Document DGNvqyKkj2Mg8qa4JDJpw5zNQ

Talc and P yrophyllite B y Robert L. Virta ^U U N T fF ?^ EXHIBIT CAM-297 Mr. Virta, a physical scientist with 15 years of U.S. Bureau of Mines experience, has been the commodity specialist for talc and pyrophyllite since 1986. Domestic survey data were prepared by Linder Roberts, mineral data assistant; and international data tables were prepared by William Zajac, Chief, Section, International Data. D omestic production of talc and pyrophyllite increased slightly from that of 1989 to 1,267,167 metric tons. Sales ANNUAL REVIEW Legislation and Government of crude and processed talc dePcrroegasraedms 4% to 1,021,004 tons in tonnage and The Occupational Safety and Health decreased 3% in value. Sales of pyro Administration (OSHA) extended an phyllite increased slightly. Imports for administrative stay on its 1986 regula consumption decreased 17% in ton tion governing worker exposure to the August 31, 1991. During the stay, OSHA continued to analyze the impact of using the asbestos standard to regu late the nonasbestiform varieties of the minerals. An exposure limit of two fibers per cubic centimeter will remain in effect during the stay.1 The Mine Safety and Health Admin istration (MSHA) continued to review nage to 65,099 tons and decreased 9% nonasbestiform varieties of actinolite, its proposed revisions to its air quality, in value to $11,056,000. Exports de anthophyllite, and tremolite through chemical substances, and respiratory pro- creased 25% in tonnage to 238,000 tons and increased 14% in value to $32,909,000. During the past 10 years, talc and pyrophyllite production aver aged 1,075,000 tons; sales, 972,000 TABLE 1 SALIENT TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE STATISTICS tons; domestic consumption, 948,000 (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) tons; exports, 242,000 tons; and im ports, 49,000 tons. The major use for talc was in ceramics, which accounted for 28% of the domestic consumption, followed by paint, 18%; paper, 17%; roofing, 11%; plastics, 6%; and other, 20%. The major use for pyrophyllite was in ceramics, followed by refracto ries, insecticides, paint, plastics, and rubber. United States: Mine production, crude: Talc Pyrophyllite Total1 Value: Talc Pyrophyllite 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1,106 75 1,181 1,080 83 1,163 $29,687 $1,540 $27,265 $1,607 1,136 97 1,234 $29,364 $1,820 1,172 81 1,253 $27,731 W 1,185 82 1,267 $31,068 W Total $31,227 $28,872 $31,185 2$27,731 2$31,068 DOMESTIC DATA COVERAGE Sold by producers, crude and processed: Talc Pyrophyllite 971 975 75 82 940 1,065 1,021 93 79 80 Total1 1,046 1,057 1,033 1,145 1,101 Domestic production and sales data for talc and pyrophyllite are developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines from a voluntary survey of U.S. mines and mills. Survey forms were sent to 18 companies that operated 52 mines and mills. Seventeen companies that ac count for approximately 99% of the domestic production responded to the survey. Production data for the nonre spondent were estimated from reported prior-year production levels adjusted by trends in employment and other guidelines. Value: Talc Pyrophyllite Total1 Exports3 (talc) Value $111,924 $3,366 $115,290 212 $16,302 $113,394 $3,712 $117,107 255 $19,607 r$ l15,899 $4,164 $120,063 260 $21,391 $114,453 W 2$114,453 319 $28,949 $110,585 w 2$110,585 238 $32,909 Imports for consumption (talc) 47 48 79 78 65 Value Apparent consumption4 World: Production $8,715 1,016 r7,755 $10,348 956 r7,799 $12,268 1,054 r7,956 $12,128 1,012 r8,271 $11,056 1,054 e8,251 cEstimated. r Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. 1Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 2Does not include value for pyrophyllite. 3Excludes powders--talcum (in package), face, and compact. 