Document DDk1gJZYJyM1KQJddxJR6jKY5

jz'k a1 MftSi! y i y,iL i 1 ite>'l ;;s? ttf j `V.'Yl 2 U. ,**/> *>; .?:.:},V, .') 'i f,, , * * wav*?,-; '; 'i.y^ . P-F/'-i *-''/ -{< vh>, \< <:, .- v i*: i 1 ,>.' v ^"" !'V ': . ^pjrMt.,-yyc^h>'^.-r: i: ; .* *' <i)& :c.-` *v, i} -. ' -i* i \W* ;2 pi.--. ll&l ;( > l/1 :' &W# S-Af:, v '* '. .' HUMBLE OIL & REFINING. COMPANY S *; BATON ROUGE REFINERY . ' *// . ENJAY CHEMICAL COMPANY BATON ROUGE CHEMICAL PLANT _Au.w :r' W Uj xxI I55H=; ,W' ' 3-; MI { J. . SYMBOLS OF MAJOR UNITS BATON ROUGE REFINERY Unit Symbol Alkylation Alkylation Fractionation Facilities - (Deisobutanizer Unit) Catalytic Cracking Nos. 2 & 3 Petroleum Coking Depropanizer Fluid Hydroformer Gas Compressor House General Facilities Hydrocracker Hydrogen Sulphide Regeneration Light Ends Units No. 1 Light Ends - West No. 1 Light Ends - East No. 2 Light Ends - West No. 2 Light Ends - East No. 3 Light Ends - North No. 3 Light Ends - South No. 4 Light Ends - West No. 4 Light Ends - East No. 5 Light Ends - Polymerization No. 5 Light Ends - Recovery Light Oil Finishing Plant Lubricants Hydrofiner MEK Dewaxing Phenol Treating Pipe Stills (Atmospheric) Pipe Stills (Vacuum) Power former Pressed Oil Distillation Propane Lube Plant Solvents Hydrofiner ALA ALAF PCLA DPLA FHLA GLA GFLA HCLA HSRLA LEU-W LEU-E LEU-W LEU-E LEU-N LEU-S LEU-W LEU-E LPLA LRLA LOFP LHLA KDLA PTLA PS LA PVLA PHLA POLA PLP SHLA Map Location Ave - St. 0_5 N-5 0 - 11 , T - 17 M-6 Q-8 L 12 0 - 13 0 - 11 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 10 0-8 R-6 P-6 S-5 0-5 X-9 0 - 14 N - 16 P - 13 J-ll>Q- 12,1 J - 11 R- 7 S - 12 0 - 17 w-9 NOTE: In correspondence, the unit title rather than the symbol should be used. UfSStsSirmt H iv e * SYMBOLS OF MAJOR UNITS BATON ROUGE CHEMICAL PLANT Unit Symbol Map Location Ave.-St. Acetylene Removal Unit Alcohol Anhydrous Ethanol Ethanol Dehydration Ethanol Heartcutting Aromatics Benzene Toluene Section Toluene Dealkylation Section Benzene Butadiene Extraction Butyl Rubber Clay Treating Crude Resin/Buton Cyclopentadiene Purification . Diolefin (Isoprene) Extraction EPR/EPT Elastomers Ethylene Purification.Nos.1 & 2 Ethane/Propane Crackers Isobutylene Extraction Isobutylene Purification Isopropanol Dehydration Linear Olefins Modified Butyl Oxo Steam Cracking Nos. 1, 2, 4 and OLAX Steam Cracking - No.3 Tetrapropylene Redistillation ARLA ACLA -- EDLA "" BTS TDA TBLA BELA RLA CTLA PRLA CPLA DILA EPRLA EPLA ILA IPLA IDLA LOLA SRP HOLA OLA QBLA TPLA E - 30 C - 28 C - 30 V - 10 J - 31 C-27 & E-30 1-24 E - 26 H - 31 C - 25 H - 28 H - 26 F - 31 H - 26 J - 25 C - 32 Q-8 H - 26 J - 15 E-25,E-26,E-31 L - 12 H - 14 NOTE: In correspondence, the unit title rather than the symbol should be used ENJAY CHEMICAL COMPANY BATON ROUGE CHEMICAL PLANT r absolute viscosity - A measure of the resistance ex perienced by oneportion of a fluid moving over another portion. It is the force which will move 1 sq.cm, of plane surface with a speed of 1 cm./sec. relative to another parallel plane surface from which it is separated by a layer of the liquid 1 cm. thick. It is expressed in dynes per sq.cm., its unit being the poise (100 centipoises), which is equal to 1 dyne-second per square centimeter. absorption - The process by which one substance draws 'into itself another substance. For example, a lean oil forms a rich oil by absorbing propane or heavier components from a rich gas to leave a residue gas of methane and ethane. As applied to the petroleum industry, it usually refers to an operation in which a material is transferred from the vapor phase to the liquid phase. It usually, but not ex clusively, designates an operation in which the liquid is supplied as a separate stream independent of the vapor being treated. acid concentrator - A vessel, in which water is re moved from acid by heating and evaporation of the water. acid sludge - The residue left after treating a substance such as petroleum oil with sulphuric acid for the removal of impurities. It is usually a black, viscous substance. In the past, the sludge was burned by Gulf States Utilities Company in their boiler furnaces. Presently, only spent acid is obtained from operations and is sent to Consolidated Chemical Industries for fortification. acid treating - Treatment of substances such as petroleum distillates with sulphuric acid. The action of the substance is multiple, since it will extract, sulphonate, sulphate, oxidize, and polymerize the impurities. ;i J activated alumina - A partially dehydrated tri hydrate . It has a strong affinity for moisture or gases. IV. is used in air driers and for dehydra ting organic solvents. (See "desiccant") adiabatic - A process which takes place without loss or gain of heat from its surroundings. admiralty metal - An alloy of 70$ copper, 29$ zinc, and 1$ tin, used primarily for exchanger tubes in water service. Antimony, arsenic, or phosphorous is used to inhibit the metal against dezincifica- tion. . adsorption - The adhesion of the molecules of gases or dissolved substances to the surfaces of solid bodies, resulting in relatively high concentration of the gas of solution at the place of contact. An operation in which a solid is contacted with a fluid mixture under such conditions that some of the fluid adheres to the surface of the solid and changes the composition of the unadsorbed fluid. Examples are: 1) the removal of water from a gas by use of activated alumina: and 2) clay contacting of lube oils to improve color and cleanliness. aeration - As applied to units having solid catalyst in the process, it is the injection of air, steam, or gas into a line or vessel for the purpose of fluidizing the solids. A-frame truck - A wheeled vehicle having an inverted 'V' swirig' frame. Relatively light loads are lifted by mechanical winch and cable and are transported. The U-frame is a later design. afterburning - A characteristic of certain furnaces to have irregular fuel burning for some distance from the main burning. As applied to regenerators on catalytic cracking and hydroformer units, it is a final undesii'able burning of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in and around the cyclones or plenum chamber. It results from incomplete combustion in the catalyst bed. aftercooler - A heat exchanger in which a stream is "Hooled, usually by water, following a previous cooling process. agitator - In refining of petroleum, either: l) an "apparatus in which a body)of oil is kept in constant motion while being treate'd with sulphuric acid or other chemicals either by mechanical stirring or by forcing compressed air into the mixture; or 2) a mechanical stirring device with which substances in a vessel are mixed. air finned cooler - Heat exchanger equipment in 'which a liquid or gas flowing through externally- finned tubes is air cooled. Air draft is forced or induced past the tubes by means of motor-driven fans. air foam - Air foam is used as a smothering blanket on flammable liquid fires. It is produced by the addition of a foaming agent (a special liquid solution) to water to make it capable of foaming in the presence of air, which is usually incorporated by the mechanical action of jets in a fixed foam maker or portable playpj^pe. The liquid foaming agent is used in a proportion from 3$ to 6$ in water. algae - Plants of the group comprising practically all seaweeds and allied fresh water or non-aquatic forms as pond scums and stoneworts. It occurs in water cooling towers where its removal is a re curring problem. aliphatic hydrocarbons - Hydrocarbons of open or straight chain structure such as ethane, butane, octane, butene, and acetylene. alkylate - The product of an alkylation reaction. It usually applies to the high octane product from alkylation units which, is used in blending high octane gasoline. > alkylation - Formation of complex saturated molecules, by direct union of a saturated and an unsaturated molecule. Light compounds such as isobutane and butylene are formed into heavier compounds through the control of temperature and pressure in the presence of an acid catalyst. All-Purpose cement - (See trade name "Nukems.") ammonia injection - Anhydrous ammonia which is put into the atmospheric tower overhead vapors at pipe stills at controlled rates. It is injected to maintain a constant pH in the distillate drums to combat metal corrosive sulphides and chlorides. amylene - Any of a group of eight isomeric hydro carbons, C5II10, of the olefin series. It may be alkylated with propylene to produce high octane gasoline blending stock. angle valve - A pipeline block valve which has its inlet at a right angle to the outlet. aniline point - The lowest temperature at which equal volumes of a petroleum oil and aniline become miscible. It indicates the chemical nature of an oil, as paraffinic oils have high aniline points and aromatic types have low aniline points. annunciator - An audible or visual device, such as a horn, buzzer, bell, or light, which alerts a process operator to an "off-normal" operating condition. anode - Generally, it is a positively charged electrode. As generally applied to refinery opera tions, it is a metallic conductor, usually of magnesium, used in channel sections of coolers or condensers (water side). Any currents set up enter the water electrolyte through the magnesium anode. The anode wastes away rather than the equipment metal. anti-knock gasoline quality - The composition of a -gasoline which reduces the "knock" in an automobile engine. The quality is characteristic of the gaso line components or some additive agent. The anti knock quality gasoline produces a slower rate of flame propagation, and hence a more gradual burning of the gasoline in the cylinder. (See also "octane number.") anti-vortex baffle - A plate or similar device for "reducing a liquid circular motion that causes a cavity or vacuum at the center of discharge from a vessel. It provides smooth fluid discharge. API gravity - An arbitrary scale standardized by the "American Petroleum Institute expressing the density of liquid petroleum products. Its relation to specific gravity may be calculated in terms of the following formula: _ a<* AFI ' sp. clwF./tO. ' 131'5 apron ring - A horizontal or sloped plate installed around a tank or other vessel. On a tank, it may be the roof extension which covers external in sulating tile or blocks. aromatic compounds - Organic compounds derived from benzene with one or more benzene rings of carbon atoms, as distinct from those of aliphatic character. asphalt - A residual material from the distillation of crude oil which consists primarily of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, along with small portions of oxygen-and -nitrogen compounds. Desired properties for road paving material is obtained by blending. "A" Shift - (See "shift period.") asphaltic concrete - A roadway or area surfacing material made by mixing proportioned quantities of graded aggregate and asphalt at an outside plant. It is usually spread by a mechanical finisher when in the heated