario, where the circumstances const itute an offellse against the Industrial Safety Act and this offense occurs consistently, every person or employer who fails to comply with the provisions of the regulation, or the directions of an inspector, or the conditions of an approval permit is subject to a fine of not more than $1,000 for each day of tile violation or to imprisonment for not more than 12 months for each day of infraction. Dr. Van Atta: In school I was taught that it is not the nature of the penalty but the certainty that the penalty will be imposed that encourages compliance. Our main problem in this cOllntry is not the penalty but thc fact that most of the people who arc violating regulations will not be penalized regardless of what the law says. This is probably because we do not have enough inspectors to cover the areas. Moaeralor: There arc far 100 many acci- dents involving high voltages which cause burns, electrocutions, and falls from high places. These accidents occur to electricians, linemen, and oilIer craftsmen above the age of 60 who do hazardous work. Few of these old timers will admit the weakening of their grip, failing eyesight, weak heart conditions, or a tendency to experience dizziness. I don't believe that a compulsory medical examination is the answer, but there must be some solution. Perhaps workers over 60 should be prohibited from working in high places :md :l~!\if(nc(l to olher challenging work. Mr. Whilcl!ollsr: A Illall 60 years DIU is Ilot really the criterion. We in the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers have many examples of men 2S to 30 years of age who have a heart condition, arc epileptic, or suffer some other problem. It is truc that some of the IBEW locals have agreements with the contracted company which require a man of 50 and over who shows evidellCC of gaining weight or suffering from some hralth problem be transferred to a less hazardous job. On the matter of physical examinations, the men within the local union can schedule periodical examinations with their own personal physicians. Mr. Burch: 1 am opposed to pre-employIllent l>hysical examinations as a condition of <:mploymcnt, but I am not against physical examinations.' I think the point in this question is an important one and that is that we must' be our brother's kerper. Most unions have negotiated health and welfare plans, and these should include at least atlnual physical examinations. Of course, there is nothing stopping an individual from seeking his own personal doctor periodically i ill fact he will probably discuss his job more f rcely and the type of work that he performs with his doctor. After the personal doctor advises the individual about his physical ability in relation to performing his job, it is up to the worker to decide whether he will continue or not. In other words, we SllOUld inform ourselves about our own physical condition and how it applies to Ollf job. Mr. Greene: In this case, there is a Question of one person being a hanrd to other persons on the job. I know of two or three instances where physical condition of a worker caused injuries to others. In another instance, a chronic drunk was directly responsible for the severe injury of three other persons. Both management and labor knew of this man's illness, but neither related it to his responsible job. 1 am in agreement that compulsory examinations arc not the answer, but. there is a joint Jabor-management responsibility to get together and decide when a person m~y be a hazard to other workers because of his health. Moderator: Do you think tbat unions and management should work together in writing or changing a safety rille book? 39 1966 NaliollCl/ Safety Con.qrcss isMr. Whitt/,OflU: For years I have been jtl!~ extremely well and practically every olle preaching for joiut Iahor-management safety that I kllow of has worked very successfully. colTlmittees to do this very thilll~. They Modern/or: Do you think safely programs shollid sit dowll and WOI k out the prorcdll res should he in thc lahor contrad? that arc to he followc(l so that it hecomes lir. Villi Iltla: Certainly I A contract has the respolJsibility of both lahor and lila11- to do with couditions of cmployment, and :lgcmcllt to sec that they arc enforced. one of the major conditiOIl~ of employment . In the past two years the IBEW ami is your continlled )ife. It seems to me that various managements have established over labor grou!