Document DG5aODgk6gEQo7BpV6y4Zg2GM

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O HAROLD L. 1CKES, Socr BUREAU OF MINE JOHN W. FINCH. Directo ~~ MINERALS YEA 1936 J g4 : I*- Compiled under the eupenris O. E. KIESSLING and H. H. Mineral Resource. end Economic h:E HI|0 Is Sb ^s ^' ' ' UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING WASHINGTON 1934 . jg.P^r eale, bjr the Superintendent of Document*) Weehlny ' N49761 LEAD By El me r W. Pe h r s o n a n d SUMMARY OUTL Page General summary.......................................... N. R. A................................................................. Lead reserves and capacity for production. Reciprocal trado agreements........................... Domestic production............................................. Total production................................................. Primary load........................................................ Refinery production....................................... Source of primary lead................................... Soft lead............................................................. Antimonlal load............................................... Secondary lead.................................................... Lead pigments..................................................... Mine production................................................. 137 138 138 139 HO HO HO HO HO HI HI 142 142 143 Stocks... DomestJ New s Consu Prices... Foreign Impor Expor World a Intern World World Revie Tho lead industry of the United State 1935. For the first time since the dep refined pig lead was held below deliverie sultant decline in producers' stocks and a Total consumption of pig lead increased better demand in the lead-pigments and Cable coverings and building gained som at oxtremely Tow levels. As a consider consumption was met by withdrawals output of secondary metal, production increased only 4 percent. Mine produ percent, indicating, that there was som concentrates. Apparently higher gold a lead production to a minor extent only, a : in the Western States, where the preciou . ant, was less than in the other lead-produ lead at refineries decreased from 234,000 tons on December 31, the latter amo supply at the current rate of consumptio {"The New York quotation rose from beginning of the year to 4.50 cents at the was 4.00 cents compared with 3.86 cents i Outsido the United States consumpti production (smelter basis) increased 7 was a decrease in stocks of refined met this point are not available. The Londo | 3.12 cents per pound (United States exc 2.46 cents in the previous year. The di and London thus fell from 1.4 cents i ' 138 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 Foreign lead producers met in London in July; and while no formal cartel was organized, it was reported in the press that some of the producers agreed informally not to increase production without due notice to one another. On August 27 the British import duty on lead was reduced from about 32 shillings (10 pcrcont ad valorem), to 7K shillings per long ton. The recovery in the lead industry outside the United States is in striking contrast to the recovery in the domestic industry. In 193 5 consumption of lead in the United States equaled only 53 percent of the 1929 total, whereas elsewhere in the world it exceeded the 1929 level by 4 percent. Likewise, domestic production was only 46 per cent of the 1929 total, while foreign production was 96 percent. Salient statistics of the lead industry'in the United Stales, 19i25-20 and 1931S> 1025-20 nverngo 1031 11)32 1033 1034 1036 Production of reflnod primary lend: From domestic ores.. ..short tons From foreign ores and base bullion short toDS.. 000, 520 123,104 300, 250 52, 504 266, 337 33, 024 269,010 13,003 290,811 11,305 783,629 442,764 288,361 273.579 311,230 Recovery of secondary lead: As pig load.................................... do___ 120, 600 In alloys......................................... do____ 163, 400 128,800 105,900 128, 000 70,300 131,800 92, 700 124. 600 83,900 280,000 234, 700 19S, 300 224, 500 208.400 Totol production of pig lead (primary ahd secondary)...............................short tons.. 010, 229 Imports: Lead In base bullion................... do-- 05,747 Lead In ore....................................do____ 40, 006 Exports of refined pig lead............... do____ 98, 048 Refined primary lead avallablo for con- sumption.................................short tons.. 077, 322 Estimated consumption of primary and secondary lead....................... short tons.. 900,250 Prices: New York: Average for year cents per pound.. 7. 47 Quotation at end of year...do___ 6. 25 London avorago........................... do____ 6. 87 Mine production of recoverable lead short tons.. C04, 230 World smelter production of lead. .do.... 11, 850, 000 671, 664 32. 320 20.888 21, 666 410, 000 607, 700 4.24 3. 75 2. 01 404.022 1,628, 000 416,301 13,462 21,001 23,610 257, 000 416, 200 3. 18 3,00 1.80 202,008 1,287,000 405, 370 1,587 5. 058 22,831 244,340 452, 700 3. 87 4. 15 2.21 272,077 1,282.000 435, 736 * 2. 450 1 10,611 6,900 298,141 401,300 3.86 3.70 2. 40 287,432 1,462,000 310, 606 14,055 324, 660 156,800 113,600 270, 400 481,360 2, 692 i 20,026 6,676 309,911 643,200 4.06 4.60 3.12 * 331,720 `1,550,000 * Data for 1934 autl 1035 lucludo >ca<J Imported for Immediate consumption plus matorial entering tbe country under bond. * Subjoct to revision. * Approximate} production. N. R. A.--The code of fair competition established on June 4, 1934, became inoperative when the Supreme Court declared the enabling act unconstitutional on May 27, 1935. The uncertainty following this action was responsible for a sharp decline in domestic shipments, which was reflected in increased stocks and falling prices. This proved to be temporary, however, for by the end of August all of the flosses had been regained. ( Lead reserves and capacity jor production.--Kenneth Leith and ^ Donald M. Liddell, in a report on the Mineral Reserves of the United States and Its Capacity for Production prepared for the Planning Committee for Mineral Policy, state: LEAD The measured and published lead-ore reserve tons of metallic lead. Finlay 1 says of the Southeastern Missouri, the Coeur d'Alenes, th believe it is difficult to see how all these distric 8,000,000 tons more. The amount actually in s It is equally difficult to see how the whole count OflO tons.J * * *" \ The projection of a curve of apparent consu indicates a normal demand of the order of 500, of Finlay's estimate of outside probabilities, th remaining. On the basis of lead definitely in si only be a littlo more than 6 years./ ^ This time of exhaustion may and probably remains that our reserves are not large and w of this metal within this or the next generatio The United States' lead-smelting capacity (a lisenatbotouta8,,b,,9o,,5u,0t 040,0*t0o-0n--,s0--0o0`f-1mto.Jen) tsalof ore and conce 'SANDS O F SHORT TONS 1 .8 8 8 S 600 ---------------1---------------1---------------1Total refinery orodu :--[-- From for eidn ores 4 base bullion t/.t --------- 1 /t: _W From dot nestic or I K 100 Imports | . Exports 0 --10 B-- S6 New Yc rk price g1 UJ 0 1900 __ If 05 19 o1 1 1 t V .. 1 i?i Fig u r e 50.--Trends Id the lead Industry In the United Sta base bullion, and reflnod load; exports Include refined l benefit of draw-back. Reciprocal trade agreements.--Trade the end of 1935 include the following ch duties on lead products: While lead.--Duty reduced from 2.5 cents May 1, 1935. Suboxide of lead.--Duty changed from 30 p pound, but not less than 15 percent nor more 1 Finlay, J. R., Minins and Metallurgical Society o! Amer 140 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 o.DOMESTIC PRODUCTION I IRefined pig lead produced in the United States is derived from three main sources--domestic ore, foreign ore and base bullion, and secondary materials. The following table shows the production from each of these sources from 1926 to 1935. Total pig lead produced in the United Stales 1926-36 short tons y" _ X Yoar (. From do ^ From for mestic ores eign ores and base and base builioD bullion " From secondary materials Total 1928....................................................... 1927........................................................... < 1028....................................................... 1920..................................................... 1930....................................................... 1931.......................................................................... 1932..................................................................................... .1933............................................ .............. 1934....................................................... 1936.......................................................................... fifiO, 085 008, 320 020. 202 072. 408 673,740 390. 200 255. 337 250, 0)6 200, 841 310,605 118, 256 J28, 210 164,809 102. 135 00. 293 62, 604 33. 024 13, 003 11,305 14,055 125.000 110.000 138,000 138. 500 128. 000 150! 800 PRIMARY LEAD Refinery production.--Production of refined primary lead in 1935 increased 4 percent and was equivalent to the normal production at the close of the nineteenth century. Production from foreign ores and base bullion increased 23 percent but was equivalent to only 14 percent of the 1929 output; it accounted for only 4 percent of the total refined primary lead output. Lead derived from domestic ores increased less than 4 percent in 1935. Refined primary lead produced in the United Staten, 1929-36 Production (short tona) Sources (short tons) Vnlno Year Desilver ized lead 12 Desil verized softlead Holt lead 2 Tolu) pro duction i From (lomi'.Hflr; ores and base bulliOD From foreign ores From foreign base bullion A vorngo per pound Total 1020................. 1930................. 1031................. 1932................. 1033................. 1934................. 1936. 483,022 306,004 263.019 180.707 105,701 186,408 102,544 55,006 45,578 40, 450 36. 624 22. 2)0 22.744 35, 233 235, 315 201,301 138. 380 o:i, )3() 85. 578 102.024 90,783 774.033 043. 033 442,704 2X8.381 273, 670 311,230 324. 500 672,498 573, 740 300. 26ft 255,337 250,616 290,841 310,505 29,076 34.348 22.254 21,747 7. 077 10,2-11 13,659 72,460 34,945 30. 250 11.277 0,280 1,154 306 $0,003 .050 .037 , o:w .037 .037 .040 $97,001,000 64.303,000 32, 706.000 17.302,000 20,245,000 23.031,000 25,005,000 1 The lead content of amimoniui lend is oxclmled (see p. H2). ' Desilverized soft lead is excluded. Source oj jrrimary lead.