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FILE NAME: Kohler (KOH) DATE: 1935 DOC#: KOHOIO DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Metals Section - American Ceramic Society ''"" : " ' . rv ''." .O - ^-? ^ .^-?-i-^`''>'.-rvri;.* <5 . * 0* *p Qi P' i p a i s s O'. Metals Section O O 9 0' 0 <2 Officers 1935-36 General, Chairman--H. W. Darb, Bethlehem Steel Cp., Johnstown, Pa. *Vice-Chairman--A. Berqtjist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. Vice-Chairman--C. M. Alle, The American f ilin g Mill Co.,' Middletown, Ohio; Vice-Chairman- (In Charge of Health)--Br. R C. Engel, 'Corrigan-McKinney Div., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. ' .Secretary and News Letter Editor--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo; Ind. ' . Contest Committee Chairman--RoBEST L. S chmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply ,,Co., Louisville; Ky. a. 0 Engineering Committee, Chairman--].(YL. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Go.,' Bethlehem, Pa. ' Foundry Committee Chairman--Irwin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts-. burgh, Pa. . .. Membership Committee Chairman--Mell E. Trammell, Gulf StatessSteel Co., Alabama City, Ala. ^ ..K J Poster. Committee Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic-Steel Corp., Cleveland; Ohio. @ Program Committee'Chairman--H. M. C rock a n , Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. PublicitycCommittee Chairman^-C. W. Hanko, 'Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monessen, Pa. Railway Car BuildcrjrCommitlee Chairman-??. J. Brand, Pullman. Standard Car Manu facturing Ccrp.^PulIman, Chicago, 111. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartel, Carnegie-Illihois Steel Corp.,. Pittsburgh,'Pa. , Statistics Committee Chairmaii-^N. J. Ireland, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. --, C Members at Large-- . .. ,.. <. ,, o ,,y. F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel .Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. E. R. Blank, Jones & LSUghlin Steel'Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. . <T J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. G. A. Davis, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, III. M. W. DundRe,^Beloit Iron Works Co.; Beloit, l/VIs, " John P. Eib, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet; III. w. T. Filmer, The Youngstown Sh# and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. . A C, Gibson, Spang. Chalfanfr& Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. v O. F. H arvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. .E.- Hawkes, MacWhyte Co., Kenosha, -Wis. -, H. H. Henry, Otis S tai Co., Cleveland, Ohio. H. G. Hensel, The? Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, II). W. A, Jarvis, The Chase Companies, Waterbury, Conn. F; A Lauerman, Republic Bteel Corp.'; South Chicago, III. T. H. McKenney, Chicago, lit. s' . -' . - D. V. Medalie, Interlpke iron Corp.,`Chicago, III. John O'Rourh, Bethlehem Steel Co,, Sparrows Point Md. C.' E. Ralston;' Pittsburgh Plate Glass C., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowe, wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, Ohio. " 0 ' Herman Spoerer,- The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Evanston, 111. J. K. Stafford, Mississippi Valley -StructuralJiteel Co., Decathr,- III. I*, ,Dec-Jea;seAd.." Vo_qss, Republic Steel Corp.', C<Vleveland, Oohio. ' ' *' I 1 Q ... * > . 0 * y G . 299D G '1 '*V* !> V 300 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress O Officers Elected for 1936-37 t General Chairman--C. M. Allen, Th American Roiling Mill Go., Middletown, O. Vice-Chairman--R'. A, Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Mell E. Trammell, Gulf States -Steel Co., Alabama, City, A lt Contest Committee. Chairman--Rodert L. Schmitt, Louiiville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Loisvllie, Ky. o ' Engineering Committee Chairman--R. H. Fekouson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, 0 . Fomidry Committee - Chairman--Irvin. A. Brinkman, Macklntoih-Hemphill Co., Pltts- burgh, Pa. , Health Committee Chairman--Dr, R, C. Engel, Republic Steel Corp,, Cleveland, O. Membership Committee Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa.- Poster Committee Chairman--H. B. Henry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. Program Committee Chairman--C. W. Hanko, Pittsburgh Steel Co.,. Monessen. Fa. Ptiblicity Committee Chairman--C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Railway Car Builders Comnitttee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman. Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago. Slides and Safety Riniti Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartbl, Carnegie-Iilinois Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ' Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. Filmer. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., . Youngstown; Ohio. - r> Members at Large--r F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, O. R. A. Beyer, Central. Tube Co., Ambridg, Pa. c; A. Bianchi, H. H. .Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa: J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Craigmile, Beiden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. . H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. J-.. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem, Pa. .. H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co, Johnstown, Pa. M. W. D ondore, Beloit Iron Works Co, Beloit, Wis. B. T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp, Warren, O. John P. Eib, Carnegie-Iilinois Steel Corp, Joliet, 111. E. A. Ellis, Wheeling Steel Corp, Wheeling, W. Va. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp, Ecorse, Mich. A. C. Gibson, Spang Chalfant Co, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. O. F. H arvey, American .Car and. Foundry Co, New York, N. Y. S. E. H awkes, Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co, Chicago, 111. W. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Co, Waterbury, Conn. ~F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp, Chicago, 111. T. H. McKenney (retired); Carnegie-Iilinois Steel Co, Chicago, III. D. V. Medalie, 'Interlake Iron-Corp, Chicago, 111. J ohn O 'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel. Co, Sparrows Point, Md. C S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. -, Frank Rowe, Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, O. . A. C. Schultz, Bucynts-Erie Co, So. Milwaukee, Wis. H. T. Spoerer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co;, East Chicago, Ind., E. J. Sterner, Bethlehem Steel Co,1 Bethlehem, Pa. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland, O. MONDAY.. AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1936 ' The opening session was called to or der by General Chairman H. W. Barr, C Bethlehem Steel Co, Johnstown, P a, who presided. Chairman Darr welcomed the delegates, pointed to the. excellent year, and commended, the Various com- progress made by the Section during the' mittees on"1their work; ^ V * * r>. *% G Industrial Relations and A ccid en t Prevention '* ' By J. A .'VOSS "" Director o f Industrial Relations, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, 'Ohio : - ca ' o Industrial relations of the right kind presents to keep safety and accident pre- are essential to the success, f business. Mention constantly before the worker.. Men are rio longer regarded as commodi- Safety deseryes a place of importance in' ties, to be .purchased a t the lowest pos- the .industrial relations program because sible rate ahd^discharged when no longer of 0the good , will it engenders among a needed. Employees must be as contented> workers. * as ambitious men canj>e; deserving ones Through a constructive, well designed must have opportunities,for advancement; vaccident prevention program the' manage-^, a wages, hours, and wWking * conditions ment can get closer to the men and atT m ust'be favorable. There must be a h ' thetsame time bring^tehi more real good earnest;-sincefe effort to work with men, than throgh any other,, single medium. >to appreciate their'needs,and as far as Such a.program has one great advantage, possible, to meet them. O Whether it's the president of the com- ' As intelligent labor relations are essen- gany or the newest laborer on the pay- tial to modern industrial management, so-' roll, there is a unanimity of opinion about intelligent safety work is essential to a , the' value of safety. & worth while industrial relations program. A found safety program also .provides, -The Employee Representation Plan, through proper organization, a logical which has proved so. successful during system of liaison 1between management past years, is an excellent medium for and ...men. .The safety man, who should carrying out both programs..