Document DM45Nm19vpoZ0rkpD1v47DjEN

October 21, 196B Polychlcrinntod Biphenyls in th: ?>,v/ircrrnorit________ V/. R. Richard . WHICH ' m R. K. Kelly, 71. )>./. V. It. hunt ii* /% 1 A~AI *1 -- -- < 7 C. iay ton - CPAYT H. Bor gen - l&LJCi W. K. Johnson - v.'JOHN Attached is a Xerox copy of a technical paper which Scott Tucker and I picked up in Washington recently. This was provided us by Dona lei A. Spencer of the Rational Agricultural Chemicals Association. Hr. Spencer requested that the paper be held *'ccnfidciitlal" until such time as it may be published. Spencer indicated that if this paper were distributed one of liis principal "sources" would refuse to give him prepublica tion information in the future. Riscbrcugh's presentation (the attached) v:as made at a meeting of 20 to 30 toxicologists held at the University of Rochester in June. Tho meeting was billed as "The First Annual Conference on ToxicologyV and was underwritten presumably by the AEC which has had contracts at Rochester for many years. Attendance was by invitation only. The meeting dealt "exclusively" with pesticides with about one-third of the papers relating to mercui*;/. As far as Spencer ivuOiiki viic 1n v.aUc..jltig the attamedj <*111 undoubtedly be printed as proceedings of the conference although I suspect Individual authors were given permission to publish elsewhere. In a few words, Ri3etrough has found PClls along with chlorinated pesticides in a number of species of fish and birds along the California coast as well as in waters off Baja. California and Central America. He further reports FCI5 in fish from the Channel Islands and Puget Sound. Ho PCB was detected in the liver of tunc taken in the C-alapagcs Archipelago, Scott Tucker is going to scrutinize the analytical aspects and particularly the validity cf some of the assumptions nado by the author. cs . Attachment Elmer P. Wheeler ./ . 03113^ 780670 jCiitoniiiAvro uvi:r.oc#vj;o;,i: :s VAixtix v.r.oz\w "'i H U. Ii.through Institute Vf Marine Tinsoreos Department. of Nutritional Sciences University of California ilcrt-clay ^p[ v. ABSTRACT . 'Polychlorinated biphenyls. which are widely used as plr.sticir.ors and in the manufacture of many industrial p/od'jcrr, ar.d the DDT compounds hove been found to bo widely distributed in marine ecosystems of the Pacific Oscan. Ifnrine birds contain higher concentrations than fish; tissues of Che Peregtine Valcon have contained the highest concent rations which have been so far recorded. The \*'ychloriiuied ' biphenyls have n^t yet been detected in sample of airborne particulates but thair c* : ibutfon in the sen. f* tea tea'"that they are r;lixpei'i.iC i*i:id cur f'-n tfl.. Th .-.ir el Cut ta iq.cn nu tvval pc pula tions,V inclu.'.T.g are aa ytt u:il:r.u*.;n./ The DP*T compounds .are also 'accumulating in the sea and are present in highest concentrations in marine birds. Their distribu"ion indicates that ccasrn? areas arc not the primary'sources of contamination of thc'pclagit species. A quantitative approach to the problem of aerial transport of pesticides < to the sea has been made by analysing the pesticide content of airborne participates. The results indicate that wind transport can account for the observed distribution of DPT 'expounds in the * Ctflifui.il:'. waters and Otar the amount ot pesticides entering the tropical Atlantic as fallout from the Northeast Trades Is comparable to that entering the sea from a major river system. REPORT I The accumulating evidence that no pare of the wo rid i s now fv: of pesticide r residues, the. products of atomic explosion*, or of a variety of industrial pollutants has produced subtle but profound changer in our concept of remoteness, isolation, and cf our own.position in the world-wide ecosystem. There has -t/er u?.cn any ** . i question'that local ecosystems may be iricvcrsibly changed by^ the introduction of synthetic chemicals, whether these introductions be purposeful or incidental. The sea is the dominant feature of the vorld-wido ecosystem. The accumulation i significant snounts of several "pollutants in r.arine organisms, pollutants; vblch arc nor.