condition. attriter - Target plate or other wear surface con tained in a piping arrangement for circulating powdered catalyst to produce additional fines. It rnay also be a jet device from which gas or steam discharges and causes catalyst particles to strike one another. Audigage - A portable, battery-operated, non-destruc tive test instrument for measuring metal pipe and vessel wall thicknesses from one side, using the ultrasonic resonance principle. The instrument is generally limited to thicknesses between 5/8" and 12." austenitic stainless steels - Alloys which contain at least 24$ combined chromium and nickel, and in which neither the amount of chromium nor nickel is less than 8$. These alloys make up the AISI 300 series. They are not hardenable by heat treatment. A common type in use is 18$ chrome-8^ nickel (18-8), type 30^ stainless steel. auto-ignition temperature - The lowest temperature to which a mixture of flammable vapor and air must be heated for ignition in the absence of a spark or flame. . automatic logger - A device which automatically records data in digital form from measuring instruments at pre-set intervals or upon demand. azeotropic distillation - The process of distilling in the presence of an added azeotrope-forming sub stance in order to separate a mixture of two hydro carbons having substantially the same boiling point and which cannot be separated by ordinary distilla tion. The azeotrope-forming substance has the property of changing, by different amounts, the relative volatilities of the two hydrocarbons in the mixture, thus making them separable by distillation. L IO babbit metal - A white, anti-friction alloy, especially one composed of copper, antimony, and varying proportions of tin, used as a bearing material in machine plain journal bearings. back pressure - The pressure which acts against fluid flow in an exhaust or discharge piping from equipment. It may result from obstructions created back pressure valve - An automatic valve designed to maintain a constant back pressure in a fluid system baffle (baffle plate) - A device such as a plate located in a tank or other vessel for changing the direction, guiding the flow, or promoting the mix ing within the equipment. balanced-area safety valve - A safety valve which will "pop'* at its set pressure and release without being affected by back pressure. The back side of the spring-loaded disc covering the discharge port is not subjected to back pressure since it is pro tected by a bellows, sleeve, or other means. barometric condenser - A device which permits atmos pheric discharge of steam condensate and other condensibles from a jet vacuum system. Also, a device which uses water to condense hot vapors and produce a vacuum. barrel - As the standard unit of measurement of liquids in the petroleum industry, it contains 42 U.S. standard gallons. Barrel containers for lube oils hold 55 gallons, or for greases hold 400 pounds. base stock - The primary petroleum fraction from which a specification product is prepared, by adding other components to it. ^fltch still - A petroleum still in which the -'distillation is carried out in batches. The entire charge is introduced and the distillation_is com pleted without the introduction of an additional charge. Small scale units are used in laboratory work. bath (laboratory) - A vessel which is supported over 'X'source 0f heat and contains sand, water, or other medium into which another smaller container is sub merged as into a bath for heating its contents uniformly. battery limit - The boundaries of a geographical "area containing an operating unit. Baume' gravity - Specific gravity expressed on the Taume' scale for liquids lighter or heavier than water. For liquids lighter than water, the National Bureau of Standards scale is as follows: o - 140 ,_n Be = gp. Gr". at oCTF./oO^fT " 5 The API scale is now used for liquids by the petroleum industry instead of the Baumd scale. For liquids heavier than water, the American Baum^ scale is as follows: Be = 145 - Sp. gr. at WJF.,/-bO,'F. bauxite - A residual clay, consisting essentially of aluminum hydroxides, formed by the chemical weather ing of basic igneous rocks. It is an industrial adsorbent for similar use as fuller's earth. bayonet heater - A type of tubular heating element which is inserted through the metal wall of a vessel sue!) as a sulphuric acid concentrator or reboiler for transferring heat to the contents. beehive cover - A spherical, dome-shaped cover, slotted for surface drainage, which may be placed over sever catch basins. bell-bottom pile - A concrete column support having an. enlarged bell-shaped bottom portion for spread ing the load underground. Bell-bottom piles are used when poor soil conditions are encountered. bell cap - (See "bubble cap.") bellows-type safety valve - A safety valve having an internal bellows' enclosure around the top of the disc and stem. This eliminates the effects of varying back pressure and permits the valve to "pop" at its set pressure. The bellows also shields the operating parts from fouling and corro sion. (See also "balanced-area safety valve.") bend - A curved length of pipe of a larger radius than a standard elbow. A slight bend is often called a spring. Pipe that is bent to 4-5, 90, or lQo is often specified as l/8, 1/4, or l/2 bends. bent - A steel support normally consisting of a horizontal beam on two braced columns, usually used for supporting pipe lines. benzene - An aromatic hydrocarbon (C^IIg) present to a minor degree in most crude oils. Some important products manufactured from benzene are: styrene, phenol, nylon, aniline, and synthetic detergents. berl saddles - Irregular "U" or double "U"-shaped ceramic objects used in packed distillation columns in lieu of trays. The saddles serve the same pur pose as cylindrical raschig rings. berm - A space of built-up ground located between a low point and the top of a mound. The same cushion which distributes the load of a spheroid is often called a berm. r i. [ : .fcamen - Mixture of high boiling hydrocarbons which Bi^T'goluble in carbon disulphide, and include aSphalts, coal tar, and pitch. , - A blind plate or blind flange used in -^losing off a vessel or section of piping from other equipment. Also, a term for cut plate vhich has not been completely fabricated. blanketing - The injection of steam, inert gas, or "5tHer vapor above the fluid in a vessel, for reduc ing liquid vaporization. It prevents a vacuum when a vessel is pumped out, or prevents a condition for a fire or explosion. A vessel is blanketed by steaming and allowed to air out before entry. bleeder - A small valve and pipe connection which is "usually located in a low place in a pipeline or vessel where condensate, water, or oil can be drained without discharging the entire contents. The term is used for similar connections which serve as vents on top of lines to bleed off vapors. A bleeder is located between two block valves in a pipeline to assure that no leakage passes both valves when closed. bleeding - Diverting from a line or vessel a small " portion of the contained material, usually accomplished by slightly opening or "cracking" a valve on the line or vessel. Also, the tendency of a liquid component to separate from a lubricant, as the oil from a grease. blending - The operation of mixing two or more materi als such as oils or gasoline stocks having different properties to obtain intermediate proper ties . Naphthas arid alkylate are used for gasoline blending. Lubricating oils are blended to vis cosity requirements. blind - Refer to blank. This term pertains to a blank plate which is inserted between pipe flanges for isolating a section of a line or items of equipment. It is also called a slip "blind. A blind is not used for pressure service unless so designed when it is normally stamped with the rating. Blind flanges are used for pressure ser vice. ' block - This term applies to shut-off valves or cocks, and to one or more pulleys contained in a sheave used in rigging. blowback - A system in which a fluid or gas is continuously bled through meter lead or similar lines into a main line. This prevents the main line fluid from coming in contact with connected equipment, or facilitates cleaning the lead lines. blowcase - A surge drum to receive the discharge from reciprocating compressors for smoothing out flow pulsations. Also, an acid blowcase is a small pressure tank from which sulphuric acid used in process treating is blown by compressed air to an agitator. It may also be a feed reservoir from which the feed stream is forced out by means of a gas. blowdown - Discharge from safety valves into a closed piping system when relieving excessive equipment pressures. Vapor or liquid discharges to a disengaging drum (blowdown drum) where vapors are usually released to a flare stack and hydrocarbon liquids are pumped to suitable storage. blower - A centrifugal machine for supplying air for fluidizing solid catalyst and to effect flow in cracking units. Similar machines are used for supplying sufficient air for venting purposes or used on boiler furnaces to aid combustion. blowing - Agitating a liquid by the introduction of compressed air near the bottom of a container. In "blowing bright," the air assists in carrying off moisture} whereas, in acid treating, the air is used only for agitation. boat sample - A small metal sample cut from a 'vessel, line, or other piece of equipment for per forming a metallurgical examination of the material. A hole need not be made entirely through the equipment metal wall. bob gage - A measuring device which indicates the "fluid level in a storage tank. The device consists of a liquid float which actuates a weighted "bob" on the outside by a connecting cable or chain and pulley arrangement. Level is indicated on a vertical graduated scale on the tank shell. body - A colloquial term referring to the viscosity "of a lubricating oil. Also, it may be a valve housing which contains the gate and stem. boiling point, initial and final (i.b.p. and f.b.p.) - Initial boiling point is the recorded temperature when the first drop of liquid falls from the end of the condenser, when using standard laboratory dis tillation equipment. Final boiling point is the highest temperature reached, is generally when no more vapor can be driven over, and is the same as end point. bottled gas - Ordinarily, butane or propane, or mix tures thereof, liquefied and bottled under pressure for domestic gas uses. bottoms - The liquid which collects in the bottom of a vessel, either during a fractionating process or while in storage (tower bottoms, tank bottoms). In distillation, it is the high boiling fraction. Bourdon tube - A circular-shaped tubular element of an indicating pressure gage. One end of the tube is closed and the other end is connected to the pressure source. An increase in pressure causes an outward motion of the closed end. The motion is translated to the gage indicating pointer by means of mechanical linkage. n tlu