Document DGRzBDXOZ3xxq8j5mxr1V15Y4
FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 1945 Apr 15
DOC BRK197
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Industrial Hygiene Manual - Air Technical
Service Command
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INDUSTRIAL TOXIC AGENTS
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CHEMICAL FORMULA AND SYNONYMS
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PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES
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The
U.S. Army Air FFoorrcceess of the Surgeon
|
HEADQUARTERS SERVICE AIR TECHNICAL WRIGHT FIELD DAYTON OHIO '
COMMAND
WF- JAN 48 200
ij NO 25-0-2
AMC MANUAL
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15 April 1945 Copyright
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FOREWORD
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1. Purpose and Scope This manual supplement is applicable to Medical Corps
by
officers Medical Service Corps officers and enlisted personnel engaged in the control
Medic ne of occupational diseases and will be used as a training aid for all industrial hygiene
activities and tactical units within the AMC of
Library 2. General The contents of this manual describe toxic agents suggested control
measures and health hazards and include pictures of processes
National 3. Responsibility The office of the Surgeon Hq AMC is responsible for the prep-
aration and revision of this manual
the
of
4. Initial Distribution Initial distribution of this manual will be accomplished by
colection the office of the Surgeon Hq AMC
as
5. Additional Copies Requests for additional copies of this manual should be
submitted on AAF Form No. 104B through channels to the Commanding Officer
the
AF Technical Base Wright Field Dayton Ohio attn World Publications
from
copied Distribution Section TSWPD BY COMMAND OF GENERAL MCNARNEY was page J. F. MCCLENDON Colonel USAF
;
Adjutant General
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OFFICIAL
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material J. F.MCCLENDON
Colonel USAF
Adjutant General
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INDUSTRIAL
AMC MANUAL
NO 25-0-2
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HEADQUARTERS AIR MATERIEL COMMAND
WRIGHT FIELD DAYTON OHIO
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AMC MANUAL No. 25-0-2
Table of Contents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Section
I. II III IV
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The
SILICOSIS AND SIMILAR DUST DISEASES
The pneumoconioses represent a class or type of diseases of the lungs which develop slowly as a result of occupational exposure The term pneumoconiosis may be applied to any pathological condition of the lung
the inhalation of dusts It is common further to classify pneumoconiosis according to the chief conpstriotduuenctesdobfythe dust producing the condition for example silicosis produced by silica asbestiosis produced by asbestos siderosis produced by iron anthracosis produced by carbon particles etc. Since silicosis is the most
and control measures effective in preventing silicosis are applicable in the prevention of other forms iofmpponretuamntoconiosis this discussion will be limited chiefly to reporting the cause and prevention of Silicosis
Silicosis A disease due to breathing air containing silica SiO2 characterized anatomically by generDaelfiizneidtifoinbrootfic changes and the development of miliary nudulation in both lungs and clinically by shortness of breath decreased chest expansion lessened capacity for work absence of fever increased susceptibility to
tuberculosis some or all of which symptoms may be present and by characteristic ray findings
A. Principal Properties 1. It occurs in two forms free and combined The free silicas as a group are definite compounds in the
form of SiO The combined forms are silicates Of the free silicas which occur in nature quartz is the
most common Quartz is a hard mineral and chemically resistant to reagents Other forms of free silica are Opal SiO2H2O amorphous hydrated form tridymite cristobalite and siliceous glass or
vitreous silica
B. Principal Industrial Uses
6
1. Owing to the fact that the earth's crust contains so great an amount of silica it is obvious that those occupations concerned with the driving of tunnels development of highways and mining are frequently associated with a silicosis hazard Those industries that have to do with the processing and industrial use
of mineral products such as the smelting and refining of ores the use of sand and gravel for structural purposes the carving of stone particularly granite the manufacture and use of certain abrasives and the processing of the various forms of free silica expose workers to this hazard
C. Pulmonary Effects
1. Modes of entry
a Inhalation of free silica particles 10 microns and less in size
2. Symptoms a The subjective and objective signs of silicosis vary according to the rate of development and degree of