^ be, and frequently is, an integral part of. This plap, .with its representatives the industrial relations program, njeets . . ' elected directly.by-the men from among with the- superintendents. The superin- their fellow-workers, gives' employees and tendents, in turn, pass on the informa- management . every., opportunity .to meet tion thejQhave gained to the foremen, together and discuss all phases of indus- Finally, the foremenhoId meetings.. di- trial relations, which should include a dis- rectly with the men working under them, cy cussion of unsafe practices andenditiorts. This ..completes .a chain that can, as need cv By holding regular meetings, these prob-' manifests itself, be used to; pass along lems are promptly settled'before? serious other information7with equal effectiveness, misunderstandings develop and. accidents Such a. relationship is invaluable, It occur. The safety.man has an outstpd- -should4be fostered and developed, for in ing .opportunity, to carry bn his work in . this relationship will frequently lie the vj. cooperation with a safety-committee from;> methods which will place a restraining* . among the representatives. * hand on trouble and djscord. - ' That safety , and welfare represent,, an Ip our corporation the safety depart-0 important part of the discussions between = ment is a part of th industrial relations men and management under this plan is department. The office, of the safety man- indicated by. .the fact that ..during 1?35 ' ager adjoins ifiy office, andlhe is familiar mre than '25 per cfit of all the cases 4with the questions and problems which .. handled by the representatives in our f, confront us in', carrying out the broad corporation dealt with .these "subjects. & program of industrial; relations. r> ^ No safety program is'reaiiy effective if Safety, to .us; is- distinctly a sales job, it fails to use the many opportunities that judiciously-mixed with a bit of crusading an enlightened industrial relations pofiby spirit. ' i . s' . Jt V 0 o * to o 302 Jjujenty-fifth Rational Safety Congress There can be no laying down on the mass trouble and tribulations. The in ' job--no hoping that the lesson has soaked- dustrial relations r safety man who is through perthanently. New men are be- -' too indolent to mingle with his men to ingf hired whosfnust be taught/and, being learn to know-them at first-hand is. going human, older men too frequently get' to fail at his job. ' careless and "forget. . So we use a dot of As you get to know the men better, selling, backed up with "-advertising and so they in turn'get to know, you better. combined with a dash of sales promotion. A mutual respect and regard is developed It 'is' in connection with',this constant which is helpful on both sides when prob selling job that the employee Representa lem s of mutual interest are being dis tion Plan is most effective. Among the cussed. You will both be more holiest representatives are men from every de with ea'ch other. There will be less, beat partment. The very1fact that they are ing around the bush and more plain facta. representatives is proof, that they . are If demands are being made that are leaders, that the men listen to and respect unreasonable, it has. been my experience them and their ju d g m e n t.!^ therefore^ .that the bi'st method to use is frankness. .we can sell the representatives on the" Tell the representatives all there is to value of safety, we .have' a number of know about the company's financial con influential proponents who rare unofficial dition, its sales problems, its costs of op- safety representatives, and whose efforts/- cration, and market conditions. Discuss -.supplement the instruction which has with them the accident record. If you are been passed down through the superin honest, and they will know whether you tendents and foremen. are or not,* you will find) that they are These representatives, whose duty it is not only reasonable but sympathetic with to be-, interested in everything that affects', the company's problems. the welf_ a__ r_e_ of athLe:*ir constituents, ___________________a- will,' ____Til *V nTPhl*i_s 1kJi-nJd* o^ f frankness ______1 _________1 will also act as, without making'- the formal inspections a,barrier to the disturber from the out-^' that are the duty of the safety depart side who is attempting to create friction ment, bring to attention unsafe practices by promising the impossible. The men that might, 'for a time at least, elude the will know that the disturber's promises eye of the most vigilant safety inspector. are false and -impossible of fulfillment. We encourage our representatives to re Gradually a feeling of partnership will be port such'-'practicesi? and when they are generated, and the old idea that men:and reported we make haste to correct them. management mast of necessity be enemies - Sometimes these practices are reported will be broken down and swept away. to the representatives by workmen who '" This new industrial relations .policy will cannot help but be impressed with the do more than anything else to make the prompt attention given their complaints safety man's job more effective if he will o r .suggestions when they are passed on to the management by the representative^ We should'-' know intimately what -the) men want, what they are-thinking about. We should have a living picture of their key his work with that of the industrial relations manager. Working together, they . will not only do a real job for .the men, but also for the company, arid it must be a good job for both. Developments-in Hoisting Chain Practice -: r By W. J. BLOOM Metallurgist, Otis;-Steel t- The selection of a suitable quality chain of the best material and workmanship the marketjaffords is of, utmost impor tance.''Material which is ductile and suf ficiently elastic -to recover from the strains produced by shocks should always Company^ Cleveland, O. be used. Though a high tensile strength ffiay be obtained with hard material of low ductility, such material has been found, unsuitable,'since it is liable to frac ture when subjected to sudden loads. The links of a chain should be designed . . tJ' '3 as small as is practical, since the greater ' this, working stress should be based on the number of links in',a given length the an ample margin of safety. We have es- more flexible is the chain, the smaller. tablisKed the practice of purchasing sliugs- the transverse ..dimensions of the link the made up completely by the manufacturer, less bending action at 'the ends. In this way, we are assured of atta'ch- .Ordinary short link or, close link chains meiits that are correct in matrial and\de- have: links with* an approximate pverall 0 sign. _ " length of four and a half.times, and a The kind of sling used depends largely 1 breadth of. three and a quarter times th on the! nature and shape of the. articles to diameter of. the bar.' For chairis designed -be`lifted. The size of the chain is deter-1 -* . to stand severe shocks, links: with slightly ,, mined by -the weight of the article, and oval sides^ instead ' of c$traight sides ai. ? also by th.e tangle between the legs of the adopted* as they give the chain greater s*"li-n-g---o-r--t-h-e---p-o--s*i"tion in which it -m--u--st be elasticity. used. - c> Every user, oi chains is, familiar with In. our,,steel foundries where large castr the recommended safe loads for short ings have' to be raised from a mold, it link wrought iron chains, the Chain often happens that the whole of the sand. Institute and the. Rational Safety Coun Js not removed from .the sides of the cast cil, but it may be~Well to recall that the ing, and the actual- load upon the lifting safe ,working load for a long "link chain gear is .augmented by the. pressure}of the O should not exceed two-thirds of that for ` .-. sand, .or the "suction" *I`the sand, as it. a short-link chain of .the same damete'', is termed by.the moldees..Lifting gear of' Now,Its to chain attachments. A ring -ampie (dimensions is therefore always' should be made iif material equal to or used. - Again, in the; case-of our steel better than the material of which the .works,.the removal of "skulls" (slag con- c. chaitiis made. A ring must be suffi- taming, metal) from furnaces or casting ciently strong to cafry safely a load'equal pits entails unknown loads on the crane to the sum of the safe loads of all the and.sling, chains, and special precautions attached chains, and, moreover must be are taken. capable of standing the total proof loads The important connection between the of-these chains without deformation! There -is little variation in the general, outline of ordinary '"hooks; both "the. in-, side curved surface and . the outside' actual tension in the leg of a sling and its angle of inclination should' never be overlooked.'.It is often assumed, and at times with disastrous results, that a intil- curved surface are usually circular in tiple-jegged' sling will safely lift a load shape, though not necessarily concentric. The opening or gap of cthe-diook must be equal to the saf load tiplied by th^aum ber of qp one jhjgs , l eg wh mul ereas sufficiently wide to admit the largest ring ^ihis^is^only strictly .true the legs which has to he placed, aomn i4t "~"aBffe~titni *a%vertical npnocsittiinon. When a hook is loaded, the material in the shank is subjected tto a direct ten sile stress; this should^ hot exceed three tons per square inch.u The material in ' those sections not in direct line of appli cation oi~the load is objected to stresses caused by bending action, inuaddition to th e' direct tensile stress caused by the ,,load. These bending stresses increase with :-the distance-of the section from the line of loading, aim are tensile at inside, anil compressive at the outside of the hook. The stress at the^insidg is- the. greater, and a hook, therefore'; should {``designed ' so that the. maximum stress produced by tfi^^working load does not exceed the working stress usually allowed for "the material of the hook and as h'ooks are subjected to varying loads and shocks,' Chains and other lifting gear are often exposed to abnormal temperatures in foundries and steel works, and those in the open ,are -subject to variations in at mospheric .temperature, including--, frost. The strength of iron and steel is.hat.se- ' riously impaired at ordinary temperatures, but above 600 degrees, F. the strength di minishes rapidly with increase of tem perature. Possibly .with.j.the. exception of (lifting appliances attached to ladles for moIteh?metal;rfew, if any,'are exposed, to temperature djfceeding 600 degrees F. T h e r e . h a s c o n s e n s u s of opinion among chain users that chains exposed to frost become brittle andRare liable to fracture without warning. Recent research., suppovrts this vie|Jw. 