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Rubber Section Officers 1938-1939 General Chairman--R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--R. W. Morse, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Secretary--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. ; News Letter Editor--C. W. Ufford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Engineering Committee Chairman--Ralph S. Farnum, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Health Committee--Dsu W. S. Ash, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Dr. P. A. Davis, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Dr. J. Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--R. M. Weiner, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman--John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. Statistics Committee Chairman--Roland Kastell, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. Members at Large-- .. * John J. Lock, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. J. E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co., Passaic, N. J. W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Urban' L. Moler, Inland Div^ General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. Wiluam Spanton, American Hard Rubber Gx, Akron, Ohio. Paul Van Cleef, Van Cleef Brothers, Chicago, 111. D. G. Welch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Buffalo. N. Y. Past General. Chairmen-- E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co,, New York, N. Y. A. M. Dietz,' Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa. \ C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. J J. T. Kidney, The Goodyear tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. H. A. Walker,*,.The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--R. W. Morse, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. Secretary--C. W. Ufford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. News Letter Editor--Ralph S. Farnum, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--D. G. Welch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Health Cbmmittee--Dr. W. S. Ash fChairman), U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich, Dr. P. A. Davis, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Dr. J. Newton Shirley,'Arrow Mutual LiabiHtyTnsurance Co., Watertown, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--John L. GrIder, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N.J. . Publicity Committee Chairman--R. M. Weimer, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Statistics Committee Chairman--G.'E. Teal, U. S. Rubber.Co., Naugatuck, Conn. Members at Large-- J. J. Loge, General Tire &. Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. J. E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co., Passaic; N. J. .i 623 ;$jv 'Vj.i I i* !i m * kI PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 624 28th National Safety Congress W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Urban L. Moler, Inland Div., General Motor Corp., Dayton/Ohio. C Pritchard, Ball-Band Plant, U. S. Rubber Co., Mishawaka, Ind. Wm. Spanton, American Hard Rubber- Co., Akron, Ohio. Paul Van Cleef, Van Qeef Bros., Chicago, 111. Past General Chairmen-- E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. A. M. Dietz, Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa.. C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. J. T. Kidney, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co,, Akron, Ohio. y 7 TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 17,1939 The opening session of the Rubber Sec tion was called to order by General Chair man R. A. Bullock, Personnel Director, The- Corduroy Rubber Company, Grand Rapids, Mich., who presided. Chairman Bullock first made a brief report of the "activities of sectional committees during the past year, and-tboi introduced the scheduled speakers, f Unfortunat&jsthe formal paper to be pre sented on the subject of "Carbon Tetra chloride in the Rubber Industry" was not available, and in the absence of the scheduled speaker a short discussion ensued. Led by C. W. Ufford, Personnel Manager, The Ohio Rubber Company, Willoughby, Ohio, this discussion has been summarized by Mr. Ufford for these Transactions as fol lows : Carbon Tetrachloride Problems It was pointed out that many of the small companies, in particular, have used carbon tetrachloride in washes and solvents in order to reduce the fire and explosion hazards to the people handling these materials. -There is no question but that these same com panies have experienced a wave of carbon tetrachloride sickness as a result and that there is room for considerable discussion as to a solution to the problem. Ventilation on fixed installations can re duce the fume'hazard materially, but the problem of local and oftentimes unauthor ized use of carbon tetrachloride for isolated jobs still presents a real problem. The question is, can a suitable 'control , or a suitable substitute be found for carbon tetra-. chloride?. The discussion showed that. many com panies have definitely experienced ill effects from the use of carbon tetrachloride; to such an extent that'many of the companies represented have prohibited its use in any form and have substituted a standard clean ing Solvent known as Stoddard's Solvent or Solvent No. 5, which is'used commonly in large quantities with complete safety :in the cleaning industry'. Substitutes Dry Slowly This point brought up the fact that many of the substitutes for carbon tetrachloride are very slow in drying-- and that factor has kept their use out of many operations. Several representatives said, however, that the difference was so slight as to be negli gible and the advantage so great as to warrant a change in the expected operation time. No definite .conclusion was -reached, al though the majority of representatives said that carbon tetrachloride had been eliminated from their use, and that by correct use of the various substitutes under conditions suit able to their peculiarities,- very satisfactory results had been obtained. Another group of representatives said that they had not had satisfactory. results from substitutes and that they were still faced with the'hazard of carbon tetrachloride, particularly in washes, though not so much in solvents. T1 the i fifth dusti At Rubl Corn regai siren part it st sestet tries, basis of s< On twen! mitte prom repoi tty < ative An predc occur mach mills, opera Comi erabli chine manu State of dr cring The 1927, Amet Thi mater dents and 1 bites of a conta< 45.00C than year,vvorkr porter rolls i Rubber Section 625 Progress of Safety in the Rubber Industry By ERNEST W. BECK Supervisor of Safety, United Stated Rubber Company, New York City The National Safety Council today shows Under the joint sponsorship of the Rubber the rubber industry as third in seventy and Section-and the Chemical Section, N. S. C, fifth in frequency among thirty major in a complete report on "Benzol" was drawn dustries. up and received national, recognition. The At the time,' of the organization of the Rubber. Section of the. National Safety Council :in 1919 ihe rubber industry, was regarded as a most' hazardous one. After strenuous work and close cooperation on the Rubber Section, through its annual meet ings,., has given publicity to outstanding authorities on such subjects as "Compound ing Materials Used in the Rubber Industry," "Static Electricity," "Vulcanizing," "Fire part of everyone in the industry, ..in 1931 it stood tenth in frequency and ninth in severity among twenty-eight leading indus and Dust Hazards in the Rubber Industry," "Digesters," "Hazards of Reclaiming" "Oc cupational Skin Diseases," etc. tries. In 1936 we took fifth place on the : During the past year our Rubber Section basis of. frequency and seventh;on the basis recognized the importance of revising Safe of severity in. a. list of thirty industries. Practices Pamphlets RU-1 and RU-3-- ' " Our constructive work was really started "Compounding Materials Used in the Rub twenty years ago when the Executive Com ber Industry." The work is in charge of a mittee of the Rubber Section, N. S. C., committee of which Dr. W. A. Gibbons, promoted the written standard practice for .United States Rubber Company, Passaic, reporting accidents. As a result our indus N. J., is chairman. Inasmuch as many rub try can show accident figures for compar ber manufacturers are hesitant to use com ative purposes as far back as 1921. pounds which are not listed in the Safe -Annual statistical reports show'' that the Practices Pamphlets, it becomes a.jnatter of predominating number of serious accidents concern: to bod),the manufactufer and user occurring in the rubber industry were due to '. that correct information reganfing'the later ''machinery.. Some of this machinery*, such as chemicals now in use in rubber compound Jnllls, cannot be guarded at the point of ing be classified and listed. A large num operation. With this in mind, the Executive ber of. questionnaires have been sent out to Committee of the Section devoted consid both .manufacturers and users of rubber erable attention' to cooperating with ma-.. chemicals, and the -work of this .committee chinery manufacturers, electrical equipment' will assist materially in the safe handling manufacturers, rubber manufacturers and of certain chemicals and. compounds. State Departments of Labor, on tiie subject In the development of the Rubber Sec of drawing up a standard safety code cov tion safety program an excellent spirit of ering safety factors on miIIs land calenders. cooperation was created among the safety The approved code was printed in March, engineers of the industry. Rubber com 1927, and distributed . as recommended panies, while* competitors in the marketing American practice. of their finished products, are certainly not The adoption of`this code has. assisted competitors in the safety field and our motto materially in reducing the number-of acci has been `There are no secrets in safety." dents on mills and calenders. Daring 1934 .. Today we. can safely say that health and 1935, not one personwas injured in the hazards in the industry are not a major bites of calender rolls among-the employees problem as the accident cost in large rub of a large, number of companies which I ber Companies overa'period of 15 years contacted.- The survey covered ^ spread of shows that much less' than 1 per cen^of-the 45,000 employees and an'exposure of more total expense was paid for occupational than 81,000,000 Qhanbours worked each: disease, including chemical hazards. We year,- or a total of 165,000,000 manhours seldom hear of a case of lead, benzol or worked.