-polar and tncrefore water-insoluble but lipid-soluble, not only cJiclts an uncertainty about the long"term utilization cf the sea as a source of Keren food, but has suddcatly raised the question cf the ultimate survival |*t* n ,ivnber of species of sea birds. These comprise a very large i r actlor. uf u-' world's wildlife nrd doubts about their future would have been considered pTv-.'Morons and untenable only 3 or A years ago. NV 031133 ,-p--- I 780671 1* ' ci::.c:u;'AVi:u iiYi.ox.Y-'.bO;'1: x v .i 11. V?. ni*-cbrough , Institute. of Marine Uesourca.i; Department of KulrJ liona) Sciriir.es University of California, Dr'.heley 1 AUSTUACT `Polychlorinated biphenyjs, which nvc widely used os plasticizers and In Ilie tsamifact.ure of many industrial yrodvctc, ar.d the DUT compounds have been found to be widely distributed in marine ecosystems of the Tael fie Ocean. Marine birds contain higher concent rations than fish; tissues of the Peregrine Falcon have contained the highest concentrations which have been so far recorded, line ;chlorinated 7 bij-iiir.ylo have n-t yet been detected in samples of airborne particulates 'but their r* */v.*.! distribution in the indicates that they* are -;-v di.var.-t: ' by vjm \ c ;.. f .'/Vh o j r effects u^vn -netvra1. `KpelXior.s, including van,, art as yet unknown The DHT compounds .are also occu.Mulatir.g in.the sea and are present in highest ronccntratioqs in marine birds. Their distribution indicates that coasral areas arc not the primary sources of contamination of the pelagic species. A quantitative approach to the problem of aerial transport of pesticides to the sea has been made by analysing the pesticide content of airborne particulates. The results indicate that wind transport ran account for the nbsfrvad distribution of DDT "expounds in the California waters and Utnf the amount of pesticides entering the tropical Atlantic as fallout from the Northeast Trades is computable to that entering the sea from a major river system. RErOUT The accumulating evidence that no part of the vorld is nov frit* o'f pesticide rt-iildufst the products of atonic explosions, or of a variety of industrial pollutants has produced subtle but profound changer in our concepts or remoteness, isolation, and of our own.position in the world-wide ecosystem. There hai 'ever been any " question that local ecosystems may be irreversibly changed by the introduction of synthetic cho:.:icu!s, whether these introductions be purposeful cr incidental, luo sen is the dominant feature of the world-wide ecosystem. The accumulation iognl15rant amounts of several pollutants in marine organisms, pollutants whj<l, are non-pelav and therefore wa!or-inceluble but lipid-soluble, not only Oit-ii; an uncertainty about the long-term utilization c.f the s;ecja as a source o, hu.;,r.i food, but has suJdcptly raised thi question of the ul I'inato. survival C`J a !-.*.vibcr of species of sea birds. These comprise a very larip: fraction of * world1, wild,life and doubts about their future wouid have heen considered p>i-jvxtc-reuf. untenable only 3 or A years ago. NEV 03113V 780672 .... t- - j u s. n~-v.ut--nr -J.'ilMU.LI.L Ll J Ul IWH. TMu 1 1 Licidc cent av.lr.nlic n, |r 1:icJt!c di:.l rhutKm j,:u.iic:. iu the United Sl.iI', hml I m v nvmifnl.!)* c.;*?:i:Ud of uo'ii!orii\;*. tin.' level r. in tqajnr river r.yt-lcuiii [?,7). In pile of llie low sol1*11ily of chlorinated l i y J r o c n i r . vnlcv I'), ttie*1r lemlnncy to pass'into the vapour phase [16 V,S/C .12 J, l.holr pci.^islunco in soils (1,10,7?;], and their presence in V':ry lew concent rations in oomc stream*. draining irons of,intensive Application 1173 rivers do irnnrport luri;c iumntiits of stable, persistent pesticides to the sea. A large proportion of these pesticides arc adsorbed to silt pnrticicr. .hid. are. p'.rt of the runoff fro;: areas of application. Thus, the. Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, which drain the Central Valley of California, one. of the most -heavily pcsticidcd m:as of the world, annually bring about 1,900 kg of chlorinated hydrocarbons Into Pan Francisco Bay [2,21], and the Mississippi contributes about 10,000 kg of the. Cdlf of-Mcxico [7(21} When the Institute of Marine. Uesources began a study of the distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine fish, vo expected to find, therefore, .nuch higher levels in the fish iron San Francisco -Bay--than-in "the-fish "from the Pacific Ocean (26). The data of Tabic 1, however, show that collections of "the forthorn Anchovy and of the knglish Sole from the coastal waters contained as much as or significantly more total DDT residue .than did the'collections .from San Francisco Bay. Total DDT concentrations were highest in the collection from Vinters off bos Angeles, but anchovies from the Channel Islands area off Tort Mucnc-me also contained significantly more residue than the anchovies of San Frai'cisco Bay. Since no major river system enters the Pacific Ocean from Southern California,' the source of these pesticides could not be agricultural drainage waters. Similarly, the data of Table IX, which set forth the distribution of total DDT residues and of polychlorinated biphenyls in several collections * of marine fish, including Shiner Perch from San Francisco Bay, Hake, Jack1 Karkcrcl and Knglish Sole from the coastal waters of California, Bluefin und .Yrlipufin Tunas from waters off Baja California and Central America, and Skipjack Tima from South America and the Central Pacific, show that alnoct all total Pb'j* residue levels fall within the range of 0.2 and 2.0 parts per million, wet weight, including those in the Blucfin and Ycllowfin Tunas, which arc more pelagic. Only the Yellwiin Tuna from the Galapagos region and Lhe Skipjack Tuna contained lower total pesticide residues. The majority of fresh-water fish from Wisconsin analysed by the Wisconsin-Conservation Department in 1963 contained less than 0.2 ppm of total DDT residue [27].* Moreover, fish from a stream in Wisconsin which drained an orchard where chlorinated hydrocarbons had been ir.Lcr.sivuly applied over the years contained lovur pesticide residue than did Lhe marine fish from the Pacific Ocean (17]. These combined observations indicate that it is very unlikely that pesticides in marine fish have originated only in coastal waters contaminated by local agricultural runoff. The polychlorinated biphenyls XPCB) occurring in fish and other marine organicriS arc assumed to be industrial pollutants. They are used extensively in industry ns plasticisers end in Lhe manufacture of paints, resins, electrical insula*ors and other products, and ere available in railway car amounts. Since r*e very stable, resist degradation, have significant vapour pressures, arc poorly soluble in vafccY and highly soluble in lipid, it is inevitable that I icy should be. concentrated in biological systems. Their chemical structure is Y NEV 031135 r 780673 ) X\ respect;- similar if ilial of r:cvo.i*oJ. chUiv .n.'ttvJ hyuruesrbon pcs Licider, .-including * lhe liciiKcm: hes-id:!'`lives, so that it is to bo exportnd that \ \ lCy would be-!'avc similarly in Llie*ir Movement!; through ecorystmr. They air loxic In uii'.i when inhaled as vapourr. (9,2j ) and the More* lienvJ )y' chlorinate coronertc have greater toxicJLy. Their presence in concentrations as high ns . piic'part per Million on a wet weight basis, anil several tines higher on a HpJd weight basis, in species which arc used nr. human food, should be a matter of considerable concern. At the. present time it 1c not enlirely clear how the PCB enter Marine food chains, but they could easily be introduced into the atmosphere ns vapours during manufacturing processes, when high temperatures increase vapour pressure, or by grndr.?.4 volatl Hunt ion over a period of time or even . vben i;mlrials containing tucin arc incinerated. The PCB peaks had been evident, in chronicLop,rams of our extracts of marine fish and birds buL remained unidentified until late in 1967* Extracts of tissues and of .an unhatched egg of a Peregrine Falcon, a species whose decline and local extinction has frequently been attributed to pesticides, contained exceptionally high amounts of the unknown compounds (22J Attempts to identify them were unsuccessful until reports appeared from Sweden 130) and from Great Britain [14] Lhat PCB had been identified in wildlife with the use or mass 6pecUrography and pas-liquid chromatography, respectively. The published chromatogram [14) was virtually identical with those we had obtained from Lhe Peregrine Falcons extracts. The coi;.mcrciai .PCB preparations are mixtures of several compounds. Of those, those having the following retention times relative to p,p'-DDE on DC-200 ami QF-1 columns have been detected in marine fish end birds: 1)0*200:. 