--Of the total refined lead produced in 1935, 95.7 percent was derived from domestic ores, 4.2 percent from foreign ores, and 0.1 percent from foreign base bullion. Production from foreign ores increased 33 percent in 1935 owing to greater tonnages received from Mexico. The production of refined lead from foreign base bullion decreased 66 percent in 1935. In 1928, over 128,000 tons of foreign bullion were refined in the United States; in 1935 less than 400 tons were treated. Details of the sources of lead derived from domestic ores are given in the section on mine production. LEAD Refined primary lead produced in the United Slates, Source 1029 1930 1931 072, 498 673,740 390,26 Forolgn ore: Other forolgn....................................... 6 9, 499 28 16,807 8, 286 61 29,676 3 14,369 41 14,949 3,476 1,610 34,348 3,81 0, 4 2,2 9,6 22,2 Foreign base bullion: South America................................... 61,205 21,106 72,400 102, 136 18,692 16,363 34.946 60, 203 30,0 1 30, 2 62, 6 774, 033 643,033 442,7 Sojt lead.--Nonargentiferous lead ores soft lead can be produced without elabo known as soft-lead ores. Most of the so United States are smelted into pig lead, is used each year in the manufacture of sublimed lead and leaded zinc oxide. Us pig lead produced from soft-lead ores is d in the manufacture of white lead where hi Soft lead produced in the United States from, dom Year Soft pig lead Undesil- Desilverlzed vorlzed Total 1929................ ............................. 1930........ ............................... 1931. .. ............................. J932.................................................. 1933.................................................. 1934.................................................. 1936.................................................. 235,346 201.301 138,381) 63,130 85,578 102, 024 96,783 65,606 46,678 40, 460 36,624 22, 210 22,744 36,233 291,011 246,930 178.846 98.654 107,788 124,768 132,016 1 Includes domestic refined lead, domestic lead Id antlmonlal meatlc lead In antlmonlal lead computed on different basil be . Antimonial lead.--Antimonial lead or byproduct of the refining of base bullio from this source is only a small part of the The major part is derived from the smelt and some is produced by mixing metallic lead. Several lead-smelting plants operate on Production data from such plants are su Secondary Metals. A large quantity of h at primary smelters and refineries, and t lead at these plants is shown in the table 142 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 Anlimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries, 1929-35 Year Production (short tons) Antimony content Lead content by dlflcrence (short tons) From From domestic foreign ore ore From scrap Total Short tons Percent age From domestic ore From foreign ore From scrap Total 1929............ 1930............ 1931............ 1932............ 1933............ 1934............ 1936.*......... 17,062 8,018 () 0 <<') ( ) 8,007 4,793 () S(h>') < 17,575 11,086 (*) <' <>) c). <>) 43,244 24,707 21,842 21,024 17, 805 16, C07 10,384 4,935 2,007 2,438 2,495 1,720 2, 203 1,720 11.4 o) 12.0 0) 0) 0) 38.309 0) < ) 21,830 11.2 3,628 1,003 14, 173 19,404 11.9 3. 577 1,406 13, 480 18,629 9. 7 4.158 791 11,136 16,085 13.6 5, 901 330 8.113 14,344 10.0 4, 685 401 9,479 14,666 1 Not recorded. 1 Segregation discontinued. . SECONDARY LEAD Recovery of secondary lead increased 30 percent in 1935 and was the highest recorded since -1929. Since the output of domestic refined primary lead was only 4 percent higher, the ratio of secondary to primary lead production was the highest on record--87 percont. The increase in output of secondary lead may be ascribed in part to tlio largo number of automobiles scrapped in 1935. Automobile storage batteries are one of the principal sources of scrap lead. Higher lead prices probably induced some liquidation of stocks of scrap accumulated during the depression. Secondary lead'recovered in the United States, 1929-36 {Compiled by J. P. Dunlop) Year lMg lead (short tons) -- At primary At second plauts ary plants Total Total recovered lead Lead In alloys (short tons) Short tons Value Ratio to domestic roflned pri mary lead (percent) 1029............................... 1930............................... 1931............................... 1032............................... 1933............................... 1934............................... 1936............................... 65. 359 48, 135 43,774 33,011 41,032 33,557 44. 748 73,141 80,865 85, 026 04,389 00, 168 90.943 112. 052 138. 500 129,000 128.800 128, 000 131,800 124,600 16G, 600 172, 500 126,800 105,900 70.300 02. 700 83, 900 113, 000 311,000 255, 800 234, 700 198. 300 224,500 208,400 270, 400 i39,180.000 25, 580.000 17,367.800 11,808,000 16,013.000 15, 421,000 21,632.000 46 45 60 78 86 70 87 LEAD PIGMENTS Lead pigments manufactured in 1935 contained 197,404 tons of lead from the sources shown in the following table. Of this total about 185,151 tons were derived from refined pig lead, of which white lead accounted for 45 percent, litharge 40 percent, red lead 14 percent, and sublimed lend and orange mineral 1 percent. Sublimed load and leaded zinc oxide are the principal pigments in which the lead content is derived from ores. Year LEAD Lead in pigments,1 1929-36, by sou Lead in pigments from-- Domestic ore Metal Scrap Total Year 1929............... 1930............... 1931............... 1932............... 9,429 0, 686 5. 722 4,932 248.657 190.182 166, 328 127,318 2,427 689 710 262 260, 613 107, 667 172,760 132,612 1933 . 1934 . 1936 ....... i Includes also lead recovered In tine oxide and leaded tino ox * No pigmeDts from foreign ore. ^ MINE PRODUCTIO Mine production of recoverable lead i to>nnss, an increase of 15 percent over 1934; avverage for 1925 to 1929. _P_r_o_d_u_c_t_io_n__ creased 14 percent, in the Central Stat Eastern States 37 percentp /^Compared with the 6-year average f 1935 was as follows: Western States 52 percent, and Eastern States about 122 pe to rank first in production and increased ranked second and Utah third, with inc respectively. These three States contrib output in 1935.J All of the other impo except New Mexico produced more lead southeastern Missouri district produced and the tri-State district (Joplin), 36,10 Mine production-of recoverijb e lead in the Unite k1925-: averaigid 1930 1931 Western States and Alaska: Alaska................................. Arlrnna_________________ California............................ Colorado............................. Idaho................................... Montana............................. Nevada............................... New Mexico....................... Oregon................................. South Dakota*................ Texas................................... Utah.................................... Washington....................... Wyoming............................ Central States: Arkansas... Illinois........ Kansas........ Kentucky.. Missouri... Oklahoma.. Wisconsin.. Eastern States: New York., Tennessee., f i Virginia___ 982 9, 743 2,070 30.U2 141,610 18.871 9,807 6,730 6 21 213 149,609 1,323 1,366 4, 240 1,780 22,130 134,068 10, 653 11,629 10,378 6 198 116,496 676 1,661 982 1,879 6,884 99,365 4, 430 7,930 11,269 2 79,212 1,386 370,997 652 26,121 136 202. 240 68.306 1,746 289,137 312,413 63 248 12,910 101 199.632 23,052 1,637 237.633 216,000 78 206 7,082 160J2i 13,210 952 181,648 8,367 7,974 1 Subject to revision. 664,230 668,313 144 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 ( Mint production of recoverable lead in the principal lead-producing districts of the United States, 1989-86j in short tons ' ' State 1929 1930 1931 | 1932 1933 1934 1935 Southeastern Missouri region. Coeur d'Alono region................ Bingham...................................... Joplin region................................ Park City region................ . Tlnllc......................... :......... Willow Crook...................... Rush Valley......................... Butte.................................... Ploche.................................... Central.................................. Eagle...................................... Ban Juan Mountains......... Oro Blanco.......................... Ophlr..................................... Leadvllle............................... Pend d'Orcille..................... Upper Mississippi Valley. Inyo County.................. Metallne......................... Engle County................ Banner............................ Blsbee (Warren)........... Warm Springs............... Cedar Plains.................. Barker............................ . Dome............................... Tybo................................ San Francisco................ Austlnvllln *................. . Jack Rabbit *................. St. Lawrence County 1 Missouri................. 197, 435 108,022 158,050 110, 162 83,070 89, 680 >90,941 Mnhn....................... 141,AAR 129,31! 97,771 71, 605 73, 920 70, 331 >78,314 Utah........................ 40,447 42, 680 33,607 32, 040 33,030 32,420 ' 36, 293 Kansas, Missouri, 74,143 30,972 21,403 18, 131 25,137 24,465 > 36,100 Oklahoma. Utah..................... 42, 570 30,875 17,308 12,0.53 11,657 12, 360 <13,180 44, m 20,474 18,427 9. 842 6,433 5,716 > 6, m New Mexico.......... 6,72(1 6,431 7, 503 0,449 7,075 6,143 6,162 Utah........................ 11,751 10,157 8, 773 7,222 6,910 6, 594 M nntana................. 8, 230 2,54(1 1 4,186 A, 391 Novnda................... 2,08fl 4,80* 2, 802 ( ) 4.644 c) to ( > New Mexico.......... 3, 70G 3,93(1 3,420 3, 521 3,408 2,840 (') 1,287 3,480 771 1,521 2,560 0) Colorado................. 17. 386 11,722 '908 792 000 1,051 2,428 Arizona................. Utah........................ Colorado................. (*) (*) 25 18 6,172 fl, 808 0) 1,470 1,070 m 2 87 1,340 U) 7(1 605 624 1,288 Idaho....................... 803 95(1 1,020 570 300 318 (') Iowa, northern 1,53(1 1,637 962 PIO 640 234 286 Illinois, Wlscon- California............... ` 070 Washington........... 32 Colorado................. 10* 2, 03* 1,020 1,507 Montana................. 1, 177 fi, 137 1,870 1,901 Utah........................ 091 Virginia................... (J) Nevada................... 2, 43C New York.......... 1,711 207 2,821 02( 151 1, 792 J 20 4, 57* 829 1,883 o 1.404 <>) 1,705 1, 257 3,8K1 252 37 26 21 430 c) 240 <>) 1, 102 G82 221 431 2 J (> (*) o 301 722 8 385 <) 21 1 28 o () 0) (') 277 237 62 77 64 8 2 o () (0 (') w 165 (i) 5') 0) <> (*) (0 (!) c) <) (0 i Subject to revision. 1 Data not vet available. 