-These same robber companies re aniline poisoning in our industry.' The fact ported but one aedderrt at the bite of mill that many large rubber companies carry rolls inT935 with a cosrof $850. their own compensation insurance'has tended 626 2Sth National Safety Congress to accentuate attention upon preventive measures. During, the last twenty years our industry has seen many changes take place through the installation of modern machinery, such as plasticators, banburv mixers and tubing machines, displacing to a great extent the more hazardous types of washing equipment and open mills and calenders. The installa tion of conveyor systems, unit vulcanizers and hoisting equipment has eliminated the dangerous man power handling of 'heavy equipment and material. The reduction shown in the number of. accidents in the rubber industry during the past twenty years was obtained in spite of the fact that compensation laws in prac tically every' ` state where rubber workers are employed have increased the amount of compensation and reduced the waiting period, including occupational disease law's, all of which has bad a .tendency to in crease the number of reported lost-time ac cidents and their cost. The large majority of rubber workers are employed in the states of New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Massachusetts, Connect icut, Pennsylvania, California, Michigan and Wisconsin. These states have.been the leaders for years in advancing and increas ing labor laws as they apply to both indus try' and the workers. However, the accident records during all these years have shown steady improvement The frequency rate for our industry', ac cording to. the National Safety* Council's most recent figures, shows that we have re duced our frequency 72 per cent since 1926 and during this same period we have re duced our severity* rate 58 per cent The National Safety Council; has con ducted for about six years a safety contest among our Rubber Section members. This contest, based on frequency rates, has stim ulated accident prevention and has con tributed to bring about a greater- interest in safety within the industry- The 1938-39 Rubber Section Safety Contest had an en rollment of thirty-six plants which worked 98,000,000 manhours during the year. Two contestants established no-injury records for the contest year. Quoting from the 1938 rubber industry accident rate report as published by the National Safety Council: "The 1938 injury experience of the Rubber Industry is based on reports covering thirty-eight plants, 51,023 employees and an exposure of. 85,388,000 manhours. The frequency rate of 6.92 is 43 per cent below the average of all industries and the severity rate of 0.58 is 62 per cent below the general average. Rub ber plants have more than kept pace with other industries in reducing injury rates. The improvement in frequency' of 72 per cent since 1926 slightly exceeds1 the 68 per cent reduction by all industries; in severity a reduction of 58 per cent compares with an average of 44 per cent for all industries. The company* which I represent has about twenty factories with 30,000 employees. Six teen years ago our company realized the ad- . vantage of competition among plants and organized and conducted.a safety*.contest, giving prizes of various kinds to the fac tories showing the greatest percentage of improvement in their accident experience over the average of the previous three =>' years.: We Have many different kinds of Safety Committees at our plants such as Safety Advisory Committee, Employees'' SafetyCommittees and Departmental Safety Com mittees. In addition, we have organized suggestion systems and all employees arc encouraged to hand in suggestions for the good of the organization... The reduction of accidents has been the result of united effort on the part of the entire organization. Conditions regarding health, safety, sanitation and fire protection are under the constant surveillance of each local organization and periodic inspections are made by the Supervisor of Safety- and field inspectors. The liberal use of National Safety: Coun cil. service material is^employed throughout all plants and safety lectures and demon strations are given before safety committees and foremen's meetings to develop an ever increasing safety perception on the part of all employees. .. Accurate statistics covering the number of accidents, compensation paid, medical and legal expense, are recorded for each factory' as w*ell as for the company as a whole. The proof of good safety work can be shown byproper statistics. Always have your statis tics ready to show*. The. boss is interested in the end figure. He is used to dealing in figures and can readily visualize the trend. Some time ago all of our plants operated . for' total indu emp 2,281 with tire 391 with Stab Pro' reco: 5,68f jury, her t T1 her i y-ear T1 trial all It try, large the : total A sion mate by p phase and what is be each into fluou Pr issue " conni all w gethe ing t! reaso agree the t fied s Sin Rubber Section 627 for' thirty-four consecutive months, or a. total of c-ll4,000,006 manhours without an industrial fatality: At orife' of our factories employing 1,600, the entire personnel worked 2,286,000 manhours during an entire year, without a lost-time accident Our largest tire cord mill with 1,450 employees; operated 391 days, approximately, 3,500,000 manhours, without a lost-time accident The United States Rubber Company, Providence Plant, Providence;. JR. L,... holds the best aill-time record for the rubber industry by working 5,688,369 manhours without a disabling in jury. between February 19, 1935, and Octo ber 7, 1936.' The success in safety work that the rub. ber industry has had during the past twenty', years did not just happen nor was it the .work of any one man. It came about through everlastingly plugging away every' day and the wholehearted support of the entire or ganization. .> The most recent reports show that in 1938,.. ^ per rant of the lost-time acci dents in-'' the rubber industry were classi fied as "Machinery' Accidents," and 31 per cent were classified under "Handling Ob jects." Therefore, my . suggestion is that during the next twehre months we - give special attention to eliminating accidents in these two groups. Let us feel at liberty to write to-our competitors and ask them how they handle certain .accident problems within their plants. Let us all work together in order, to retain, and, if . possible, improve our present position of being the safest large industry on record. Handling of Materials By D.G. WELCH Safety Engineer, Hewitt Rubber Corporation, Buffalo', N. Y. a This type of accident leads in all. indus handling of materials, the less handled bytrial injuries with more than-one-fourth of hand, the less exposure to injury. In this all lost-time accidents. In otir own indus connection, process layouts should be try, this type is responsible for- an even helpful in the elimination of mnch manual larger proportion of occupational injuries, handling; and gravity flow of materials, the figure being nearly one-third of the ' as well as motion study to cut down the : total. extent of handling; should be seriously A careful analysis leads to the conclu sion that most accidents of the "handling., considered, as well as other substitute equipment. materials" type are most easily prevented A further examination of the statistics by planning the job ahead so that each shows that the largest grouping of the in phase of the operation is fully understood, juries from . handling materials comes and the employee knows in advance just under "strains and sprains." For this rea what he is..to do. It is felt that this goal son we should devote considerable time is best attained by job analysis whereby to the problem of proper lifting. Much has each phase of the operation is broken down, been written and., said on this subject; into its component parts, and the super some of the various theories and rules arc fluous and unsafe factors eliminated. accepted by all, and some are still sub ject to controversy. President Fennell's article in the May issue oL"Factory" is very helpful in this connection, where he mentions callingall workers on a particular operation to gether,; discussing the best method of do ing the job between them, obtaining their reasons for feeling so, and securing their agreement. Job methods determined by the workers themselves receive unquali fied support and need little enforcing. The most important phase is lifting by keeping the back straight while bending at the knees, grasping the load, and then straightening the legs. This takes the load off the stomach and back muscles, and puts it on the stronger leg muscles. Some advise taking a deep breath prior to lift ing, and holding it while, raising the load . intp position as this tenses the muscles; this is practically a natural instinct while Since' nearly every job requires the lifting. 628 28th National Safety Congress, For group lifting, it is suggested this watch conditions; men should be as near be coordinated by some such means as all of a height as possible. lifting upon signal of the immediate super visor. It is suggested that heavy flat ob jects are better handled by truck because of the possibility of strains, incomplete control, falls, etc. Some sources state a good rule of thumb Hand-powered transportation equip ment consisis mostly of various types of trurics. Serious consideration should be given to the type of truck for the load, with specially designed trucks being used where advantageous, as the common types for continual lifting is that the load should in general use may not be satisfactory for not exceed 40 per cent of the weight of the particular combination of weight, size, the individual lifting. The method of de shape and hazard. termining this figure is unknown. An other source, of English origin, states The common wheelbarrow is best used that a load in excess of 130 pounds should for bulk loads; the two-wheeled truck for not be lifted. It would seem that the first bagged loads and such- applications as' method , is more applicable to continuous^'.. heavy crates around warehouses and lifting, the latter for instantaneous, infre freight cars. Knuckle-guards are recom quent lifts. mended for. both type trucks to prevent striking the hands*, against various ob Another rule of some merit is that structions. Running is especially but of stating that if more than two men are re place when trucking. The precautions quired to lift a load, mechanical equip given relative to lifting should be kept in ment should be substituted.: If the' back mind with these type trucks especially. starts to bend under .'the load, that is a warning the load is too heavy and help is needed; under no circumstances should one attempt to move the load by jerking Care should be taken to balance the load over the wheels, also, in order to reduce the net load. It is-generally preferable to push such trucks although there 'are ex it as this doubles the strain on oneself and may result disastrously. It is far better, to get help than to attempt to show off. ceptions, such as ..when, going up a steep incline or ramp. For the two-wheel truck, brakes and'wheel-guards should be pro In any use, the weight of an object to vided. These trades should be counter be lifted should be known