1.75, .40, 1.75. 2.05, 2.41, 2.50, 2.90, 3.41. 3.ft, 5.53 dieldrln; 1.00; p,p*-DDD: 1.27; pjp'-DDT: 1.6S QF-1: 1.10, 1.33. 1 .4 0 . 1.65.' 1 .7 2 . 2.14, 2.59, 3.23, 3.6 8 , 4.84 dieldrin: 1.49; p,p*-liDD: 1.75; p ,p '-DDT: 1.91. li.u iel(rution times of the three principal peaks, are underlined. .Similar values for the )C-200 column have been reported from extracts of seals from the`North Ail.-.mic (13). Because of the similarity of retention times, it is evident that Jaire r.wouuLs of PCB will interfere with the dotcrmlnat-ion of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT BC"00 ^coliians and with p,p'-DDD on QF-1 columns. Conversely, in many extracts,' PCB content can be determined only after BP!) and DDT have beou removed "ponificaLion with alcoholic K0U. The quantitative measurements of the 'l" ' 1vaults close to the predicted voluas and to those obtained by measuring lv*<'.l halogen content with the micrucoulomctric detector. * of the: PCB in the ft*h extracts were made from .pooled extracts. *11' 1'*' co.-goumls, the VCB.-;. appear to be relatively no re. abundant in Bar. NEv 031136 * * #.. .... ** **^ ,,P'VV *'*] 780674 #t .................... * fc, - , t > , **- ` * ;d ".** * 1 ' V L Vr-rp');- ;: Jj*'y , b 'J t t h e 3.r p v o r o n c e m T\' 1U.;' I.:! rutin-- in .-.i.i> n Ai/r-rjcr. iiui.'c;;Ui.". n vide r.ov#iv.p)jie;a irU'U'lUon. Concentrations of Ulio chlorinated hydrocarbons, both pestlbide anrl TO'., tend to* \>o an orck.r of magnitude higher in marine birds than in fish. In -T^inioc IIJ."arc listed the total DjXP and PCB concentrations in tissues end in ent ire birds of several species. Table T.V lists the DDT and PCS contc-at of thrsc eggs bo far analysed. The latter values will eventually be also expressed ns parts per million, lipid weight. 3 From the date In Tables III and IV it is evident that both DDT and the polychiorinated biphenyls arc widely distributed among marine birds, which are the terminal carnivores of a complex variety of food chains in the sea. Sooty and slender-billed shearwaters are pelagic species which breed in * New Zealand and Australia, respectively and which spend the southern winter ] ir. the northern Pacific. Rhinoceros Auklets and Ancient Kurrelets breed on thcr coasts of tfri'tlsh Columbia and Alaska, whereas Kittiwakes, Fulmars and Red Phamlopes breed in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic. All of these specimens were collected in California, so that It is not clear how much lrJr-and roll the birds had ingested on their breeding grounds. In the pelr.gl bird species, In most of the fish from the ocean end in the other specimens frc.;i: areas remote from sites of application, such as Baja California, the ratios of DDT to PCD are of the same order of magnitude and most values are between 5 and 15, If both PCB and DDT were dispersed around the world by . the i:*cii':e transport system, their relative concentrations in "remote" areas would very likely be similar. Additional data are needed to support this hypothesis; eggs from tropical regions and from Antarctica have been obtains niul will eventually be analysed. O In many of the specimens from San Francisco Bay end San Bleg Bay this ratio is close to one. Absolute concentrations of PCB also tend to be higher, suggesting that the most important sources of contamination ere local. i The sample sixes of Tables III and IV are very small; many samples, however, remain to be analysed. Only tentative suggestions can bo made frer the data, but .a consistent pattern is evident. Thus, the Western Cull egg i from San Francisco Bay and the Pigeon Guillemot egg from the coast near San Francisco contained more PCB than the egg of each species from the FarsiIons. Of the two night heron eggs analysed, one had an "ocean" profll I high low n, p'-DDT and DDD, high DOT/PCB ratio; the other had a "bay11 