1 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. * Not listed according to rank. STOCKS Lend stocks, as reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statis tics, are shown in the following table. Stocks of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and most of the refiners of secondary material that produce common lend. Foreign lead refined in the United States and entered for domestic consumption is included. Lead stocks at end of year at smelters and refineries in the United Stales, 1929-86, in short tons S 1929 1030 1031 1932 1933 1934 1935 41, 720 05, 624 147, 400 164,722 191,024 223, 593 216, 695 0,350 7. 723 4, 187 11, 435 11,437 10, 437 6,711 61,070 103,247 151,053 170,157 203,08) 234,030 222, 306 Lead in base bullion'. ( 8,313 7,110 16,039 8, 171 4,261 14,363 12, 952 2,971 10,228 13,911 1,302 10,720 12, 780 2, 191 10.403 6,045 1,528 11,567 15,072 1,660 16,233 31.518 26, 800 20,151 25,933 ' 25, 380 19, 140 33,165 Lead in ore and matte and in process at 28, 200 28,097 40, 185 61,200 67,263 60.699 68, 602 110, 803 168,744 217,989 203,206 295, 7(M 313,869 314,033 LEAD /From 1929 to 1934 stocks of refined lead in 1935 the trend was reversed; nevertheless, at were 5.2 times larger than at the close of 192 refined and antimonial lead on December 31, 1 a 6-month supply at the average rate of consu of base bullion on hand and in process increa the year. Available data on stocks of lead held outside the close of 1935 vary considerably. The C Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd., in its annual re world stocks of lead declined from 525,000 sho of the year to 510,000 tons at the close. S stocks of refined and antimonial lead declined tons, stocks outside of the United States a from 291,000 to 288,000 tons. A year ago porntion estimated stocks outside the United of 1935 to be 286,000 tons, but in its annu company states that it is unable to give an e at the close of 1935. However, this autho was considerable reduction during the year stantiated by the Metal Bulletin, which, in it an unofficial estimato of 150,000 long tons stocks outside the United States at that time DOMESTIC CONSUMPT New supply.--The following table shows t available for consumption from 1929 to 1 docs not take into account variations in pr these have changed considerably during the titites shown do not indicate the true trend o of new lead. The supply available for con percent greater than in 1934 but was equiva of that in 1929. Total consumption of lead 1935, but much of the increased demand wa metal. Refined primary pig lead available for consumption in 1931-86, in short tons 1 1929 | 1931 1 Supply: Stock in bonded warehouse Jan. 1___ Imports of pigs, bars, and old.............. Production................................................. | 4, 139 1,658 774,033 (') 10 442, 764 ( 28 Withdrawn: j Exports: Pig lead................................................ In manufactures, with benefit of drawback............ ................... Stock in bonded warehouse Dec. 31... 780.430 ' 73,251 13,086 1,328 442. 774 28 21,666 10,503 <0 : 2 ( 87,605 | 32, 168 3 Supply available for consumption.............. 692, 705 410,606 25 > Stocks of pigs, bars, etc., la bonded warehouse included with b 146 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 Consumption by uses.--Owing to the large return of secondary lead; from lead-consuming industries, the total consumption of pig lead* greatly exceeds the' supply of new lead avilable. The following; table gives the American Bureau of Metal Statistics estimate of theij total consumption of lead by industries during the past 7 years. Lead consumed in the Untied States,' in 1929-Sp, in short tons Purpose 1929 1930 1931 1932 1033 1034 4- 1935 White lend..................... Red lead and litharge Storage batteries........... 'Cable covering.............. Building......................... Automohllos.................. : Railway equipment... Shipbuilding................. .......Ammunition.................. Terneplate...................... - -Foil.................................. Bearing metal............... Solder.............................. Type metal.................... Calking........................... Castings.......................... Other use?...................... 119. 700 30,000 210.000 220.000 90.000 18,000 5,700 300 41.100 4,200 39.800 33,000 37,000 18.000 18.000 50,000 972,300 83,900 32,000 103,000 208,000 67,000 11,000 5,200 500 33,300 2, 700 20,000 20,000 27,000 16,000 21.000 12.000 40,000 768.600 77, 600 18,000 157,000 117,000 40,000 6,000 1.000 400 29. 700 2.200 20.000 12,000 20,500 14. 400 15,000 7,000 30.000 667, 700 64, 600 32,000 138.000 55.000 22.000 3,500 300 200 23.300 1,400 14,000 10,000 14,000 10.800 10,000 6,000 22,200 416,200 59, 100 38,000 147,000 31,000 26,000 5,000 200 100 32,300 2,600 22, 600 16,000 16,000 11.000 12,000 6,000 30,000 452, 7p0 64.600 42,000 163,000 34,100 30,000 7, aoo 1,100 200 34,800 2,600 16,200 16,600 16,000 13,000 10,000 6,000 36,000 491,300 60,000 47,600 176,000 37,800 32,000 10,000 600 200 29,200 4,700 16,900 17,400 20,000 16,000 12,000 6,000 41,000 643,200 1 Source: American Bureau of Metal Statistics. These estimates are for the total consumption of lead irrespective of whether its origin be primary or secondary. Antimonial lead is included. The total industrial use of lead increased 11 percent in 1935 but was still 44 percent below the 1929 record. Exceptionally good gains were made in lead consumed as white lead and the red oxides, but the use of lead in cable covering and fbr building continued to lag, while lead consumption in the manufacture of ammunition and foil declined sharply. The amount of lead used to manufacture edible covering was notably less than in any other major use of lead and was only 17 percent of the amount used in 1929. Improvement in this outlet for lead is contingent upon stabilization of the Government's policy with respect to public utilities. Only one-third as much lead was used for building in 1935 as in 1929. While construction increased in 1935, most of it was residential and affected chiefly wliite lead. A revival of factory construction would benefit this market greatly. ^ PRICES / ( The two^ major markets for lead in the United States are New York and St. Louis; a large part of the lead produced in the United States is sold at prices based on quotations in these markets. The New York quotations are influenced to some extent by the lower prices usually prevailing on the London market, so that the New York price seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight differential, normally 0.35 cent a pound. ) ( The price of lead in 1935 was higher than iu'1934. The average New York quotation was 4.06 cents per pound compared with 3.86 cents in 1934; it was 41 percent below the 1929 average of 6.83 cents. Early in 1935 the price was 3.70 cents. This quotation was maintained until the latter part of January, when a temporary decline in sales sent the price down to 3.50 cents early in February--the low for the year. Notwithstanding a dull market in March, LEAD vhich resulted in an increase in stocks, t Ifcents by the end of the month. From th |May it rose steadily to 4.35 cents, sup fdemand and a rapidly rising London |lollowing the Supreme Court decision ag [was reflected in a sharp drop in lead purch (pressure to bo felt in selling. By June [cents. That condition was temporary, 'last half of the year the demand for lead ; steadily to a high for the year of 4.65 cent i settled to 4.50 cents, at which point it w ,of the year.) _ ' The London quotation for 1935 (Uni [averaged 3.12 cents per pound--0.9 cent b [compared with 1.4 cents in 1934. The [producers in July not to increase produc [.each other, the settlement of the dispute [.August, the threatened curtailment of s ! to tlio shut-down of one of the large sme ; and the high rate of consumption in Eu relatively higher rise in prices abroad. Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead a don, 19SS-S5, in cents pe Month . St. Louis 1933/ J New LonYork don St. Louis January............. February......... March.............. April................. May.................. June.................. July................... r August............. September___ October............ ` November___ December........ Average......................... 2. 87 2. 87)4 3.03 3.13 3. 62 4. 02 4. 30 4.35 4.35 . 4. 18 4. 14 4.04 3.00 3.00 3.15 3. 27 3. 65 4.17 4.45 4.60 4.60 4.32 4.29 4. 14 3..7744 3. 87 1.67 i 3.90 1.59 3.90 1.63 3.90 1.74 4.06 2.12 3. 09 2.45 3.82 2. 78 3.63 2.45 3. 60 2. 49 3. 64 2.46 3.61 2.66 3.42 2.61 3. 46 *2.21 3.73 * St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1036, p. 387. Average dally q Louis (open market), as repoctod dally In the American Meta New York: American Metal Market, dally Issues. Pig le shipment from West. London: Metal Statistics, 1936, p. 390. Average price of for In Meta) Statistics, converted to cents per pound at average ex Board. * London quotations in pounds sterling per long ton, as f 14.2375. FOREIGN TRA The foreign trade of the United State imports of ore and base bullion, which bond, and the export of this lead either factured products. Since 1927, however 1935 only 24,039'tons of lead in ore a 1 Figures on imports and exports compiled by M. B. Price, Bureau of Foreign and Domestlo Commerce. 76731--30---- 11 148 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1930 LEAD small amount of refined and scrap lead) wero imported compared 3 with 161,389 tons in 1927; exports of refined lead decreased from ' 125,267 to 6,976 tons. During tho same period lead exported in manufactures with benefit of draw-back declined from 12,004 to 8,995 tons. - Imports.--Total imports of lead in ore and matte, including imports J for immediate consumption and entries for warehouse, increased 89 .1 percent in 1936 due to increased shipments from Mexico and New- j foundland. Imports of base bullion increased 10 percent; imports of refined lead, which for several years amounted to only a few f hundred tons, increased to 1,322 tons as a result of shipments from the new refinery at Peru. Total imports of lead increased 80 percent but were equivalent to less than 21 percent of the 1929 total. I Total lead imported into the United States, in bas f in short tons 1 Country 1929 1930 1931 Mexico............................................ Peru................................................. Other countries............................ 63,468 10,606 8 83,071 20, 360 18,280 32,210 110 | 32,320 38,630 Data for 1034 and 1035 foclude lead In base bullioii Imported entering the country under bocid. Lead remaining in wareihouses iri the United State [Stated In th e form in vrhlch the znlaterial wa Total lead imported into the United States, 1929-35, by classes, in short tons 1 Lead in ore and matte Lead in base bul lion Pigs, bars, sheets.and old Total lead content 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936. 