pulmonary fibrosis and when infection is present according to the type extent and duration of the
complicating pulmonary infection From a medical point of view there is no sharp line of demarcation as to stages of silicosis However by means of a description by stages the progressive nature of
the disease may be better illustrated
b First Stage Chest film indicates early nodular fibrosis the individual may or may not exhibit such clinical evidence as slight shortness of breath upon exertion and some cough The general appearance
is that of a healthy individual and there is no appreciable decrease in capacity to perform usual duties c Second Stage More advanced nodulation is shown by ray and there may be some evidence of
localized aggregation of nodules and pleural thickening Definite shortness of breath upon exertion cough more pronounced chest movements sluggish and expansion usually decreased The individual
may be able to continue at his usual job although less effectively d Third Stage Fibrous changes as shown by ray film are further accentuated Nodules are larger
and assume conglomerate form showing large shadows corresponding to areas of dense fibrosis Shortness of breath is marked and distressing upon slight exertion Cough is increased and may be
dry but is usually productive Chest expansion is decreased even upon forced inspiration The indi-
; vidual's capacity for work is seriously and permanently injured
e The diagnosis is based upon historical data including the complete occupational history past and
medical history clinical laboratory and ray findings Except by autopsy silicosis cannot be
present
characteristic shadows of both lung fields Other
diagnosed definitely until ray examination reveals
evidence of complicating pulmonary disease should be included in the diagnosis
- 82 82
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Predisposing Causes
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a Age and geographical in itself is no great factor b Previous exposure seems to have a definite influence in predisposing to silicosis
c Role of Infection Infection developing along the respiratory tract may be of importance Acute pneumonic conditions as well as the more chronic lung changes such as chronic bronchitis bronchiectasis bronchiolectasis emphysema asthma and pleurisy all tend to decrease the ability of the lung to rid itself of foreign materials through lessened lymphatic drainage and decreased power to force the bronchial secretions and foreign matter from the lungs
Pathology a Tissue reaction to dust It has been shown that silica in solution or crystalline form exerts
a toxic action upon the tissues which leads to the proliferation of fibreblastic cells while other dusts have been either completely absorbed leaving no scar tissue or have remained unaltered in the form in which they were injected
Size of Dust Particles Since dust to exert its harmful action must enter the finer divisions of
the lung the particle size of the atmospheric dust bears a definite relationship to the injurious effect produced The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them The natural defenses of the respiratory tract probably prevent many particles larger than 10 microns from ever reaching the finer divisions of the lung and such as do are likely to be expelled with the bronchial secretions The soluble silica plays a definite part in the production of the disease and the size of the particle also affects the rate of solution due to the fact that the smaller the particles the greater the total surface area exposed to the action of solvents
Prognosis
a In the main the prospects for recovery for cases of Silicosis are not favorable Even when removed
from dust exposure the disease often tends to progress and to be complicated with tuberculosis If the individual can be removed from his dusty occupation before serious damage to the lungs has occurred his chances of maintaining his working capacity are fair
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a In an investigation of the granite cutting plants conducted by the U. S. Public Health Service
most of the workers were found to be exposed to an averagge of about 60,000,000 particles of dust
the
from less than 10 microns in the greatest diameter per cu ft of air The dust contained % silica
of which about % was in the form of quartz or free silica Under such conditions there was an
almost universal occurrence of silicosis among those exposed twenty years or longer and a large
proportion of workers developed pulmonary tuberculosis It was found in this investigation that
copied
little or no evidence of lung injury could be observed in workers exposed to a concentration of
was
between 9,000,000 and 20,000,000 particles so that this report suggests in broad limits a tentative
concentration of air dustiness which can be tolerated over a period of years without serious conse-
page