pror.Uo. The Caspian and Forster's Terns nest side by side on the dikes in San Diego Bey, yet the BBT/PCB ratio is much lower in the Caspian Terns, which food primarily along the coast, than in the Forster's Terns, v/hlch feed along the brackish and fresh-water dikes and canals. The. two Callforn Peregrines Falcons had both been feeding in San Francisco Bay prior to capture; in both the ratios of DDT to PCB are near unity. iV The high DDT concentrations recorded in the Bermuda Petrel /37 end in the Sirur, from Antarctica /67, which are species of the high seas, also i Indicate that coastal regions wore not the primaz-y source of contamination. A q u a n tita tiv e approach to the problem of aerial transport of pesticic thv r;uo has been made by measuring pesticide concentration in airborn NEV 031137 f 780675 jr0)r>tcs 2,.). . O'.) th' p:*" year, CrV.berg, ('ri'fl'ln and oilier.-; ni i!: 'nslll wi 011 .'f Ocvi'iiOgraphy have c o U e c i v d r.u!.oiv.<: part it ulntc- t;nL Lcr r.cnh screen:; ci*.M nl vilh glycerin vhich lire botM ii'nitilod on the Sciipps `V.j/jn Ur Jc)J&* Dust collected on such sci'c..!; in sever;.! ariw: of the vjrld jlt,,l previously been shewn to contain. t U mineral talc in concent fallen* much I, lplrr than expected on the bn:.is '>f its i.Atnrjl oislribiit ion (.11). Talc has Keen cxtcn.vivoly eyed as a diluent for pesticides, in addition to other Industrial /,!icntlonn. Moreover, the rale ni which talc lias been deposited on glaciers shows 0 sign!fie rItit increase niter 15*40 (31). Analysis oi the airborne dust: collected o:\ tho Scrip;? Tier shoved that pesticides, predominately p,p'~DDT \w-rc present in ccs.c m U rat ions ranging fjor.i tnc l(' eighty-one parts per nillion, Con*i*f:|>OP.0Iiig to a mean value of 7 >: 10 grains per cubic meter of air. The method :ractjen'alcu ag.ilucl LIiulo. materials carried on particles less than several tniern or prerent cr vapours. This value is therefore a.lower limit of the amount of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the air. No l'CD peaks were observed in the chrouintogrnns of the dust extracts. These were then pooled, concentrated, and saponified in order to degrade Dl)T and DUD. I'Cft \;as not present in the saponified extracts and a maximum concentration of 5 ppb v/as calculated for the dust, samples, 10,000 times lover than that of the total pesticides.. Sir.ee. the ratios zf. 1'CIJ to 1>I)T observed in fish and birds is nuch higher, it vould appear that the PCDs remain as vapours in the. air and do not adsorb to particulate matter. In the near future vo. hope to obtain air samples vhich have been passed through a cold chamber in vhich I'Cbs, pesticides and other ecu pounds present as vapours vould condense. The vinos at the. Sciipps pier in La Jolla are predominantly landward with aa ur.1.:nova fraction of r.Jr from nearby agricultural Areas. Although the lack of ?.!*.%v,:ledge. 5-bouL air circul 'itior. patterns and fallout rates makes difficult ... Mr. 1.v >r 1 p nl tt frn o' ihr a'ointR of nostlr^dcr. bronchi to the cc;..!.t;.l voters cf California by vino?, such a transport system could accov.. for the unexpected geographical distribution of the DDT compounds in fish.. The Science Research Council of the United Kingdom hadearlier mounted a r.Imilav sciucr. or. the eastern tip of the island of Barbados 5.n an attempt to collect extraterrestrial dust of meteorite origin. The Northeast Trades at herhados have blown over 5000 kilometers of the tropical Atlantic and it tho.r-:*foie considered highly unlikely that any dust accumulating on the screen could be of continental origin. This assumption was, however, in error, rire0 significant quantities of airborne particulate material were collected on tbo set con vhich upon mineralogies} and biological examination proved to *bv most likely from Africa and Europe. Fallout rates of the dust over the tropical Atlantic and its contribution to the bottom sediments were calculated (8). Crav. *(triples vcrc subsequent 1y made Available to us for analysis. The con- rations of pesticides in the dust longed from less than one part per billion to )64 pph, with m average value of 41. Knowledge, of the fallout rate over II. .