'anid s>h ows t.hat, %a__i- < though good quality chain iron does' hot o -a O ' i* /'N 304 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress develop *brittleness in the .absence of repair was considered ^necessary;.; chains .containing defective welds or- links which ^-aref subject .to .cht^ubs^'ww/ ithe^-ex-: have become notched or damaged in sery- aminer must: evntudly ;decieSwhen; the ice. n - - . wear is sufficient'to redtf:.,the chain un i t is, therefore, necessary to avoid ex- safe for its! norma! working' load. This posure *of:chains and other lifting gear -decision is usually'ltft. to the! experience . to extremes of temperatures, a s ite s e andjudgm ent of the'examined If a chain tend to.aggravate the effects of anyslight containing -wrn'^dflh^oiea^^stortidr cracks,'fliws, bad welds, or similar de- . as if ^enerally doiV/ tl^e;chain- is removed fccts. ! r r from sendee and the' worn linka re re- Although annealing or normalizing^, placed. In some, cases,, chain-dr ap- thains and other appliances will cure '" pliance must notf be used for its maxi- the.skin hardness which arises in service, mum- sfe working load if the ^wear-ton neither of these heat treatments will pre vent thc-subsequent development of'this hardness''when the chain or appliance is any part exceeds::10 per cent; .in-: other cases wear is limited to & reductionJIn diameter pf theirorn of 1/32 inch- for, put into service again. 'Periodical anneal chain's up* to 1 inch, and 1/16 inch. for ing is, therefore^, necessary. . chains overri Inch. In all cases, the gen The period which should he allowed eral condition of the- chain is also taken between consecutive annealings will de- Into account. .T he wear, of a .chain; it pend on the nature and amount of use of often local,'and the life of a chain may: the chain or appliance. - We- believe it is be extended by changing' ends) thus subthe general practice of most large users jecting different links to wear. D of tcehLaaaiM nsa'1 to -Sa aspneacaiiffy adles fCim nIite M pearaiioAdftsa for annealing, different classes of chains; T I ti iis now MA dtthaA e 'M prMactica-e''ai t the Otis Steel Company to identify -every chain ini use P As a matter of safety^-dll'.Chains in or in their various departments. -New- chains dinary use, which are of wrought iron are marked by the manufacturer, -but and mild steel, are annealed once at least . chains which have been in- used for-some in. every twelve months. These chains, time have an identifying letter for the- When subjected to freqdent or- severe-use department and a :number for the chain or where employed. in carrying molten . stamped .upon a metal marker which fc metal, are* annealed-at least once every bolted' to the end links: W e have-devel six months. Chains subjected:' t o . spe oped a. system of records) which, tie in cially severe use, such aT those on .cranes with chain identifications. These records or grabs used to unload coal, ore, scrap,-, which a>e maintained.by the chain inspec- etc., .are ^annealed once r every three tor contain such information-as: .. months. 'J 1. Brief description-with important- di- One great advantage of periodic an- *mentions; 2. ' Purpose-, for rwh!ch used; nealing is the opportunity offered for 3. Reference number on the- maker's test careful examination of the chain, since, certificate;- 4. Maximum permissible work- with removal of all grease and dirt-by' ing load; 5. Date when issued for-use; firi--ng, "th-e--.-s-u--rf'a--c-e---o`f *t*h-e- --metal 5i-s--e-x--p-o--s-edJ . 6. Dates *f annealing,''examination, re The examinations are made bycompetent, pairs; 7.N ature and-extent of-repairs. practical men, conversant with the-land Filing^ards afford very convenient recof flaws and defects likely to be found, ords where large numbers of lifting ap-' and able to make due allowance forvny pliances are used. A record of each chain. wear or distortion when considering vihe ` Koolc, shackle" or sling with, its attach' safety of.-a`chain. Though detection of merits is ntered on'.a separate card,-and : f minute cracks in the metal is often diffi- the cards are filed according to-depart- cult, a fire testifacilitates their discovery, ments- Different periods, for annealing and is.applied, in case of doubt- . a may be indicated by- cards Of-'.different Previous to the inauguration of our colors. O ~ present definite plan of control, the wear . In each department there are -also in o f '`chains was often allowed to reach se spectors whose duties and responsibilities rious proportions before replacement-pr are to inspect all chains and chain assenv e> . v..-.;.J-;IJ&faha a..." ,AMetals Section - > : v ." 0 ..... blies; and to .observe ju8ti how the chains deterioration in service^ was foundcthat are.used by worjtoon.-.: - A : ` ;'; V ' the hammering o f.th e scarfs produced . Inspectors-; are >,authorized to decide . small~dt>ressiqpain Which scale and dirt when a shsdl.be .removed from.sery- were imprisoned when the btfter edges of ' ice'fdfrirepairs;''^fatrif^t.'ior/'rplc'ment.^ `thejyjeld were: properly untied.-.Thus noil* Al} materials adhesive .areas were : formed :within &he to-.tiiex metallurgat 'departmentwhich'- weldwhich sometimes:extended- to th then assmesv air rs^psibilitis for re- surface, of the metal,J)ut were visible only, conditioning o r.replacing1chains and later asoveryfibe cracks." . ...p * returning 'them to dpaiVment 'atorerobtn If a weld is made at a low tejnperature, for-future, use' On a ; specified da :each= the..edges of th weld are hot properly week, a meeting of. the'department'.safety closed, as tlijtsp.parts, cool first. This de- - committee is/held,-an&the.inspector,.to-,? .feet by hammering is sometimes unin- getherwith a representative.of-the metal- tentiohally concealed. Perfectly . good flu1rgi*c a*l, dite**part.m eh.t, ..is inJ ictl.uldj edj.- -m`fC* opie's we-ld- s ;-h`ave .at-,times rough .edges .vriiic'ho, O - of-yinspctorfs, reports are.*presented,-land maj. mislead even an expert chainexam.- the'* uses and abses^of chain equipment iher.\L '' . 1 .. ...arediscussed. * -. / ...a We immediately set about 'finding a At -the outset of the; chain program.at solution to. our problems. -The welds ofc the' Otis*.Steel .Company, we, of-course, the chains were giving us the mst trou- were primarily Concerned with: educating ble/so we decided that in our preliminary the. employee .-in the proper yie of.the.. investigations, we ,, should consider ' all equipment already in use in the various types o.f chain available. . . department;. W e.stressed all the points Of the several samplesCof -chain sub-.O previously dlscuiied, selected inspectors, mltted for .our first, tests, we; found, that established central- repair stations, posted i there Was only one that showed any , safe load harts .conspicuously :about the marked -advantage ovfcr'the others in .ten .. ipnlacnatsri,nignsfiosrt.ecdh, aumpopning'foaocdt, hwoeusdei-dk'eeevpeirnyg- wsileeldss.treTnhgiths ,chdauicntticl>itnys,evaenrdal^scthreecnkgtthestosf,. * O thing] possible to make or lifting equip- performed-exactly as it Jrad in the first mefat safe. We found, in the course of experiments;:` i t not only exceeded its our inspections, that|w hile chain ,failures nearest competitbr in *te---ns8ile-.streng-ath, wbut had been.reducd tocp. remarkable degree', in- no case did it break in uie -weld.0 Mi o we were still having'them and it. was ap- croscopic examination:of transverse parent that 'tiier. rs still1work to be tions o f. broken -. links - cut through ,the done. : Examination of chains after .the welds revealed,-that `the fusion? of metal herentiy -defective* .chains; and; we -were Chemical 'analysis ,,of .-the drains -di. buying 'thet*best /.dredge;chains on the vulgetL that thgy were made of a matemarket;-. Tabulation of t_h_e__d_a_tiP_g_a_t_h_e_r_ed rial that-was*: entirely ;new to the. chain during the: investigations of- failures, re- 9 industry, an alloy, that conformed, to-the vealedVthat the double-refinedwrought specification of -tteSdcietyi.of- Automo- iron dredgej-chahiwhich several; genera- " tiv.e.Engineers forTJAE 4615..Q - . * * ' tions of chain-makers hadsperfected, did Two sets of-Chains were immediately, not ntiray answer, our- problems. -purchased and placed in .service in a de- ,WeT<mnd.--tnat-?failures -due solely to partment whereotHey woujdbe in almost reductiomofvm aterialby wear .were less nstatit us; .here/they were examined at ; ,t.-- common,and that, next Ao misuse, our' -least'once every, m onth-forabouta year ' greatest difficulties-:wererbeing encoiin-r and ahal.= iSincenqfiaw s, eyidence-oi terCckby failures t the'.wdd. These weld c wear; or work-haidenihg was apparent, at - *o failures -ih.-general were/due to: the fol- the V^nd; of th at;timei>;the inetallurjarical lowing caused: > ^ -. department? alon'g -with _the- department l.* Scale- and.idirt Jbetvireen ;the joining superintendent, recommended'`that the al- ^ , 306 Tw enty-fifth National Safety Congress 9 th new alloy:: chain were received with alloy chain, using the standard safety fac enthusiasm, particularly by the crane f o l tor of 4 in each instance. lowers. The new chains hung free from the crane hook, that is, they didn't kink or twist, which Baved considerable time in making lifts. This non-kinking feature, is in itself an innovation in the field of chain manufacture. I t is simple, but then, so many im and labor saving devices are simple. v A built up section at one side and at the center of each link at the weld pre vents any link from slipping past the center link of the link preceding it-- Size ' Dredge Chains 1/2" 9/16" ....... :.....-4 ... 5505800Lbist, 5/8" it 3/4" ...10140 *it* 7/8" 1" .. ..14000, U 1-1/16 (t 1- 1/ 8" it -l/4 " f ....' ^.34500 4t l - 3 / 8 " v --^ Alloy 14400 Lbs. 18000 " 20600 " 42000 " which results in a practically kinkless chain. Alloy .chains -*are now recognized as standard for all Otis plants. They-are used in all sizes in which 'they tare avail able from 9/32 inches to 7/8 inches, and they have been in general use-for almost a year and a half without a single instance In compariifr_g^ the figures .