iA M ijy A a o u ic p f box a leak - To install a metal box over an equip ment leak while the equipment remains in service. The box contains a. valve for release of leak pres sure until welding is completed. The box is also designed for operating pressure. box cooler - Same as a condenser box, except liquids are cooled instead of vapors being condensed. (See "condenser box.") box-type furnace - A furnace of older design which is built in the form of a box and has the floor at ground level. The furnaces at Wos. 1 to 8 Pipe Stills, inclusive, are of this design. bonnet - An enclosure over the gate, plug, or slide of a valve. The bonnet contains a seal to prevent leakage around the valve operating stem or rod. On a safety valve, the bonnet is the housing for the spring. ' breathing - The movement of gaseous vapors out and the inflow of air through vents of storage tanks due to alternate heating and cooling. breathing-type mastic - A classification of mastic used as a weatherproofing material over hot-service insulation. It may be a water emulsion which per mits the passage of vapors after drying. It is not used over cold-service insulation which requires a vapor-sealing solvent-thinned mastic. breeching - The steel or firebrick structure of a furnace which carries the flue gases to the stack or chimney. bridgewall - A masonry wall located inside a furnace which separates the radiant and convection sections. Hot flue gases pass either over or under the wall, depending upon design, and are directed between tubes of the convection section. bright stock - High viscosity, highly refined, and dewaxed lubricating oils produced by suitable treat ment of residue. Brinell hardness - The hardness of a metal as "determined by use of a Brinell hardness testing machine. Pressure is applied on the metal by a hard steel ball and the diameter of the impression is measured. The hardness number may range from 50 in copper to 600 in heat treated steel. bromine number - The number of grams of bromine reacting with 100 grams of oil indicates the per centage of double bonds in the material. The content of olefins or diolefins can thus be estimated if their type and molecular weight are known. "B" Shift - (See "shift period.") bubble cap - An inverted cup with a notched or slotted periphery to disperse the vapor in small bubbles beneath the surface of the liquid on a tray plate in a distillate column or tower. Sometimes, it is called a "bell cap." bubble tower - A fractionating tower so constructed that the vapors rising pass up through layers of condensate on a series of plates. The vapor passes from one plate to the next above by bubbling under caps and out through the liquid on the plate. The less volatile portions of vapor condense in bubbl ing through the liquid on the plate, and overflow to the next lower plate, and ultimately back into the reboiler. Separation of the light and heavy fractions is thereby effected. bubble cap tray - A horizontal plate, equipped with bubble caps, chimneys, and downcomers, which is in stalled inside a tower, such as used for distilla tion or absorption. The equipped tray serves to secure intimate contact between the rising vapor or liquid and the falling liquid in the tower. IB Buell cyclone - A make of cyclone separator used in side vessels at the catalytic cracking units to separate powdered catalyst from flue gas or oil vapors. bull's eye - Slang for a round box (see "look box") in which a movable indicator shows fluid flow. bull plug - A colloquial term which applies to a hemi-spherical cap which is used in closing off the end of a pipe. bump - The exercise of rights, according to the Company and Union Agreement, by one who requests and is allowed to take the post of another who has less service. bumping - The violent boiling of a petroleum product containing water. bundle - (See "tube bundle.") burner spud - An orifice sized for the proper flow of fuel gas into the air-gas mixing chamber of a furnace burner. butadiene - An aliphatic compound (CgUg) used for the manufacture of synthetic rubber and rubber base paints. butane - (C4H10) Refers usually to a mixture of isoand normal butane, an isomeric, flammable, gaseous hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. butterfly valve - A pipe line valve used for con trolling or regulating flow. The valve gate is pivoted by the stem located in the gate vertical center and it is not intended to close tight. butyl alcohol - A series of alcohols having the chemical formula C4H0OH and boiling points between 182F. and 243F. butylenes - (C4II0) Also called butenes which are "isomeric hydrocarbons of the olefin series. They are gaseous but easily liquefiable. Butyl - A trade marked name for a synthetic rubber "compound of isobutylene and isoprene. by-pass valve - A valve by which fluid flow can be "diverted around some piece of equipment or part of the system through which it normally flows. 20 swm* ^abin-type furnace - A type of furnace shaped as a "cabin vith the floor above grade. The radiant tubes are along the sides and transition roof sec tion, and the convection tubes are in the upper reduced structural section. Examples of this type are those at Nos. 9 and 10 Pipe Stills. carbon buildup (residue) - In a fluid catalyst unit, "carbon buildup is an abnormal deposit of carbonous material on the catalyst. In general, it is the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product. The residue is not entirely composed of carbon, but is a coke which will be further changed by pyrolysis. carbonization - The process of converting an organic "compound, such as oil, into carbon by means of heat carbon lining - A formed lining of carbon used in vessels and piping in sulphuric acid service. (Refer to trade name "Karbate.") carburization - Diffusion of elemental carbon into a metal in contact with a carboniferous material (such as oils being processed) at high temperatures It increases the hardening tendency of ferritic steels and results in a brittle structure. Carburized metal is difficult to weld. carryover - That portion of a finely divided catalyst which escapes the cyclones of a reactor or regenerator of cracking units. Also, it is rela tively non-volatile contaminating material which is carried over by the "overhead" effluent from a fractionating tower, absorber, or a reaction vessel. This may be as liquid droplets or finely divided solids suspended in a gas, a vapor, or in a discrete liquid. car-sealing - A refinery safety practice, adopted from the method for sealing railroad cars, to in sure that certain block valves are not operated in advertently, thereby causing an unsafe condition on profess equipment. Wire is threaded through a hole in a valve stem, or collar on the stem, and through a hole in the valve body bolt head or packing gland. Certain locations which require car-seals are block valves around pressure relieving devices and valves on transfer lines from fired coils to vessels un less a safety valve is,provided before the block. cascade controls - An instrument control system where the controlled output of one instrument (governing instrument) sets the set point of a second instrument known as the slave. castable - A cement type insulation or refractory which is troweled or gunned into place and cured for strength and hardness. It is used as internal lining for piping, vessels, and cyclones on crack ing units, in furnace wall construction, and for tube sheet linings. "Cat" - Slang for catalyst, generally in powder form consisting of fine solids. catalysis - A process in which a chemical reaction is speeded up by contact with an unrelated substance (called the catalyzer), which itself does not under go any permanent change despite its important part in aiding the chemical action. catalyst - Same as catalyzer (See "catalysis"). catalyst activity - A relative activity defined as the ratio of the space velocity of the catalyst under test to the space velocity required for a standard catalyst or fresh catalyst to give the same feedstock conversion. Catalyst activity is sometimes expressed as a ratio of product and catalyst weights, as done at the Resin Unit. catalyst hold-up - The weight of catalyst in tons in either the reactor or regenerator of a fluid-solids cracking unit. , r ! pnt.alyst residence time - The average length of time | particular particle of catalyst spends in a ' fluid-catalyst or moving-bed reactor. ' natch basin - A masonry s\mip into which surface -Jfainage, water drawoff from equipment, and spill ages enter the sewer system. A water level is maintained at the special outlet for sealing off the discharge to prevent downstream hydrocarbon gases from backing into a unit area. "cat cracker" - The apparatus in which the catalytic "cracking process is carried out. cathodic protection - The stifling of the flow of "current accompanying the electrochemical corrosion process. This is accomplished by projecting a current flow through the corroding media to the surface being protected. Sacrificial, magnesium or zinc anodes, which have potential to neutralize anodes on the material to be protected, are used for protection of channel sections' of coolers and of tankage. Direct current which flows from an ex ternal source through the soil or an electrolyte accomplishes the same purpose. "cat unit1' - A catalytic cracking unit. caustic washing or scrubbing - An operation in which a substance such as a petroleum distillate is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide for the re moval of hydrogen sulphide, or low weight mcrcaptans and acidic impurities. The hydrocarbons are contacted with caustic in mixing columns or in contact towers. centerboom - A small tracked crane on which the boom is pivoted at the center of the machine instead of front, back, or sides. cetane number - The ignition quality of a diesel fuel in terms of an arbitrary scale made with a diesel engine. It is the percentage by volume of Ahrvin*; ( Trade Names cetane in a mixture of cetane and methyl naphtha line which has the same quality in the engine as the fxiel under test.