}s, in gClleral, have been 1ll05t 800 joint labor-l!l;mage1!lent safely cOll1mitin favor of these remiss in t(lat (onditions of clllployment have 1I0t hecn included !Inder safcty. How- tees. I am very strollRly cotnmittees establishing I~round rules. This ever, this is certainly no excuse for this to a definite advalltage for managemcnt. We continue. have had cascs in some of our locals where Mr. Crc;"c: The contractors in the Dis- the union membcr was brought hefore the trict of Columhia must comply with the executive hoard and informed that the ullion regulations of our dcpartment. One of the agreed to thcse rules and regulations .and problems with safety by reference is that he as a member of the union, must comply. most of the workers, and some of the man- l Mr. Dowling: We deal with the Ontario agement, do not have any idea of what Federation of Lahor and favor its support these regulations arc. They don't understand them. ] f safety is ill the contract, the work- of joint labor-managemcnt methods of rule and rcgulation writing, bllt I would like ers ought to have enough information so to add that once these rules and regulations that they can know whether the regulations are heing complied with or not. If they arc arc adopted they shol11d bc pul into the working l1lan'~ langnage. They should be de- not, the workers call act accordingly. veloped in such a way that the working If their \vages ullder the contract were llIaIl knows what they arc and he under- not beinl! paid, they would do something stands them clearly. In CanialldaF, rewnechprfionrt ashboouultd itacitmimmemdieadteialyte.lyI ifbetlhieevree tihsaat ahauznairodn- these rules and reglliations our French workers. The uniOll also has an om; situation that needs correcting in accord- obligation to ~cc that these rules arc ex-. allre with accepted cooes and regulations. plained. However, if people do not understand the Moderator: A lIumher of years ago Re- regulations they do not know when the regulations arc violated. The answer, of puhlic Stcel Corporation wanted to cOlllmu- course, is training. Without tr;lining, the nicate to all of its employees a better UII- regulations will be unimplcmented. dcrstanding of thc economic problems of the company and how they affect the work- Dr. Vml Alia: I have read a significant amount of. contracts which werc gigned by ers. They went to Brookings Institute for people who thought they had negotiated advice, then developed a play with 13 char- saf('ty into the contract. The standard phrase acters snch as a farmer, blt~incss m:lll, stock is "the cOl1wany will continue to provide holder, manager, cie. The employees were safe and healthful places in which to work." assigned various parts and participated in This is really just S:lyillg that the company the play at various locations all over the will continlle its existing bad practices. That country. The principle idea was that par- is not negotiating safely. It is as worthless as ticipation would improve understanding and a contract that says the cOlllpany will con- respect. tinue to pay wages. The eomp:my paid thousands of dollars Thcre is meaningflll language which can be negotiated into union contracts and nearly for that idea, and it is ,belicved that the same results can he obtained if the union all of the international unions can provide is allowed to participate in developing safety this typc of language. rules. An example of SlIch cooperation is ompany's joint safety Mr. Bllre": If the union has already sat down with management and worked out the Carborundum C work with the Oil, Chemical, alld Atomic acceptable safety rules, the contract can C01l- Workers Union. This relationship is work- tain meaningful language that is also simple. 40 Labor Sessions For examl'Ie, "hoth sides :lgrec to adhere, at all times, to the safety rilles agreed upon jointly." This keells unnecessary words Ollt of the contract and lIas the advantage that everybody knows what is b~illg referred to. It also skirts the situation where the contract is filled with langunge aimcd at everybody's particular grievance. The important thing is to get together and work out the rules and regulations by which you arc going to live and then finn thcm up in a binding agreemcnt so that cveryhody knows where they statl(l. Actually the original questioll - should safely be negotiated into a union contract? - has been answered by the Natioml Lahor Relations' Board. Not too long ago, there was a decision which was upheld after it ",as appealed, and it will prohably he a landmark case in labor relations. The final rnling was that safety was a mandatory subject of colkctivc bargaining. Modera/or: To what extent is voltage over 5,000 volts being worked 011 out of aerial baskct~ or insulated plat[~Jrtlls with rubber gloves a.nd sleeves? Mr. WllitclJOIlSc: I would like to highlight two things. Onc, safety standards for ihe e!cctrical industry recommend that allY