first. Besides balanced so that they will stand alone, the weight, factors of considerable im also, otherwise such trucks must be kept portance when lifting are the build of the stored out of the way. individual, the size and shape of the loadf and whether it is bulky or concentrated. These items should be taken into account whenever a lift is made; much judgment, based upon experience, is required. In addition to getting a good grip on' the load while lifting, one should be on the lookout for slivers, nails, sharp wire strap Overloads should be guarded against with any type of vehicle; they make the truck top-heavy and subject to turning over, as well as blocking the view if piled too high. Projecting loads should be guarded against, also. For any truck, the condition of the wheels should be checked regularly, its center of gravity should be ends on packages, etc., and should have as low as possible, heavy objects should hand protection as required. be piled at the bottom with the load cen Other phases of this subject also de mand our attention; it will be necessary to hit the high spots only. tered and secured, and the truck should be unloaded from the top down. Wheelguards should be provided for all exposed wheels, and truck handles should be Transportation is a very important sub counterbalanced so that they, stay off the ject In transporting or carrying objects floor, or else be hooked up. "Heads up" by hand, a few precautions are in order. should be the rule when moving tracks. Long material should be carried with the In addition to guarding against 'high, pil front high and the back low to prevent ing, tracks should be. blocked, both for striking or tripping those approaching, loading and unloading/' Indiscriminate you unexpectedly. When more than one' riding of tracks should be prohibited. Side man is necessary, it is preferable for the stakes and tie chains are frequently nec more experienced man to be in the rear to essary. Rubber Section 629 . The same problems are encountered the loads as uniformly distributed over the Jwith -power trucks. In addition; a -few area as possible. Materials should never other hazards .exist; one of which relates be piled too high; there should be ample to enhanced traffic problems.. It is well, to clearance for sprinkler heads, and ample provide mechanical and other aids such as room should be left for passageways and. warning signs, mirrors, special watchmen aisles with no projections left of any kind. is traffic regulators,'and, even to consider,: It is well, .when..piHng materials near pas fqrmationiof a Traffic Department Strict sageways^ and aisles, to see that there is speed control is necessary and each ye* . little, likelihood of their falling or being hide should be provided with a satisfac knocked over. Fire fighting equipment tory warning device--bells, horns, etc. In should be.kept accessible. . using trailers, especial care is necessary; Unpiling should be done from the top also attention should be given to the type down without,altering the shape of the couplings and their-, proper maintenance. pile. In removing material, care should Proper piling is extremely important, .be taken to' climb up to the level of the The keynote of - this problem is cross- material, then to lift it (not pull it) off the piling. with pyramiding very important , overhead shelves. on bagged! material especially;, pyramid "Hand-tools" is ah especially important ing should start at the five foot level. Bulk subject in connection with handling ma material can be stored in bins easily; and terials, as handling materials by various removal made from the bottom of the bin: types of hand-tools accounts for 58 per It is preferable to pile barrels and Icegs on. cent of the permanent disabilities, and 24 end, stepping, them back. Planks should per cent of the temporary disabilities. In be placed between them,to stabilize them. using shovels,' the .user should- always If piled on their sides, special racks are stand at one side of the shovel, not have required. If racks are not-used,-.planks it in-front of him. When not in use and 5h0uld.be laid across the top of the bar- . laid down, it should be left with the scoop rets with the second tier directly over the down' and out of the way,, not underfoot. barrels below, and bulkheads erected at Care should be taken to see that all other each end of the'Stack, Boxes should -be tools are not left underfoot, either. Hand placed on their long sides with stackers books should be kept sharp and their heing used to- pile..them, if they are bulky, points guarded when 'not in use. The haz as the. use of .too many men results in in-., ard from tongs, and pliers is due more to jury. Bars and pipes should,.be stored in faulty design than improper use'. The . racks, and the material should not project handles should be altered so that the into aisles; the ends should:be marked,' hands can not be pinched by the closing of also, to contrast with the surroundings. the tool. The racks should be inclined toward the center so material can not roll off, and they should not .face a main aisle. ` Spacing men properly and using the correct tool for the job are. necessities to keep in mind, top. Many, accidents have In handling Chemicals, in addition to been caused by striking an adjacent providing special trucks and clothing and ..worker, or using a crowbar for a car- using special equipment to remove the' mover. .7 contents from containers, such materials While the .substitution of hand and should be stored in dry places away from powered mechanical equipment for hand 'weather and temperature changes, and work eliminates many of the hazards we away from aisles and elevators. Different have covered, and. usually makes the job types of gases should be stored separately. . safer,, it introduces hazards, of its own. It should be assumed that., carboy jackets And. while the number'of -accidents are are tin poor Condition and so handled. Spe reduced, their severity is usually greater. cial racks should be. provided, and no tier- - For that reason, a thorough job of me ing permitted; Quick application of water chanical guarding should be done, not is the first treatment for injuries from all only for moving parts, but for other un chemical contacts. safe conditions which may be present. - General precautions consist of -keeping This subject is one' requiring separate heavy materials away from floor centers treatment because of the very many types and closer to the underlying supports with . of mechanical equipment and the special 630 28th National Safety Congress problems peculiar to. each. It is impos sible to deal with this subject here be cause of time limitations. As to building conditions, the main con sideration here is to check floor condi tions for smoothness, lack of obstructions, and capacity. Rough floors shake loads, break parts of trucks, and cause loss of control of the steering apparatus. Aisles are important, too; they should be two trucks wide or at least eight feet,. and should not interfere with machines. The answer to clothing may be summed up into tight-fitting clothing plus proper protective equipment as required. Gloves and hand, leathers are -helpful wherever rough surfaces are encountered--sharp edges, burrs, unfinished lumber, etc.--ex cept around moving machinery, where they are to be discouraged wherever pos sible. Personal clothing of great value in preventing injury' is headlined by foot wear. Safety shoes are of inestimable value. No unbuttoned coats, long aprons, aprons tied with strong string, torn or ragged clothing, loose neckties, jewelry, long unconflned hair, celluloid visored caps, dangling loose sleeves, long trouser cuffs, high heels, runover heels, thin-soled shoes, or sneakers, etc. should* be worn on the job. Besides provision of goggles, respira tors, and gloves as required, special pro tective clothing Should be ..provided for handling hazardous chemicals, welding, etc. - Hard hats are required in some in stances also. Too often men are turned loose with out adequate' supervision, and this one factor is responsible for a great many in juries. In the press of business, they are put onto jobs without an...adequate:. check of their manipulative skill as stated in their experience record on their employ ment applications. It is well worth the supervisor's time to tell the man how to do the job, show* him how to do it, arid then to keep an eye -on him constantly. Otherwise, we are going to have, acci dents because the operator assigned, a task i$ going to see that it is completed regardless of whether he knows the best approved method: or whether he is left on his own. Let us see that he does the job the way we want it done--the safe way: let us follow* up. Falk and Their Prevention By R. M. WEIMER Personnel Director, Dayton Rubber Co., Inc., Dayton, O. In reviewing the accidents in our own plant for the past three years, I found that we. had only one lost time accident as the ^result of a fall. Checking with other safety men, I found that they too had enjoyed a good experience as far as falls were concerned. Going further into the matter, I consulted my copy of ac cident rates in the rubber industry, pub lished by the National Safety. Council; I was indeed pleased to learn that the rub ber industry as a whole has had a good experience. But, while we may show a low* fre quency, w*e should not overlook the severity factor involved which may, and often does, result in many lost days, permanent disability or even in a fatality. We should always keep in mind that falls are a universal type of accident from which no one is immune. To prevent them, even the most remote hazard must be foreseen and eliminated. Falls are generally classified into those that happen on level surfaces and those that occur o.n elevated of* different-levels.. Falls occurring on l^vel surfaces are caused mostly by slipping, tripping, stumbling, pushing or * leaning against some object. Highly polished floors in our office buildings and entrance ways are common causes of falls. We can materially reduce their number by several means. Careful selection of floor materials and coverings, the use of non-slip polishes and preser vative finishes will aid in the reduction. Flooring in factory buildings becomes defective and deteriorates rapidly, due to the -heavy trucking and severe traffic serv ice. Holes develop, boards pry loose, planking splinters and nails project above Rubber Section 631 the floor' surface. ,, When these... condi for everything and everything in its tions are present, it is quite certain that a place is always a good safety measure. fall will result. A well defined mainte nance program is necessary to remedy, these causes.Inferior grades of crude oil create a dangerous falling hazard when used as dressing on wooden floors. Only the very best grade of penetrating oil should be applied and this sparingly. Aisles and passageways should be well lighted and kept clear at all times. Hand trucks, skids, pans and other equipment