31,331 39.377 20,838 21,001 5,968 10,611 20.026 83,071 38,630 32.320 13,402 1,687 2.450 2. 002 1,057 209 * 10 44 109 283 1,322 116,059 78, 216 53, 218 34.507 7,651 13,344 24,039 * Data for 1934 and 1935 include lead imported for immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond. , * Reclaimed scrap, etc. No imports of pics, bars, etc., were recorded for 1031. Total lead imported into the United States, in ore, base bullion, and refined, 1929-35, by sources, in short tons 1 Year Lead Id Lead in Pigs, bars, ' oro and base bul sheets, matte lion and old Y 1929............................ 1930........................... 1931............................ 1932............................ 60, 207 30,516 62,849 42,314 75,434 5,642 i 6,343< 3,769 1,328 1 1933........ 1934........ 1935....... < Pigs, bars, and old included with base bullion. Lead imported for consumption in the Unite Yoar Load In ore and matte > Short tons Value Lead In base bullion Pigs, bars, an Short tons Value Short tons Va Year Canada Mexico New found land South America Europe Other countries Total 1929. 1030. 193t. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1936. 4,512 17,268 2,618 2,459 1.629 1, 180 236 87,030 36, 721 38,700 13, 545 2, 154 3,270 9, 788 6,'708' 10,608 3,357 0,837 23,520 22,472 2, 171 2,811 1,485 5,455 6,013 14 113 5, 053 2,368 07 512 71 1,612 15 41 18 35 26 116,050 78,216 63,218 34,507 7,854 13,344 24,039 1 Data for 1034 and 1035 Include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entoring the country under bond. Total lead imported into the United States, in ore and .matte, 1929-35, by countries in short tons 1 Country 1029 1030 103! 1032 1033 1934 1935 Chile......................................................................... 2, 205 211,415 ('> 1,001 87 17, 257 3,313 10,341 831 1,635 2,014 1.8G6 0. 495 9, 708 194 11 2, 450 2,211 105 10,608 477 6,024 37 31,331 30,377 20,888 21,001 1,020 051 802 622 2, 292 2 902 1, 443 1,283 3,357 3,646 81 6. 068 10,611 * 1,15082 7, 986 6,818 3,716 346 ) Data for 1934 and 1935 include lead In ore and matte Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering the country uiuier.bond. '.Less than.l ton. 1929.... 1930.... 1931.... 1932.... 1933.... 1934.... 1935.... 10,823 15, 458 10.734 0, 047 19,239 10, 700 8, 273 $1,160,533 1,461,350 1,194, 191 863,135 1,154,093 558, 558 268, 954 6,198 10,420 10, 436 2, 674 306 2,220 1,164 $627,455 1,127, 920 671,002 131,679 31,700 117,720 00, 669 10,089 $1,06 671 6 10 44 45 .286 1 1, 690 0 > Classification as follows: Jan. 1, 1929, to June 17.1930, "Lea 1935, "Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n. 8. p. f." 1 Reclaimed scrap, eto. No imports of pigs, bars, eto., recor Miscellaneous products containing lead importe Slates, 1929-36 Babbitt metal, solder, white m and other combinations con ing load Qross ' Lead weight content (abort tons) (short tons) 1929.. 1930.. 1931.. 1932.. 1933.. 1934.. 1936.. 1,606 1,390 006 498 349 709 128 663 877 630 69 310 43 191 143 61 30 102 71 24 4 150 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 Exports.--Export9 of refined lead increased 18 percent in 1935 but' were equivalent to only 7 percent of the average from 1925 to 1929. The decline since 1929 has been due largely to the loss of markets in Japan and Europe, which have increased their purchases from Mexico, Canada, India, and Australia. Foreign lead exported in manufactures with benefit of draw-back amounted to 8,995, an increase of 20 percent over 1934. About 33 percent of the 1935 total was contained in storage batteries exported. Other lead exports included litharge and ed lead, 16 percent; white lead, 12 percent; sheets, pipes, solder, etc., 11 percent; and electrical apparatus, 9 percent. Refined lead exported from the United States, 1020-35 Year Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Foroign lead exported in manufactures with benefit of drawback (short tons) Year Pigs, bars, aod old Short tons Value Foreign lead exported in manufactures with benefit of drawback (short tons) 1029............ 1930............ 1931............ 1032............ 73,251 43, 307 21,665 23,516 $7,178,337 3, 904, 213 1,241,881 1,069,097 13,080 12.161 10.503 7.220 1033 .......... 1934............ 1935.......... 22,831 . 5,900 6,970 $832,084 304,581 471,642 0,508 7,472 8,995 Refined pig lead exported from the United States, 1929-36, by destinations, in short tons Destination 1929 ' 1630 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 COUNTRY Brazil............................................. Canada........................................... Japan..'......................................... Mexico............................................ Philippine Islands....................... Other............................... .............. North America............................ South America............................. Europe........................................... Asia................................................. Africa and Oceania..................... 599 1, 638 141 2, 202 9. 745 16,416 83 1,622 111 7, 255 23,732 448 9,459 73,251 603 3,852 60.0-10 18,055 2 73,251 934 874 9 8,001 823 16, 053 40 22 643 7, 667 9,157 364 9,330 , 226 1,382 68 318 52 17,301 171 13 400 392 3 146 1,204 48, 307 21,665 318 2.442 27.800 17, 280 359 48,307 435 1,903 795 18, 624 8 21,666 760 133 224 1, 344 20,219 13 112 475 84 153 23,516 100 863 1,703 20, 700 23,616 113 320 0 21,236 6 360 140 637 22.831 41 732 5 21,603 360 22,831 (i) 476 21 4,454 21 169 36 726 5,006 107 1,070 40 4,612 171 6.006 338 45 5,324 38 188 217 8 112 696 6,976 156 663 212 5,646 0) 6,976 1 Less than I too. WORLD ASPECTS OF LEAD INDUSTRY, International cooperation.--During 1928 an association of foreign lead producers was formed in an attempt to stabilize the foreign lead market. At first activities were confined to mere exchange of statis tical data, but later sales agreements and production-control measures were adopted. However, with the imposition of the'British tariff on lead in March 1932, stabilization measures were abandoned, and dur ing the latter part of 1934 the compilation of statistics also was dis continued. In July 1935, foreign lead producers met in London to consider reformation of a cartel. According to press reports, no LEAD formal organization was formed, but ap agreed informally not to increase prod each other. World production.--World smelter p percent in 1935 and was equivalent to 7 in 1929. Production increased 5 per States and 7 percent elsewhere. The only 46 percent of the 1929 total, where was 96 percent. The United States co and contributed 21 percent of the 193 producing countries and the percentag tributed in 1935 were as follows: Aust ada, 10.6; Germany, 8.7; Bolgium, pro 5.2; Spain, 4.5; U. S. S. R. (Russia), 3 Of these, Australia, Mexico, Canada a increases in 1935; India a small increas increase of two-thirds, whereas the p Tunisia declined substantially. Amon outstanding gains wore made in Poland, France's lead production amounted to put. Production in the British Emp tons in 1935, an increase of 9 percent o of world output was 33 percent in 1 from 1925 to 1929-. World production of lead, 193 [Compiled by R. B Country * 1930 19 Argentina............................... Australia................................ Austria.................................... Belgium............................ .. Canada.................. ................ Chosen................... ................ Czechoslovakia..................... France........ ............................ Germany *............................. Greece..................................... Hungary................................ India (Burma)..................... Indochina........ ....... ............... Italy..................................... Japan.................. ............. . Mexico.................................... Northern Rhodesia_______ Norway.............. ................ Peru.................j................. Poland.................................... Portugal........................ Rumania....................... ....... South-West Africa ............ Spain.......... ........................... Tunisia.............. .................... Turkey................................. U. 8. 8. R. (Russia)........... United Kingdom_________ United States (refined) '... Yugoslavia.................. .. 8,882 171,248 6.635 85.370 138,105 130 4,225 20,170 110,800 7,329 70 81,010 11 24.340 3.581 242,537 7 152 6 70 , 126 3 . 19 101 0 75 ' 24 4 210 800 14,979 40,900 89 984 3,661 123, 263 19,400 4,664 10,750 10,383 551,645 10,049 31 1 2 10 1 2 1 1 37 1,696,000 1,38 i By countries where smelted but not necessarily refined 1 In addition to the countries listed, China smelts lead, Data not available. '' 4 Approximate production. . * Exclusive of secondary material (Metallgesellschaft, F 4 Year ended Mar. 31 of year following that stated. T Figures cover domestic refined and lead refined from base bullion not included. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A By El Me r W. Pe h r s o n a n d H SUMMARY OUTLI Page OoDeral summary......................... Production............................................................... Lend plgmonts.................................................... ZIoc pigments and salts................................... Consumption by Industries................................ White lead............................................................ Basic lead sulphate............................................ Litharge................................................................ Red lead............................................................... Orange mineral................................................... Zinc oxide...................................................... 