voltage over 5,000 be either de~cnergizcd, or grounded, or worked by hot stick. Two, aerial ba~kets arc ftllldamcntally a good tool because they place a man in a I~ood position. However, these baskets should not be COllsidered as all insulating or isolating device. The same rules apply when working voltages from a basket :\5 whetl working from a polc. There has been a concerted effort on the part of management of many utility companies to go to 13,200 volts (and olle wants to go up to 15,000 volts as a limit. A mall can use rubber insulation for up to 20,000 volts; however, if llis nose is. still exposed, that is where he will make contact. Edison EI~ctrie Institute made an analysis of accidents over the years and pr:lctically ~1l of the contacts over 5,000 volts are not hmd contacts. So, the tubber gloves arc not enough, and it's not reasonable to expect a man to work completely cnclosed in rubber. In the opinion of our organization, 5,000 volls is the limit for working energized lines except 71ja hot stick. Moderator: A major Chicago cab com- I pany has vehicles which havc the fresh air intake so placed that the exhaust fumes of the car immediately ahead arc taken into the 11assengcr compartment of the cab. This could co!\~titt1te a seriolls health hazard ami we are wondering what the National Safety Coullcil can do about this situation. Dr. Van A ttu: Actually the CoulJcil calllIot do anything about this 50rt of condition except publicize the ha7.anL It surprised me when I found th:\t this cab company is still taking their fresh air into the llaSscllgcr compartment through ducts that are located down low in back of the rediator. This is especially surprising when you realize that :tll other automobile manufacturers stopped this practice 6 or 7 years ago because of the lIumber of deaths from carbon monoxide. 1 can't think of any conceivable excuse for this type of neglect in design which can cause seriolls injury. I would think tll1lt unfayorable publicity and perhaps one or two damage suits against the company for negligent design might have a most salubrious effect. These steps ran be taken by the union ami should be. (Comment from the floor, by Joseph L.. Algina, Safety Director, Seafarers International Union)--Thc loral union that is involved with this cab company is meeting tonight and I will be present. I will recommend that (hi~ ullion take direct actiot} to scc that the condition is eliminated. Moderator: How are safety and hc;tlth problems handled under Canadian laws? Mr. Dowlin!1: We have an arrangClncnt with the Dirrctor and Chief 1l15pcctor, Industrial Safety Branch, Ontario Department of Labour, Toronto, whereby I meet in his office to discuss allY problem that involves steel workers. If there is a violation of the Industrial Safety Act, the initial step rests with the official of the local union involved. The local shoulu extend every e/lort to get the violation corrected. However, if no corrective measures arc taken the report is sent to my office. 1 forward it to the Industrial Safety Dranch and an inspector is sent to the plant to check into the condition. Subsequently, we get a report from the Director of the Industrial Safety Branch indicating whether the complaint W<L~ upllcld or rejected. The foundry section of our union has a somewhat more refined mclhod of liaison. The government inspector for foundries 41 1966 National Safrty Congress must contact the 10<:.'l1 union officials before to v~riOlls pcople but he doesn't contact us he visits a plant and must take the local's until the condition gets serious. aPIlointcd representative with him during Mr. Gold: I illillk it must be apparent his tour of the plant. that the answer to tJlis question depends in In addition, the factory inspectors in the a large measure on tJlC geographic area in Province of Ontario carry a warrant with them amI, if they arc opposed by the em ployer, the inspector uses the telephonc to call the loeal magistrate. A policeman is which the plant is located. Smnc states -l13ve finc laws which will take care of til(~sC things if you push them. However, other states arc quite L1.x and backward. dispatchcd to the plant to serve the warrant on the person obstructing the inspcrtion and has the person removed from the premises until the inspection is completed. AIodcrator: Is there a standard clearing house that records a complete list of radiation exposures to workers handling radio- Mr. Klmlpel: If you believe you arc working in a haz.1.rdous situation and feel morally certain that you arc right in your belief, thell you should refuse to work on such operations until they can he examined by proper and qualified authorities to determine if the