projecting into aisles create a stumbling and tripping hazard. When such imple ments are not in use, they should be put in a-.location away from aisles and pass Cement floors become >dangerous where age ways. wet processes are carried on. To elimi nate the slipping and falling hazards here, baffles should be installed wherever pos sible to catch water,- , drains' should also be provided for the water to run off the floor. Puddles and drippings of oil, wa ter, soapstone, etc. that accumulate on the floor near machines and presses, can be Falls into floor openings include those into elevator and hoistway shafts, man holes and openings to conveyors, chutes, bins, etc. This type of fall can be def initely eliminated if suitable enclosures, railings ..and close fitting covers are placed about these openings. eliminated by installing drip pans.If . We should not overlook the falling this is not practical where workmen must ' hazards created around our plant prem carry on their jobs, then ribbed rubber ises'by ice, snow and sleet Ice and mats, abrasive-surfaced metal plates, or snow should be removed from all walks non-slip tile flooring should be installed. . and steps leading up to entrances. In All floors .should be kept dean and free severe freezing weather, when snow and from slip substance such as rubber buf ice are hard to remove, salt, sand and fings, grindings. - small pieces of. rubber, . cinders can be sprinkled on.the walks and talc and other foreign matter that might steps as a'preventive measure and non cause a falL ' slip -floor mats should be placed at en trances. To aid in this, approved containers should :be placed at convenient locations r. Falls 'on different or elevated, surfaces for the deposit of accumulated wastes. ire those that happen on stairways, lad Regular instructions should be given to ders,' scaffolds, runways, platforms and the operator of a machine or the janitor makeshift devices. Every flight of stairs for the. removal and collection, of waste, ...and steps should be protected with hand that may accumulate on the floor. rails or standard stair railings conforming Floors should be inspected at regular intervals and all defects in them, such as holes, loose and splintered boards, should be repaired immediately. with the State or Standard Safety Codes. Your plant and maintenance engineer should have a copy of these codes and should be familiar with the specifications they outline. Lights should be installed Employees should be cautioned to wear in stairways that .are dark, due to in durable, well-fitted shoes of the type best sufficient or no natural illumination. suited for their work. Female employees wearing high heeled shoes are the victims of many falls. They should be instructed to wear low heeled shoes while working. . Shoes should also be kept in good repair because worn or run over heels or- loose soles are a falling hazard. Lights should be so arranged that they will not create a glare in the eyes when one is ascending or descending the stairs. Workers should be warned not to carry excessive loads, or loads that interfere with their vision, when going up or down stairways. Employees -should be in-, Tripping hazards are generally the re sult of bad housekeeping, some tool or working material lying on the floor. Racks and containers should be provided at the employee's machine or place of structed not to run up or down stairways or indulge in horseplay of any kind. Steps or stairways should be inspected regularly and all defects repaired imme diately. work for the storage of these items. This Fails from ladders are generally caused will eliminate in a large measure falls by the breaking of the ladder or parts due to stumbling and tripping. A place of it. Slipping, twisting or failing - of 632 28th National Safety Congress ladder, falls from the ladder while han the full use of both hands when climbing dling objects, being knocked off of a lad or descending. When they are required der, worker's foot slipping off a rang of to use tools or other materials while the ladder or the loss of balance. standing on a ladder, the ladder should To correct these hazards, be sure all ladders are constructed of substantial material and regularly inspected for broken parts or defects. Never permit a ladder to be used when there is the slightest, doubt that it is not in a safe condition or when it is not suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used. Stationary ladders should be constructed of steel and fastened securely to a wall or some other strongly supported object Per manent ladders more than 20 feet in height should be provided with a basket or cage guard as a protection against the user falling if he were to lose his balance or make a mis-step. be equipped with a safety platform, or the worker should be well secured by a safety belt. This should be enforced particularly when workers are using an extension ladder. ^ Falls from scaffolds, staging, runways, balconies, platforms and gang planks may be due to the breaking of one or more parts, tilting of the apparatus, de fective or broken surfaces, lack of suit able supports or the placing of greater weight on the structure that it was de signedto carry. The use of a poor grade of lumber, and in. many cases -used lumber, often are the causes , of. falls in this category. Usually such falls are of a serious nature. Temporary wooden stationary ladders Therefore, we should take every .precau as well as portable ladders should have tionary. measure possible in preventing the side rails made of red, white or sitka falls of this kind. I believe it well worth spruce or other material equal to these anyone's effort and time to draw up. a in strength. Cross grain materials should standard practice for this, type of work, never be used. .Portable ladders should designating the responsibility, specifica be equipped with safety, feet, and where- tions for the quality and strength .of the ever possible, with . safety hooks at the lumber used, rigid inspection for knots, top. Even when a ladder is equipped straightness and thickness, style and with safety feet, it is advisable to have a types of safe handrails, flooring of struc man holding the bottom of it when it is ture so laid .that overlapping at unsup used on slippery surfaces; this is particu ported points is avoided, and tools and larly true of extension ladders: Care other materials never permitted on the should always be taken in the placing of floor of the structure. portable ladders. Many falls occur during the erection On surfaces where the angle or decline or inspection of boilers; these can be makes it difficult or impossible for a man prevented by the use of safe scaffolds and to hold a ladder in position at the bot stagings. Wherever, possible,' permanent tom, the ladder should be tied in place. balconies or platforms with handrails Portable ladders should not be placed at should be provided. . Care should be an angle less than 75 degrees; if placed taken that the loads of material to be at a greater angle than- this, they may used in erecting or repair work on boilers break or fall. When ladders are to be or buildings does not swing against work used in aisles or passage ways, a helper ers on the structure,, causing, them to lose should be stationed at the . foot of the theirbalance and fall!^ ladder as a guard to prevent anyone from bumping into them. When piling tires~or any other product in the warehouse, employees should not When using step-ladders, it is im be permitted to. stand on the first level, portant that the ladder is fully open and of stacked tires; suitable ladders .should all four supports are on a solid footing . be used for thi$ purpose. Benches, before anyone steps on the ladder. Many tables, chairs and other makeshifts should serious falls have occurred because defec riot be used as ladders or temporary work tive spreader ropes or chains have al platforms. Employees with poor eye lowed the ladder legs to "open to such an sight, tweak ankles, Broken arches or any angle that the ladder collapsed. Workers -other physical defects, or those suffering should always face the ladder and have from mental strain or worry, should riot be p or hi H caus . elim such redu A In knife carrii with and o To ginee fecte* tinuo opera ing n the I these shear acrid ptis futur from elimh Th confir mill becau Tb) of a trimn knife signet erly ; increa the Cl tools, to do ingki ` Thi argun go ba partm able a Th< Rubber Section 633 be permitted to work on elevated surfaces or high places. Horseplay1 and carelessness are the cause of many , falls; the first should be eliminated by enforcing rules against such action; the second may be greatly reduced through educational means. A program that stresses good house keeping and maintenance, periodic inspec tions of plant premises, and equipment that is directly related to falls, proper instruction and work methods to workers who are engaged in occupations that are subject to falls, the use of good materials and safe equipment will do much to pre vent. and reduce the falls in our, plants. Knife Cuts ByA.M. DIETZ Secretary, Safety Division, Pennsylvania Rubber Company, Jeanette, Pa. ha the early history of our company the to that of tiresl.: Although the tools are knife was a necessary tool and everybody different the same method of application is carried one, the superintendent included, applied. with the result that cuts were numerous Employees on mill and calender use keen and many severe. . edge knives for cutting stock, from the rolls To prevent'knife cuts our. developing en and taking out samples on the calenders. gineers over a period of years have per Although . experienced operators do these fected trimming, buffing, mixing and con jobs with apparent ease, there is always, the tinuous feed units that are as complete in danger of being injured unless the cut is operation as the candy wrapping and pack started and finished away from the operator, ing machines you- see in the windows along. when, using either the right or left hand. the boardwalk. With the installation of - 'Another important item in mill Safety is these machines the use of knives and keeping the knife out of the operator's hands shears has gradually been eliminated and as much as possible; This can be done by accidents from this source were lessened. having knife pans on each mill housing This development will continue and in some so that the knife can be deposited quickly future day we expect to slab our stocks -after the cut"'is finished. Lastly, if the from' the mills mechanically, thereby again knife is to be carried, insist that it be in eliminating the knife. a* sheath with the blade down. A number The use of knives in our plants is now. confined to four departments, tire, airbag, mill room and tread. . We mention tread because of its tie-up with warm-up mills. of years ago. we adopted a policy of placing only the highest type of workmen on these jobs and the idea i$ paying dividends in decreased mill and knife accidents. The'builder's