- High cetane number indicates good diesel fuel. chain block - Denotes a hand-operated chain hoist. channel cover - A flat plate which covers the outer end of an exchanger channel section. channel section (exchanger) - An exchanger part which contains inlet and outlet nozzles for the tube side (fluid passing through tubes). It is bolted to a shell flange at the stationary tube sheet. charge - A,quantity of feed stock for a refinery unit. cheater - A pipe or bar attached to a hand wrench to give greater mechanical advantage. check valve - An automatic non-return valve which permits fluids to pass in one direction only. It will automatically close when the fluids begin to pass in the opposite direction. cherry picker - A wheeled tractor having a hy draulically operated boom and lift hook, used in picking up relatively light weight equipment or in laying pipe on sleepers. Chiksan joint - (See trade names.) - chiller - The term is used in many refinery loca tions where fluids are cooled to relatively low temperatures. An example is the apparatus in which the temperature of paraffin distillates is lowered preparatory to filtering out the solid wax. There are two general types: the Gray chiller and the Carbondale chiller. nViinese hat - A colloquial term referring to a cone aped deflector plate attached to an inlet nozzle inside a vessel. It serves to improve initial fluid distribution. Christmas tree - A colloquial term referring to a yater hydrant having several hose connections on top of the single riser, or it may be a similar piping layout. It may also be a manifold at the head of oil, gas, or other underground storage veils. clarified oil - The bottoms obtained from cataTyticaily.cracked stock by fractionating and settling. The oil is processed further or used as fuel oil. clarifyer - Any apparatus used in accelerating the ' sedimentation of foreign material from fluid stocks. It may embody the principle of centrifugal action, filtration, simple heating, or treatment with acid or alkali. Color of oils may be im proved, or cloudiness reduced, in a mechanical or chemical clarifier. Water clarifiers are used at steam boiler plants. clay filter - A percolation vessel in vhich fuller's earth (Attapulgus clay) or bauxite is utilized to improve the color and general cleanliness of the oil. clay treating - Contacting of a distillate fuel in the liquid phase with a fuller's earth for the re moval of olefinic materials by polymerizing. cleanout seal - A cast metal sewer seal installed in. catch basins, having a removable cover to facili tate cleaning. Wash room sanitary facilities also have drain piping equipped with cleanout pipe fittings which serve as seals. i cloud point - The temperature at which a sample of oil becomes cloudy or opaque as the oil is chilled under prescribed conditions. Wax or other substances begin to crystallize or separate from the oil. With dewaxed oil, the cloud point is a measure of wax removal. nid work permit - A permit issued to perform work Sj^JtPdoes not create sufficient heat to ignite flammable gas and air mixtures. It is required when the work is performed on process equipment ' ^at is onsite or offsite, either for each job or aS a blanket permit. cock - A pipeline valve, also called a "plug valve," having a tapered plug with opening, which serves as the gate. From the open flow position, flow can be stopped by rotating the plug 90 Its operation differs from a gate valve in that a plug is rotated instead of a gate that is moved in and out. codimer - A polymer formed by the union of two dissimilar olefin molecules. In refining, it is generally Understood to mean the product of polymerization of isobutylene with one of the two normal butylenes. coils - A number of turns of piping or series of connected pipes in rows or layers for the purpose of radiating or absorbing heat. Coils are used in pressure vessels, tanks, and furnaces. coking - 1. The undesirable building up of coke or --carbon deposits on refinery equipment. 2. The process of distilling a petroleum product to dry ness. With the production of lighter distillable hydrocarbons, an appreciable amount of carbon or coke is formed and settles to the bottom. 3* A thermal cracking process, called "Fluid Coking," in which heavy oils are cracked to produce lighter fractions and coke. cold spring - A permanent set provided in a section of pipe so that when connected with another section it has to be sprung the set amount. The pipe is sprung, in the same direction in which the system expands from the service temperature. This per mits bending stresses to remain within the elastic limits in certain instances, where stresses would be excessive without the cold spring. , ,,nior test - The examination of an oil in a colori-jjjjter, or with arbitrary standards, to give a value to its color. The value shows the extent which the product will transmit or reflect light. combination tower - A tower designed for both "flashing and fractionating operations. comealong - A block and tackle rigged for a 'mechanical advantage in pulling equipment. condenser - A heat exchanger in which water is "normally used for cooling and liquefying vapors to a temperature below the normal boiling point. It may consist of an item of shell and tube equipment or a box containing pipe coils. condenser box - A large box-shaped structure in which the condenser, which may consist of coils or worms, is submerged in a circulating heat-absorbing medium (usually water). conduit - Thin wall tubing through which electrical insulated wire and cable are run. Conradson carbon - Carbonaceous residue left behind when oil is subjected to destructive distillation in test apparatus designed to exclude air and pre vent condensation of distillate back into the sample. Test of a sample represents roughly its tendency to form carbon in an engine. The test was originated by Dr. Pontus II. Conradson. continuous treaters - Equipment in which a treating operation is carried out continuously. Usually, it is a series of closed drums with connecting lines, 4 ri pumps^ or other equipment in which acid and caustic treating of oil is done continuously and counter- currently. . controller - An instrument control element, availahle in pneumatic, electrical, or self-actuated ' types. It receives responses from a primary measurement element through the transmission system. It produces an output signal to a control valve or similar device to maintain internal balance of a process under the control. control valve - The final control device of an instru ment control system. It is a pipeline valve which usually is actuated by a pneumatic diaphragm power unit in response to a signal from a controlling instrument. The power unit may also be an electric solenoid, moiior, or a hydraulic diaphragm or cylinder. convection furnace section - That portion of a furnace where oil tubes receive heat by convection from the flue gases. conversion - In general, a petroleum fraction ex pressed as a percent of the feed stream processed. cooler - Any type of heat exchanger for primary use in reducing the temperature of one of the passing materials by heat transfer to the other. cooling tower - A structure usually built of wood for the purpose of cooling water by evaporation. Refinery towers have either induced-draft or forced-draft type fans for supplying air and speeding evaporation. copolymer - A compound formed by the union of two or more similar, but not identical, unsaturated hydro carbons. The product, which is obtained by polymerization, is a complex with properties different from each polymer alone. ' corbel - A masonry ledge projecting from a wall, such as provided inside a furnace to shield tubes from burned gases or to direct the circulation of the gases. core sample - A small cylindrical section removed from a vessel metal wall, or from other material, for use in an examination or test of the material. Cottrell precipitator - A large bin used on cata lytic cracking units for collecting and recovering catalyst fines which pass from regenerator cyclones. The fines collect on electrostatic grids within the precipitator and are shaken down periodically by electrically operated rappers. cracking (thermal) - A process in which oil is sub jected to high temperatures and pressures for decomposing the large molecules into smaller lower-boiling molecules. At the same time, certain of the molecules which are reactive combine with one another to give even larger molecules than those in the original stock. The more stable moleclues leave the system as cracked gasoline, but the reactive ones polymerize and form tar and coke. cracking coils - Refinery equipment used for crack ing heavy petroleum or its products. The furnace coil is subjected to high pressure and temperature. creep - The flow or plastic deformation of metals that are held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength. The effect increases and becomes important as temperatures are increased. crinkle wire mesh - Interwoven metal wire screening, V to 0" thick,which is used above the flash zone in a pipe still vacuum tower. The screen serves to remove entrained droplets of residuum from vapor as it passes up the tower. The screen gradually plugs with coke and must then be replaced. cross - A pipe fitting which connects four pipes. crow's nest - A colloquial term for a pipe manifold having developed into a poor layout after many addi tions . crude - A naturally occurring mixture in the earth, consisting predominately of hydrocarbons, and/or suiphur, nitrogen, and/or oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons crude assay - A laboratory analysis of a crude oil, obtained from inspections of various fractions distilled to simulate refinery production. New or current receipts of crudes are assayed to provide up-to-date operating information. crude still - A piece of refinery equipment designed to permit physical separation of crude oil by the application of heat. 11C" Shift - (See "shift period.") curb wall - A perimeter concrete wall, usually about 6" thick by 8" high, for retaining spillage from equipment within the bounded area until drained away. Curb wall locations are determined by safety and housekeeping considerations. A curb wall is often referred to as a firewall. cut - A segregated part or fraction of the total overhead or sidestream in a distillation process. cutback asphalt - Asphalt which has been rendered liquid by fluxing with a light volatile product such as naphtha. Upon exposure to the atmosphere, the volatile product evaporates and the asphalt hardens. cycle stock - Product taken from some later stage of a process and recharged to the process at some earlier stage. ,yclone " Separating equipment used in cracking unit ^Jssels to separate powdered catalyst from oil vapors or entrained catalyst from flue gases. Centrifugal force is imparted by the fluid and solid velocities. The cyclones used are the Buell n- t~> rYclone radish Slang for a dust pot under a -Jyclone. {See "dust pot.") davit - A small hoisting crane. In the refinery, it applies also to a swivel "bar or hinged support permanently attached to a manway cover plate or other heavy piece of equipment for swinging away the part when bolts are removed. It Is also used on tops of towers or drums as a swivel support point for lowering or raising items such as safety valves. dead man - A steel beam set in concrete, a mass of concrete, or other object which is fixed in the ground for attaching a guy line to support a tower, stack or other load. dead-weight safety valve - A safety valve having a weight on a lever which holds the safety valve disc seated until the set pressure is reached. The lever and weight are used in lieu of a safety valve spring. deasphalting - The removal of asphaltic compounds from lubricating oils to improve the qualities of the oil. The process utilizes the widely different solubilities of oil and asphalt-resins in liquid