-.I. have quoted, please note that the safe working load of 1/2 inch alloy chain is fl4400 lbs., notice also that the safe .load of 7/8 inch dredge chain is 14000 lbs. I t is apparent, therefore, that those of y o u . that have been using large bulky chains that are... hard to handle, can minimize this diffi- of failure due to defective material or'X.culty by reducing the size of the chain Workmanship. . aruijstiH maintain the desirable factor of `-As a-`comparison,. I cite the following safety^ However we recommend that you figures- which are ' safe loads for double- . take advantage of the additional margin refined wrought iron dredge chain and the of safety of the alloy chains. A motion picture on "Foundry Dust Control," .produced by the Liberty Mu tual Insurance Co., Boston, concluded the Monday session. The discussion which followed the addresses was based on the following points: : 1. What is a good method for mark ing, chains for identification and record purposes? Stenciled metal markers can be fast ened to all chains. 2. How often is! i t necessary to an-, neal alloy chains? ' Mr. Bloom stated that alloy chains In use at the Otis Steel Co. as long as three years had not yet indicated any need for annealing. It is probable that the com pany (will return the chains to the manu- ..facturer from, whom they were pur chased when annealing or repair is found necessary. - 3. How may foot injuries be avoided when handling chains? Mr. Filmer, of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., described a platform which may. be located slightly above, the floor -and below the hooks, on which the chains' are hung for .storage. As workmen re move or replace chains,, they stand with their feet partly under this platform, so that falling chains may not cause serious injury. Safety shoes may, of course, be used also. .. ' 4. :How may the difficulty of holding safety meetings for men employed on different shifts be overcome? Many industries are holding safety meetings on .various shifts, cither day or night; under the foreman in charge of the shift. .. 5. What is-the .proper protection for hands when handling rough, oil-coated materials? r Mr. Ralston explained that a waxed, "glove is available which, in some in stances, has been found quite satisfactory. Another suggestion was the use of hand holds made from burlap. a.. Metals Section / , IJ 6. How may the use of protective 7 . How many concerns require the clothing be made mandatory? ' . -use of -abdominal belts as protection <> Mr. Ralston suggested that applicants^ against hernia? - for employment be made to agrefc', by They a re ; required cin many'instances placing their signatures" on .appropriate where e x a ltatio n s show employees" to cards, to use safetyQequipment whenever ^be '-There is no C ii may be required. Without that com- unanirnity>^?^&iiinion among doctors, ( pliance, men should not be permitted to some-recommending the use of such belts, work. while others advise otherwise. O- 0. ri 0 Q O .0 WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION ' ' v OttoBr 7, 1936 0 o c ` ' O' O '" ' < ' . 3 Safe Practices in!Welding " / ^ c"> \ By C. V. DAVISON r'N Superintendent ofcPipe Manufacturing, America^ Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio If our welders are not instructed .^prop ity, cost) service, a knowledge of his job, C-; erly-in how to do theirwjobs we may and good will. - The welder can control cause accidents to individuals .-who have put their confidence in our ability. -Each uday itnhuo.uusaaanudus' asutaukwec their lives ,on weld the first ;three; these, combined with the fourth,-make the fifth. The'-approach to''an Ideal safety oswet. up ingr, a^great many of whom do not know r .4--safety in welding and safety from . o what welding is. Check, the welding. jobs welding-- may look complicated, but I u_ ndaer y___our. jurisdiction and 'visuaVliimzae 'sfhi naflfl nol tuf ttilvini ne how l l r t t i r -t twr ae approached aour what might happen'to the .users if your problem. welders, do not do a sound job. . Late" in 1934 our business, increased.to A welder can make a job which will the point where it was necessary for us look perfect on the^ surface but under fo/take on additional welders. which we neath will have lack of fusion, slag ,jn- could not find in'*'our territory. Thus we- D . elusions, or burnt material which may were forced to make welders, as. weld cause breakage unless there is . a great ing, lik^many industries, had not trained margin, of safety in the design. ' The X- many apprentices during the depression. ray can .detect ithis Condition, but} unfor- JWe selected as a training instructor pne tunately "there are but fevoX-rays.com- , bfcour best welders, who had a thorough pared with the amount pf welding done"' knowledge bf our products and proced- daily. 0 v '.ires, and developed-a. course of training One solution to this problem is for th.b not only to-help, our older welders, but wsaeleldsi-nmgindseudp.ervTishore twoelgdeert hdiespenwdesldeorns | to EdaecvheloJpobne-,wwSosn^ebsr.oken down into its ~Q. i'..i5 the salesman for his wprk; the salesman component parts, ^safetyin the* plant and depends on- the welder's ,,quality to get safety of our product in the field. We this work. He must have a job to sell selected as an experimental group 35 that he knows will prove Satisfactory. men,ca few of whom had ha'd welding ex- We try to educate our. welders to" know^ perienie. These men had varied types that a. salesman has only'ifive tools:, qual- of education from three years in grade 1 c (? t;y ,, 1'- -, _ 308 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress school to some college training. We were cause a flash which, is likely.to burn by very much surprised to learn how little standers; Care should be taken in plac- c some of the 'men whom we considered -ing leads around the, floor, as someone good welders knew about their equip might trip, injuring himself as well as ment, how to use it safely. breaking a connection which might cause One of the first things we studied was a flash. the safety-switch which controls the cur .We have had some (flashes from weld rent going to the welding generator. ing hoods, due to their shape, misuse and H ow .many of your welders know that leaks around the glasses. Our training this switch should be disconnected when has largely eliminated thia condition; we cmaking repairs to equipment? Also that have shown .the operators what rough this switch should be pulled out with usage will -do, and the. trained man. will the left hand while standing at one side, not work.-witli a hood which has holes so that if there is a flash when the cir that permit' light rays to enter. We sup cuit is broken, the workman will not-be ply each welder with a slag hammer and burned about the face, 'since the majority brush to clean his weld and have tried to of these switches are set from four to have each welder wear a light pair of - five feet off the "floor? This-may seem goggles under his hood to cut out light like a minor detail, but through one man's rays and also to prevent1flying objects knowledge of this point we avoided quite r from entering his eyes while chipping a serious accident when a switch was slag. This has been quite a problem, as being pulled on a 440 line and. .the flame. it has been,very hard to find a safety lens shot out several -feet Our -workmen goggle light enough for this purpose. were also instructed always to open the safety switch before opening the cover of the starter for any^-reason. W e instruct our welders and their helpers in the proper methods of han- . dling the -materials with which they work . They were shown why,.they should ' never place metallic . objects - near the welding s e t Under "Reactance" we have a paragraph-which reads: "Never place metaflip objects where they can --principally pipe, quite!oftemof irregular, shape. We try to get the welders to put the ends of their electrodes- in boxes; on th e . floor they present a felling hazard. contact the .coil of the-reactor while th e , The gases given- off from an electrode .unit is running. This may result in dam are not dangerous in the open, but when J age to the equipment or a severe burn7to welding irija confined space, the worker the workman." o should be instructed to make,- provision We .do some welding with resistance banks. ^ The operator is instructed as to how these resistance banks -function; he is also told before any .attempt is .-.made to repair a resistance batik to. be sure that the safety switch feeding the bank is open. Otherwise he might be burned. for .fresh air. Witli^all the work we have done along this line we do find our welders working in confined spaces with out proper air. This point - should be stressed, as' a welder might become gassed when working alone and not be able to get relief until it is, too late. Welding leads-are one part.-of -our., An arc screen is not used enough in a equipment which- get terrible abuse, as ' "great many plants.. The welder, if prop they are often dragged across sharp erly- clothed, is safe from--flashes and corners of steel plates, concrete, or brick burns, but without screens he often sub floors; such treatment tends to cut off jects other workers to hazards. The the insulation. Often a welder, not un best type of screen is a light, portable derstanding his job thoroughly, will select one made, frbm pipe and fittings to which a lead too small to carry the necessary is attached' a-piece of awning. It should, current, which may burn off the insula if possible,.entirely surround the-job. tion. . ..It is often necessary''-for a welder to The .electrode holder is another -great do his own putting, and sometimes this ly-abused tool which, when not: properly - is done by men unfamiliar with the taken care of.