lots consist of various types - The use of knives in other departments of- cutting tools,, designed especially for . is flouted. The crude robber handlers use trimming at different angles, but come under. a scraping knife for removing foreign ma knife classification^ Work stands were de terial from the rubber; this operation is not signed so that tools could be laid out prop dangerous as the knife is not flourished. erly and within easy reach, production was During theyear 1938 we had 55 knife acci increased, lost motidn eliminated and also dents; 9. were described as jabs, 11 as the chance of being cut or jabbed with the scratches, and-35 as cuts; none were dis tools. All that was left for the supervisors abling. to do was to teach the proper method, of us To prevent injury from the use of knives ing knives. T- - . in the industry it is necessary that the em * This kind of planning is a convincing ployee^ be properly instructed in their use argument that time study and Safety work -and that they be furnished proper safety go hand in hand. Sell the time study de equipment. partment on Safety and you will hays an In examining our .records we find that cuts ableally. '. \y from1 other causes constitute a hazard of The set-up for airbag building is similar major concern.that is getting our immedi 634 28th National Safety Congress ate attention. ' Partial records of these acci dents are as follows: Cut while taking tool out of kit. Cut finger on shaft putting in keyway. Cut with strap iron on bale of rubber. Cut on ball forming tray. .Cut. finger on glass while cleaning up. Cut finger on can lid. Cut with serial tin while clean ing tire. Cut finger on paper, etc. / These accidents far outnumber the knife cuts; they are a challenge to .our Safety organization and a thought for our entire Section. Outstanding Facts in the Rubber Section Safety Contest By ROLAND KASTELL Safety Division, United States Rubber Company, New York City 'l ` would like to go back and review the (jesults of our previous contests, conducted during the first six months periods fof 1932 to 1937 inclusive. In the fall of 1937 it was decided that our contest should be con ducted for twelve-month periods. In 1932 only 25 units entered this first contest. The number of contestants in creased to 36 for 1935 with practically no change in the number of contestants for 1936, 1937 and 1938. The Rubber Section Contests were con ducted during 48 months of the period Jan uary 1, 1932, tojJune 30, 1939. The figures at the close of each contest period show tliat our frequency rate varied from a minimum of 5.76 to a maximum of 10.079. However, the: figures for the 48 months indi cate that the various contestants reported a total of 2,720 reportable accidents with an exposure of approximately 371,414,000 man hours. With these figures we then arrive at an average frequency rate of 7.32 for the entire contest period. The average frequency rate for the en tire rubber industry reporting their figures to the National Safety Council over the years 1932 to 1938 inclusive is 8.76. This indicates that the experience of the Rub ber Section contestants is a fair average for the entire Rubber Industry'. A review of the Rubber Section contests shows that 27 perfect scores have been made. In breaking down this figure, we find that one unit took first place six times, one unit took first place four times, one unit took first place three times,- two units took first place two times, and 10 units took first place one time. This is an average of prac tically four perfect scores each contest pe riod. The Rubber Section Safety Contest for the period of July 1, 1938, to June 30, 1939, had an enrollment of 36 units with ah ex posure of more than 98 million manhours. This vras the (first Rubber Section Contest conducted ovei^ a)period of 12 months. The average frequency rate for all contestants was 6,616 which is a marked reduction over the frequency rate of 10.079 for the first six moqths of 1937. The experience of the 22 contestants in. the group of larger plants resulted in an ave'rage frequency rate of 6.775. The fre quency* rate for this group was 42 per cenL higher than the average of 4.769 for (hey group of 12 smaller plants. Only two plants came through with perfect scores and both of these plants were in the group of smaller plants. The results of this contest can. I considered very good due to the fact that II of the 36 contestants'cantc through with a frequency rate less than 2. The outlook for our 1939-1940 Rubber Sec tion Safety Contest indicates that the en rollment' is the largest in the history* of the industry. The final figures for August show that we have a total of 44 contestants. At the end of the first two months 22 of the 44 contestants completed this- two months period with perfect scores. The. 22 con testants with perfect scores reported a total of 4,635,476 manhours worked, without a reportable accident. The experience for all contestants at the end of the first two months' period resulted in an average frequency. rate of 7.17 as compared to 6.16 for the final results of the 1938-39 contest. This is accounted for in the high average frequency rate of 21.40 for the group of smaller plants. The ex perience of the various contestants would indicate that we can look forward to a very' good contest this year. Rubber Section 635 Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in the Rubber Section Safety Contest Presentation of the Trophies and Cer tificates of Merit in the Rubber Section Safety Contest, as awarded by the Na tional Safety" Council, was made by Mr. Robert S. Ejberty, Manager of Engineering and Safety Division, Fireman's cFund In demnity Company, New York-City. In the following list dll units shown as. No. 1 re ceived a Trophy, and all others received Certificates. GROUP A &B. . 1. Goodyear Tire & Rubber. Company, Gadsden, Ala., 2,676,927 hours; 2 injuries. 2. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, New. Toronto, Ont., Canada, 2,309,392 hours, 2 injuries. 3.. Dominion Rubber Company, Ltd., Merchants Factory/ Kitchener, Ont., Can ada, 1,580,512 hours, 2 injuries. GROUP C&D. 1. Lobl Manufacturing Company, Middleboro, Mass., 116,717 hours, no injuries. 2. Fabric.^ Fire Hose Company, Sandy Hook, Conn., 85,406 hours,' no injuries. 3. Dominion Rubber' Company, Ltd., Papineau Factory,-Montreal, Que., Can ada, 1,259,806 hours, 1 injury. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 18,1939 4 Safety and Product Quality in a Chemical Industry By dr. William g. nelson Manager* Product Control. Diviaio i, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Safe working conditions foremployees among chemicals and other hazards, efficient unhindered work, and product quality con trol, assuring safety- for the user of "the finished article, all are compatible, require ments in a chemical industry. Working conditions of employees are cor rect only when properly selected workmen are trained in the safe way to work, in the way. to do a quality job, and do it ef ficiently. Conditions for safe working with special reference to the chemicals used on each job must..be established.- Machinery and tools must be made'safe, the lighting and air. must also be correct. In a chemical industry, added to the usual occupational hazards; are those of a more' definite type, where, because of their chem ical identify materials may be harmful to, the workmen. The corrective measure in such exposures is to remove the possibility of contact The methods used include ven-:' dlation, respirators or gas masks, rubber : gloves or other articles of clothing, as. well- as designing equipment to do the job auto matically where the workmen's contact with the chemical will be removed. Some individuals are physically intolerant to certain chemical exposures; while others are entirely. free from any effects under the same conditions. This is similar to allergy to certain., proteins in nature, ex hibited by some people and not others. On such operations it is necessary to remove workmen from the conditions they are sensi tive to and replace them with others. Solvents and thinners used in processes and finishing should be adopted only after investigation of possible, ill. effects on em ployees' health. It is necessary to secure sud information-'by reference to published reports and also statements from the manu facturers of the solvents. The experience of health departments may be of aid. Benzol, a poisonous solvent used very' widely in the past by the rubber industry has been largely repla<**d. W non-poisonous 636 28th Nattdnal Safety Congress solvents which give equal results without the hazards. To health hazards are also added those of fire and explosion due to chemical materials. Fire hazards of solvents and thinners in a chemical industry receive careful' atten tion, and fire and explosion prevention meth ods must be applied. The factory technical department oversees the methods of using solvents and thinners having in mind the characteristics of the individual material used. This department reports to the safety supervisor on the re quirements of each application, and equip ment is recommended accordingly. Rubber products manufacturing is repre-. sentative of many industries where chemical materials are used and die manufacturing operations based on chemical reactions. In our plant the technical department, called the product control division, not only has the responsibility of product quality but. tech nical safety supervision as well. When a material has been adopted, a test ing schedule is drawn up and necessary tests are devised to apply to each shipment for controlling the material for quality and safety. Samples from each shipment of a raw material are taken according to speci fication and sent to the laboratory for chem ical and,physical tests. The results of the tests are passed upon by the product quality inspector by compar ing them with complete specifications cov ering each- raw material individually. Each specification is complete in four sections; first, there is an approved source of supply specification, listing the only approved' sup pliers of the material in question, and adopted only after thorough and sufficient test as to qualify and safety. Second, there are the tests applied to each lot of the material received, with the permissible lim its in test results. Third, there is a more complete list of tests which are applied at intervals in order to make the most complete check required. Fourth, there is the specification outlining the exact lab oratory methods for each test applied. One day, as I was walking through the factory' departments, a workman called my attention to' a skin irritation around his collar, on his shoulders and under his cuffs, asking me what might be causing this re cently developed condition. Complaints were also made by other workmen as well as by the supervision in.this same department As a result -of a complete investigation of possible causes of this trouble, we found the partide