propane. debutantzation - The process of distillation in which all the butane and lighter components of a distillate are separated from the heavier com ponents . debutanizer and splitter - A combination unit designed to debutanize a distillate fraction and split the remaining heavier stock into a light and heavy component. decantation - The act of drawing off, or pouring off, a liquid body from one container to another with out disturbing the underlying sediment or lower liquid layers. decarburization - The loss of carbon from the sur face of a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with carbon. It is usually restricted to high temperature oxidation. By loss of carbon, the surface layer is reduced in strength and hardness. decoking - Removal of petroleum coke from furnace --tubes by mechanical turbining or by steam-air de coking process. Decoking of tubes and vessels may be done by means of cutting with high velocity streams from special type nozzles. di-ethanolamine (DEA) - An organic base used in gas "handling and stabilization units for removing hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide by absorption. deFlorez drilling - A number of small holes in pipe, 'valves, or fittings drilled from the outside to a depth approximately equal to the retiring thick ness. This is an adjunct to metal inspection which provides a visible or audible warning when internal corrosion has reached the danger point. dehydrogenation - Chemical reaction in which an organic compound loses hydrogen. An example is the formation of butene from butane. Derapster-Dumpster and D.D. boxes - The DempsterDumpster is a vheeled truck with lifting arms, hydraulically operated, for picking up and trans porting special metal boxes. The boxes are used for hauling trash, debris, liquid spills,etc., within the refinery. dense bed (dense phase) - This term generally refers to the higher density portion of the fluidized powdered catalyst in a cracking unit regnerator or reactor. It is comprised of a high concentration and most of the solids within the vessel. deoiling - The removal of oil from paraffin wax to obtain an essentially oil-free wax. i dephlegmation - Partial condensation. A terra applied to the cooling of a mixed vapor to a definite temperature, thereby condensing a portion of the vapor richer in the higher boiling constituents than the original vapor. depropanizatlon - The process of distillation where by the lighter components of a distillate are separated from butane and heavier components. It is accomplished in a bubble tower called a depropa nizer where the propane and lighter constituents are removed overhead from heavier components. desalting - The removal of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sodium chloride from crude oils. It involves mixing water with crude oil to dissolve the water soluble salts, breaking the emulsion by passing between high voltage electrodes in a vessel, settling, and separating the phases. desiccant - A drying agent. An example is "Drierite," or anhydrous calcium sulphite, such as used in instrument cases to avoid deterioration during a stand-by period. Other solid desiccants are silica gel, activated alumina, and magnesium perchlorate. dewaxing - The removal of paraffin wax from lubri cating oils to improve the qualities, especially the cloud and pour points. Propane is utilized, in one process, as a refrigerant and wax anti-solvent for removing wax from wax-bearing distillates. Methyl-ethyl-ketone is the solvent used in the largest dewaxing unit. dezincification - A type of corrosion which may occur in copper-zinc alloys (brasses), containing less than 85^ copper, in water service. Zinc is lost from the brass by a process of redeposition, leaving a porous zinc-free mass of copper having very little mechanical strength. The types of dezincification are plug, layer, or inter-crystal line types. Small amounts of anitmony, arsenic, or .phosphorous are added to the copper-zinc alloys to inhibit dezincification. diamond plate - Metal floor plate which has a "5heckered pattern of raised metal to afford resistance to slippage. It is used in steel structures. diaphragm valve - 1. The terra is used in referring 'to'a pneumatic operated control valve having a diaphragm. 2. A "packless" type pipeline valve in which a flexible diaphragm keeps a tight stem seal. diatomaceous earth - A mineral deposit of nearly 'pure amorphous silica. It provides a source for certain insulating materials. diesel fuel - Several grades of fuel which are 'blended from light virgin gas oil, pressed oil overhead, catalytic cycle stock, or special distil lates. Classifications are light, medium, and heavy. diesel index - Product of the API gravity and analine point in F. of a diesel fuel, divided by 100. It is related empirically to the cetane number and is an indication of the fuel ignition quality., dilute phase - This refers to the lower density por tion of the fluidized powdered catalyst in a cracking unit regenerator or reactor. dimer - The product formed by the union of two identical olefin molecules. A dimer is the product of the polymerization process. diolefin - A highly unsaturated hydrocarbon com pound, having two unsaturated (double) bonds. The empirical formula is CnH2n_2* A typical diolefin is butadiene, which is used to make synthetic rubber. dipleg - A vertical pipe installed in a vessel to discharge liquids, gases, or solids below the vessel content level. In reactors and regenerators on catalytic cracking units, diplegs extend from the bottom of cyclones into the dense bed region of the vessels. Catalyst which is separated from oil vapor or from flue gas in the cyclones is returned by down flow to the dense bed. disc and donut - A type of tray usually used in the lower section of a distillation tower. The donut trays are attached to the vessel shell; and the discs, which are slightly larger than the holes in the donuts, are installed between donut trays. The arrangement causes a change in direction of the downf3.owing liquid and aids in vaporization. disengaging - The settling or separation of liquid droplets from vapors. Examples of disengaging operations are: a) the separation of liquids from vapors in the suction lines to compressors; b) the removal of water or hydrocarbon liquid from fuel gas to furnaces; c) the separation of entrained hydrocarbon liquid from residue gas streams leaving absorbers; and d) the separation of reflux from condenser overhead vapors of towers that are operating with partial condensers. disengaging drum (for blowdown system) - A vessel, also called "blowdown drum," in which vapor and liquid received from safety valve releases are separated by gravity. Also, unit pulldown stocks may be discharged into the disengaging drum. The drum has an overhead vapor release leading to a flare stack or simply to the atmosphere. A pump takes suction on the drum and removes the hydro carbon liquid to suitable storage vessels. dished head - The term is commonly used for vessel heads of toro-spherical, semi-ellipsoidal, and hemi spherical form. For design, the dished head applies strictly to the toro-spherical head. It is made up of a spherical section of large radius, a knuckle or torous section of small radius, and a short straight flange or cylindrical section. The Knuckle radius is 6$ of the inside crown or spherical radius for the standard ASMS head. distillate - A liquid that has been vaporized and -Subsequently condensed in a container apart from the vessel holding the unvaporized residue. In oil refineries, an unfinished or intermediate stock re sulting from a distillation process or a stock which has advanced only part way through the refining process. distributor - A plate, grid, perforated pipe, or "Trough for spreading the inlet flow within a vessel or cooling tower. A plate may be placed perpen dicular to flow from the inlet nozzle of a vessel or an exchanger. The distributor plate may be in the form of a flat plate or in the form of an in verted "Chinese hat," and may cover a large cross section of a vessel. doctor sweetening - The treating of sour petroleum 'products to remove mercaptan sulphur compounds. The treating solution is made of lead oxide and sodium hydroxide and called sodium plumbite (Na2Fb02)* Doctor sweetening of petroleum products has been replaced in the refinery by hypochlorite sweetening. doctor test - A qualitative method of detecting undesirable sulphur compounds (mercaptans) in petroleum distillates, that is, of determining whether an oil is "sour" or "sweet." On shaking up one volume of the "doctor solution" with two volumes of the oil to be tested, together with a small quantity of flowers of sulphur, the oil layer or the film of sulphur darkens if the oil is sour and remains unchanged in color if the oil is sweet. log shift - Slang for "C" Shift. (See "shift period.") dollar plate - This term applies to the center round, plate on the grid of cracking unit regenerators. The radial grid sectors are joined with this plate. downcomer - This term applies to the liquid flow section at the side of a tray plate in a fractiona ting tower. The liquid flows over the weir on a tray into the downcomer. The downcomer section is sealed from vapor upflow by liquid on the tray be low. Each tray is equipped with a downcomer except those where total drawoff takes place. downflow - Used to designate the flow of liquid in a vertical vessel as being from the top downward and out through the bottom. The catalytic cracking units are designed as downflow which describes the manner in which catalyst leaves the reactor. t Dowtherm - A patented heat transfer fluid used in closed circuit boilers. DP cell - A pneumatic transmitting instrument which transmits differential pressures resulting from pressures, levels, or flows in piping and equip ment . dragline - A motorized crane used in excavating work by utilizing a bucket on the end of the lines. drawoff pot - A small sized container or pot on the bottom side as part of a vessel which allows liquid (usually water) to accumulate and be drawn off. Dresser coupling - A pipe sleeve provided with a stuffing gland at each end for providing a tight joint where two pipes of the same size are connected. drier - Equipment charged with substance which will absorb moisture from gas, or equipment which dries material with use of heat. irift eliminators - Baffles, in the upper portion "of cooling towers, which are designed to change the direction of vapor flow as it leaves the tower, rphe eliminators aid in retention of a large per centage of entrained water. drip pan - A pan attached to pipelines or other "equipment, normally used to prevent hydrocarbon drippings from soaking into insulation. A drip pan is also used under the tail pipe of a steam safety valve discharging to the atmosphere, for catching the condensate for proper draining. drip pot - An enclosed small vessel or cylinder con"nected~to the bottom of a steam line used for collecting and draining condensate. It is usually provided with a steam trap to permit condensate drainage. drip ring - 1. An annular metal ring piece with fits ' between two pipeline valves for the purpose of attaching a bleeder connection. 