` or*-n;i r.c.da possible cn estimate of tbc quantity of pesticides entering tbo 1 eel Atlantic betveon the Equator and 30 N. This figure, a minimum value .'aiuv t! . 1 evov^ry of very small particulate materials vas lev;, vas GOO kilograms f N1*-r v-'hirh coup ar0r. with the. value, of 1,900 ki logramf. entering San Francisco :n the Sen Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers (21). It cannot he concluded that *' ,,if-tjcid?:; bad originated only in Africa; the I)[)T residues accumulating NEV 031130 780676 (lie rorr-fliul declining r.eriiiudn Petrel |J2) nit;l>t have cone from any part of tin* wc-rJd. Kofit of the* chlortnat rd hydrocarbon content of the particulate materia] Pf marine nlv consists oi p.p'-jJRT, p.p'-DRi;, however, comprises the large proportion of the total DDT In marine fish ami birds. The percentage of DDK in lower in fish iron Kan Francisco Day and Puget Sound; DUT and ODD arc eon;arnti.vc3y store abundant. DDK, however, comprises only 22% of Ihc total DDT residue entering San Francisco Day in the San Joaquin* River [2) and in hr.LLorn inud, where anaerobic conditions tnlghL prevail, DDT can be expected to he converted to DDD rather than to DDK [15,29]. From maiiT.wlian and insect toxicity studies it has been concluded that DDK is relatively harmless. Recent research t the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, however, have indicated th;:t the toxicity of DDK to birds is much higher than expected and may he about one half, that of p,p'-DDT [2$]. Like p,p'-DDT, pjp'-DDK is capable of inducing liver cpaxfdase enzymes (IV]. Such enzymes degrade sex hormones by hydroxylofing them (19) and thereby may affect calcium metabolism. Ko evidence of abnormal calcium metabolism has yet been observed in sen birds, but a significant decrease in eggshell weight of several birds of prey in DrHain after the Second World Wav is evidence of a fundamental change in the environment (20). The effects of the PCD compounds upon natural populations remain unknown. The highest concentrations so far recorded were in an adult female Peregrine Falcon from California, where the species has recently undergone a sharp decline [22]. . Application of the persistent biocides and the release of nondogrodnblc products into the environment have frequently hee,v jurtified by firgvmopt? thnL point out that local populations of organisms remain relatively unconta;:.i tinted and that*, especially in the case of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, even the persistent compounds disappear with time. It is abundantly clear that (hose arguments*have become misleading, irrelevant, and wrong. Pollutants do go everywhere. Those which arc non-polar, water-insoluble and which hjve finite vapour pressures will eventually appear In marine food chains. The DDV compounds and Lite polychlorinated biphenyls have already done so to an alarming degree. NEV 031139 780677 VAli!-K I oslducs^ iit co] ledi our, of Northern Anchovy r.nd isti Soie (Jv.V^IlilLVs.3!lil.V-!:' frori Snn Franej.sco Lay and CoJifornin etnl voters. / Specie? locality date H Mean lit (g) p,p'-DnEb Total DDT northern Anchovy San Vrand r.co Bay July 29, 1965 17 12.4 0.21 0.59 (6-22) 0.05 0.11 San Francisco Bay November A, 1965 29 4.0 0.11 0.33 (2-5) . 0.05 0 *04 Monterey November 30, 1965 30 26,5 (23-3S) 0.68 0.19 0.90 0.22 Mon o Bay Juno 16, 1965 29 25.9 0.45 (19-35) +0.12 0.74 0.22 * Port Hucncme Kebrii-irv 24. 1966 15 11.6 2.44 (2.6-21.5) +0.77 3.04, 1.00 Terminal 7slant! Los Angeles, June 25, 1965 44. 11.7 *10.2 (6.5-20) 2.1 14.0 1.9 l]n[;lish Sole * San Francisco Bay July 29, 1965 1 18 14.3 0.14 0.55 (5-35) 0.02 0.07 San Trnncisco Bay November 4, 1965 . 33 17.3 (7.5r53) 0.13 0.03 0.55 0.12 San Francisco lightship December 1, 1965 t Montorey February 35, 1966 .15 253 )175-306) 0.12 0.03 ' 15 * 195 (89-262) 0.53 0.13 0.19 40.04 0.76 0.16 fro:.i k . V.1. r.ji-cbro;';h, D. B. Me nxcl, D . J. Martin, Jr., and 11. S. OJeott in pieparation. DDT residues include the tvo isoncr-s o DDT, p,p*-DUT NfcV 0311^0 s. i' i( 780678 ! !* m m b I b m m f l "J'AL'XK I , co n tin u ed limi spMiD imJ their uclabolic derivativos: p.p'-WJE, o.l|*,-W)E p,ji'-1)1)1) and p.p'-lVJMU. b vet vciglif paite per million, means, standard errors, 9.