4Production, plus imports, minus exports, plus adjustments in Government and industry stock. Does not include imported pyrophyllite. TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE--1990 1141 tection standards. The proposed permis sible 8-hour time weighted average expo sure limit is 2.5 milligrams per cubic meter for talc (containing no asbestos), 3 milligrams per cubic meter for respirable soapstone, and 6 milligrams per cubic meter for total soapstone dust. The nonasbestiform varieties of tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite would be covered under the proposed respirable mine dust standard.2 MSHA issued a proposed rule that would create a hazard communication standard. Mine operators would be re quired to provide information to their employees concerning any hazards that chemicals, including talc, produced or used on the premises through labeling, material safety data sheets, and em ployee training.3 Issues The health risk posed by nonasbesti form varieties of tremolite, anthophyl lite, and actinolite continued to be a concern for a portion of the talc indus try. OSHA is evaluating whether to regulate the nonasbestiform amphib oles as asbestos, regulate nonasbesti form amphiboles under a separate stan dard, or not to regulate nonasbestiform amphiboles. Production Title.--Thirteen companies operating 22 mines in 10 States produced talc, soapstone, and steatite. These companies generally were structured to cover all aspects of talc mining, from mining to processing. Only a few companies hired custom grinders to mill the ore. The largest of the domestic producers were Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co. Inc., Dal Minerals, Gouverneur Talc Co., Mon tana Talc Co., and Pfizer Inc. The major producing deposits were in Montana, New York, Texas, and Vermont. Commercial talc production was from deposits that were formed through hy drothermal alteration of ultrabasic rocks and low-grade metamorphism of sili ceous dolomites. They generally occur as lenses or pods in the country rock. Mag nesite, quartz, chlorite, magnetite, ser pentine, anthophyllite, tremolite, dolo mite, and actinolite may be present as accessory minerals. Most of the domestic talc production was from open pit mining operations. Underground mining was used only 1142 when a large waste rock to ore ratio made open pit mining uneconomical. Typically, overburden was removed, and blasting was used to fracture the ore. The companies then used selective mining and manual or automated sort ing to produce a high-grade feed for the mill. Jaw crushers were used to reduce the size of the mill feed, and ball mills or roller mills were used to produce the final product. Fluid-energy mills or pulverizing mills were used for ultrafine grinding of the talc ore. In a few in stances, the ore was calcined prior to milling to increase its whiteness. Flotation processes were used when the desired product purity was not ob tained by using conventional processing. The milled ore was chemically treated, passed through rougher and cleaner cells to separate the talc from the gangue material, dried in a flash dryer, and ground in a pulverizer. Ore composition, reagent type, pulp density, pH of the flotation system, and residence time in the flotation circuits determined flota tion efficiency. Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co. an nounced that it would close its Hammondsville mine. The decision to close the underground mine, which has op erated for about 40 years, was made for safety and economic reasons.4 U.S. mine production of crude talc increased slightly in tonnage and 12% in value. Mines that operated in Mon tana, New York, Texas, and Vermont accounted for 96% of domestic talc production. Montana led all States in the tonnage and value of talc produced. Pyrophyllite.--Pyrophyllite was pro duced by three companies operating four mines in two States. Production was from hydrothermally altered volca nic deposits of acidic composition. The deposits consisted of pyrophyllite with sericite, andalusite, and/or quartz as accessory minerals. After removing the overburden, the ore was either stripped using dozers and scrapers or extracted using conventional open pit mining techniques. The ore was dried, and then jaw crushers and gyratory crushers were used to reduce the size of the mill feed. Ball, pebble, or roller mills were used to produce the final product. U.S. mine production of crude pyro phyllite increased slightly in tonnage. North Carolina accounted for most of the domestic production. Consumption and Uses Talc.