2. A metal ring around a spheroid, located below the vessel equator, to deflect **ain water a\/ay from the berm. 3* A metal ring at the top of an externally insulated tank for shedding rain water. drip valve - A small self-bleed valve for draining hydrant and monitor nozzle piping downstream of the main block valve when the main valve is closed. The drip valve is usually located at or just below ground level. dry gas - A gas which does not contain the heavier fractions which may easily condense under normal atmospheric conditions. In the hydrocarbon series, methane and ethane, for example, are dry gases. Ducon cyclone - A make of cyclone used in the crack ing units.- This type of cyclone, as differentiated from the Buell type, has round instead of square inlet horns and has smaller size dust pots on the bottom. (See also "cyclone.") dumping - In a distillation tower, spilling of .liquid down through inlet side caps and "by-passing the tray plates, due to excessive liquid loading that builds up. This results in loss of fractiona ting efficiency. dust pot - A pot under a cyclone which aids in collection of catalyst fines which drop down the dipleg into the vessel catalyst bed. Dy-Chek - An inspection medium for the non-destruc tive examination of metal surfaces, either magnetic or non-magnetic, ferrous or non-ferrous. Materials used in this procedure are a brilliant red liquid penetrant, a penetrant remover, and a quick-drying white liquid developer. The latter draws the penetrant from cracks and discontinuities, showing them in bright red coloring against a white back ground . ,,arth auger - In the refinery, the auger is suitable "for-drilling 2k" or 30" round holes to a depth of about lV and is used primarily in making holes for power poles, posts, and for pipe support founda tions . It is mounted on a self-propelled vehicle. elastic limit - The greatest stress which a material "can withstand without permanent deformation after complete release of the stress. For commercial purposes, elastic limit is considered as yield strength. electrolytic corrosion - Localized corrosion which ''results from an assembly of dissimilar metals in contact vith one another. The dissimilar elements form short-circuited electrodes and the corrosive medium is the electrolyte. An electric current is induced which results in the dissolution of the anodic metal while the other is unattacked. ell (elbow) - A fitting which makes an angle between adjacent pipes. The angle is 90 unless another angle is stated. elliptical head - A vessel, head of semi-ellipsoidal surface vith a short, straight flange or cylindri cal section. The thickness required for this type of head depends largely on the ratio of the major to minor axes. elutriate - To purify by washing and straining. In particular, it may be to separate fine catalyst particles from a sample of catalyst by a stream of .gas under controlled conditions. emulsifier - A substance used to promote or aid the emulsification of two liquids and to enhance the stability of an emulsion. endothermic - A reaction which occurs by heat supplied from an external source. Trade Names Ahrevii.nr, end point - In the analysis of liquids such as gaso line, the end point is the temperature at which liquid ceases to distill over. Also, the point indicating the end of some operation or at which a certain definite change is observed. In titration this change is frequently a change in color of an indicator which has been added to the solution. (See also "boiling point-final.") entrainment screen - A closely woven mesh usually insta]led in vacuum towers to aid in separating liquid and vapors in the distillation process. Liquid entrained droplets or finely divided solids are generally suspended in a gas or vapor. Entrained droplets are coalesced into large drops which run off by gravity flow. (See "crinkle wire mesh.") epoxy resins - Organic compounds containing special oxygen linkage which gives special polymerization properties. They are suitable for corrosion re sistant coatings in the lower temperature ranges, such as for drum linings and other protective applications requiring alkali resistance. ethane (C2H6) - A gaseous saturated hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. ethyl alcohol (ethanol) (C2HcjOH) - A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid which is in fermented and distilled liquors. In the manufacture from hydrocarbons, ethylene is reacted with sulphuric acid and the extract is hydrolized with water, resulting in alcohol formation. ethylene (ethene) (C2H4) - A colorless gas with characteristic sweet odor and taste, derived from the cracking of petroleum. It is first in the olefin series. It is used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, polyethylene and styrene. thylene glycol (CH2-OII-CII2-OH) - A colorless, odorsweet-tasting liquid used as an anti-freeze. vchanger - A pressure shell containing a tube or other type of closed-coil heat transfer equipment for heat exchange between fluids. Within an exchanger, hot vapors or liquids flow counter current to the stock in the opposite section. The exchanger may be a condenser, cooler, preheater, reboiler, or heat exchange equipment for conserving heat. exfoliation - A type of corrosion that progresses "parallel to the outer surface of a metal, causing cracking and flaking of metal particles. It is frequently the result of general oxidation. exothermic - A reaction which occurs with the "evolution of heat so that temperature of the re acting bodies are raised. expansion joint - A joint containing a bellows or "telescopic section used in connecting pipelines. It absorbs the thrust or stress caused by linear expansion or contraction of the line due to changes of temperature or to other forces. expansion loop - A bend like the letter "U" or a coil in a pipeline to provide for expansion or contraction. explosimeter - (See "gas detector.") explosive limits or range - The limits of percentage composition of mixtures of gases and air within which an explosion takes place when the mixture is ignited. Many common flammable liquids have very vide explosive ranges. For instance, the explosive limits of producer gas (percent by volume in air) ranges from 20 up to 7^ percent. The range for gasoline is 1.3 up to 6 percent. extended surface exchanger - A special type of heat exchanger. An assembly consists of a pipe within a pipe, and the inner pipe is fitted with longi tudinal external fins to increase the transfer sur face. One exchanger section consists of two tube assembles joined at one end by a U-casing with an internal U-bend. Heat exchange results between the fluid contained in the inner pipe and the fluid in the annular space of the inner and outer pipes. Although air-finned coolers have finned tubes, such coolers are not referred to as extended surface exchangers. extract - In solvent-refining processing, that por tion of the oil which is dissolved in and removed by the selective solvent used. Extract is one of the products of a solvent extraction operation. extractive distillation - The separation of differ ent components of mixtures which have similar vapor pressures by flowing a relatively high-boiling solvent down a distillation column as the distilla tion proceeds. The solvent is selective for one of the components in the feed. The relatively less soluble component passes overhead, while the selec tive solvent scrubs the soluble component from the vapor. Extractive distillation is useful for separating benzene from a concentrate containing benzene and other hydrocarbons. . Phenol is used as the selective solvent. Isoprene, one of the constituents of butyl rubber, is extracted from a C5 to C8 stream with acetone used as the solvent in the distillation. fall - This term applies to the lines or cables on 'a block and tackle arrangement or a crane. It con sists of the lines extending from one side of a pulley block to another pulley block. fatigue resistance - The ability of a material to '"resist repeated or alternating stresses. It is often necessary to know the greatest stress a material will withstand if this stress is applied at a rapid rate a large number of times. fat oil - An absorbing oil that has absorbed, as distinguished from lean oil; or a solvent oil which contains absorbed heavy ends stripped from a gas stream. Also, an oily liquid consisting of a chemical combination of glycerin and a fatty acid. An example is castor oil. (See "lean oil.") feed preparation unit - Usually a fractionating unit, the primary purpose of which is to prepare one or more close-boiling cuts to be used as feed for a subsequent process. feed stock - Crude oil or a fraction therefrom to be charged to any process equipment. feed water - The water supplied to a steam boiler. fifth wheel - A flat, round steel plate, swivelmounted, at the rear of a tractor truck, used to couple a semi-trailer. figure-8 blind - An insert installed between pipe flanges. It is made with one round, flat plate as a blind on one side and with an annular ring on the other side. The blind portion is inserted when the line is out of service, whereas the annular ring is used as a spacer when the line is in service. The position of the blind may be easily observed. figure-8 turnout spool - This consists of two figure8 blinds with a spool piece welded between the two annular rings of the figure-8's. Trade Names W Ahr*vintinnc s fill - 1. Wnn'-i lathe or other type packing used in cooling lowers which increases the contact between air and the water as it cascades. 2. In crude distillation, fill refers to the percentage of the stock that is distilled over at a given temperature. 3. In blending, it refers to components blended to obtain uniformity between fractions, h. Fill applies also to earth, gravel or rock used in rais ing the level of low places or in providing embank ments . fines - Term applies to fine catalyst. In catalytic cracking, the particle size of fines ranges from 0 to 20 microns. finished stock - Products in storage, awaiting utilization or transfer to the ultimate point of utilization. Fin-tube exchanger - A type of extended-surface heat exchanger made by Brown Fintube Company. (See "Extended-Surface Exchanger.") firebox - The chamber in a furnace invhich combus tion takes place. firebrick - Brick made of refractory clay or other material which will resist high temperatures. fired coil - A furnace containing tubes through which oil is pumped for the purpose of raising the fluid temperature. fire point - The lowest temperature at which a petroleum product vaporizes sufficient] y to form above its surface an air-vapor mixture which burns continuously when ignited by a small flame. Fire point is determined under specified conditions in a standardized apparatus. firewall - Earth banks or cement walls built around storage tanks containing oil, which prevent the spread of the oil in case of fire or bursting of .