^will cause excessive heat proper handling of oxygen cutting gases ing and may" burn a worker. If the and cutting equipment. Sometimes the holder is thrown down carelessly, if- may workers around a plant will foolishly turn o Metals Section on the valv,es and play with the adjusting the foreman or service man in order that screws "on''the regulators. Each man, repairs may be made'. Defective equip- bfifore he starts,, to cut, should .'check the ment often results in defective workman- valves and regulators 'to see that they ship and. in many cases makes the job have not been3 tampered with. Oil or dangerous. * (7 grease shouldmot be. placed on an oxygen i- Hoses should be protected from hot 'connection, becausethese materials will sparks and metal. They .should never be1 not mix with, oxygen 'except as an ex run over,' and excessive tension should plosive. ,. not be placed on them.' Oxygen and gas Regulators on gas- and oxygen con hose" should have right and'left-hand con tainers are ,,connected to ''the valve by nections, respectively. Excessive pfes- threaded connections. ' Such .connections sures, which might, burst the, hose, should should be protected from bumps or cross'^be avoided. threadin. g or ' t.hey WwiI fll become- UM seless. Torches are made to be Used only as; Bottles, whether full or empty)''should be torches and should never be used as' scored ..in their prop'er places. hammers o r pry bars. Such treatment Oxygen bottles aye charged, with very would result in distortion or breakage; high pressure apd should J>e given ..spe making ^jie unit useless, teaks In con- cial safety attention. Should a valve be nections, valves, tips -or blow pipes are ' broken, the pressure would exhaiist-with dangerous and should be ..reported to the such force that the Heavy., bottle would .foreman3,or maintenance man. It is' very turn- into , a. rocket. . . . . i . .. , , essential that tips be kept clean and in The safety ,cap should never be taken;. d condit|iin from the valve until the ^bottle is placed . in position for use and made secure, g o g g le s are purely ,a safety device. Oil under pressure is highly explosive ^ e y should have non-shattering lenses and should never-'be placed on threads o f^ sp^ c,?i f'ber-colored optical glass or connection of oxygen bottles. When and should always be worn oyer the eyes not to be used for some time, the valve^ wglhairlee H,,cnudtt-inflgy,ingfoprartpicrloetse0ctoiof n meatgaal inosrt on both oxygen and gas bottles' should b turned off securely to avoid waste slag. The outer, clear glass should be and fire, hazard. ' * ), changed for new lenses when it becomes Too much pressure" should not be ex- spattered to- the extent that vision is. J erted upon the hand screw of the regu- obstructed. - o ' '^ j. lator, or the mechanism 'inside may . be . Friction lighters0are snjall mechanical injured. The hand screw should always torch-lighting devices^ composed of a . be .run out when the valve on the tank is wire handle, a file,, and flint.- When the closed,' to protect the' low pressure gage handle is squeezed, the flint passes over when the valve ,,is reopened. Q -ho' file, thereby causing sparks to fly. . Gas connections are .always made with This provides a "much safer method of left-hand^threads, while oxygen connec lighting a torch than matches. tions are made with right-hand threads. Good, tight-fitting wrenches should" be This s' done to reduce hazards an d , used ,,when changing any connections on should be checked carefully before malf- ' cutting, equipment. A lPnuti'are' made of ing connections.. ' brass and would easily be chewed up or Defective gages ,or regulators should the corners rounded off by the use of 'n o t be used but should be reported to poor drenches, pliers or pipe wrenches. Q C: c :> ^Handling Material By Hand ` , . By. C. B. RALSTON O 4 Safety Director, Pittsburgh,.Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Penn. O O When we realize that over 25 p*r cent to hand handling and manipulation of of all compensable injuries are chargeable materials, inrermay well wonder...whether o V 310 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress we have not been overlooking a funda-" other items; enter this picture and cause mental question. Have we not been dis much grief. posed to overlook hand labor because it The' physical examination program must is generally .-termed . "common labor," . therefore take first place in a proper selec which any man could'do, and wre we tion and 'placement' plan. not inclined to feei that no special train Important items to be given considera ing-was necessary? Records for New tion by the examining physician are: York State show a total of $5,000,000 paid arthritis or rheumatism, tumors, tubercu in compensation for injuries chargeable to losis, syphilis and bone abscesses, infec this classification. tions from abscessed teeth, diseased ton 'Of all industrial injuries reported, 33 sils, infected sinuses, etc. per cent are t hands and fingers and When two men. are carrying a- load and account for 18 i>er cent of the compensa one slips, it is not always -this man who tion paid; 24 per cent are to legs and suffers an injury. Frequently the sudden feet, with 20 per cent of the compensa shifting of .the load to the other causes tion; and 11 per cent are^to arms, with him to be injured. If two men can barely 13 per cent of .the compensation costs. handle the load, three should be used. "Falling- objects" while being handled This is not waste f labor--just good are chargeable with 5 per cent of all in planning. " The waste comes from having dustrial cases with 2-per cent of the time ' a man oh the disabled list, non-productive, - lost and 6 per cent of th compensation. but an-overhead expense, and this may Be "Handling objects" are chargeable with the deciding factor between profit and 29 per cent of all industrial cases and 17 loss on a given job. per cent of the compensation. ' Care must be taken to see that the Another phase of this 'problem is that 'laborer is fitted for his work. The short, of infected cases. The estimated.total thickset type of man must be given the cost of. compensation paid for such in heavy lifting and handling jobs, while the juries is $20,000,000 per year. ;-,Of this lighter work goes to the slightly built tall amount 72 per cent is chargeable'to hand men. While there is no 'definite rule, I . and finger cases, 17 per cent to legs and believe that loads of not to exceed 100 feet, and 7 per cent to arms. pounds should be considered the efficient A distribution. of "Handling Object load limit for the average mail.. Fatigue Cases" by industries would indicate the or weakness will often be found as the following: `i cause , of dropped loads. It is certainly Glass Products . . . , . 40 per cent inefficient for .workers to lift to their ca- ' Clay Products ........... 36 per cent parity- Foundries .................. 32 per cent Improper Method of Lifting and Steel Works ........... 26per c e n t, Conveying Chemicals 26 per cent. C onstruction'...........26 per cent r cannot help recalling many personal observations--both on construction work An analysis of the general problem and in connection with regular operating naturally divides it into /the following conditions.--' The,, outstanding : fact has sub-divisions:C. c . * been: the lack of definite instructions fy Poor Physical Condition th supervisors and their apparent inabil- ity, or incompetence, to give such instruc While we find much opposition to phyi-_ tions. Thisj includes their failure to prop cal examination programs, we must rec erly recognize rthe mental capacity of the ognize the fact that, under existing laws . laborer, whether he'be a foreigner,'or an no employer can legally operate without American with little education. On one them. The* laws made to protect, the construction job the foreman told an Ital worker require the employer, to furnish.. ian laborer to go to a certain place and a safe place for hint, to work This can bring back a barrel of salt. Th order not be .done if <'fhe employer /does not was not clearly given and the man re .know the condition of -the man and his turned with a VBucki saw" over his shoul possible susceptibility to certain kinds der. v ; and types of. exposure. Straiiis, hernias, Training of labor supervisors, as well falls, vision, colds, constipation and many as of laborers, is req&ired as much, if not 0 .. O Metals Section " w-\ o -'j- more than in other tirieir of-labor effort. bound'to0r e s u l t f a l s e sense of security"' An inadequate force is not only Ineffi and the responsibility of the employer is cient but dangerous. The distribution of increase^. the force to the load;it of primeJimpor-' In addition to protec:ttiivvee,, equipments) tance, -whether handling' boxes, crates,^consideration should also be iven'to pro- barrels, timbers, rails, ^pipea or other vidlng special hand tongs, or grips, for bulky,-as weli asdengthy, materials. Team work is very essential and only obtalited"' through careful; and systematic training--one stow thinking, or acting, man can and will wreclrthe-gang. They certain materials. When the. -working conditions indicate the 'need for protective equipment, its use should', be a requirement of employment --no protection, no job.. are a menace, not only to themselves, out ->others, unless .th e ir' supervisor is con- stantly'-reco^'nSing their weaknesses and fr V " . .Unsafe.,.Practices o j j d e e -4 h M a . s i J c ^ we ca.n con- plaFcaeislutrheemtoa. ccoobredyin-golry'd.ers ihay den-ote> either mental or physical inability an<j should,,be a warning flag to the super visor. ^In-som e cases tfjis cSn be. attniiuted to stubbornness "or independent 'thinking, although we generally find only ^muscle and'bone in>comnion labor groups.. .q-uaetre tf,0o0rche.ea^Iyr' eocraolJl)uml!a5ynyooa^ld-'ti,mpreinstj?odne masons and, their handling of stones too heavy for one man to properly handle-- hernias were common among the men-- Jhcycrhad never been taught how to'-lift,0 such methods were .not thought necessary nor given any considerations Walking backward with-loads is a dan- Inadequate Hand and Foot Pro_t_e_c_ti_o_n gerous practice and this is particularly so This is mainly the problem of^he c m - restricted areas:. Visioir-is very impor- " 'ployer-, worked out through the siiper- f here is not-only the stumbling . visor. Too often the employer fails *o -hazardl to be considered, .but also that of recognize that in hiring labor-, h- e has bruised hands and arms against project hired only, the man and fails to properly ing piles *i>f materials or parts bf'.permaconsider,the hazards to which the man ne- structures. wjli be exposed. Protection against bod Store-room hazards are present In prac ily injury, as well as protective clothipg, tically all plants--such"as handling; mate should receive very- caj-eful consideration. rials with rough surfaces, as well as those All exposures should.