--Talc was used in a wide vari ety of products because of its softness (1 on the Mohs scale), purity, fragrance retention, whiteness, luster, moisture content, oil and grease adsorption, chemical inertness, low electrical con ductivity, high dielectric strength, and high thermal conductivity. These prop erties were not universal to all talcose materials because of differences in their mineralogical composition and particle shape. Mineral content was extremely important because it determined the end use for the material. Generally, only two or three of these properties were critical for any one application. Talc was used as a filler in polypropy lene compounds. It served to improve the modulus and impact strengths of the product, improve the stability of the TABLE 2 CRUDE TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATE (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) State Georgia (talc) Montana (talc) Texas (talc) O th e r 12 Total23 Quantity 26 454 242 528 1,253 1989 Value W 12,717 4,564 10,338 27,731 Quantity W 474 250 543 1,267 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Other." 1Includes Alabama, Arkansas, California, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, and Virginia. 2Does not include value for pyrophyllite. 3Data may not add to totals because of independent rounding. 1990 Value W 18,883 4,844 7,342 31,068 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE--1990 product under ultraviolet light, and re duce the price of the final product. Prod ucts had higher modulus and impact strengths, higher deflection temperatures under load, and lower coefficient of thermal expansion when finely ground talc was used with high crystallinity polypropylene.5 Domestic producers reported that overall sales (including direct exports) declined 4% in tonnage to 1,021,004 tons and 3% in value to $110,584,808 in 1990. The major consumer of talc was the construction industry, with ap plications in ceramic tiles and sanitary ware, joint compounds, paint, plastics, and roofing. The end-use distribution was ceramics, 28%; paint, 18%; paper, 16%; roofing, 11%; plastics, 6%; cos metics, 4%; and insecticides, refracto ries, rubber, and other, 17%. The great est decrease in demand was in ceramics, cosmetics, and plastics applications. Some decline was expected due to a sluggish U.S. economy, but it is doubt ful that the entire decrease can be at tributed to a sluggish economy. It is likely that some sales to the ceramic, cosmetic, and plastic industries were reported under the "Other" category, which increased in 1990. More than 90% of the companies responded to the end-use portion of the 1990 annual survey, representing approximately 95% of the data in table 3. PyrophylUte.--Pyrophyllite, being dif ferent in composition from talc, did not have the same applications as talc. Prop erties such as softness (1 to 2 on the Mohs scale), whiteness, chemical inert ness, high melting point, low electrical conductivity, and high dielectric strength made pyrophyllitic materials useful for ceramics and refractories. U.S. consumption of pyrophyllite in creased slightly in tonnage in 1989. The largest portion of domestically pro duced ground pyrophyllite was used in ceramics, followed by refractories, in secticides, paint, plastics, and rubber. The end-use distribution did not change significantly from previous years. Markets and Prices Talc prices varied depending on the quality and on the degree and method of processing. The unit value of crude talc was $25 per ton. The average unit value of processed talc was $108 per ton. The average unit values of crude TABLE 3 END USES FOR GROUND TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE (Thousand metric tons) Use Ceramics 1989 1990 Talc Pyrophyllite Total* Talc Pyrophyllite Total* 308 70 377 235 w 235 Cosmetics2 Insecticides Paint 50 -- 143 -- 11 -- 50 36 -- 36 11 6 w 6 143 155 w 155 Paper Plastics Refractories 138 97 1 5 1 21 143 143 -- 143 98 48 w 48 21 3 w 3 Roofing Rubber Other4 97 20 100 -- ( 3) 10 97 94 -- 94 21 20 w 20 109 109 w 109 Total1 953 5117 31,070 849 3100 5849 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. 1Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 2Incomplete data. Some cosmetic talc known to be included in "Other." 3Less than 1/2 unit. 4Includes art sculpture, asphalt filler and coatings, crayons, floor tile, foundry facings, rice polishing, stucco, and other uses not specified. 5Includes imported pyrophyllite. and processed pyrophyllite were higher in 1990 than in 1989. Unit values for imported crude and ground talc ranged from $33 per ton to $410 per ton for quantities greater than 100 tons. The average unit value for all imported talc was $170 per ton. Unit values for ex ported talc ranged from $16 per ton to $1,576 per ton for quantities greater than 100 tons and averaged $138 per ton for all exports. Prices, quoted by the American Paint & Coatings Journal, December 26,1990, in U.S. dollars per metric ton for paintgrade talc in carload lots ranged from $99 to $243. Approximate equivalents, in dollars per metric ton, of price ranges quoted in Industrial Minerals (London), December 1990, for talc, c.i.f. main Eu ropean ports, ranged from $165 to $336. Foreign Trade Talc exports decreased 25% in ton nage and increased 14% in value. Mex ico remained the largest importer of talc, followed by Canada, Japan, and Belgium-Luxembourg. Talc imports decreased 17% in tonnage and 9% in value. Australia and Canada provided 82% of all talc imports. World Review The United States remained the world's largest talc producer, and Japan remained the largest pyrophyllite pro ducer. China, Japan, and the United States accounted for 43% of the world's talc and pyrophyllite production. The production and consumption of TABLE 4 PRICE OF TALC (U.S. dollars per metric tons) Canada: Fine micron, Hegman No. 6 Montana: Ultrafine grind, Hegman No. 6 New York: Nonfibrous, bags, mill: 98Vo through 325 mesh 99.6Vo through 325 mesh TVace retained on 325 mesh Norwegian: Ground (ex store) Micronized (ex store) French, fine-ground Italian, cosmetic-grade Chinese, normal (ex store): UK 200 mesh Uk 325 mesh New York, paint, minimum 20-ton lot 226 243 99 115 182 168-185 221-309 212-336 309 254 265 165 Sources: American Paint & Coatings Journal, Dec 26, 1990, Industrial Minerals (London), Dec. 1990. TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE--1990 1143 TABLE 5 U.S. EXPORTS OF TALC1 (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) BelgiumYear Luxembourg Canada2 Quantity Value Quantity Value 1986 14 1,273 54 4,411 1987 27 2,482 55 5,000 1988 27 3,942 62 5,079 1989 30 4,766 81 5,614 1990 45 6,109 43 6,995 eEstimated. 1Excludes powders--talcum (in package), face, and compact. 2Probably includes shipments in transit through Canadian ports. 3Includes 59 countries in 1990. 4Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. Source: Bureau of the Census. Japan Quantity 20 24 30 35 31 Value 1,707 2,405 3,849 4,710 4,233 Mexico Quantity 102 101 97 107 e82 Value 4,464 4,182 3,225 6,601 e8,006 Other3 Quantity 24 47 44 65 37 Value 4,447 5,538 5,296 7,258 7,566 Total4 Quantity 212 255 260 319 238 Value 16,302 19,607 21,391 28,949 32,909 TABLE 6 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF TALC, BY COUNTRY Country Not crushed or powdered Quantity (metric tons) Value (thou sands) Crushed or powdered Quantity (metric tons) Value (thou sands) 1988: 31,988 $2,617 46,221 $7,679 1989: Australia 6,999 500 6,001 540 Brazil -- -- 228 40 Canada 116 35 46,559 6,808 China 5,080 366 576 157 Italy -- -- 2,647 630 Korea, Republic of 137 26 1,233 209 Other2 4,084 533 2,871 881 Total1 16,416 1,460 60,115 9,265 1990: Australia 5,449 554 7,014 373 Brazil 37 17 190 30 Canada 76 12 39,665 5,880 China 6,364 486 58 7 Italy 2,625 677 7 6 Korea, Republic of 527 122 Other3 102 19 1,141 1,015 Total1 16,652 1,765 48,602 7,432 NA Not available. 1Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 2Includes 19 countries. 3Includes 24 countries. Source: Bureau of the Census. Cut and sawed Quantity (metric tons) Value (thou sands) 1,182 $880 -- 116 133 748 -- _ 18S 1,185 -- 57 112 540 -- _ 695 1,404 ---- 35 25 895 857 706 446 ---- 208 1,844 531 1,859 Talc n.s.p.f. Value (thou sands) $1,090 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Total unmanufactured1 Quantity (metric tons) Value (thou sands) 79,391 $12,268 13,000 344 46,808 6,404 2,647 1,370 7,143 77,716 1,040 97 6,964 1,063 630 235 2,109 12,128 12,463 262 40,636 7,128 2,632 527 1,451 65,099 927 72 6,750 939 683 122 1,564 11,056 1144 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE--1990 talc in Australia and East Asia was reviewed. The paper focussed on highquality deposits in Australia, China, and the Republic of Korea, whose pro ducers account for approximately onethird of the world's talc production. The region possesses large reserves, high-quality deposits, and a good loca tion with regard to growing markets, although technological deficiencies and supply reliability are weaknesses of the industry.6 Capacity.--The data in table 6 are annual rated capacity for mines and refineries as of December 31, 1990. Rated capacity is defined as the maxi mum quantity of product that can be produced in a period of time on a normally sustainable long-term operat ing rate, based on the physical equip ment of the plant, and given acceptable routine operating procedures involving labor, energy, materials, and mainte nance. Capacity includes both operat ing plants and plants temporarily closed that, in the judgment of the author, can be brought into production within a short period of time with minimum capital expenditure. Australia.--South Australia supplied most of the talc for Australia's domestic demands despite accounting for only 9% of Australia's total production. Produc tion comes primarily from the Mount Fitton deposit, 470 miles north of Ade laide. The Mount Fitton deposit was formed through the hydrothermal alter ation of dolomite and marble rocks. It is 10 to 15 meters wide, 20 meters high, and several hundred meters long. Conven tional open pit methods are used to mine the deposit. Approximately 70% of pro duction is used in pharmaceutical and paint products.7 Ireland.--Ivemia West PLC acquired a major shareholding in Talc Technology Ltd., owner of the Westport talc deposit. The talc deposit is composed of 50% talc, 33% breunerite, 10% antigorite, 2% dolomite* and 5% magnesite and contains approximately 5.5 million tons of talc. If development permits are ap proved, the mine production initially will be 40,000 tons per year.8 Sweden.--Handls Taljstens AB, now under private ownership, produces approximately 20,000 tons of talc- TABLE 7 to 97% talc with a brightness of 92% to WORLD TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE ANNUAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY, DECEMBER 31, 1990 (Thousand metric tons) 93%.9 Venezuela.--A talc deposit was dis covered on Margarita Island, off the coast of Venezuela. Further investiga tions are being carried on the commer cial viability of the deposit. Venezuela Country Rated currently does not produce talc.10 capacity1 North America: Current Research Canada 299 The flotation process can be better United States Total Latin America: Argentina Brazil Mexico Other Total Europe: Austria 1,361 controlled with the use of on-line mon 1,660 itoring. On-line processing enables the operator to immediately detect changes 45 in the operation and make the neces 454 sary adjustments to ensure a constant 36 product quality. X-ray fluoresence is used to determine elemental composi 36 tions of the flotation slurry at various 571 stages in the flotation process. Greater control is obtained when coupled with 136 on-line brightness determinations.11 Finland 363 The use of column flotation to process France Italy Norway U.S.S.R. Other Total Africa: Egypt South Africa, Republic of Other 363 industrial minerals was reviewed. The 163 paper discussed the processing of an- 136 dalusite, chromite ore, fluorite, graphite, 544 manganese oxide ore, phosphate ore, 236 1,941 potash, and talc. A talc ore composed of 50% talc and ground to 80% less than 45 micrometers was upgraded to 73% talc by using two stages of column flotation. 