^e tanks. A curb wall constructed around a pres sure vessel or other equipment may also be referred to as a firewall. fish hook - A colloquial term for two connecting -pipes which form an acute angle at the connection. The term has been used in regard to the joint, on catalytic cracking units where the regenerated catalyst standpipe connects with the oil injector casting and reactor riser. fish tail - A colloquial term for a type of vessel ""internal distribution nozzle. The end is flattened to give a sheet or spray of liquid resembling a fish tail. Also, on hoisting equipment, it is the swing piece attached to the upper part of the superstructure from which the boom cable sheave swings. flapper valve - Slang for trickle valve used on "cyclone diplegs. (See "trickle valve.") flare - A high stack with a pilot flame used to burn waste gases or gases released during unit emergen cies . flashing - Affecting a separation of products by releasing the pressure on a hot oil as it enters a vessel. The lighter fractions vaporize or "flash" off and heavy oil drops to the bottom. flash point - The lowest temperature at which, under definite specified conditions, a petroleum product vaporizes rapidly enough to form above its surface an air-and-vapor mixture which gives a flash or slight explosion when ignited by a small flame. flash tower - The vessel used for the separation of oil fractions in a flash-distillation process. (See "prefractionator" as one example). flash zone - Any zone where, a heated liquid under pressure is released into a zone of a much lower pressure, and consequently vapor is formed by "flashing" of the liquid. Flexitallic Gasket - Trade name for a spiral wound gasket. See latter term. floater or floating roof tank - A storage tank so constructed that the roof floats, by pontoons or other means on the surface of the stored liquid. Floating roofs are installed for gasoline, light naphtha and some crude stocks where prevention of evaporation loss is justified. floating a tank - A method of moving empty storage tanks from one area to another. A diked area is built around the tank and filled with water until the tank floats. The tank is pulled to its new location as successive areas are diked and flooded. floating head - A dished cover attached on the floating tube sheet or free end of a heat exchanger bundle. The floating head permits fluid flow from one section of the tubes to another, and seals the end of the bundle from the shell-side fluid. floating tube sheet - The sheet in which tubes are fitted at one end of an exchanger tube bundle. The tube sheet is not fixed with relation to the ex changer shell. The arrangement permits free expan sion and contraction of the tubes. float test - A test applied to viscous fluids and semi-solid bituminous materials. It offers a general indication of the nature and consistency of the substance. flooding - A condition of a vessel where it will not pass the liquid charged to it. The condition may be created in fractionating towers by an excessive pressure drop between trays. This backs up liquid in the vertical passageways between successive levels of trays, preventing the passage of liquid down the tower and resulting in flooding. flow point - The temperature at which asphalt, or -Jther homogeneous mixtures of non-crystalline jiydrocarbons, commences to flow. flue gas - Gases from the combustion of fuel, the "^eating effect of which has been substantially spent, and which are discarded to the flue or stack. Its constituents are principally COg> CO, q`2 and N2- fluid catal3rtic cracking - A cracking process using "powdered catalyst that is maintained in a fluid state by use of hydrocarbon vapor, inert gas, or steam. Circulation is maintained by balancing a downflow stream of high solids density against an upflowing stream of low solids density. In the cracking process, carbonaceous deposits accumulate on the catalyst. The deposits are continually re moved by burning in a regenerator and the catalyst can be reused. The heat of combustion is used in the cracking reaction. fluid coking - A fluid solids process for thermal cracking of residual oils to remove carbon as coke and yield a liquid product boiling lower than the feed. The solids are coke particles. fluidized solids - Finely divided solid material which is suspended in either dense or dilute turbulent phase of an aerating gas or vapor. The suspension of solids can be caused to flow like a liquid from a point of high level, pressure, or concentration to a lower point. fluxes - 1. Substances added to a product for the purpose of softening or increasing the fluidity. Heavy gas oil and lighter fractions are used as fluxes in asphalt to obtain the desired pour point or viscosity. Residuum intended for fuel may be fl\ixed with kerosene. 2. Substances applied to surfaces to be joined by soldering or welding, just before or during the operation, to free the sur faces of oxide, thus promoting their union. flux oil - An oil of low volatility suitable for blending with bitumen or with asphalt to yield a product of soft consistency or greater fluidity. foam chamber - A fire-extinguishing device, perma nently installed on an oil storage tank. In a "wet" two-solution foam system, the solutions are fed separately into the .chamber where mixing occurs. The resulting foam from the chamber spreads over the oil in the tank. In an air foam system, the foam is pumped from a truck to the chamber. Air is inspirated at the chamber and the resulting air foam is ejected into the tank, (gee also "seal chamber.") form oil - An oil used to keep concrete forms from -^ticking to concrete. fouling - The deposition of heavy residue or carbon 'Materials from flow of hydrocarbons through tubes, vessels, and other equipment. fractional distillation - Termed "fractionation", a "means of separating the components of a mixture by utilizing differences in equilibrium compositions between liquid and vapor phases. Specifically, it is a process for driving off vapors from liquids (or solids) by the application of heat and con densing the vapor products. Foamite - See trade names. - i foots oil - The oil sweated out of wax. some low melting point wax. It contains foot valve - A check valve or suction valve which is installed on the lower end of a suction line when pumping from a sump or pit. The valve keeps the pump from loosing suction prime. forced draft - The draft produced by a fan or similar device which blows air under moderate pres sure into a cooling tower near the bottom or into the combustion space of a furnace. forced-feed lubrication - A system used with certain machinery, as with automobile engines, in which oil is fed to the main bearings and wristpins under pressure. fork lift - A piece of motorized equipment used around Light Stores, Central Mechanical Building, or in canning operations for transporting and placing of palleted material. Some fork lifts are as large as 7 1/2-ton size for jrard service. Loads are lifted by means of a two-prong fork. fractionation tower or column - A vessel arranged to "separate various fractions of petroleum by single distillation. The fractions are taken off at different points along the height of the vessel in the order of their condensing temperatures or boil ing points. frangible disc - Thin cup-shaped blank which is ! "bolted into a flange connection, or contained with , in a union, to serve as a safety device for equip * ment. The discs are sometimes erroneously classi fied as safety valves. When sufficient pressure is developed to rupture the thin blank, release occurs. Frangible discs are also called rupture ' discs, safety discs, or diaphragms. free fall velocity - The final equilibrium velocity of a particle falling freely through a fluid. fresh feed - Crude petroleum or petroleum distillate which is being fed to a particular process unit for the first time. ; fretting corrosion - The rapid corrosion that occurs "between two contacting surfaces which are heavily ! loaded and have slight relative movements. It is characterized by deep pits. frog An assembly for setting a bell cap over the chimney on a bubble tray in a distillation tower. fugacity - Tendency of a substance to escape or disappear chemically from the phase in which i.t is present. Vapor-liquid equilibrium constants are predicted from the fugacity functions, as these are related to the volatility of light hydrocarbons of different consistencies. In ideal mixtures, fugacity and vapor pressure are equal. fuller's earth - A clay, containing a high percent age of silicon and aluminum oxide, which has a high natural adsorptive capacity. It may be used especially for removing color from oils, in a filtering process. (See "Attapulgus Clay" under Trade Names.) gadget - An inspector's hand tool for cleaning the 'inner and outer surfaces of a vessel or pipe where a test hole has been drilled for measurement pur poses . It contains a handle on one end and a Q0 sharpened projection at the other end. The handle bar may also be sharpened to be used as a chipper. gage - (Word spelling adopted by Instrument Society 'of^America, instead of "gauge" which is an obsolete form.) An object used as a standard measurement. An instrument for measuring, indicating, or regu lating. sage glass - A steel-armored column containing high"Itrength pyrex glass usually on two sides. The column serves as a pipe that is connected verti cally on the outside of a vessel for indicating its liquid level. It may be called a look box (slang). The glass may be either the thru-vision or reflex type. gager - One who determines the amount of oil in tanks. gaging hatch - A covered opening, in the roof of a tank, through which a measuring stick or tape is inserted for determining the amount of contents. It is fitted with a heavy stay-back cover which contains a brass or bronze seat for radial contact in order to be gas tight. Gallagher drain - A drain for drawing water off the roof of a floating roof storage tank. A vertical drain pipe, from the roof down inside the tank, is 'connected by flexible linkage to an outlet near the bottom of the tank. gas chromatography - A technique of hydrocarbon analysis involving separation of a hydrocarbon mixture into its individual components by adsorption or desorption. gas detector - An instrument for determining the explosivity of a gas-air mixture. It is used as a safety device in refinery operations, and is known as an explosimeter. gas freeing - The removal of combustible gas from vessels, piping, or other refinery equipment. Water, steam or inert gas is used for this purpose. gas holder - As the term applies, this is a tank holding gas which is equipped with telescoping sides containing the roof. The roof rises or lowers as the tank is filled or emptied and main tains a pressure on the gas. gasket - A thin sheet or rope of metal or of some impermeable substance used as packing in making a joint, as i'n a