shape of the talc used in the department was* different from regular as shown by comparison under the microscope and in photomicrographs. The talc causing irritation contained a high percentage of long needle-like `crystals and on comparison with, former lots from the same source arid with the original approval sample, this was, proved to be a- new type of talc supplied without obtaining approval. The talc in question was replaced with talc from the previous supplier and imme diately the skin irritation disappeared! The supplier of the'talc which gave the difficulty was removed from the approved list of raw materials. This is an example of how important technical control of materials is to the employee's health. Some twenty years ago organic accelera tors were unknown except for one material, aniline otL This took its place among inor ganic accelerators such as lime; litharge'and magnesia but was a serious health hazard in both' the raw material and mixing de partments. Here the very poisonous char acter of this chemical affected the workmen in cases where it"touched them, or when they breathed the air around mixing mills; they would become very rick and sometimes faint, their skin turning a bine-gray color. Today, as the result of scientific discover ies, rubber compounds are mixed from ac celerators that not\ only give marvelously superior results in the finished robber article . bnt are not poisonous in their effect on the workmen. This is an example of immense improvement in working conditions result ing from technical advances. The dangers of bums from hot molds, pipes and heaters, jets of hot water or steam, are ever present in the curing depart ments of a rubber goods factory, where high temperatures and pressures are necessary. Precautions taken include covering perma nent equipment with insulation, setting up guard rails and providing gloves and other articles of protective clothing as required for specific conditions. One function of the product qualify di vision has been discussed. An equally im portant function, that is perhaps less widely appreciated, is how controlled qualify of merchand antees its Only a -manufacti tire. safet considerat tire was 20 miles j Very soo major pre to tiie con The pu unfortuna eyes; he < hidden de know wh< , pendable at some < life or .th must dept article for In ever: manufacti products.: manufacti granted it lie; baddi antee, ma dependabh Motoris that they of a tire facturer. modern e tones, sd< stroments control n of a com] whose res article pro that the m high qualit safety.. The tea constant ' and minui operation, finest equi antee unit The sal we might . on how .v manufactu mobile tire rires df involved.. ' Rubber Section 637 merchandise during manufacture also guar^ which must beminutely controlled and that its safe performance .to the consumer. there are possibly 60 distinctly different de iy a few years ago the average tire -manufacturer had so many problems that tire safety foiled fo receive very serious consideration. As a. matter of fact, any fects-possible in a.finished tire, you realize the necessity for, and the amount of tech nical supervision involved in, an adequate control of quality. tire was a safe tire up to-.the time when For example, many defects and service 20 miles per hour ceased to be remarkable. troubles in tires can be traced directly or Very soon, however, tire safety became a indirectly to inaccuracies in compounding. mayor problem both to the manufacturer and ' Accuracy in compounding is a matter of to die consumer. *'' primary importance today, especially when The purchaser of 'a tire fortunately or unfortunately is not equipped with X-ray eyes; he cannot look inside, cannot see the hidden defects that it may contain, .cannot the use of extremely fast organic acceler ators, tends to produce a vast difference in any .relatively small variation in the com. pounding of a robber mixture. know whether what he thinks isa safe, de pendable piece of merchahd^vm^y fog at some crucial moment amd'^Bifafl^r bis Ufe or the lives of others. - .He^necessarily must depend on the manufacturer of-that article forthis protection. To safeguard safety and quality, main taining complete accuracy in the weighing of chemicals for compounding cannot be over emphasized. Each batch of. stock is made up in definite proportions as specified in adopted recipes, weighed carefully and checked care . In every line of business there are some fully before mixing. A sample from every manufacturers who in effect,.'raise their batch is. taken by a product quality man products above that of competition. Such and tested in the: laboratory. For example, manufacturers have their quality taken for a tread mix Sample is tested for specific granted in advance by the purchasing pub gravity, hardness, state of cure and plasticity. lic; hacking their products fay-faithful guar These results most meet definite specifica antee, making products that give safe and tions. Only fay tins rigid degree of control dependable service. _ can trouble be eliminated, quality maintained, Motorists have learned from experience and safety assured. that they cannot get more safe service out o Jfire than is built into it by die manufa^ -irer. The manufacturer of today with modern equipment, great research labora tories, scientifically designed controlling in struments and a rigid system of quality control maintained under the .,supervision of a completely experienced technical staff whose responsibility is the quality of the article produced, guarantees, to the. consumer that the merchandise he bays is of.uniformly high quality, and can be used with maximum safety.. The cord, fabric-that forms the carcass of the tire which can be compared perhaps to the bone structure of the human body is. of the- utmost importance. Cords must be of specified strength and elasticity or raptures and fatigue failures may occur and the resultant blow-outs are extremely haz ardous! However, good cord in itself is not . sufficient. These cords most be thoroughly insulated with robber of definite character istics to prevent .chafing and the building up of internal heat They must be fully bonded together with more rubber of entirely dif -The real 'basis of quality, and safety is ferent characteristics to prevent, separation constant watchfulness, sharp , surveillance in service. They must be incorporated in and minute control over each processing the tire at a predetermined angle to obtain operation.' Without this alertness even the the .highest strength efficiency. They must be finest equipment and material cannot guar securely Imchored to the .steel bead wires antee uniformly high qualify and safety. and reinforced with additional fabric strips The: safety of,, the consumer, therefore;' we might say, depends to a great- extent to prevent rim bruises, wire cutting and other Bead failures. on how well qualify is controlled during Again, a tire may be correctly com manufacture. This is especially true of auto pounded, accurately built and yet become mobile tires. When you consider that several defective due to faulty vulcanizing. To scores of different processing- steps are safeguard this all presses are equipped with involved.. in their manufacture, each of latest automatic instruments for ac- 658 28th National Safety Congress curately controlling time, temperatures and accessory for the car of today. The same pressures. Sufficient mercury, thermometers painstaking care in manufacture^ the same as well as recording thermometers are cor* high regard for quality, the same precau rectly placed and constantly checked to tions to assure the consumers1' safety is a assure the maintenance of correct tempera* major part of every piece of equipment that turcs. is manufactured into each car. Tires are Each of these'processing operations re* quires unusuai care/extreme accuracy com* bined with adequate" supervision.- and in* safe and automobiles are safe--if the per* son behind, the wheel and in control, co operates by thinking and driving safely! spection to assure quality and safety of the . product. } Quality control workinany manufacturing industry involves two major safety func In spite of the utmost care, defects, in tions. The first consideration is the safety workmanship and materials do occur in any of the employee, to see that , the operator manufactured article. These defects must is performing his job with the maximum be found before the article leaves the fac degree of safety to himself, that the mate tory. therefore, it is necessary to minutely rials he works with, his tools or machines inspect each article/diligently searching for have no apparent functional' defects^that and rejecting defective merchandise. These may be hazardous to safety. The-ieCbnd inspectors, well trained, are paid a bonus consideration," safeguarding the safety of for finding defects; however, as an added the consumer by seeing that each operation precaution, their workmanship in turn is is being performed correctly, bang con checked by product quality inspectors to stantly alert to insure the observance of assure accuracy and efficiency. specifications in order that uniformly: high The modem tire is only one important quality, safe merchandise is produced. Dusts in the Rubber Industry By P. A. DAVIS, M.D., FAuPJLA. Goodyear Tire ft Rubber Co., Akron, O. Dusts may be classified in two mam The method of-.contracting pneumonoco groups: ^ niosis is by inhalation of the dust; however, 1. Harmful; 2. Not harmful or nuisance. all dusts do not cause pneumonoconiosis. The higher the silica content of a dust the: When we think of this classification, we greater the possibility of developing a fibro undoubtedly think of some type of pneu- sis and the higher the percentage of crystal monoconiosis. However, I believe we must content the greater the irritation. The not base our -conception of. dusts on this diagnosis of the type of pneumonoconiosis is basis, but assume that all dusts, are'detri based upon the following: mental to the human system as a whole 1. Past history and occupation. when the concentrations are high enough. 2. Physical examination. Whether the disability is. due to a toxic condition or to a mechanical one, of course^ 3. Qinical examination of sputum. 4. X-rays of lungs. . depends entirely upon the nature of the dust The conditions usually referred to as* being of mechanical origin fall under that condition^known as pneumonoconiosis with its various sub-divisions of: . ' Since!we have been studying the lungs of industrial workers' -fay x-rays, there has de veloped an entity which should be termed die "Industrial Lung." This condition, I believe, should not be termed a pneumono 1. Silicosis. coniosis because it reaches a certain-stage, 2. Siderosis." does not progress any further and after 3. Anthracosis. several months, to a year improves. There 4. AsbestosU. are no symptoms nor decreased capacity of 5. Chalcosis. the lungs. It is discovered only by a series 6. Chalicosis. of x-rays taken over a period of years. r The oihi of soluble silica, and) wider a sp . poisoning inhalation throat irri of insolub: mechanical dusts as: pneumonoc : Some of I ;used in h classificatic Pneumonc !;j. Silicosis \ earth'; S l^n, rotten' ! V than # 2. Siderosi ip . ironSulj 3. Anthrac if 4. Asbesto: ore... ;;; 5. Chaleos Chalicos fNon-Pneui Harmful i t 1. Leaddi 1 2. Arscnit I 3. Cbromi t 4. Cadmiti 5. Antimc 6. Radiun 7. Alkali < & Sulpha 9. Teliurii 10.. Variou ultra si chroma Non-harmi nuisance d 1. Soapstor 2. Zinc oxi . 