13 This result is a 6% improvement over 18 conventional flotation using five stages. 1 A Korean talc ore composed of 73% talc Total 32 and ground to less than 45 micrometers Asia: China India Iran was upgraded to 83% by using a single 1,179 stage of column flotation. Recovery of 454 the same ore using three stages of con 32 ventional flotation was 45% to 65%.12 Japan 1,633 Korea, North Korea, Republic of 1 998 OUTLOOK Other 82 Total Oceania: 4,378 The average annual growth in do mestic demand for talc and pyrophyllite Australia 227 was 1.2% between 1981 and 1990. De World total 8,809 1Includes capacities of operating plants as well as plants on standby basis. mand averaged between 900,000 and 1,000,000 tons per year for this period. Relative increases and decreases in de mand have been the result of minor market fluctuations rather than long term trends. Demand for talc and py chlorite for animal feed, roofing, plas rophyllite is expected to continue to tics, and fertilizers. Research is being fluctuate around 1 million tons per year conducted to separate talc from chlorite in the near future. through flotation processing. The pro Ceramics will continue to be the ma cessed talc will be suitable for paper jor domestic end use for talc, followed applications. Primary tests indicate that by consumption in paint, paper, plas the talc can be upgraded from 60% talc tics, roofing, and cosmetics, in de- TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE--1990 1145 scending order. For pyrophyllite, the m ajor domestic end uses will continue to be in ceramics and refractories. ` Federal Register. O ccupational Safety and H ealth Administration. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, A nthophyllite, an d Actinolite. V. 55, No. 237, Dec. 10, 1990, pp. 50685-50687. 2------ . Mine Safety and H ealth A dm inistration. Air Quality, Chemical Substances, and Respiratory Protection Standards. V. 54, No. 166, A ug. 29, 1989, pp. 35766--35852. H azard Com m unication. V. 55, No. 213, Nov. 2, 1991, pp. 46400-46441. 4C arroll, R. Talc M ine to Close. Valley News (West Lebanon), Nov. 16, 1990. 5M odern Plastics. Developments in P P Compounds, Blends Increase A pplication Potential. V. 67, No. 4, Apr. 1990, pp. 128-129. 6Mulryan, H . East Asia and Australia--Dynamic Factions in World Talc Business. Paper in proceedings of 9th " Industrial Minerals" International Congress (Sydney, A ustralia, 1990, Mar. 25-28, 1990). Metal Bulletin PLC , 1990, pp. 192-201. 7Keeling, J., A . Pain, and J. Valentine. Industrial Minerals in South Australia--Current Operations and Future Trends. Paper in proceedings o f 9th "Industrial M inerals" International Congress (Sydney, A ustralia, 1990, Mar. 25-28, 1990). M etal Bulletin PLC , 1990, pp. 30-46. 8McMichael, B. Industrial Minerals o f Eire. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 274, July 1990, pp. 33-53. 9Russell, A. The Swedish Minerals Industry. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 271, Apr. 1990, pp. 35-55. 10Industrial M inerals (London). Talc Discovery in Venezuela. No. 270, Mar. 1990, p. 145. 11Virtanen, P. On-line Analysis o f Talc and A patite at Concentrators. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 270, Mar. 1990, pp. 85-92. 12H all, S. The Treatm ent o f Industrial M inerals by Column Flotation. Paper in Industrial Minerals Process ing Supplement, Ind. Miner. (London), No. 271, Apr. 1990, pp. 30-36. OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION Bureau of Mines Publications Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, 1985. Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Mineral Industry Surveys, annual. Information Circular 9220, 1989. Other Sources Company annual reports. Industrial Minerals (London). Engineering and Mining Journal. Mining Engineering. Mining Journal (London). 