`>% cuuSldcncc Unite . .. Iv rrI " V * * 1^ - * , OJU^i ! 780679 / / 9 / tabu: u UDV n and tio3yclO urinated biphenyl (1*0*) rcr.jdueK in marine fir.h. K **> 8 Species, Ideality, date N Hc-an Vit. Total % TCfl DDT/l'Cti (&) D11T p*p *--DIJlv Northern Anchovy Tcminal Island June 25, 1965 A/. 11.7 1A.0 $3 (6.5-20) 1.9 1.0 1A i Shiner P^rch Tan Francisco Hay . 1A October 20, 1965 5.5 1.0 (A-8) *0.1 28 1.2 0.R San Francisco 3i**y October 20, 1965 10 26.7 1.4 0 0 - A8) 0.3 35 0.4 3.5 San Francisco Vr>y Sovcir.bor A, 1965 V.ivJJbh Sole 15 15.3 3.) (6-A93 0`.1 33 1.2 0.9 ' * San Francisco Day July 29, 1965 18 1A.3 0.55 25 0.11 (5-35) 0.07 5 San Francisco Bay liove;r.ber A, 1965 San Francisco lightship, Dec. 1, 1965 Monterey February 15, 1966 duel; liac.V.crcl * Channel Islands h'ovcnber 22, 1965 33 17.3 0.55 (7.5-53) 0.12 15 253 0.19 (175-306) O.OA 15 195 (9-262) 1 0.76 0.16 33 1.6 0.56 (45-141) 0.10 2A 0.11 ft 63 0.05 5 A 70 O.OA 1? % - 57 0.02 28 Fu^.c-t Sound J. i.ur.vy ?*), I960 22 2 d 0.10 23 0.36 (185-350) 0.05 1.1 ft NEV 031142 780680 % 1lake `* ' Channel Islands Tebrunry 2A, 1966 ,,c B1ue.fin Tuna Body muscle `'i'/tl'Hi 11 , con VJii\i * * a ** 6 38A (61-872) 1.8 1.1 7 0.56 0.2 A * - 68 0.12 15 <> A5 0.0A * 1A Liver * 9 0.22 -A5 0.13 D.0A . 6 Ycllowfin Tuna *d Liver 13- 0.07 13 NO >7 0.02 Liver1 Shipjeer. Tuna Liver a Body Muscle^ 13 3 13 0.62 30 O.OA 15 0.1 9 0.057 23 0.1 ` 0.6 0.051 18 40.01A KD >30 Liver*1 25 * -- 0.056 11 0.023 ND >30 Liver1 12 *0.029 21 NO >20 0.008 from lUncbrough ct al. t2A)Concentrations in wet weight, parts per million. Means., standard errors, 9551 confidence limits v ^ Norlhern Anchovy (Engraii1is wordax) Shiner Perch (Cvmatop.astcr ap.r.rcnatal . English Sole (Faronhrvs vetnl.n's), Pacific Jnc!: Mackerel (Trachurns Byntactrjcgs). Hahe (Kerluccius pvoductus), Llucfin Tuna (Thunnus thvnnus). Yellowf in Tuna (Thunnus a1hncarc-s) , Skipjack Tuna (Cuthvnnus pclamls) .* c Iain Ccronlmo, Baja California, Aug. 29, 1965 d * Tower Island* Galapagos Archipelago, Nov. 6, 1965 o K.D. not delected, less than 0.01 NV 031143 780681 AUl.r 1) , coni i mu'-il / / * Centi*al .isvicn (50* V?, C li) Au. 23, 1965 S Hawaii, K'oveirtbcr, 1965 lt' Galapagos I1sla*nds, Kovcinbcr ad )>ccci.;bcr, 1965 * Cape Panado, Kennclor, September 1, 39G5  * 4 TAW.E m *. Dili'3 and I'Cii residues in marine lOVdS ... h - * and jp 'bo P-avegrinc >aicon * Species, locality, date iotnl X DDK PCB DDT/PCB UBTr* Cassia's Auklet** e Ancient:. Kurrel*t . Fulmar^ 5.C . 98 - 0.16 , 0.75 0.41 90 76 0.15. 0.08 Fulmar^ 3.* 89 0.34 Red Fhalnropo 0.78 79 0.10 Rhinoceros Auhlet^1 * *i Slender-billed shearwater 1.7 32.0 97 ' 92 0.36 2.1 Sooty shearwater^ 12.3 96 1.2 SooLy shearwater^ V Peregr5nrs Pal cor. * breast nuncio, second . year fetaale, migrant from Arctic breast muscle, immature California 10.3. 86 104 99 . .13 ' *99- 0.9 22 10.5 breast muscle, adult female, California 112 *98 109 36 5. .5 10 4 8 8 15 10 12 - 4.5 . 1.2 1.0 . n: Cron P.fscbrough ct nl. [23] a*nd `klsebrough, Uirvcn and Herman (22]; b! entire bird Analysed, except Peregrine Falcons; c: includes pp'-DDT, r.p'-JMW, pip'-Dwu, p^p'-DDMU, pjp'-DDE; parts per million, v:ct weight; c': Jljy.cbtiranph11s aleuticus, adult fcmalc*, Tara11on Islands, April, 1966; c: liX'lUiyAorn^Jiw?: wyjguus, Monterey Bay, Nov. 1, 1966; f: FuInnrun 5?.ftJSJLL*i. Monterey Bay, Nov. 1, 1966; g: Phnlnropus f1 icarjus, Monterey b:,y, Nov. ), J.966; h: .Cf`Vqrhinca nonpeernta, Monterey Bay, Nov. 1, 3966; ^ AillJ..!T:M.:..cn^AlhJI!JlA'i Monterey Bay, Dec. 12, 1966; d ! IMurfjmis gringos, M.mercy Bay, Nov. 1, 1966; k: iron litsebrough, Kirven and Herman (22j. NV 031145 r 780683 JOT and VCd contrnt in TAW.!' JV of several bird species. Species, locality N Total / BCKn DDT/P'JIi JJDT11 j>,p '-DDE Franclt'.e CorroernLb (Timlaerr,corns pcnc lnt.us) Faralln Islands l'c.\nj;ic Coriv.ornn*: (P'n.iJcerrcorax jicl^i.rus) San Mateo Co. Calif* t Knvrc lj\[n OfiS, Faralln laloudn Pigeon GjJl.lcitot Copph-jf. ijryllc Faralln Islands Sen Maleo Co. Cassin'e An1;let Vivcliorti::ipbiis alcuticvis Faralln Islands Western Gull iDiS* Occiden_t alls Faralln Islands S;.n Mateo Co. San Finncisco Bay * 17 326 M 2 19ft (125-130) 90 . 