181 188 183 184 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 Consump Leaded Lithopo Zinc cn Zino su Raw mate Prlces...... Forelgn tr Lead pi Zino pig Sales of lead and zinc pigments in 19 increase of 13 percent over 1934. The co zinc pigments increased 16 percent. Av producers were slightly lower in 1936. F increase in production in 1936 were the dollar volume of paint sales, the 9-percent of rubber, the 43-percent rise in automob stantial rise in storage-battery output--al industries. The higher paint sales reflect building industry. ' Lead pigments again fared better than of all lead pigments increased 17 percent quantity, whereas sales of zinc pigments i value and 14 percent in quantity. Large pigments, white lead and leaded zinc oxi percentage increases. Lead producers at realization by paint manufacturers tha ingredient in high-grade exterior paints. interesting to note that several producer percent leaded zinc oxide. In the white-pigment field titanium larger share of the market. Statistical d is probable that production of titanium pig in 1935- These products are used exte pigment-consuming industries, but the pr m interior paints. Here they are particu high hiding power makes possible a satisf this market has always provided the pri producers of that product are feeling the pigments most keenly. Nevertheless the since 1932 has been such that the lithopon to market increasing amounts of their pr consumption of titanium pigments. 182 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1930 During the past few years there has been a large increase in the manu facture of French process zinc oxide from secondary materials. This product has been competing with oxide made from slab zinc. To meet this competition the regular producers drastically cut prices on red, green, and white soil oxides on October 1, 1035. ` 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 Fig u h e 61.--Production and price trends of the principal lead end tine pigments, 1916-35. The Supreme Court decision of May 27, 1935, declaring the N. R. A. unconstitutional, ended the Codes of Fair Competition for the lead and zinc industries under which the pigment producers were operating. Reciprocal trade agreements concluded up to the end of 1935 included the following reductions on United States import duties on lead and zinc pigments: LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN Lilhopone containing less than 30 percent cents per pound to \Yi cents, effective Feb White lead.--Duty reduced from 2.6 ce My 1, 1936. Suboxide of lead.--Duty reduced from 3 pound but not less than 16 percent nor mo Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigment . and 1931 1925-29 (average) 1931 Production (sales) of principal pig ments; White lead (dry and In oil) short tons. 154, 483 97, Litharge.............................. do___ 84,846 03, Red lead..............................do... 41,362 26, Zinc oxide........................... do___ 164,208 06, Leaded xinc oxide.............do___ 26,609 18, Llthopone........................... do___ 177,746 161, Value of products: All lead pigments........................ $00,092,000 $29,128 All zinc pigments......................... 41,314,000 27,139 Total.......................................... 101,406,000 Value per ton received by producers: White lead (dry)................ 178 Litharge............................... 176 Red lead............................... 193 Zinc oxido............................ 133 Leaded zinc oxide.............. 124 Llthopone..... _....... ............. 98 66,207 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports......... Value of Imports........ Zinc pigments: Value of exports......... Value of imports........ 1.346,000 30,000 2, 160,000 931,000 947, 14, 1,068. 636, Export balaoce....... 2,636,000 1,366, i Import balance. PRODUC In this report, sales of pigments resent production, no account being the beginning and end of the year. atof. itlhweniir* ownAiirn pnllaonnties ao rMe min/cilliuiQdge^dl luinn/d The total value of lead and zinc ducers was approximately-$54,564,0 108,000 in 1934. The total value $28,004,000 and that of all zinc pi of lead pigments increased 17 perce in quantity, whereas sales of zinc p total value and \4` percent in quan of lead pigments sold in 1935, as r 0.8 percent, whereas the average N increased 5 percent. Zinc pigment per ton compared with' a 4-percent in for slab zinc. Lead figments.--Production of all Production of white lead increased below the peak of 1922. Production in 1934 and was only 9 percent und the output of red lead, which incre 184 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 percent below 1929. Production of sublimed lead was 17 percent more than in 1934. Unit values of all lead pigments except litharge decreased in 1935. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1934-35 Pigment ' 1934 1635 Short tons Value (a plant, exclusive of con- talner) Total Average Short tons Value (at plant, oxciusive of cootalner) Total Average Daslc load sulphate or sublimod lead: White.......................................................... White lead: In oil i......................................................... 0,300 608 20, 743* 234 68, 733 22, 609 66, 105 $677,807 00,043 3, 279,013 fO. 778 7,083, 609 2,838, 700 10.002, 820 $! 00 103 123 217 103 126 178 7,672 727 28.776 252 79,930 27,072 08.860 $727,004 71,682 3,492, 141 47,615 8, 280, 339 3,481,088 11,957, 171 $96 99 121 189 104 124 174 1 Weight of white lead only but valuo of paste. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1936-36, in short tons Year White lead Dry In oil Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead White Blue Red lead Orange mineral Litharge 1920.................................................. 1927................................................. 1928.............................................. 1929................................................. 1930....................... .......................... 1931................................................. 1932................................................. 1033................................................. 1934................................................. 1935.............................................. 37.908 38, 669 42,049 42, 160 32,548 30.922 19.946 24,628 22, 569 27,972 111. 845 119.026 111.923 104. 872 69,502 66.446 46, 728 48,364 56. 105 68.869 12. 271 1.230 13. 482 1,061 18.002 * 1,234 15,680 1,234 10, 308 1,219 8. 790 896 5. 708 549 7, 320 025 6, 399 668 7,572 727 42, 550 39,073 40, 407 43, 021 32.041 25 853 18, 880 21,088 26, 743 28,776 813 82,640 709 81,655 459 85, 670 078 87,916 350 72,578 282 63 890 212 68,090 231 01,193 234 63,733 252 79,930 Zinc pigments and salts.--Production of all zinc pigments was higher in 1935 and tho percentage increases wero as follows: Zinc oxide, 14 percent; leaded zinc oxide, 40 percent; and lithopone, 10 percent. The 1935 tonnages were equivalent to the following per centages of the 1929 outputs: Zinc oxide, 62; leaded zinc oxide, 110; and lithopone, 77. Unit values of the oxides decreased in 1935 and that of lithopone was unchanged. Zinc 'pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 193^-85i 1934 1935 Pigmeut nr salt Short Ions Value (at plant, exclusive of container) Total Average Short tons Value (at plant, exclusive of con tainer) Total Average Zinc oxide 1....................................................... 87,088 Leaded tine oxide *....... . ............... ........... 20, 606 Lithopone....................................................... 145,505 Zinc chloride, 60* B........................................ J 19,014 Zinc sulphate.................................................... 0.783 $0, 851,421 2,018,935 12,235.024 *897,062 288.180 $113 98 84 > 46 42 90.097 29,976 159, 480 ( ) 7,108 $10,237,953 2, 791,808 13,470, 274 <>) 324.960 $103 93 84 ( ) 46 i Zinc oxide containing 6 percent or more lead Is classed as leaded zId c oxide. ' Revised figures. 1 Figures not yet available. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A [ Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacture r in short tons Zinc oxide Leaded z oxide 1926. 1027. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934. .1936. 146,923 161,246 160.904 160.611 119,142 95,700 72,250 98,642 87,088 99.697 23,8 26,0 24,2 27,1 17, 2 18,6 14,3 22,8 20,5 29,0 1 Revised figures. ' Figur CONSUMPTION BY IND White lead.--About 95 percent of the w in the manufacture of paint. The tonnag 1935 was 22 percent above that in 1934 an 1929. Consumption of white lead in the 28 percent in 1935. . . Distribution of while lead (dry and in oil) sa Industry Paint___ Ceramics Other___ Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percent of total 63, 390 1,701 1,514 66, 674 06.1 2.6 2.3 100.0 68. 368 1,617 2,097 72, 982 03.7 2.2 4.1 100.0 Basic lead sulphate.--This pigment is us quantity so used in 1935 was 18 percen 42 percent below that in 1929. In 1929 o sulphate were used in storage batteries, bu Distribution of basic lead sulphate sales, Industry 1932 1933 Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percent of total Paints......................... Storage batteries___ Rubber....................... Other........................... 6,689 196 77 296 6,267 90.9 3.1 1.2 4.3 100.0 7,072 99 161 613 7,945 89.0 1.3 2.0 7.7 100.0 Litharge.--The principal use of litharg storage batteries, but this outlet has bee growing tendency of battery makers to euboxiae of lead, which they manufactu 186 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 193G tice was begun in 1923, and by 1929 a total of 33,000 tons of the black oxide was being made. In 1931 the tonnage declined to about 23,000; it increased again to nearly 33,000 in 1934 but fell to 29 000 tons in 1935. In 1935 all major uses of litharge increased. Distribution of litharge sales, 1932-35, by industries Industry 1932 | Short tons Percent of total 1933 Short Percent tons of total 1934 Short tons PerceDt of total 1935 Short Percent tons of total Storage batteries........ Insecticides................. Oil refining.................. Ceramics..................... Chrome pigments-- Rubber........................ VArnlsb........................ Linoleum..................... 29.385 11,735 4,703 2.083 2,601 1,021 1.300 109 3,199 58,096 50.5 20.2 8.3 6. 1 4.6 3.3 2.3 .3 5.5 100.0 27,327 If, 128 8,070 5,438 3,073 2.875 610 100 3.088 61, 193 44.6 18.2 0.0 8.9 0. 5 4.7 1.0 .2 6.0 100.0 30,024 12. 271 7,014 0,008 0, 102 2,466 414 104 2.982 08,733 43. 7 17.9 11. I 0.7 9.0 3.6 .8 .1 4. 3 100. u 33,007 14,605 7,809 0, 751 7,350 3,171 584 280 3,207 70,930 45.1 18.3 9.8 8.6 9.2 4.0 .7 .4 4.0 100.0 Red, lead--The use of red lead in storage batteries in 1935 increased 10 percent over 1934. Its use in paint was virtually unchanged. Distribution of red lead sales, 1932-35, by industries 1932 1933 1034 1935 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1932 Industry 1932 , Short Percent tons of total 1933 Short Perce tons of to Rubber........................................ Paints.......................................... Floor coverings and textiles.. Ceramics.................................... Other........................................... 37,079 22,369 .2,837 1,782 7.683 72,250 62. 1 31.0 3.9 2.6 . 10.6 100.0 63,809 29,218 4,087 2,639 8,729 98,642 6 2 10 Leaded zinc oxide.