1146 TABLE 8 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY AND PRODUCT1 (Metric tons) Country2 Argentina: Pyrophyllite Steatite* Talc Australia: Pyrophyllite Talc Austria: Steatite Brazil:3 Agalmatolite Pyrophyllite Talc Burma: Steatite Canada (shipments): Pyrophyllite, soapstone, talc Chile: Talc China: Unspecified* Colombia: Pyrophyllite, soapstone, talc Egypt: Pyropyllite, talc, soapstone, steatite Finland: Talc France: Talc Germany, Federal Republic of: Western states: Talc (marketable) Greece: Steatite Hungary: Talc* India: Pyrophyllite Steatite Iran: Talc* Italy: Steatite and talc Japan: Pyrophyllite Talc Korea, North: Unspecified* Korea, Republic of: Pyrophyllite Talc Mexico: Talc Nepal: Talc5 Norway: Talc* Pakistan: Pyrophyllite Paraguay: Unspecified Peru: Pyrophyllite Talc Philippines: Talc See footnotes at end of table. 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990* 2,812 300 22,353 1,260 300 27,103 671 250 r26,108 r 1,310 250 r26,658 1,300 250 26,000 8,588 179,467 133,319 6,036 206,865 129,959 5,750 199,631 132,974 *5,000 *195,000 r 133,078 5,000 200,000 130,000 131,036 87,250 r349,528 56 104,536 51,114 425,513 22 r 122,531 r60,070 r 378,463 *25 123,037 2,257 1,000,000 r 136,418 980 1,000,000 r 146,489 1,070 1,000,000 9,013 11,927 12,800 8,800 284,179 r 324,660 *6,600 319,000 *328,800 7,268 379,000 r *320,000 *120,000 r 162,000 r433,000 r *20 r 146,000 r835 1,000,000 r9,196 r7,146 *380,000 r329,960 120,000 170,000 430,000 20 146,000 1,000 1,000,000 10,000 7,000 380,000 330,000 21,884 17,310 16,000 19,785 1,507 15,000 r 19,500 *1,600 13,000 r 13,000 r 10,518 12,000 15,000 10,000 12,000 r 58,884 r 378%,683 31,000 151,206 51,724 359,448 31,000 150,718 r64,923 r417,493 31,000 158,722 r97,264 r414,268 30,000 r 146,000 95,000 416,000 30,000 145,000 1,270,112 63,851 170,000 1,241,069 55,899 170,000 1,244,491 r49,797 170,000 r 1,233,600 r 55,665 170,000 41,231,195 461,550 170,000 587,049 210,631 24,301 8,780 100,000 23,021 130 690,819 161,052 17,469 r3,359 100,000 23,278 180 673,776 146,478 r 13,645 4,430 100,000 37,429 150 r770,298 r 162,098 r 13,908 r6,728 100,000 r 38,290 200 750,000 160,000 13,800 6,500 100,000 40,000 200 7,354 1,754 *1,000 705 1,447 -- *1,000 *1,500 r27 *750 *1,250 -- 750 1,300 -- TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE--1990 TABLE 8--Continued TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY AND PRODUCT1 (Metric tons) Country2 Portugal: Talc 1986 r 5,908 1987 7,292 1988 7,187 1989 r 8,063 1990e 47,926 Romania: Talce 65,000 65,000 65,000 60,000 55,000 South Africa, Republic of: Pyrophyllite Talc 4,606 8,641 3,467 8,005 3,162 10,111 r 3,942 r 11,596 42,759 411,179 Spain: Steatite r73,914 75,307 r68,979 re75,000 75,000 Sweden: Talc and steatite Taiwan: Talc 11,233 21,552 16,981 22,102 e16,000 21,603 e 16,000 r22,559 16,000 22,000 Thailand: Pyrophyllite 36,165 37,749 37,285 r39,799 39,000 Talc 2,886 4,101 4,843 r7,242 7,200 U.S.S.R.: Talc 520,000 530,000 530,000 530,000 500,000 United Kingdom: Talc 12,352 12,529 14,182 r 15,413 15,000 United States: Pyrophyllite Talc 75,000 83,000 97,000 81,301 482,025 1,106,000 1,080,000 r 1,136,347 1,171,871 41,185,142 Uruguay: Talc 1,255 1,648 e1,600 e 1,600 16,000 Zambia: Talc 266 258 73 r 114 200 Zimbabwe: Talc 797 516 976 r 1,513 1,500 Total r7,755,180 r7,798,847 r7,956,409 r8,271,303 8,250,796 Of which: Pyrophyllite 2,160,841 2,190,221 2,225,557 2,433,554 2,417,029 Steatite 603,582 566,543 621,321 633,134 631,270 Talc 3,386,302 3,444,723 3,475,571 3,590,073 3,588,297 Unspecified 1,604,455 1,597,360 1,633,960 1,614,542 1,614,200 eEstimated. r Revised. 1Table includes data available through May 14, 1991. 2In addition to the countries listed, Czechoslovakia and TVirkey produce talc, but information is inadequate to make reliable estimates o f output levels. 3Total of beneficiated production, salable direct shipping production, and that consumed by producers. 4Reported figure. 5Data based on Nepalese fiscal year beginning mid-July of year stated. TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE--1990 1147