-fie analyzed, in jus which offer no (hiand hold.. A.'man was {ice to the laborer, and adequate -protee moving a large paper cafton by turning i t . tive equipment should be provided. I n \ over a^d over along the ground instead some cases this may only" ifivolve th e ' f usmg a; hand trade or securing another hands, arms,-feet and legess;i1'while in-others "J4" heIP h.,m; Soma jagged pieces -of the body ,,will be included, such as in glass become imbedded tn the carton and handling dig-iron or other rough as well his hand was severely cut by the sharp as heavjc' materials^ Hot substances and edges. . acids call for special consideration and Care should.be exercised in piling and treatment,as in such c^es^iVe find thix blocking materiqjs so .that they will not 'face, head and eyes also^inyoli&d. v roll, or slide, and sef^that.they will fur haPndrospwerill pinroctluecdteivogel'oveeqsuiopfmveanritoufsortypthees nbieshrephraonpdelerdh. and-hold when necessary* to 3 as well as wriit protectors and hand laps. _iSqlky materials should be carefully Leggings and special .foot protectors, tipped to a balance and secure hand-holds whether the latter be safety shoes,-m'etal, obtained before any! attempt is made to or leather guards, will be clearly indicated liftorumove. D from an analysis of ..the exposure. I fear O Piled materials sijbuld always be raised that:; too often protective equipment is from the pile before any sidigmovement purchased entirely on a price oasis and in order to prevent, dragging whlclcmight as a result many preventable injuries <Jcau8e **> balance of the pile to fall occurrthat never wouldJhave occurred nad- Inadequate Regard for Inspection proper consideration been given the im- *H*t-u--r--d*s portance of the problem. Wl\ere inade - This condition can be accounted for An quate .equipment is furnished, there is several ways--namely,ignorance, inability ^ G *3 ' ' O' a- 312 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress to think, inability tcrdraw a personal les- accident losses. ^ T h e larger, employer, as son from the experience of others, over- ,well, cannot afford to overlook the situa- confidence and a desire to make good on tion--his losses, through 'waste f -time, the job. These can only be overcome by money and materials, will seriusly-affect careful and systematic handling..-on the- his profits "and.hold his company-'tip to ' part of the supervisor. His is the respon- the public as very inefficient organizar-- sibility of putting over to the worker the. tion. The ever -increasing cost of com prable and advantages resulting from a pensation iflsurance will undoubtedly be a Y'-close observance of rigid safety inspec- factor in forcing more consideration for ^-tions. ' J -well organized safety work. Personally, . Systematic Organized Safety Effort I emphasize the side of humanity above the dollar and am satisfied from long ex- There-should be little need to make a perience that where humanity rules, the ". plea for more concerted action along this profits;will be satisfactory. Where a real line. As safety men, we know how eas- safety program is followed, without doubt fiy the. small, employer could be put out. r efficiency and economy of the highest or- of business as the result of-even a few d<er will also prevail. " ' . --, . - . ; .4 X V ....... . v- *;. . v The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in .Industry : By H. B. MELLER Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; Head, Air Pollution Investigation, Melloni Institute of "Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. . The problem divides itself naturally info Classification of Dusts medical, preventive engineering and legis- There are available different published lative phases, and includes consideration classifications of dusts. Included in such of the responsibilities of employer and classifications are dusts, the exposure, to employee to each other and to. the public, inhalation of which are, or are likely to -It is axiomatic that, in case of:physical be, occupational. , Those that are inher- disorder, impairment of function or dis- ently toxic'when inhaled or otherwise ab- ability, the more thoroughly the cause and _ sorbed and which cause systemic poison- course of action are known, the more . fag, include lead, arsenic,, mercury, man-! '"certainly can possible remedies be applied gaese. Examples of dijsts which have or preventive measures taken. q the ability to penetrate the deep ,lung tis- In the diseases or affections under con- sues and to be retained there are quartz, sidration, there are.fabts upoirwhich pre- .flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, clay,, ventive methods aje based, and upon slate, and other types of rock dust, which further studies now^ in course '"or. Attention here will be centered upon , contemplated are^at least in part, predi- this last group and upon pneumoconiosis, 'cated.. . the general term used to designate lung >: During the development of th present conditions caused by dust! Silicosis, which' state of knowledge of the influence of is caused by the inhalation of free silica, so'me air ^contaminants on health natu- . has been prominent recently in the public rally, many theories were advanced that press, sometimes in a way that mademis- ' . later scientific work has modified or dis- understanding possible, if not probable.- placed. However, not always has the Aside from silica, many .of the insoluble correction been as widely and'thoroughly .mineral dusts may bring about slight disseminated as was the original theory;: changes in the lung tissues, which may be ! -this condition, perhaps, has led to som edem onstrated on the roentgenogram if - confusion in the minds of many who have ' there is silica in th dust that is inhaled! not followed too closely the evolution of As far asHs known today, most of them knowledge in this field.-' are relatively or entirely harmless.'- v.-r v Metals Section * o _ . 313 - a. Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury t 'of th* silicotic process toward the stage It'h as been established that ffie poten of disablement except through limiting or 'preventing further exposure to silica dust. tiality of silicioiis dusts to. cause lung Nor has medical scien found way to.. damage .,,is; with few exceptions, .depend- - prevent tuberculosis from being super ent upon, .their content of'; free silica imposed upon c silicosis, except through (SiOO- The ..development of silicosis' de-, ; control, of contact! The course of stficopends, therefore upon the concentration tuberculosis is chronic and is very diffi of dust containing free sifica'in the air cult to influence by treatment, according breathed, in other words,, the .total to.phthisiologists. o amount of free silica breathed and re- '^Medical Control. As a basis' for intelli .tained seemsto be th primary factor; gent determination of the physical fitness the length o rtim e necessary for a suffi of, a man for a. job in a dusty trade, cient accumulation is importantgbut less physical examination, with stereoscopic so than the. total load. - b rcterifgenograms of th. chest, is necessary, -Silica occurs. also -inachemical combina Along with this study'fgoes, naturally, th tion in sijicats. Some of these com preparation^, of an occupational history pounds have been proved'to be relatively with ^detail as to the exact nature of previ harmless to health, some are still in the ous-work and. of exposure to industrial realm Bg doubt) and one?--asbestosr-may dust---not a valueless0 recording of occu cause the' industrial disease called asbesj pations as "laborer," "machinist," etc. ' tosis, which is the result o f lung daniage Dr.'Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health similar to, but not identical ^with nor as Service, has developed a micthod of secur- serious as,^hat produced by free silica. fng information for a proper occupa- Importance of P artie Size. The size . tional history; among others, Cummings, offdust particles in the air which an indi- yof Saranac Laboratory, alsohas worked vidual may breathe-is important. N ot/ out a useful history^ blank. ~ often are partiefes. larger than 10 or 12'. Standards have been developed for -the. microns found in the deep lungs, except diagnosis of silicosis.0 There is also a in the- cas of asbestos dust, where fibers suitable technic for taking roentgeno as long as 200 microns have worked them grams of-the chest in order to bring1out way down lengthwise. ; the characteristic lung changes: Uncomplicated' Silicosis. Silicosis, un From'th considerable amount-of work complicated by an infection, is more of an tiiat has been done, it is possible to fore- impairment than' a disability- It isc not seriously disabling until it r&ches an ad cast with va reasonable, degree of accu vanced stage, and - does not of itself racy the silicosis potentiality of various greatly-shorten the life of a silicotic. ,~ -dusts, , `y . o & 0 SiUco-Tuberculasis.. When a silicotic ingPerroioednitcgepnhoygsriacmals,exaaremiensasteinontisa,l,,iinfcelumd dies, the immediate cause of death is usur ally some type of-intervening lung infec ployers are to be enabled, accurately to tion. I t is not known1just why the pres alenadrni*n'ttehleligeenfftelycttooftrainnsdfievridduffaelfcteexdpwoosurkre- , ^ ence of silica ceptibility-' to in.th lungs tuberculosis, increases-sus but when an J, ipen-to lovFr dust ^concentrations before adult w ith`silicosis is exposed to tuber-1- serious injury,has Been done, or to work culosis, an active infection may'occur, re out a esystem of rotation where' indicated gardless o f the previous state Of health. as desirable in order that exposure may It is thought probable that silica dust can ' be intermittent. Such examinations