quence Obviously such an estimated limit would be valueless where conditions are dissimilar
this
Most accepted permissible limit is 5 million particles per cu ft size range 5 to 10 microns
on
While obviously dust containing % silica is more harmful than dust containing % it is not
material certain that the relative harmfulness is one of strict arithmetical proportion Another value of
dust counts lies in their use as a measuring rule to indicate the relative efficiency of devices and the
method adopted to suppress dust within an industry
The
D. Sanitary Corps Officer
1. Measures for control of dust hazard
2. Maintenance of existing control measures 3. Supervision of protective devices for workers exposed to dust hazard
E. Medical Control
|
1. employment placement examination should include ray of lungs All persons who have chronic
infections of the upper respiratory tract should not be exposed to dusty occupations
2. Periodic Examinations
a A yearly complete physical examination which should include ray of lungs
- 83
F. Suggested Silica Periodic Check 1. Name Address Age Race Sex Department Age Began Work and Number of Years Worked
2. Present
a Specific Occupation b Specific Industry
c Number Years In
1 Dust 2 Dust
3. Past
a Specific Occupation b Specific Industry
c Number Years In
1 Dust 2 Dust
4. Past Illness
5. Present Illness
a Cough
b Shortness of Breath
c Fatigue
d Others
6. Physical Examination
7. Laboratory
8. Ray
9. Remarks
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SELECTED REFERENCES
Riley and Dallavolle Public Health Reports vol 54 No. 3 3 March 1939 pp 352-359
of A Study of Quartz Fusing Fusing opoperatioens rations with ssppecialecial Reference to
the Measurement and Control of Silico Fumes
Sayers and Jones Public Health Reports vol 53 No. 33 19 August 1928 pp 1453-1472
Silicosis and Metropolitan
Similar Dust Diseases
Industrial
Life Insurance Co. Industrial
Health
Section
Section
Silicosis
Silicosis
84
Sections XVII
AMC MANUAL No. 25-0-2
HEALTH HAZARDS
Dermatitis may be caused by carbon tetrachloride petroleum distillate gasoline
and petroleum naphtha benzol toluene acetone amyl acetate lead ethyl alcohol butyl alcohol ethyl acetate butyl acetate turpentine caustic cleaners oils and
greases
1. CARBON TETRACHLORID -E in sufficient concentration may cause an acute
narcosis Most common effect is chronic poisoning which injures primarily the
kidneys and liver 2. PETROLEUM DISTILLATES gasoline and petroleum naphtha produce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually asso-
ciated with nervous symptoms
3. BENZENE benzol a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of aplastic anemia This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure The acute type of poisoning produces inebriation 4. TOLUENE in sufficient concentration has a narcotic action May produce
death Toluene is methyl benzene
5. ACETONE are no cases of poisoning reported in man Experimentally
on animals has an acute narcotic effect
6. ACETATE amyl butyl and Slight possibility of causing irritation of eyes and respiratory passages and mildly anesthetic There are no fatal poisoning
cases reported in man
7. ALCOHOL butyl produce blood changes with renal and hepatic degen-
ae eration if inhaled over a long period of time
:
8. TURPENTINE of heavy fumes causes symptoms of a mild anesthetic
poison It is excreted by the kidneys and nephritis is not an uncommon result of long
exposure to turpentine fumes
j
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9. CAUSTIC CLEANER produce dermatitis and conjunctivitis along with
b
caustic effect
10. OILS AND GREASES damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con-
to trolled by proper corrective measures
SECTION XVII MOTOR VEHICLE AND MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR
PROCESS of gasoline motors and related equipment
TOXIC AGENTS
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES
1. Carbon monoxide 2. Gasoline 3. Lead 4. Asbestos 5. Oils and greases
1. Local exhaust ventilation
2. Protective clothing gloves aprons 3. Approved air line respirators
for continued exposure or approvedtype toxic dust respirator for intermittent exposures to dusty
operations 4. Protective hand creams
5. Strict personal hygiene
HEALTH HAZARDS
Dermatitis may be caused by petroleum distillate gasoline and petroleum naphtha
oils and greases
1. CARBON MONOXIDE in sufficient concentration will produce anoxemia causing unconsciousness and death
la
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AMC MANUAL No. 25-0-2
Section XVII
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2. GASOLINE produce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic
U.S. type of poisoning usually associated with nervous symptoms
3. LEAD May produce any of the symptoms and signs of plumbism
4. ASBESTOS prolonged exposure may produce asbestosis
CopyrightCopyright
5. OILS AND GREASES damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con-
trolled by proper corrective measures
25