conditions need correcting. active materials? Mr. Burc"; I endorse what John says, Dr. Van Alta: Not in the United States, but I would like fo add that union strength unfortunately. There was a bill introduced varies geographically. A lot will depend upon ill Ute last Congress, hut Congress did not the knowledge and guts of the local business act On it. We havc high hopes that it will agents. be handled during the next Congress, although we understand that there is considerable opposition to this bill from management sources. Moderator: How can we get management to correct ilOsafe conditions promptly? Moderator: What arc the effects of asbestos dust? Dr. Van Alta: Breathing excessive amounts of asbestos dust over a period of 25 to 35 years, depending upon the amount and the person, will result in shortness of Mr. Dowling: I call only give you an il- hreath, circulatory and heart problems, and. lustration of what happened in the city of the person will probably die of heart failure. Hamilton, Ontario. I was conducting semi In addition, you will probably get no as- nars in Hamilton whell one of the cralle 5islance from workmen's compensation, jf operators in the plant called me at my home. you are under most jurisdictions. That is He informed me that the wheels ell the the classical picture of asbestosis. But, in crane had become sO Worn that the eledric the last few yea1"5, wc arc discovering that shoes that pick up the electricity had dropped asbestos is a rather prolific l)f(x:!ucer of a to where they were striking stud bolts, caus- variety of cancers of tile lung and sur- I ing them to fall to the floor below. I called rounding tissues. Asbestos is a skinny little the shop foreman and he admitted that the crystal, like a nerole, and it works into the condition was unsafe. tissues and promotes C:Ulcers. I then phoned the Director of the Ontario Onc vari~ty is appearing in rather sub- Industrial Safety ilranch and lie sent an stantial numbers among asbestos workers- inspector within 35 minutes. The inspector it has always been there, hut now it is be- was in the plant for 10 minutes. He shut ginning to be diagnosed. This is a subject down the entire plant. Management was about which we don't know nearly as much then obligated to bring in a contractor to as we thought we did 20 years ago. I might replace the crane wheels. The plant was say tJlat excessive amounts of asbestos dust shut down for two shifts. is only enough to constitute a slight haze Mr. Greene!: We have a way of getting things done also; however, it is sometimes rather late. When we receive a complaint in the air. The situations in which asbestos is used arc highly descrving of competent professional assessment. we send an inspector to the location. Usually Moderator: How can unions get such the condition existed for some time before professional assessment in cases where they we receive the complaint. It has bothered feel the plant hygienist or medical pcr~ tlle worker, and he has probably complained sonne} are not competent? 42 Lahor Sessions Dr. Van AUa: There are several l1ighly physician~ in the country who will Now we c~me to the rc..1.lIy important role o[ the intcrnational union safety depart- qacutali;f\iSedcOllsultants. Also, some state labor mrnt al\(I t1\at is top management support. departments have llt'fSOlfilci who call moni- This is very important j however, it is also tor asbestos Ollerations and render opinions. c:;gclltial trIal tlte lIlan (lli the job support (Comment from the floor)-Dr. Van Atta, the safety activities. Too many local unions still offer only lip service to accident pre- YOll mentioned you can't get compensation for asbestos disabilities in most jurisdictions. vc'ntion. Until local union IcaderslJip pushes The law has changC(\ in most jurisdic- accident prevention, the man Oil the job will continue to be unconcerned. tions in the country during the last few years so that you may be able to sue the Mr. Whitc!Jonsc: Let us not overlook the construction company, the architects, 'and Clt- . fact that many intemational labor organizations do not have a safety director'or safety ginecrs 'who built the plant without ptoper ventilation. This can be considered for full death of a work- department. For them, the first thing they can do is establish such a department and recovery for the wrongful er or for injuries. This is a very important ' staff. new area of protection for workers, 1I0t (Comment from the floor, by Joseph Leo- only to get damages where there has been natd)-The Ldngshorc1l1cn's \]IliOlt installed disability but to prevent the continuation ;lccident prevention activities in the Interna- of the condition in the futurc. tional Union office and lIlade it mandatory Modrrator: What services or aid should that each local should have a safety program. That was four years ago. To this' day, be given Of offered to local unions from the safely staff of an international union? I have to Clrry a bat when I visit the various Mr. Bllrch: The safety director should locals in order to get these fellows moving. 