are reactivate healed .tuberculous lung lesions helpful0also ip showing the efficiency of of the adult; type; how'-long after such' engineering coptrol ihethods. lesions have healed the reactivation^is The ability to place responsibility^ in possible is not-certain. --Exposure of sili-- casPof claim for injury is no small part '._V- colics to tuberculosis of of tuberculous of th' valpe of such' initial and periodic individuals to silica dust ,is serious and,, examinations. p ; ' ' should be avoided^ . ra 0 Asbestosia. iGlinical experience has After Silicosis has `become well estab shown that the inhalation of a sufficient lished. in the lungs, medical science has amount of asbestos dust causes' a serious. not found a way to arrest'th progress ..type of fibrosis, which is no't accompanied ? \ a ' ' 314 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress (j by an nnduly high incidence of tubercu losis. Other dusts and silicate compounds so far studied produce, at most, only a mild non-progressive reaction ` in the lungs, provided there is nonsignificant amount of free silica in their, composition. While tions in' air are .recorded gravimetrically as milligrams per cubic meter. Others; (as silica, where size is a factor in ^deterinining dangerous particles'); are given by count. Neither methpd gives the whole' story, but in both caSes it may'be possible^to secure the information neces not serious clinically, such conditions may give rise to considerable litigation. Adequate statistics on morbidity and mortality from'occupational disease,' to serve as a basis for effectively focussing the efforts to study and control dust dis-: eases of the lungs, are non-existent. In concluding this section, the follow ing quotation from a court decision |n Wisconsin is pertinent (Sfchaefer v. In dustrial Commission, 265 N. W. 390 (Supreme Court February; .1936)) : I t will be necessary to distin guish carefully between medical or patho logical disability and actual. physical in capacity to work. The medical experts apparently ignore this distinction, and so increase he difficulty of arriving at a just result under the law." -"' ' .Preventive Engineering sary for the purpose, In one of the reports referred to earlier, there .occurs this statement: "There is no doubt jh the mind of anyone familiar with the present ;dust-sampling and dustestimating methods that they will be amended .and changed from time to, time. At the present writing.we would advise, -the use of the simplest possible procedures where dust control alone is in question. If one wishes to obtain values which can be compared with published,, data, it is generally necessary to copy with consid erable care the technic used in the. origi nal case. This is another way of admit ting the annoying fact that results by one method are usually hot comparable to those obtained by another method." In another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is served by determining accurately ex It would be needless repetition to dis- tre,mely den,se dus.t .con. ce.nt.rat.ion.s--. the cuss in a technical way the engineering C 5lyt.ex^ sf / r data .s to how the phases of dust control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust," by Drinker and Hatch, which 'deals comprehensively with the subject; U. S. Bureau of Mines ^Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by ' Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases" ; U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaValle, on "The Determination and Control, of Industrial Dust"; Report 29 of the Amer ican Standards Association; and to the U. S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap proved protective devices.. It may be said that, in general, the engineering., specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible-'dust concentra tion is not his but the physician's resppn- than it ^shao_tu.ld b\ e..0rkp,ace ,s much du8ticr "It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 106 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading. Thus ranges such as 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, etc., suffice for dust control." As dust particles in the lungs, are of the order of 1 micron, with rarely a particle oyer 10 microns,~dust control for hygienic reasons should.be aimed at parti cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained.. Again quoting: ". . . if one could avoid use of the dusts of .l micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes a 325-mesh screen, nearly all dust diseases would be elimi- . sibility. The engineer is concerned with ' >na e ` keeping dustiness to or below the limits Dust Elimination at present considered satisfactory. bviously, it is better, when possible, , Methods of Determining Dost Some dusts '(as lead) are determined by chemical metbods and. the concentra- to purchase equipment already supplied with exhaust hood, rather, than to haveto wny to fit one to equipment not de signed to be hooded.- Thus-the responsi- -Metals Section O 315 bility for potential efficiency is upon tlje Some metal-mining companies have manufacturer. ? < gone further, setting th maximum of There is available comparatively little permissible dustiness, at 5 million particles information upon which to base the scien per cubic foot.. tific . design of .hoods. The Preventive. Certainly, tljere is a degree of air clean Engineering' Committee of Air Hygiene, liness that is safe, from the standpoint of Foundation includes m its. recent report concentration of harmful ,,dust But the a table of minimum air velocities to cap engineer'may find himself in the position ture certain industrial dusts (for use in of practically being forced to control any granite cutting grain elevators, paint dust, harmful, or otherwise, if he would spraying, sand pulverizing and electric. protect his employers against shits at welding). ' . common law .and the possibility of award For protective equipment such as dust of damages to men who have breathed respirators, air spplied masks, sand blast dust containing little or no free silica. A helmets, and goggles, very complete "in-^ dusty workplace is difficult to defend in formation is available, because of the work court Neither courts noncompensation- of- the U. S. JBurau of Mines, the Bu boards, and certainly not juries, have reau of Standards, and the American ? seemed, to be greatly impressed with ,a Standards Association !h preparing and, low silica dust-count'in an otherwises issuing specifications to b<f m et''if the duSty atmosphere. ` equipment is tb* be used under conditions Quoting from rone of the reportsre- ' where approval' is necessary. ^ ferred to: "Each 'state i a unit--a sover Of course,r ail agree that, where, possi ble,- dust should be controlled at the source, arid protective' equipment used where this action, cannot be accomplished. eign--and it., handles its^ problems inits own way. Uniformity is lacking, although, of course the statutes of many states are similar. The courts of-the various states follow such precedents as^ppeal to them; Permissible Dustiness . * consequently, on^any important question,' . there"is likely to be a divergence of opin- ' There are various figures that have been ion among the courts, and often the and are being u se ra s guides2to permissi courts fall into two or more groups, each ble dustiness where free silica is p rien t. It .should be. noted, that.many of the data were not determined as the medical re group <following a difierent0theory.;with respect to the same legal problem."' - O quirement, but. as being attainable in 0 Workmen's Compensation Acts . good practice atid apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint. " Workmens compensation2 acts ' have In South Africa th .figure is V- milli ben passed i n . 46. states (all *except gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles 'Arkansas .and Mississippi)* and the Dis per cubic centimeter, or approximately 8.5 trict of Columbia. These acts are com- . million j>er cubic foot)-. . p pulsory as to . private employers in; 15 Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin, states and^jelctive in 3P states.. Insur- Mo., district that, with good engineering apee to cover -the' risk" is compulsory in/-, practice, a figure o f 1 .milligram per 100' seven states. ^ ' Q liters of air could be attained. i A state fund, out of which compensa The U. S. Public Health Service, in its tion is <paid,_ js maintained in 18 states; study in the ahthracite region otPehnsyl- in two of these the employer, may, by vania, found that 50 million particles per ^provingpfinancial responsibility, carry his cubic'foot with 5 .per cent quartz in the -own risk with' limited* contribution to ,the coarse dust and 10 milh'on particles per state fund for the expense of administra- cubic foot with 35 per cent quartz"were tiorir; in I T more of .this group df states apparently satisfactory -and .often were attained.. * The figure of 10-20 million particles per cubic foot for granite dust with 35 per cent quartz content is often ,quoted from t^e employer is. not required to avail himself of the privileges ofethe state fund and may provide compensation otherwise.. In 28^statea. there is no provision for a* ^state compensation fund. - **..*' ^ the Vermont granite,studies of th U. S. Administration of the compensation a'ct Public Health Service. -B is-vested *in a commission, aboard, or; single . C*lVf t ~:dRP^BSR!iM5SS O 316 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress commissioner in 40^.states; in six states diseases, which cal! for diagnosis by the acts are administered by the local skilled specialists experienced in that courts. Again from the report: "The guiding -.principle in the early acts was the 'award field.'' O e - :' .