--This pigment is u manufacture of paint. The quantity sol was 45 percent more than in 1934. The p lead content in exterior paints is reflected of leaded zinc oxide in 1935. Some manuf a 50-percent leaded zinc oxide. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, Industry 1 1932 * 11 1933 Short tons Percent Short of total 1 tons Percent of total Paints...........................! 14,072 Rubber.........................i . 26 Other............................ 207 14,305 ; 98.4 i .2 1 1.4 100.0 22,488 46 1 334 i 22,868 i 98.3 .2 1.6 100.0 Industry Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percent 1 8hort of total tons Percent of total Short Percent tons of total Storage batteries........ Other............................ 10,055 8.389 407 1,369 18,880 66. 4 33.8 2.5 7.3 100.0 12.949 7,182 715 1.142 21,088 68.9 32.7 3.2 5. 2 | 100.0 16,987 8.788 695 1,305 20,743 50.8 32.8 5.2 100.0 17,657 8,721 1,531 28,776 61.4 30.3 3.0 6.3 100.0 Oranqe mineral.--Sales of orange mineral increased slightly in 1935. This pigment is used chiefly in the manufacture of inks and color pigments, and the tonnage involved is quite small. Distribution of orange mineral sales, 1932-35, by industries Lithopone.--Sales of lithopone to the percent in 1935. About 13,100 tons of manufacture of titanated lithopone in 193 in 1934. Sales of high-strength lithopone as those of regular lithopone increased on ings and textiles took 31 percent more lithopone in 1935 than in 1934. Lithopo reported at 235,320 tons per year in 1935 m in 1934. ' Lithopone is used extensively in interio is now subject to intense competition from Distribution of lithopone sales, 193 Industry 1032 Short tons Percent of total Ink manufacture....... Color pigments.......... 68 27.4 108 50. 0 40 21.7 212 Too. 0 1933 Short tons Percent of total 18 00 117 231 7.8 41.6 60. 6 100. 0 1934 Short Percent tons' , of total 24 10, 2 08 29. 1 142 00. 7 234 100.0 1936 Short Percent tons of total 86 33.7 125 49.6 42 16.7 252 100.0 Industry 1630 (short tons) 1631 (short tODS) 1932 (short tons) Paints, etc:..... ................................ Floor coverings and textiles....... Rubber............................................. Other................................................. *126,076 23,656 6, 997 8. 336 164,005 119,446 20,780 6,833 6, 791 151, 850 93, 465 17,601 3,955 6.646 121,667 Zinc oxide.--Total sales of zinc oxide increased 14 percent in 1935 following a decline of 12 percent in 1934. Recovery was more pro nounced in rubber, floor coverings, and textiles than in paint. In the preparation of exterior paints manufacturers are using smaller proportions of zinc oxide than formerly. Of the 1935 total 42 percent was made by the French process and 58 percent by the American process. The proportion of French process oxide made from scrap zinc is increasing. Zinc chloride.--According to the Depa consumption of zinc chloride by wood-t 2,040 tons in 1935. From a peak of 26,0 consumption of zinc chloride in this field ';1928, 2,500 tons in 1933, and 1,600 tons I1,market is due primarily to the fact tha 188 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 water and therefore is not as effective as creosote, its principal com petitor, in preserving wood exposed to moisture. From time to time various insoluble zinc preservatives have been developed, none of which has found a wide market. Recently a chromated zinc was introduced, but enough time has not elapsed to gage its effect on this market for zinc. .. Complete data on total sales of zinc chloride in 1935 are not avail able at this time, but returns received from producers representing roughly two-thirds of the total output indicate the following distri bution of sales by uses in 1935: Soldering flux___ Wood preserving. Dry-cell batteries. Vulcanized fiber. Percent 26 . 25 23 13 Oil refining. Others____ Total. 100 Zinc sulphate --In 1935 producers of zinc sulphate were asked to distribute their sales according to various industries. The results of the tabulation are not very satisfactory because the distribution was incomplete. Producers sell large tonnages to jobbers and were un able to classify sales of this type further. Of the total sales of 7,108 tons, 3,385 tons were reported as sold to the rayon industry, 354 tons to electrogalvanizers, 188 tons to flotation plants, 114 tons to glue manufacturers, 106 tons to printers and dyers of textiles, and 56 tons to paint and varnish manufacturers; 2,905 tons were undistrib uted. A break-down of the latter figure would undoubtedly show much larger tonnages for the various uses enumerated. In 1934, for instance, 667 tons of zinc sulphate were used as a flotation reagent, according to data collected by T. H. Miller of the Bureau of Mines. RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured from a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and miscellaneous, secondary materials, such as scrap and waste from various industrial processes. In 1935, 93.8 percent of the lead in lead pigments was: derived from pig lead, 6.1 percent from ore, and 0.1 percent from secondary material. In 1934 for zinc pigments and salts the pro-; portions were 63 percent from ore, 21.1 percent from slab zinc, and . 15.9 percent from secondary materials. Details for 1935 were not available at the timo this roport was prepared. Metal content of lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, J93/,-3S, by sources, in short tons 1934 1935 j Lend in pigmeots ' Zinc in piguionts and salts Lead In pigments* Zinc in pigments and salts Domestic ore............. Metal.......................... Secondary material4 7,538 157, 294 370 | 165.211 76.331 * 25.624 * 19. 201 121. 156 1 12,109 185,151 144 107,404 85.773 S'! < > <) 1 Includes also lead recovered In ziuc oxide and leaded ziuc oxide. The metal content of lead acetaU and lead arsenate Is unavailable as no canvass of their productionis madoby the Bureau of Mines. More over, those salts are derived from pig lead, aod their metal content has already been taken into statistic* account In the figures covering lead production. Revised figures. (Figures not available. < Zinc ashes, skimmings, drosses and old metal. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN In the following tables the source of the faefcure of each pi^monfc and salt is given. P either directly or indirectly, in the manufac red lead, and orange mineral and to a large of basic lead sulphate. Zinc oxide is the o siderable slab zinc is used. Ore is employed oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc su phate. Some secondary lead is used in lead sulphate, and a substantial proportion and zinc cblorido made in the United States material. There was a large increase in t zinc used in the manufacture of zinc oxide This material has displaced slab zinc in the m process oxide. Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by do by sources, in short ton White lead Red lead Litharge______ Orange mineral.................. Baslo lead sulphate.......... Leaded tine oxide............. Zinc oxide. Xinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by dom by sources, in short tons 1034 Pigment or salt Zino ( pigments and salts produced from-- * Total zlno In Pig Domes tic ore Seoond* ments Slab zinc ary ma and salts terial Zino oxide..*............ Leaded zinc oxide.. Lithopone................ . Zinc chloride........... Zincsulphate.......... 42,804 11.478 > 20,810 1,830 26,371 1* 252 3,366 05 10,836 *4,604 411 71.630 11,673 > 31,356 * 4.766 1,042 76,331 * 26,624 *10,201 * 121,166 'Includes r.lacconumt ol a small quantity ol zinc sulphide produce 'Revised figures. 'Figures not yet available. PRICES The total value and the. average price rec sales of lead and zinc pigments and salts a chapter. The range of market quotations, 190 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 Paint, and Drug Reporter, appears in the following table. On October 1, 1935, quotations on French process zinc oxides were reduced drastically to meet competition from secondary producers and importers. Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts at Afew York (or delivered in the East), 1933-36, in cents per pound Product 1933 1034 1935 Bas Ic lead sulphate, or sublimed lead, less than car lots, barrels. White lead, or basic lead carbonate, dry, car lots, barrels.. Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels............................. . Red lead, dry, 95 porcoot or less, less than car lots, barrels. Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels: Ex-white lead................................................................ . Ex-rod lead............................................................................ Zlno oxide: American process, lead-free, bags, car lots.................... American process, leaded, barrels, car lots................ French process, red seal, bags, cor lots.......................... French process, green soal, bags, car lots...................... French process, white seal, barrels, car lots................. Lithopone, domestic, 5-ton lots, bags.................................... Zinc sulphide, less than car lots, bags, barrels.................... Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks..................................................................... Fused, drums........................................................................ Zinc sulphate, crystals, barrels......................... ...................... 6. 50- 6.00 0 00- 0. 60 6.50-7.00 0.50- 8.00 10.2/MI.76 0.00-10.50 5.75 5. 75 8.03 0.03 10.88 4.50 13.00-13. 50 2.00- 3.00 4.25- 5.75 2. 75- 3.75 6.25 6.25-0.50 0,00- 0.76 7.00- 7.75 10. 75-11,60 0.60-10. 25 6. 75- 0. 50 5. 76- 0, 50 8.38 9.38 10.03 4. 50 10. 50-13. 25 2.00 4.25- 5.75 2. 65- 4. 50 0.26 6.60 0.00- 7.00 7.00- 8.00 9. 60-11.00 9.00-10.60 5.00- 6. 60 6.13- 6. 60 5. 60- 8.38 6.00- 9.38 0. 60-10.63 4.60 10. 60-11.76 2.00 4. 50- 5.76 2.65- 2.80 FOREIGN TRADE 1 Imports of lead and zinc pigments and salts increased 26 and exports 17 percent in 1935. The export surplus increased from $419,000 to $452,000; in 1929 it was over $3,000,000. In 1933 there was an appar ent import surplus. The following table shows the value of the various pigments and . salts imported and exported for 1934-35. Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead and zinc pigments and salts, 1934-36 1034 1936 Imports Exports Imports Exports Lead pigments: White lead........ Red lead............ Litharge............. Orange mineral. Total. Zinc pigments: Zinc oxide___ Lithopone___ Zinc sulphide. Total........... Lead and zinc salts: Lead arsenate.. Other lead compounds. Zinc chloride.................. Zinc sulphate................. Other zinc compounds. Total Qrand total $2,790 6 992 3,788 $202,683 95,621 106,010 t) 404,214 148, 792 219,752 4,062 372,606 195,681 199,608 395,189 25,508 23,990 7,660 67,248 433,642 53, 059 (0 *53,059 *852,462 $1.153 109 '**'368' 1,630 205,264 256.731 6,073 468.068 36, 598 34,027 6.381 77,006 546,704 $277,683 98,727 (1036,970 612,280 170,767 221,611 392,368 94,448 <> *94,448 *999,102 1 Flguros not available. * Exclusive of the value of "other zinc compounds", figures for which are not available. * Figures on Imports and exports complied by M. B. Price, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Lead pigments and salts.--Imports of t negligible proportions. The most importan compounds, including lead acetate, lead nit Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in short tons Year Basic carbonate white lead Red lead Li 1930.. 1931.. 1932.. 1933.. 1934.. 1936.. 74 10 08 0) 29 4 31 16 6i > Less than 1 too. The principal exports are white lead, lith arsenate. Less than 3 percent of the dom lead, red lead, and litharge was exported in Lead pigments and salts exported from the United S Year White lead Red lead 1 Li 1930...................................................................... 1931...................................................................... 1932.................................... ................................. 1933......................................................... ,.......... 1934......................................................... ;........... 1936...................................................................... 6.546 6,008 1,681 1,048 1,601 2,337 4,128 3,087 493 670 746 760 i Includes litharge for 1030 end 1031 and an unknown quantity o * Included with red lead. While lead and red lead, orange mineral,1 and lith States, by destinations, 1932-36 Destination White lead 1933 1934 1 Countries: Argentina.......................... Canada.............................. Netherlands...................... Netherland West Indies Panama...^..................... Philippine Islands.......... United Kingdom............ Others................................ 31 60 69 23 76 91 387 377 463 3 2 10 201 26 201 145 138 130 743 73 47 148 296 650 Total............................ Continents: North America................ South America................. Europe.............. ................ Asia..................................... Africa............. ................... Oceania.............................. 1,681 326 76 1,131 148 <) 1 1,047 223 160 479 141 63 1 1.661 477 177 690 () 187 150 2 1 * Orange mineral Is not Included In this group In 1934 and 1935. * Leas than 1 ton. 192 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 Zinc pigments and salts.--Imports of zinc oxide and lithopone in creased in 1935 and were approximately twice as large as exports. Net imports amounted to less than 2 percent of domestic production. Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1930-35, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Dry In oil Litho Zinc Zinc Zinc Total pone sulphide chloride sulphate value 1930................................................. 1931............ ......................... 1932.-. ..... 1933................................... 1034................................ .. . 1036................................................ 1,056 1,352 2,516 2, 350 1,204 1,931 79 7,018 105 . 6,074 157 4,724 182 C, 606 04 3,927 50 4,603 80 351 610 $831,284 07 278 208 062,706 33 261 131 630,380 27 431 103 ooo.m 12 382 140 404,266 16 604 136 608,476 Exports of zinc oxide and lithopone declined slightly in 1935. Most of this trade is with North American countries, chiefly Canada. Zinc pigments and salts exported from the United Slates, 1930-36, in short tons Year Zinc Litho Zinc oxide pone salts Total value Year Zinc Litho Zinc oxide pone salts Total value 1930................. 10.753 3, 605 1,558 $1,956, 085 1933.................. 722 1,186 c) * $230,024 1931................. 6,131 3,821 1,011 1,146,395 1934.................. 1,155 2,401 0) i 395,189 1932.................. 1. 261 3,212 299 612, 659 1935.................. 1,140 2,371 * 392,368 > Zinc salts not separately recorded. 1 Exclusive of value of zinc salts. Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the United States, by destinations, 1932-86, . in short tons Destination Zinc oxide Lithopone 1032 1033 1034 1035 #1032 1033 1031 1936 Countries: Argentina..................................... Canada............................................. Cuba................................................. United Kingdom....................... .. Others............................ .................. Total............................................. Continents: North America............................... South America............................... Europe............................................. Asia................................................... Oooanla............................................ 79 740 23 4 07 318 1,261 904 94 116 61 6 81 * Less than 1 ton. 16 36 35 19 12 33 286 439 453 2. 883 881 1,803 22 87 116 82 41 185 5 12 16 (') 1 30 68 66 80 132 104 357 613 466 139 120 275 722 1, 155 1.140 3.212 1, 186 2,401 74 1,652 198 2 138 307 2,371 437 866 724 2,983 676 2,046 1,970 39 48 78 44 64 116 118 72 66 94 95 133 125 140 80 41 132 1 3 1 15 3 12 5 1 1 2 91 132 107 88 20 113 126 GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AND (MINE REPORT) By Ch a s . W. Hb n d SUMMARY OUT ' Page Summery.................................................................. 193 Marke Calculation of value of metal production........ 103 Compa ------ Tho total output of gold, silver, coppe and gravels in 1935, in terms of recovere metals, was 470,116.09 fine ounces of g silver, 15,477,000 pounds of copper, an This output compares with a production 168,868 ounces of silver, 114,000 poun pounds of lead in 1934 and shows a dec gold and 42,000. pounds of lead and in silver and 15,363,000 pounds of copper. CalcvlaXion oj value of metal productio duction herein reported has been calcu the table that follows: Gold in 1931-32 ounce, the Treasury legal coinage value 18, 1835, to January 31, 1934; in 193 $34.95, the average weighted yearly prices;2 and in 1935 at $35 per ounce, Reserve Act of January 31, 1934. The average New York price for bar silver; price for newly mined silver, $0.6464646 weighted Treasury buying price for new ounce. The copper, lead, and zinc price each year, of all grades of primary meta Prices of gold, silver, copper, lead Go 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934 1935 Per ou t $20 20 25 34 35 i $20.671835. ' $0.64646464. 1 Figures for 1935 are preliminary; detailed data with final r 1 The Treasury from Feb*. 1, 1934, through December 1934 per ounce, under authority of the Gold Reserve Act of Jan. fluctuating price of gold in 1933 to Jan. 31, 1934, may be found 536 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 MINOR METALS Jsatisfactorily in 1935. The name of the Fansteel Products Co., Ino.J North Chicago, III., was changed to Fansteel Metallurgical Cor*l poration. This firm is the world's leading producer of tantalum, ] using imported dres, and specializes in rare metals, including tungsten, 1 molybdenum, cesium, rubidium, tantalum carbido, and columtium. '] It is the sole producer of columbium, but the demand for this metal \ is insignificant ah yet. Fcrrocolumbium, on the other hand, is I finding increasing use in wcldaldo stainless steels; this alloy is made 1 by the Electro Metallurgical Co. at Niagara Falls, N. Y. ; In 1935, 7,681 pounds of colunibito valued at $4,521 were reported shipped from domestic mines. Of tlio total, 7,241 pounds containing about 75 percent Ta206 and Cb306 were produced by Georgo V. Bland, lessee of the property of Greene & Collingwood in South Dakota, and shipped to England; and 440 pounds were shipped by the Black Hills Keystone Corporation (also in South Dakota) to the South Dakota School of Mines. In addition, 4,000 pounds of columbite were produced (but not sold) in New Mexico by Philip S. Hoyt; the ore contained 70 percent Cb206 and 14 percent Ta2Os. Imports. Imports of tantalum and columbium ores in 1935 aggregated 1,190,398 pounds valued at $107,079, of which 6,083 pounds (tantalite) valued at $9,342 came from Australia and 1,184,315 pounds (columbite) valued at $97,737 came from Nigeria. In 1934 imports from Australia amqunted to 24,630 pounds valued at $35,441. World supplies. Tantalite, cither alone or sometimes with tin ore, occurs in several deposits in Southwestern Uganda, some of which may be opened up.24 Russian occurrences likewise are reported, but I lurgical residues. British requirements forme 1 cipally from Germany, but more recently from Canada; they may aggregate as much as 1,000 month, predominantly for hardening lead. In . now being produced at Coppor Clift, Ontario, Quebec, as a byproduct in the refining of nickel , tion in 1935 totaled 14,375 pounds valued for s the high figure of $65,650 compared with 5,13 \ nally at $25,599 in 1934; prior to October 193 i produced commercially in Canada. & From Russia comes word that tellurium product from treatment of the Kyshtym copp has been produced from Cottrell-precipitator phate plant in Odessa. There is no occasion product supplies of this hitherto obnoxious inadequate for current needs, but it is signi developed for additional supplies of metallu deposits of tellurium-bearing ores. An occurre associated with more or less gold, in Catron being seriously investigated in 1935. The New York quotations for tellurium ha unchanged at $2 a pound for several years, bu year London trade journals began quoting 6s. $1.85), which doubtless approaches more near than the former nominal quotation?, which w . Tellurium sold by producers in the United Slate no plans seem to have been made for working them. The leading developments recently have been in Nigeria, the world source of col umbite at present, which ships its entire output to the United States 1931................ ............. ......... - (') I 1934--------1932.................. .......................- .1,567 | 1936............ 1933.............................. -........... 