3.' Barium i f 4. Plaster c 5. Paris wl i 6. Talc, j 7. Mica--m 8. Oxide oi 9. Titanium As we a necessarily classificatioc |and I am < ,-one of our h; 'Rubber Section 639 r The other conditions causedby inhalations, silica, tfiereare-toany other conditions which of llublc dusts, insoluble, but free' from are produced in the respiratory tract which tii Jand metallic dusts have to be discussed are-harmful to the individual. ; under a specific condition; for examp!* lead poisoning is very frequently caused by the inhalation of lead dust"; and many nose'and throat irritations are caused by inhalation >f insoluble dusts whose action is strictly nechanicaf. We "therefore may also classify lusts as: 1. Pneumonoconiotic; 2. Nonmeumonoconiotic. The following are the most important materials used in the rubber industry which are ia the form of a dust or powder and to which the individual is exposed. They are marked by the following letters--H, harmful;. NH, not harmful; HT, harmful "and toxic; HP,^harmful and pneumonoco niotic.; NHN, not hannful but a nuisance Some of the. principal dusts on. materials dust; tsed in industry which fall under these testifications are asiollows: 1. Talc soapstone with SiOr-NHN. of \% or less Pneumonoconiotic s . 2. Starch.and potato flour--NHN. Silicosis (sandstone, slate flour, fuller's 3.Zinc oxide--NHN--see chest x-ray. \ earth'; Stoughton earth, infusional earth, 4. Lead oxide,, metallic lead dusts, lead rotten' stone, any other day with more chromate, and the various powdered lead than $4 <ot 1% siljca, groundglass).- compounds--HT. I Siderosis--iron ores,1 iron oxides (nat), 5. Carbon black--NHN. _ iron Sulphides (nat)., . 6. Rubber dust--finely- divided dust from ). Anthracosis--coal and carbon dusts. . buffing process--NHN. -. Asbestosis--powdered asbestos asbestos 7. Sulphur--H, sometimes Irritates nose ' ore. t " c' and throat and occasionally produces a >. Chalcosis--copper ore and copper dusts. dermatitis.. '. Chalicosis^-stone dusts. . & Whiting-NH. ion-Pneumonoconiotic 9. Barytes--NH. Harmful: 10. Asbestine--HP. 1. Lead dusts. 11. MgO, and MgCO--NH. 2. Arsenic dusts. " 12. Lithopone--NHN. 3. '"'hromitun dusts. ' 1 ; 13. Red lead-HT. 4. Jlmium'dusts. 14. High gradeclay--HP if over Yi of 5. Antimony dusts. 1% silica and dust count is over 5,000,000. 6. Radium compounds.., 7. Alkali dusts. 15. Corn starch--NHN. e ' *16. English vermilion--HT. 8. Sulphur dusts. 17. Graphite--NHN. 9.. Tellurium compounds. : . 18. Chromium oxide-^-HT. 9.. Various colorttl" compounds such as .19. Ultramarine blue--HT. ultta marine blue, Prussianblue, lead 20. Titanox--NT. : * chromate, etc - 21. Thermatonic blue--NTN. ton-harmfulbut uisance duata: 5 >;;> 22. Zinc 3tearate--NHN. 23. Aluminum--NHN, occasionally causes a mechanical dermatitis and irritation of . Soapstone with or less of free silica. mucous membranes of nose and throat . Zinc oxide and sulphide. 2 24. Hard-rubber dust--NHN. ' Barium sulphate. 25; Lime--H caustic. Produces dermatitis. Plaster oLparis. < 26. Various alkali dusts--H caustic. . Paris white--whiting. . 27. Various chromium and cadmium dusts . Talc. . --HT. Mica--may cause a mechanicarirritation. r 28. Mica--NH --sometimes causes me- Oxide of magnesia. chanicaldermatitis,' Titanium dioxide. 29. Yellow oxide (Fe0)f NHN. As we can see. by this classification we ; 30. Black oxide (Ferf>), NHN. scemrily musfcgo back to bur original 31. Gypsum--NHN.' unification of hannful, and not harmful; 32. Casein--NH. id I am convinced: that-while silicosis is 33. Wood flour--NH. te of our predominant conditions; due to 34. Prussian blue--HT. 640 28th National Safety Congress 35. Soap powder -- irritant NH. Some chronic bronchitis, post influenzal infections, times causes dermatitis. post pneumonic: conditions, asthmatics, and 36. Captax--NH. persons with. myocardial. involvements for 37. Phenyl--Bela Napthylame--HT, causes a dermatitis. 38. Soap bark--NH, sometimes causes a little coryza and conjunctivitis. 39. Cotton lint dust--NHN. 40. Bronze powder--HT--ac to copper and lead content 41. Zinc sulphide--NHN. 42. Sand--HP. dusty operations. % I have found that there is x-ray evidence of tuberculosis in about 2 per cent of the cases but only of 1 per cent active and of a permanent 'disability. Uncomplicated pneumonoconiosis of a moderate degree is not disabling to a point of permanent disa bility. 0 43. Various days having more than yZ I want to present to you a .case which of 1% of free silica--HP. I think is a rare one. This employee has 44. Antimony oxide--HT. never worked in any dust before his employ 45. Titanium oxide-r-NH.' ment on his present job. He has worked 46. Various inorganic and organic chem for \2yi years in zinc oxide dust and dur ical compounds in powdered form often ing our periodic examinations in 1938 the,, produce dusts during their use and manu x-ray picture proved very interesting. He! facturing. These must be considered in does not have a. definite pneumonoconiosis! dividually as-to their industrial hazard and but he shows evidence of glandular fibrosis. toxiSty and are not in the scope of this What will develop in a few more years .will paper. be: shown -by x-ray examination only. He 47. Wheat and potato flour--NHN. has no symptoms. If this man . had been The following procedure will be helpful, in solving your problem of dust. working in lead or similar toxic dusts, symptoms of that particular substance would have been present I. Make repeated dust counts of .the working area at various levels. ' 2. Obtain some of the dust and send it tb'-the laboratory for complete analysis in cluding the determination of free SiO* 3. Examine the workers, x-rays of the chest for those working in pneumonoconiotic dusts. 4. Check the ventilation and increase it to produce non-hazardous atmospheres. 5. Differentiate between conditions caused . by volatile' substances and solvents, and those caused by dusts. 6. Protect the workers with proper cloth ing and protective respirators and masks. 7- Study the particular dusts from the mechanical and chemical nature and if the effects are unknown, resort to animal experi mentation. The. dust counts on toxic dusts must be kept at a minimum, and much lower than that for silicotic dusts. In silicotic dusts the particles of 10 micron size or larger are of very little concern, but with toxic dusts the size of the particles is not so important as is the number of particles. The smaller tire particles of dust the less the rate of settling and the greater the time of exposure, and this is the important item in toxic dusts. For example, the permissible amount of lead dust is approximately 15 mgs. per day of eight hoars. There would -be very little chance of any one ever developing a pneu monoconiotic condition with this dust count, bat if it is increased very little there is a chance for lead poisoning, and so it is with the various toxic dusts. 8. If dusts are toxic and harmful consider The question in most of your minds is, the possibility of a substitution for a non- "What are. yon going to do about these harmful substance. conditions?" The answer is simple. - -You 9. Examine and x-ray all employees who are going to correct them.- It has been, are being placed on jobs where there is a proved many times that it. pays big financial dust hazard. They , should be examined returns, creates better working conditions, periodically. rand tire employees have, a more efficient and 10. Make each dust problem an individual appreciative attitude for the employer. one, and in case of silicotic dusts, keep the It is unnecessary for me to consider the counts below 5 M. per cu. ft, if tiie free methods of-.correcting the. dost problems, SiO* is more than 1%. for this is in the realm of- the ventilation II. Select employees free: from TB, engineer, but you must insist that the ven tilation t to acei at that p Yous! ployees : posed to is a scl few year Silicos eluding r Nonrsi toxic dn Toxic arsenic, dusts, at month. Nuisai x-rays o: If you better to the cm] causes' < such coo cooperat ing and states at dost an employe! to a poti i- , It is ii tion of E . As w moveme 'emphajK! responsi Anthoril (and by vision) the prei How i coiiclusi sume tb sons urn When must a< dents m Rubber Section 641 tilation be sufficient to reduce the dust count industry,, for the silicotic dusts alone would certain point and have it: maintained require a volume to do them justice, but I : hat point - v want you to.remember that there are just You should periodically examine your em ployees according tp the type of dusts ex posed to and as a suggestion the following as... many serious conditions which may de velop from the inhalation of . various toxic dusts. is a schedule which I have used for a These conditions are often more serious few years. than pneumonoconiosis and develop much Silicosis or silicotic dusts--six months in faster and in a shorter period of* time. For cluding x-rays. -instance; a person may develop a lead poison Nom-silicious and .non-silicotic or non- ing in two months from inhalation of lead toxic dusts--every year, with x-rays'? -- compounds and it might take five to ten Toxic dusts^--for example lead, chromium, arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, chemical years for a silicosis to develop in the same environment of silica dust. dusts, and alkali and caustic dusts--every There, sue on the market today many fine month. and <: efficient protective devices - such as Nuisance dusts--every 1 to V/i years^x-rays only if indicated! chemical protective masks, dust respirators, positive pressure masks, clothing and gloves which if used will give good results. If you find any evidence of .trouble it is better to correct die cause than to transfer, the employee elsewhere, for this often causes' dissatisfaction and suspicion. All such conditions can be controlled if there is cooperation between the medical, engineer^ ing and managing- departments. In most . Instruction to the employees by the super vision in regard to their personal habits, their instruction concerning the type of dust ' they .are exposed to, and why they have to use the protective appliances, will reduce the possibility: of any trouble to a minimum. states at present all condition? caused by All laboratory work must be done by a dust are compensable, so it behooves the technician who has been trained in the vari employer, to correct- bis working condition^ ous toxicological laboratory techniques and tp a point at .which there are no hazards. the interpretations must be made in con ' ` Conclusion junction with the past history of the in dividual. -May I say in conclusion that it I is impossible to give a detailed descrip- is much more profitable to correct a dusty v--/ of all the dusts used in the. rubber operation than to. declare it a hazard. ... ^ Training Supervision in Accident Prevention / By JOHN J. LOGE ; C Employment Manager, The General Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio . As we scan the history of the, safety must be prepared to state a few reasons, movement, we find that a great deal tof' We ask a'foreman for a report following; 'emphasisjteas been placed on the foreman's an accident, and he has a right to a clear responsibility in accident prevention work, understanding as'to the' reason why he is Authorities seem to agree that foremen- 'called.upon to explain when one of. his (and by foremen is. meant direct .super- .