- -j Examination Before Employment in g of compensation for accidental injury, * 1. Under Compensation Acts; The meaning thereby ?traumatic injury.'1 New Mexico Act contains a provision re- (Traumatic means of. or pertaining to a quiring- the workman, at the time of his wound or wounds.) "In those years, the employment, or thereafter at the request importance of disability due. to occupa of the employer, to submit himself to; an tional disease was not generally recog examination, nized. It however became increasingly^ . The New York Act of 1936, covering apparent that -'injury* might be -suffered-'' silicosis ana. other dust diseases, provides, gradually, and that the result of such in, the opening paragraph: . gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more "It is hereby declared to be the policy serious in many instances than traumatic ionfgththeisleagrtiisclaletu, rteo opfrothhiibsi,tsttahtreo,uignh eenvaecrty winrjeusrtyl.ed Cwbiuthrtsthteheprerofobrlee;minofsocmoensstrtautiensg, lawful means available, any requirement / - `injury' so as to include disease and bring acso"mapeplsrearenquaipspitleicatnot efmorpleomypmloenytmewnhti-cinh " disIenaseonweithstinatetheaccdoimsepaesnesdaticoonndaicttiso.n" is any occupation ,,coming within the pur compensable under the act if caused by view of this article to undergo a medical the negligence of the employer. Occupa examination.'' tional disease is ^.compensable, to some The North Carolina Act, effective '"'N eCxotleunmt,biian; 1in6 fsivtaeteosf athnedsethsetatDesisstriliicctosoisf qMuairricnhg^2e6x,am19i3n5a,tioconnbtaoitnhs parioprrotvoiseimonplorye- is not included among the compensable ment and from time to time during em diseases; in one state silicosis is the only ployment occupational disease made compensable. In the compensation acts of no other There is a legal obligation on the part states were found provisions with respect of the employer to provide .3 safe place to to examination prior to the time of em work, and usually the matter of ventila tion is featured. The mining laws ap proach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for .mechanical ventila tion. ' . ' ~ The right, at common, law, to recover -for occupational disease due to negligence of the employer, is important. I n three ployment. . 2. Under Other Statutes: Five states (Louisiana, Maine, New. Jersey,..- New York, and Pennsylvania) have statutes requiring physical examination before an employee is permitted to work under compressed air or in caissons. states it has been held by the courts that ' the right never did exist; in three states the right is extremely doubtful; in 12 states it probably exists, although, there is some doubt; in 12 other states, the right seems well settled, but is limited in eight of this^group; in the remaining states and the District of Columbia, no court de cisions can be found .which decide the question as, to whether or not such com mon law right exists. It^should-again be noted that occupational 'disease, is com- Examination During Employment The fiverstates mentioned in the pre ceding paragraph require periodic exam- .. nations during the course of employment under compressed air or in caissons. Missouri statutes provide for-examina tion, as Often as once a month, by a. com-, petent licensed and reputable physician, of all employees who come into direct 'contact with certain poisonous agencies or injurious processes. pensablte in three stales in this last group. "With^ the adoption of Occupational Disease-Acts? new.imedical problems arise and more adequate provision is required for medical, examination1 and treatment This is especially true with respect to dust Three states (New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania) require employers to cause to be examined at least once a month, employees engaged in any work or proc ess exposing them to lead dust, iead :' fumes or lead solutions. . Examination After Claim for Disability Arises No two state acts contain identical provisions, but in alnl (iinculuiuding twhieciiDuisitricti. oi1 Columbiiaa>) that *have comoensatfeh acts, there Is n M L T S r animation after claim Tot^disability arises. In five. states (Kentucky, Massachu setts, New York, North. Carolina, arid West Virginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of. sohie sort of medical board composed of spe cially qualified physicians and 'surgeons, and charged with the duty of diagnosing occupational disease and qf advising the administrative boar# or commission with respect thereto. The' laws, of these five states are quite different- and should be studied separately for details, but in each occupational disease, including .silicosis, isf compensable- . ^ Th importance o.f roentgefiog.fams in_ thoroygh^physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known. This im-. portance is- reccooggnniziezded^ the Acts of* New Jersey, New York, North Carolina^ and (West Virginia. ; <3 Medical Treatment . In the 17 states (inclungGMaryland) in which occupational disease- is,, to some extent, compensable, the acts usually erititle the" claimant to a limited amount of medical, surgical, and hospital care, measur^d in money 'cost- or length -of time covered by treatment V o These points were-, raised imDthe dis 2. Is it advisable to limit the number? cussion following .the addresses': of students perteacher? l. How much .time is required for Ten students pey instructor is a goojjf!^- completing a training course? ` Mr. Davison said that " thfc. tu n in g - " '3xSs?hich_gas.es present `the greatest course int their plant ordinarily cooped a harzards.'in welding? . ---T* o* period of one and one-half years, bin that Silicon gases are the m ost. harmful. some students completed it sooner. The time required depends upon the individ ual. w The risk, however, has largely been over- o come by mqrtufacturersV.of welding sup plies. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936-.-% ..-5 Metals Section Safety Contest < Two hundred and two Units Were rcg-o certificates were awa.rded in the Contest., istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals.^. `"The plaques were presented by John B." Section. During the Contest period^ Gibson, Publicity, Director,. Hawthorne 267,792 employees worked ^561,788,579 works, Western Electric Company, Chi man-hours with an .average" frequency cago, and Vice President for Community rate of 8.030, a decrease of. 4- per cent , Safety Councils, National-Satiety Council, from the 1935 rate of 8,354. Ninety-five as fallows: s' ' 'O units completed the Contest .with -a fre . Steel Mills Division, Groupv A--Conti quency ra te . below the average, and 8 nental Steel Corporation, Kokomo Divi per cent of the units finished with per sion,0 Kokomo, Indiana, 4,141,806 man fect records. Nineteen plaques and eight hours, 12 injuries. . ! x> AV-' V - 71- 318 Twenty-fifth National Safety Cmgress Steel Mills Division, Group B and C-- port, Penn., 669,449 man-hours, no in- Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, 'juries; Haynes Stellite Co.,. Kdkomo, South Chicago Works, Chicago, Illinois, Ind., ' 481,481 man-hours, no injuries; 1,198,735 ,,man-hours, 1 injury. American Rolling Mill Co., Sixth Street Rolling,-F inishing & Fabricating Divi- Foundry, Ajshland, Kyi, 142,948 man- won, Group A--The Chase Brass and hours, no injuries. Copper Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 2,245,- Heavy Machine Shops Division, Group 286 man-hours, 5 injuries.' A--Lycoming Manufacturing Company, Rolling, Finishing & Fabricating Diyi- Plant. No. 1, Williamsport, Penn., 1,842,- sion, Group E ^S ix tied for first place-- 474 man-hours, no injuries. Revere Copper and Brass, Inc., Baltimore Heavy Machine Shops Division, Group Division, Baltimore, Md., 1,042,599 man- B--Three tied for first place--C. Hager hours, no injuries; Central Tube Com- & Sons Hinge' Manufacturing Company, pany, Ambridge, Penn., 1,037)084 man- S t Ltiuis, Mo.,J 805,007 manrhours, no hours, no injuries; Continental Steel Cor- injuries; D & B.Pump and Supply Com- poration, Chapman Price Division, In- pany, Los Angeles, California, 208,253 dianapolis/. Indiana, 833,146 man-hours, mari-hours, no injuries; Noera Manufac- no injuries; Republic Steel Corporation;: turing Co., Waterbury, ' Conn., '214,792 Grand Crossing Plant,'Chicago, Illinois, man-hours,'no injuries.603,234 man-hours, no injuries; Union_ Light Machine Shop Division-- Three _Drawn Steel Company,' Beaver' Falls) tied for first place--Western Clock Com- *Penn., 443,363 man-hours, no injuries; pany, La Salle, III., 5,309,320 nian-Hours, Lehigh Structural Steel Co.,'Allentown, no injuries; Ilg Electric Ventilating Com- Penn., 319,353 man-hours, no injuries. pany, Chicago, 111.,=370,222 man-hours, no Foundries Division--Three tied for ' injuries; Tite-Flex Metal Hose Company, first place-- Lycoming Manufacturing Newark, New Jersey, 146,536 man-hours, Company, Plants Nos. "2 and 3, Williams- no injuries. New Developments in Safeguarding By JOH N A. OARTEL Safety Director, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. ,, Safety kinks assembled by Mr. Oartel opments in safeguarding and ways of.pro- during the past year were presented as moting safety. I t included 13 views taken film strips, 56 views being shown. ' in the Ohio and Chicago District plants The first strip dealt with prevention of of the Carnegie-Illinois Steel! Corporation falling of material; with good `housektep- and 13 photos received from, other com ing; piling>and storage; keeping loose ma- panics, including the Ashlnd and Butler terial from crane runways and other ele- Divisions of the American Rolling Mill vated places; and similar safe practices. Company; the Duluth Works of the I t included 30 views reproduced from... American Steel & Wire Company; the - photographs which originally appeared in Republic Steel Corporation; the Ford the National Safety News during the Motor Company; the National Tube Com- past year. pany; and^ the Pittsburgh Limestone .. The second strip illustrated new devl- Company. \ ` - < / * ` : ' j The Thursday session dosed with a - Corpn in the absence of T. H. McKenrond-table discussion, <"Your Hour," led hey, past general chairman of the secby H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel tion, who was unable to attend. . .'A d jo u r n m e n t . .