113 m .2.9 62 (46-75) 2.1 r .. * 6 1945 ; 96 558 (932-3021) (364-1010) 3.5: * 9 1 110 *95 20 5.5 1 103 91 62 3.7 > * 2 147 97 15 10 (127-167).. . 1 .. (12-18) # 1 * 423 1 235 1 456 95 118 94 * 112 67 480 3.6 2.1 0.95 NEV 0311*6 ri 780684 M li Ij r li J r li .k- i YAUi.l j.V, r.c nL`imic:! iiJ.-.cU-crnt.vnJ ;j;;iil llci'on liveti e-+o1rs1] ^nvTetfeornx Con Francisco Bay 1 541 89 330 1.6 1 869 99 24 56 Caspifin Tarn Snn Francisco Bay . 2 1269 89 (1216-1322) 605 1.7 (660-950) (1.3-2.0) San Diego Bay Fors L'era Tern Sterna foratori San Diego Day l.?r-st retici llMocyiifcna jjevoso^a Raj* Cai 1forala (* Peregrine PaJcon Fnl co pnref.rir.wfl Baja California 5 1430 83 1010 1.4 (991-243) (550-1600) *- * 2 665 89 (598-732) *; 2 50 (23-37) OaH9 m 114 (91-137) - a1 (1.2-5.0) 5.e t Am itnov 1 4830, 9.7_ 471. 10 . n: total wcrograms; b: snmplcs pooled for PCB analysie, p,p'-DDE tontcnt rnngcd Iroin 63 to 1240 r.ticrograms; e: rom Rischroufih, Kivven, Herman (22) NV 031147 780685 U \~r TvI..il'j i i(_n-- 7~rrr- REFiXERCKS (}) ACRKC, F., JR., JlEKOZA, H., 1OV;;:a::, M.C. J. Aj;r. Food C)K-r.. n. 0959) 27f;. [2] RATLKY, T.K., UANNUIJ, J.R. J. Snnil. Enj;. Hiv- Amer. Soc, Civil Enprs. 3 (J96'/) 27. (3) BAKTHA, K., LANZILOTA, R.?., TRAMER, D., Appl. Hierob. .35 (196V) CV. * [6) BOWMANi Mit* ) ACUbh, F* , Jl i CO^BE/T, M.K. , 1 Ajjr Food Chom* B .(i960) *i06. .. (.s) >;ov::-:a n , m .c .*, a g r e e , f .*, j r ., i-o f c r e k , o .s ., k k k o z a ; science 146 0966) *l40. (6) HCltiMAK| N.C. ( ACKl.h) K.-, JR' i SCIUIHT, C )), liEROZAi M*, J. .Econ. l'nlomol. 52 (3939) 103S. (7) BliElRKNUACU, A.V." , CUKSERSOF, C.G., KAt.YJlARA, F.K., LICHTENBERG, J.J., GREEN, R.S., ruhlic Health epC. R2 (1967) 139. [B] DELANEY, A.C., DELANEY, A.c., PARKIK, D.W., GRIFFTH, J.J-., GOLD);ERG, E.D., RE1MAKN, B.K.F. Geochin. .Cosmochim. Acta 3i (i?67) ers. 19) l)ocufr.ct~.t:ion oX Threshold Liic.it Velues 1 (Committee on Threshold Limit Values American Conference of Governmental Industrial * Hycnnists) 1SG6. [10) FAHEY, J.K.*, EUTCHEU, J.W., TURNER, M.E., Pesticides Moult. J., 1 4 (1908) 30. [11) G1LLCTT, J.K., CHAH, .H., TERRIERE, L.C., A^r. Food Chera. 14 6 (19^6) 540. [12) HARRIS, C.P., LICHTENSTEIN, E.P., J. Econ. Kntomol. 3* (1961) 1033. [13) HOLDEN, A.V, MARSDKN, K., Rature 236 (1967) 3274. (34) HOLMES, JRC., SUIONS, J.H., TATTON, J.O'G., Nature 216 (1967) 227. [15) JOHNSON, B.., GOODMAN, R.N., GOLDBERG, H.S., Science 157 (1967) 560.* * [36) LICHTENSTEIN, K.P., ANDERSON, J.P,, FUHREMANN, T.W., SCHULZ, K.R. Science 159 (1968) 1)10. [17) M0DBKY, R.., HELM, J.M., HYRDAL, G.R., Pesticides KonitV J. 1 4 (196S) 27, [IB) RASH, R.G., KOOLSOM, F..A., Science 157 (1967) 924. (39) PEAUALL, D.R., Rature 236 (1967) 505. 120) KAWX1FFE, D.A., K a t v r c T m (1967) 203. [21) RISK.BROUGH, K.K., HOGGET, R.J., GRIFFIN, J.J., GOLDBERG, E .D\ , .Science JJ9 (19oR) 1233. 122) UISEP.ROL'ChT R.b\, KIEVEN, M.K.,' HEILMAN, S.G., in preparation 123) KISHBEONGH, R.W., MENZEL, 3).B., MARTIN, D.J., JR., Ol.COTT, H.S., Kalure 716 (1967) 569. |24) RISF.cROUGK, R.V., HENKEL, E.li., MARTIN, D.J., JR., OLCOTT, H.S., in prrparntion, I-7.') SAX, N.I., Dangerous Proper tSea of Induct riel Chemical!;, Ivii.heV., N.-v York, (1963), HBv 0311*0 le 9 780686 RKFERIftCES, coneintied [vfr) TATTOS, J.O'G., KUZ1 CKA, J .U .A ., Nature 7JJS 0967) .Vi6. 12 7) THOMi'SCM, li.R,, Wisconsin*Conservatiin hnpartncni Survey Report, February 14| 1966. 20) United Slotco Department of the Interior, Kish and Vild.lite Service; Vii 3dJi fo Kcscareh Fi*oh3uas l*rop,v.vr.r. Vroyr e s 1966 Resource l'uh] ict ion 63, Viashinyton, F/.C. (29) VEREMEYKK, G., Science 152 (2966) 667. (30) V.'ilV-iA'O;, C., J. A b b . Off. An.il. Chest. $0 (1967) 1069. (31) VJuiif, 1!., GRIFFIN, J.J., GOI.DRERG, f.D., Environ. Sci, Tcchnol 1 (1967) 923. (32) VliKSTER, C-F., JR., WINGATE, D.B., Science .159 (I960) 979. (33) The National Science Foundation, (grant CP 6362) provided financial support. I thank Ames, E. D. Goldberg, S. G. Reman, H. X* Kirven, II. S. 03 cot t, P. Uoiche and It. t. Rudd for their assistance. The Monsanto Chemical Company generously *provided samples of Aroelor 1256 and 1262. t ' NEV 031149 N r 780687