- workers is injured _ There is nothing vision) are very, largely responsible for. mysterious about the placing of respon se prevention of accidents fiTindustry.. ' sibllfty for accidents. It isn't the case of How do these authorities arrive at their management imposing a burden upon conclusions? Why must the fpremen as- supervision that should belong elsewhere, sume the responsibilitylor injuries to per- As soon as a person is placed in a supersom under them supervision?, , a visory capacity, a position where he has When we tell our Supervisors that they charge of the work, of others, he becomes must accept the responsibility for- acci- , directly responsible for their conduct and dents occurring in.their departments; we ' . 642 . 28th National Safety Congress performance while on the job. This is a grave responsibility. If I were to ask this group what are the duties and functions of the foreman, I would receive many different answers, probably all correct I would be told ihat the foreman is a handler of men, a psy chologist, a mechanic and a. leader, a sales man, cost man, planner, production man, waste eliminator, a representative-of man agement There are many more. For practical reasons, this list can be boiled down to two general terms--teacher and observer. All the dntiesof foremen can be grouped under these headings. As a teacher, a. foreman must train all the employees un der his charge.' To make them effective, he must convey to them his own experience and knowledge about the job. As an observer, he is ever alert to check up on the performance of bischarges to see that the results of his training efforts are being carried out. Here we have the answer why foremen are responsible for accidents and why their place in accident prevention work is of utmost importance. We are told that the prevention of acci dents is accomplished mainly by mechan ical safeguards and by educating the workers; and the educational phase of prevention is considered the most impor tant. Some authorities state that 85 per cent of all accidents can be prevented if workers are properly trained. Now we see why foremen must shoulder the re sponsibility of accidents in industry! However, what part is played by man agement in the scheme of accident preven tion work? It is the duty of management to provide supervision with the proper facilities to enable them to carry out a safety program. Accident prevention should receive the same continuous atten tion as is given to such'other matters as costs, quality, production, waste elimina tion, etc. What.can management do to equip the foreman and stimulate him, so as to make prevention of accidents a vital part of his activity? This is'Where the safety man comes into the picture. The safety engineer's relationship to the foreman is the same as the foreman'sworker relationship, that is, he becomes the teacher and observer. Now the real way to develop a man is to give him a broader vision and to place within his reach the means of Obtaining that objective. The safety engineer must furnish all the factual material pertaining to the three "E's" of safety. For instance, every foreman should have access to channels of information in the engineering field. They should be familiar with all code requirements affect ing .the machinery and equipment inctheir departments. Regular reports should be furnished the supervision of the accident records of their own departments, with the severity and frequency rates of other departments and other plants to enable them to make comparisons. All safety literature that is available to the safety department should be circulated among supervision.. By these means the foreman will learn the accident prevention ideas used by others and will keep, informed as to how safety problems are solved in other plants. Various other schemes can be used to disseminate safety information to super visors. We are all familiar with the methods that have been used successfully to stimulate activity, such as meetings and. . conferences for the discussion of safety matters. Safety committees can be established whose personnel will consist of members of the supervisory force, and whose function it will be to make regular inspections of individual departments or the entire plant. Safety contests have a definite value in stimulating .foremen as well as workers to greater effort for bet ter accident records. Application of all these suggested methods has proved suc cessful in preventing accidents ever since the inception of the safety movement. ; After supervision receives ail possible assistance from management through the safety engineer; they become better quali fied to assume responsibility for eliminat ing accidents. Now we come back to the foreman, the trainer of men. It now becomes' his duty to convey the knowledge and experience he possesses to the worker oh the job. It is his job to train the worker to avoid the pitfalls which are the causes of acci dents and result in bodily injuries. He must be constantly on the alert and super vise and inspect men, machines, materials, operations, tools and safety'devices. As a leader an constant!; nesses an comes on Like e relations! complical taught tli . operation begun.task, but age work , limitation stimulate character they Dos; > leaders. Three, successfu 1st--Ti 2nd----C 3rd--S! Forenu sess thea ordinary possess t handle th upon to . that the do but'h< edge, an< meets hi personal I. atten cently, al was mad* the entin the indiv After agreed b; which w< was at 1 places fc first rani say. that safety ca tact betv foremen, and the i The sc Logo's pa Safety D her Cbm Rubber Section 643 leader and skilled handler of then, he must would check the accident records of vari- . c tantly observe, .their human weak- ' ous foremen in our plants, we would find n is and lapses. The whole problem be that "the' most; favorable results are ob comes one of maintaining discipline.. tained by . foremen who. make the most Like every problem involving human personal, contacts with individual workers relationships, this one becomes extremely and make them effectively. complicated. After, the foreman has Isn't it possible then that a common taught the individual how to .perform an procedure for foreman-workman contacts operation, the training period has. merely should be developed for the guidance of tegun.- Training is "never a completed - . foremen? Recently there came to my at task, but a {continuous program. The aver tention a foreman-workman contact an age worker is a person who; because of his alysis which impressed me as filling a defi limitations and human weaknesses needs nite need. Thisanalysis was broken down stimulation and inspiration from a stronger ' into twelve steps to be taken by the fore character. Foremen are chosen because man when contacting individual em they possess qualities which make them ployees, as follows: leaders. Three, fundamental qualifications of'a Foreman-Workman Contact"Analysis: successftil foreman are:. Supervisor 1st--Technical and job knowledge. ' 2nd--Good judgment. 3rd--Skill in handling men. ;J. Greeting 2. Create atmosphere . 3. Observe progress of job Foremen are selected because they pos sess these qualities in a higher degree than 4. Observe for job difficulties 5. Decide what action is necessary ordinary workers. Foremen, I believe, possess the knowledge and experience to . Skilled Handler of Men handle the many problems they are called 6. Take a definite step into the thinking upon to solve. I think it is safe to say ... and planning circle which belongs to that the average foreman knows.what to this individual workman do but'he often fails to apply his knowl 7. Decide what ideas must be presented, edge, and he foils at the point where he (a) Whether, new instruction r \ his worker; in other words--the (b) Whether /repetitive instruction pt.^onal contact. (c) Whether corrective instruction I. attended a foremen's conference re 8.'Plan the presentation. cently, at-which the following statement . 9. Execute the plan was made: "The successful termination of the entire foreman's job revolves around the individual contact with his worker." After considerable discussion,, if was agreed by. the group, all the members of Supervisor 10. Create atmosphere . 11. Summarize contact. .12. Plan next contact which were foremen, that this statement, It is my suggestion that if more con-. was at least 80 per cent correct. This sideration is given to personal contacts by * places foreman-workman, contacts in the supervision; and safety injected into these first rank of importance. Isn't it safe to personal cdntacts at every opportunity; say-that the best results in training for . the'results obtained would be surprising, safety can be obtained by personal con not only in^better accident records,-but tact' between safety man and individual ,jn better understanding between workers foremen, and then ^between the foreman and supervisors, which is another way of and the individual worker? I think if we - jiaying employee and employer. General Discussion The scheduled discussion ` following Mr. short time available, Mr. Spanton limited Loge's paper was led by William Spanton, his discussion to a few points only. He Safety'1 Director, The'American Hand *Rub- ; asked'the assembled delegates if they thought ber Company, Akron, O. . Owing to the the suggestion made by Mr. Loge regarding o 644 28th National Safety Congress analysis should be generally approved, and received an affirmative answer. The showing of hands was practically unanimous. His own opinion was that it was a very good basis upon which to formulate, discussion. and-that it would be to the advantage of everyone to consider it from that point of view, not only in consideration of safety factors but in every.condition with which, tiie foreman has to deal. ADJOURNMENT General ( ; Viee-Cho Secretory Co., Ch Program Members Statistics Contest ( Poster C Chicag Safe Prt road, S Nominal Neb. . Health C i The o delegates Hairy, i Chicago Exe There take a'h interest partly fr terest in vironmei - men wla and who is from it is one lution o: whether all, I kn and who portion *