1 do not believe that the International Union develop training programs, or at least Ollt~ lines, for use by local union safety personnel. oAice can do much until the local unions arc willing to accept it and support it. In He should supply materials (posters, dccals, addition, the rank and file members mllst technical data, rtc.) and act as a research provide support to their local ullion officers. consultant in safety and health matters. He should answer questions received via letter Mr. KJllllpcl: Our International Union has or telephone. He should gathcr statistics, conducted many safety and compensation dinics throughout the United States and which requires the cooperation of \0<:'1.1 Canada over the past 23 years. We have unions. The international union safety director [airly good success ill attracting local union to attend these dillies for three or should represent his ullion members and llCOP\c four days at a time. the trade union movement as a whole, on the various committecs that write standards Moderator: Does the District of Columbia and codes which will effect the work of the have the right to make it's own safety cooes through it's appointed commissioners, or arc \lnion's members. The United Statcs of America Standards Institute, the Society of the safety rules of the District cll.'1etcd by Automotive Enginecrs, and the Society of ical Engineers arc examples of or~ the Congress of the United States? .Mr. Creme: The District, through it's Mechan ganizations that have these types of com~ Minimum Wage and Industrial Safety mltlees. Board, has the right to make safety codes. They handle al\ of the investigations and Previously, participation by union re1>~ conduct the hearings necessary to develop resentatives has been minimal and we arc doing our best to change this situation. This these codes. This privilege comes from Con- is one of the most important activities that safety personnel of international labor or~ gressional kgislation. Moderator: How do we sell safety to our ganization5 can undertake. There arc plenty of openings but labor hasn't sought rep- union members? Mr, Gold:' I bcliev.c that you must estab- resentation, When labor docs become a part of these committees, it has been my eX- lish, within your members, a desire. You have to give them a chance to participate perience that labor representatives atc wel- in the problems. Let them assist with first come and offer valuable contributions. aid training and community action. The 43 1966 Notional Safety Congress worker mllst t1l1derst;md how accidcnt prevention will benefit him, Ilcrsonally. You canllot sell just Ollce in a while. Ads for new automobiles do 1I0t occur once in a while. They arc pllblished continuously. The sallie COlltinuing sales piteh is llccessary to keep a IInion s..1.fety program rollillg. You have to work at it. (Colllment from Doh Will<iw;)-I fecI certain tllat tlle only way accidcnt prcvention can be cfTcxtivcly sold to union members and their families is through effective de- monstrations. Demonstrative presentations stick in a persons mind much longer and arc more efTmivc in changing habits and attitudes. Films arc one method of demonstrating what can be dOlle to avoid accidents or redllce haz.1rds. Of course, this requires morc time in preparing 5.1fely pre;j.entations and oftentimcs co:;ts mOllcy. 1 am !>ure that all of you will agree that Jake Gold docs ;Ul outstanding job of teaching accident prevention to pt.ollle f rOI11 all walks of life and you will notice that he uscs dcmonstration.t; wherever possible. With refefencc to tlle (Qntinl1in!~ complaint that managC1l1C1lt call1lot get the cooperation of the union or the men when they wish to initiate a certaill type of accident prevention program, the primary rcasoll for this difficnlty is thc fact that management feels that the s..'lfcty program is not ollly their res{lOltsibility, but that it is their privilege to develop and enforce it as they sec fit. These types of procedures often run into difficulty bcrau5e most fJCOple resist something that is forced upon them. However, most people arc willing to cooperate with practiClJly any project or program if they have sOllie voice in the manner in which thc project or program is developed. As an example, if management wants to initiate a safety-spectacle