11, 080 | According to tho report of tlio Jantar Nigeria Co., Ltd.,24 for the year > Ilureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. ended September 30, 1935, the 20-percent dividend declared by tho company was due largely to profits derived from the sale of columbite recovered in connection with tin-mining. Proceeds from the sale of 420 long tons of columbite were reported as 23,000, or 55 ($270) a ton. Of this, 350 tons were from a dump, and for the ensuing fiscal year a maximum output of 240 tons of newly mined material was contemplated. Test borings on "Kuru 3" have already proved some 1,800 tons of columbite concentrates at an average yield of 1.5 pounds per cubic yard. TiTANIUM _ Only long-established custom justifies inclu the rare or minor metals. It ranks ninth nature's elements, being more than five time nese, and following a rather late start com a rapidly growing consumption in three d ceramics, and metallurgy. World productio TELLURIUM is of the order of 200,000 tons, with an agg content of probably 50,000 tons, accordin After many years of apparently fruitless research, commercial uses were found for tellurium, and since about 1929 domestic production has reached sizeable figures, as shown in tho subjoined table. Tel lurium lead, the Tainton electrolytic zinc process, and rubber cable making are the main outlets at present. However, the use of tel lurium ("metalloid of the selenium-tellurium group") is covered by Carpenter Steel Co. patents for free-machining steels (United States Patents 2009713-16). Three American companies reported produc tion of tellurium in 1935, and a fourth reported sales from stock. Exports are made to Europe, and in 1935 inquiry developed from Germany for additional supplies of the element either in ore or metal- president of both the Titanium Pigments Alloy Mfg. Co., in a statement at the Febru Metals and Minerals Committee of the Amer and Metallurgical Engineers. Titanium p duced by three companies in the United S ono in Germany, one or two in Italy, and Evon so, production has scarcely begun. New plants 24 are projected in Australia, at land, under license agreement with the Inte of Toronto, and in Japan. In the latter co K. K. plans an initial output of 800 tons ye u Bureau o( Foreign anti Domeallo Commerce, World Trade Not Bulletin Imperial Institute (London): Vol. 33, no. 1, April 1936, p. 82. ' Mining Journal (London): Vol. 191, no. 6232, Nov. 30, 1936, p. 911; vol. 192, no. 6238, Jan. 11, 1936, p. 26. Vol. 9, uo. 15, Apr.. 1.1, 1935, p. 7; DO. 20, May 18, 1935, p. 7. . 538 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1930 process. Further increases are on the way, but large factories and investments are involved. The United States is by far the leading producer of titanium pigments, production representing 32,000 tons of dioxide in 1034, rising to 35,000 tons in 1935. The majority of the tonnage is in the titanium-calcium, titanium-barium, and other composite pigments, although use of pure dioxide seems to be gaining somewhat at present. Lead titanate, PbTiOa, is the latest addition to the list of titanium pigments; remarkable durability, accompanied by better gloss retention and less cracking and flaking, is claimed for paints containing 20 percent or more of this material. It has a very high refractive index and high hiding power, but the color is light yellow, whereas other leading titanium pigments are brilliant white. Still another new pigment product is "Ti-Sil", a combination of 30 percent of titanium dioxide and 70 percent of specially treated silicate extender. It is recommended for blending with other pig ments, especially leaded zinc oxide, and is quite durable. From an industrial point of view the most important domestic development in the pigment industry during 1935 was the completion of a large new factory at Sayreville, N. J., and the completion of the first unit of the new plant at Edge Moor, Del. Productive capacity in terms of titanium-inert combination pigment was thus increased to 125 tons or more per day. Inasmuch as the ilmenite used for pigment manufacture is largely of foreign origin, tho import statistics afford an index of the growth of the titanium-pigment industry, although it should be noted that some portion of the large increase during the last 2 years represents building up of adequate raw-material stocks at newly constructed plants. Rutile, the natural dioxide, is also finding a rapidly growing market, largely in the field of welding-rod coatings. Although imports of rutile (latterly all from Brazil) have been increasing greatly during the last several years, domestic requirements are largely supplied from Virginia. .The leading producing company formerly operated its milling plant only 2 or 3 months out of every other year, but in 1935 the mill was operated almost continuously and treated 300 tons of raw ore daily. A new modem mill is under construction. In addition to its use in welding rods, rutile is finding a steadily growing market for sundry other uses, chiefly in the ceramic industries. E. L. Lasier, vice president, Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., in a letter to one of the authors summarizing 1935 development in the metallurgical field, notes the launching of-a nickel-titanium alloy with commercial possibilities; the development of an alloy containing manganese and titanium in aluminum for which is claimed similar strength and ductility in the as-cast condition to that of the strongest aluminum alloys after heat treating; and interesting results with beryllium-copper which indicate that titanium additions help to maintain hardness at temperatures that otherwise would cause softening of the alloy. Domestic production of ilmenite is largely a byproduct of rutile or a joint product of monocalciuin phosphate. The latter item is pro duced at Piney River, Amherst County, Va., by the Southern Mineral Products Corporation from apatite, the output of which is roughly MINOR MET one-fourth the ilmenite output from th that disposal of the phosphate is the lim its output of ilmenite could still be inc year. The leading domestic producer Co., produces about as much ilmenit (Nelson County, Va.) operation. A prospect. The Burgess Laboratory in quietly exploring the Nelson-Amherst have acquired properties and are expec In Arkansas, the Titanium Corporat made carload shipments of brookite Malvern property but was unable to fin at a satisfactory price. In addition t company has attempted to market a this low-grade material must compete $12 a ton delivered at Niagara Falls, of the freight rate from Arkansas to t Imjforts.--Imports of ferrotitanium quite small, amounting in 1936 to 4,4 pared with 3,240 pounds valued at $43 was the only source of these shipments have been imports from Italy under th Ilmenite imports recently came exc i at least a temporary limit seems to h production from Travancore beach sa may act as a further deterrent to th around the globe. In 1935 Norway Canada 94 tons, and British India 93, it may bo noted, carries some magne be mixed with Virginia concentrates principal impurity. . Titanium ores imported for consumptio .-- Year L 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1035. ' According to official reports from persons employed daily in producing in Travancore rose from 421 in 1929 t of ilmenite meanwhile increased only and the concurrent production of z creased. The figures for individual tion in output per person from 50 to 1933, indicating that more intensive at least--lowered rather than increas 540 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1930 World production oj titanium minerals, 1931-35, in metric tons [Complied by M. T. Lalua} Miuornl and country 1031 1032 1033 J934 1036 Ilmenite: French West Africa (Senegal)*................................ British India (Travancore)....................................... United States................................................................ Rutile: Bratll *........................................................................... United States................................................................ 1,300 370 30, 740 6,000 152 10 (J) 4 21 0) 487 50.856 13,461 760 (*) :is 4 30 <*) 659 JC0 63.830 23,213 046 <*) 00 4 60 <*) 1,835 104 640 70.858 20,300 434 (*) 110 247 (3) o 2,076 (') 060 (') (') 386 0) C) (') (') Cl ' Data Dot available. ' Exports. ` Bureau of Mines not at liberty -to publish figures. 4 Concentrates. ZIRCONIUM The feature of the zirconium situation in 1935 was the extraor dinary increase in imports of zirconium ores, reflecting rapidly expanding consumption. No zircon is known to have been produced in the United States for several years, and hitherto domestic needs have been supplied almost exclusively by imports of baddeleyite from Brazil, but in 1935 zircon was imported in large quantities, both from British India and Australia, the former country supplying 3,099,732 pounds valued at $45,606 and the latter country 1,325,060 pounds valued at $17,433, whereas Brazil contributed only 1,331,934 pounds of oro valued at $13,884. In British India the zircon is a byproduct of the ilmenite output from Travancoro beaches. The Australian zircon likewise is recovered from beach sands, though in these operations zircon is apparently the main product. According to a New South Wales Department of Mines statement forwarded by F. E. McFaddcn, American vice consul, the beach deposits extend discontinuously from Fort MacQuarie to the Queensland border and have been worked mainly in the vicinity of Evan's Head and Ballina. Typical concentrates from different beaches carry: Zircon, 40 to 75 percent; ilmenite, 14 to 43 percent; rutile, 7 to 18 percent; and other minerals, 2 to 8 percent. Small amounts of gold, platinum, and tin occur in the concentrate and in some small patches of beach, recon centrated by wave action, are found in recoverable quantities. In 1935 these sands were being worked by three companies. The Zircon Mining Co., Ltd., a Titanium Alloy Mfg. Co. subsidiary, secured a lease at the mouth of Clarence River, Yamba. Metals Recoveries. Ltd. (head office, Sydney), is operating near Brunswick Heads, and Zircon Rutile, Ltd. (head office, Melbourne), near Byron Bay. Zirconium powder is used in flashlight mixtures and in ammuni tion primers. Pure, wrought metal is marketed by the Foote Mineral Co., the wire being used in radio tubes and sheet metal in spinneret cups for rayon manufacture. Zirconium-silicon and zirconiumferrosilicon are finding a growing use in steel making. From a ton nage standpoint, however, the main uses of zirconium compounds are in enamels and for electrodes or welding-rod coatings. A new MINOR METALS product developed in 1935, known as TAM H for-pound substitution for tin oxide as an opa els of all types, and at about one-half the pric Another new product is a practically C. powder form, spectrographically free of suc titanium and iron. Zirconium ores and alloys imported for consumption 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1936 Year Zircon Pounds 1,124,034 20,600 608,681 1,706,192 6,766,726