program, it is extmncly helpful if they will ask the union to appoint two or three representatives to sit with management and develop the program which will later become mandatory. When tllis cooperation is enjoyed from beginning to cnd, the program wi)! always be a success hct::ausc both parties feel that the program was developed properly, and both partics will cOOpcr.ltively assist in seeing to it that the program is put into effect. Regarding the question of what labor can do about industrial hygiene prohlel11s, I believe that if the state lahor department or other cOllccrIlcd organizations cannot provide ifl(\ustrial hygiene persollnel to study situations believed to he hazardous by the union, then the union should have the opportunity to hire it's own consulting industrial hygienist to study the 5itllatioll and give an unbiased report. This should satisfy the desires of the union membership and should assist ill avoiding hazardous situations which may be overlooked by management. .(Comment from the floor hy Mr. Philo) -If YOll dOll't mind, I would like to say something il~ general about a problem we, as lawyers,. have in representing injured people. I have been interested in olle very important 'area of safety and I refer to suits against lI1alluhdurcrs of machinery or safety equipmcnt that result in all injury to a worker. Our position is not aided by the existence of weak standards and wcak positions by local and intern:ltiollal unions. In particular, I have during the past year presented cases of 37 workers who have lost hands in power presses. J have just spent some titne ill the Power Prcss aIld Forging Section sessions, listening to speakers on points of operation guarding. It is my opinion that about 50,000 presses in the United States arc guarded by a trap instead of a safely device. These are the pull-back guards. I think it is predictahle that a worker who operates a press equipped with these {lull-back devices for 30 years is bound to lose a hand. I represent some clients who have lost both hands. I don't believe that the National Safety Coullcil is ever going to suggest that the pull-back devices arc ullsafe. This is probably beCluse the Power Press :Ind Forgings Section basically represents industry and management. However, the unions can and should do somethillg about this situation. They ought to get these devices ballned ill every stale in the country. The ptlll-back devices violate the two principles of power press safety. First, every device or guard mllst have a fail safe mechanism; second, tlie worker's hands should never be placed between tile dies when the machine is nlllning. General MotOf5, Ford, aud Chrysler will not usc thc$c l)l1l1-back devices 011 any of their thousands of presses. They recognize 44 t .. .. -..l..,..~ [.(lImY Sessions thcy arc a trap. 1t is the ~OIallcr shOll') which do not have effective ;lccidcut prevention enginccring in the Jllanl, where these devices exist. r recently (alked to a COrp<lf;l(C ~afcty director who r thought, should kflow (letter. However, his company is hring ;ldvcrlisctl as having pull-hack (ype gnards on IlOwer presses ill several of its plants. Tflc corporate safcly director admitted this was true. He went on to say that this type of device was 115('<1 in some pfants because the local IInion insisted Oll the pull-back devices. 1 believe that the local IInion solfety personnel were undoubtcdly good, cOllscientious safety people but were !lot safety sophisticated. The,; point of operation guarding is a complex problem. Dr. fIan Alia: What ~fr. Philo says is llCrfectly true. Fail safe design is p."1rticIllarly irnliortanl when you're talking ahout power presses. It is true that there is tlO failure of a fluH-hack device whicll is a safe failure. Every (Ol1cciV{'ahlc failure is a ha7.ardous failure. (Commellt from the. f1oor}-I disagrec with the ide:t of including industrial hygiene services in a union contract 1 am with the Stale Lah~r DqKlrtmcnt of Iowa ami am dircctor of the industrial in~pedors. We have olle of the finest industrial hYf~iene laboratories ill the United Slates. What we really need is supvor1 from tbc unions at thc state level when it comes to budget time. The State Bureau of LltlOr doesn't receive the SUPllOrt from the lmions when it comes time for requesting monies to provide adequate factory inspection and industrial hygiel1e survey work. The Manufacturcrs Association arc there ;lnd they lobby against ollr budget continuously. Our Safcty Coml11is~ioll is currently operating on a budget of $16,000. Wc asked for $39,<00. The point is that the statc has the facilities in adequate cquipment and laboratories. Ilul we need more support from laoor. 45