pipe line. gas oil - A liquid petroleum distillate heavier than naphtha. The stock may have an initial boiling point as low as H00F. It is called "light" or "heavy" depending on its final boiling point. gasoline - A refined petroleum naphtha. Finished motor and aviation gasolines are composed of straight-run gasoline, obtained by distilling crude oil; natural gasoline, which is "stripped" or condensed out of natural gas; cracked gasoline; reformed gasoline; polymerized gasoline; and alkylate. gas test - A test to determine the presence of com bustible gas in a vessel or area by use of an explosimeter. gate valve - A common type of valve used throughout the refinery as blocks in piping systems. It con sists of a body and bonnet which contain the disc or gate and its stem. The stem projects through the stuffing box and is threaded to contain a handwheel for raising or lowering the gate to open or close the valve. ,, fin exchanger - A type of extended-surface heat -^hanger made by Griscom-Russell Company. (See teimi "Extended-Surface Exchanger.") pole - A long girder, piece of pipe, or lattice -jYamevork held vertically by guys or other bracing f0r use in attaching rigging cables for moving other items of heavy equipment in and out of posi tion. The base of a gin pole may be placed on the ground or on parts of a structure, for lifting loads which cannot be handled by use of cranes or other equipment. airaffe - An item of motorized equipment containing iTboom and platform which can be raised and lowered by a man on the platform. It is used principally by electricians in making repairs at power poles and elevated transformers, or it may be used by other skills at locations not accessible by ladder or platform. Girbotol - A scrubbing process for removing hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and/or other gases from petroleum gases and liquids, using di-ethanolamine usually as the solvent. gland - The outer portion of a stuffing box, con sisting of a tubular projection which embraces the rod or shaft and extends into the bore of the box, thus bearing against the packing. ` j globe valve - A type of valve in which the flow i changes ?0 to pass through the port and xmder the I disc and changes again to the original direction. | The valve is used largely for throttling. In the closed position, the bonnet is not normally subI jected to the upstream pressure. "go devil" - A scraper with self-adjusting spring blades which is used to clean the inside of a pipe. It is moved by fluid pressure, and rotates through action of the fluid against the curved blades. >r s. * o3n gooseneck - A long, narrow vapor line on a still designed to afford a means of cooling vapors some what in their upward course by simple air cooling of the vapor line. It is also used to describe a pipe trap that serves pressure gages. Gradall - A wheeled vehicle with a hydraulicai ly operated shovel, on the end of a hydraulically telescoping boom, which can be rotated for side loading of trucks.' graphitization - A type of structural change which certain ferritic steels undergo when operated in the range of 025F. to 1^00F. The carbide which gives ferritic steel its strength is unstable and in this temperature range may decompose into iron crystals and carbon nodules. Replacement of the hard, strong carbide with soft, weak iron and graphite lowers the strength of the steel. This term should not be confused with graphitic corro sion of cast irons which is sometimes erroneously called graphitization. grass roots - Refers to new refinery equipment and may be a process unit or whole refinery. gravity, specific - The ratio of the weight of the volume of any liquid to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at 60F. (See also "API gravity" and "Baume gravity.") grease, lubricating - A mineral oil which has been thickened to a solid or semi-solid form by the addition of a soap. The various common types of soap used are lime, soda, aluminum and lithium. grid - A perforated horizontal plate located in the lower portion of reactors and regenerators of cata lytic cracking units. In a reactor, the grid serves to support the dense bed of catalyst and to provide means of even distribution of vapors over , the entire reactor area. Heavy gas oil and regenerated catalyst mixture flows into the bottom 0f the reactor. The oil is vaporized and the ex panding vapors carry the catalyst up into the reactor through the perforations in the grid. In the regenerator, spent catalyst and air mixture enters the cone bottom and flows upward through the perforated grid which also maintains a dense bed and improves catalyst distribution. grout - A cement mixture without large aggregate 'vhich is placed between concrete foundations and base plates of machinery or other equipment after the equipment has been accurately positioned. guide - This term applies, in one of many appli'cations, to a bracket or support which directs the expansion or contraction of a pipe line in one direction and prevents lateral movement. mjide pole - A vertical telescoping piping arrange'ment attached between a tank bottom and roof of a floating roof tank for the purpose of keeping the roof always in a horizontal position. gunite - A cement mortar or birdseye concrete which is blovn by an air gun or other mechanical means on structural steel and vessel surfaces for the pur pose of fireproofing. It is sometimes used inside vessels as a lining material. Gunite is called "Shotcrete" by the Portland Cement Association; and it is known also by trade names as "Blastcrete" and "Guncon." gunned - The method by which gunite and lining castables are applied where the materials are blown through a gun onto the surface. gusset - A metal brace welded between a small pipe connection and the main pipe or equipment, or welded into corners on equipment. Trade Names * Ahmvintinns & hairpin bundle - See "U-tiibe Bundle." Halifax mixer - A mixing column, the same as an orifice mixer. hammering - Same as bumping. The knocking against the walls of a tower or piping during the boiling of a petroleum product containing water. The noise ceases before the water is entirely evaporated. Hammering may also be caused by cyclic changes in pressure such as is common in a water siphon. hammer testing - The use of a ball peen hammer as an inspection means for detecting weak mils in pipe, valves, and fittings. hammer weld - See "Welding Procedures." handhole - As applies to a vessel, an opening or nozzle with a bolted cover. It provides a means for reaching inside the vessel or observing the interior when the vessel is out of service. hanger - A rod or bar used in hanging a pipeline from a support beam. The term also applies to a metal casting used as an intermediate tube support in a furnace. hard-facing - A hard metal wear surface on a softer metal. The wear surface may be a carburized steel layer, or it may be a hard alloy metal applied by welding and finished by grinding such as done in colmonoy surfacing. , hay rake - A colloquial term referring to a pipe manifold which connects to a series of bayonet or torpedo type heaters in an acid concentrator or reboiler to supply Dowtherm or steam. head - 1. Pressure of a fluid (or fluid solid) due to the height of the surface of the fluid above the point where the pressure is taken. It is stated in terms of "feet of the given fluid" or in "pounds pei" square inch." 2. The circular end plate on a veSsel or on an engine cylinder. headache ball - A large steel ball used on the end >f"a cable from a crane, or similar equipment, used f0r dropping and breaking up old concrete or piasonry in dismantling operations. !ieader - A U-bend connection or a box casting be'tueen two consecutive tubes (may be more than two tubes) of a furnace coil. Also, a common manifold in which a number of pipelines are united. header box or header housing - Insulated metal "Enclosures on the ends of furnaces for housing tube headers which are exterior to the fired chamber. heart-cut - A middle boiling portion of a stock being 'distilled or treated. In catalytic cracking, it is the portion of cycle stock boiling in the same range as the fresh feed. , heater - The furnace-and-tube arrangement which 'furnishes the principal heating element in a pro cessing unit. heat exchanger - See "exchanger." heating oil - A hydrocarbon product of crude distil lation or catalytic cracking used in domestic or commercial heating plants. This normally consists of the lower boiling fractions of gas oil and the higher boiling fractions of kerosene. heat treatment - The heating of steels or steel pro ducts in furnaces or with torches or other heating elements, and then cooling (all under controlled conditions) for the purpose of hardening, tempering, or stress relieving. heavy ends - The highest boiling portion present in distilled stocks. The maximum or end point as obtained in the distillation of a sample of gasoline is determined largely by the amount and character of the "heavy ends" present in the gaso line. heel - The oil remaining in a tank after normal emptying. hemi-spheroid - A cylindrical tank with hemi-spherical heads, for low pressure storage of volatile liquids or gases having relatively high vapor pres sures. The tank may be supported by the bottom head resting within a saucer-shaped depression in the ground. (See also "spheroid.") hexteel - A make of steel mesh used as an armor and a retainer for castable-refractory monolithic linings in cracking unit reactors, regenerators, pipe risers, stacks, cyclones, ducts, breechings, furnaces, and tanks. Steel strips are formed into a flexible pattern having hexagon openings. high flash stock - A hydrocarbon liquid having a flash point of 150F. and over, such as heavy fuel oils, lubricating oils, waxes, and some asphalts. The stocks are so classified for the purpose of locating and spacing tankage . high line - A high-pressure gas manifold into which gas lines from the distillate receiving drums of a number of pressure vessels are connected. The manifold has the effect of smoothing out the fluctuating gas production from an individual still, and permits closer and rnoi'e convenient con trol of the operating pressure with a common release valve. hinge joint - This term applies to the bellovs-type expansion joint in a pipeline where the joint is equipped with scissor-type hinges on opposite sides. The joint permits flexibility of a pipeline in one plane. popper - A container, such as a vessel used for 'holding catalyst or other solids until needed for use. The vessel may or may not be suitable for pressuring. horn - An inlet opening of a cyclone separator that "is-"used in a cracking unit reactor or regenerator. Hortonsphere - A patented spherical tank generally 'used for storage of liquids under pressure, hot spot - A localized hot condition encountered on "the shells of large vessels and lines on cracking units. The condition is caused by channeling out or deterioration of the internal linings by catalyst and oil erosion which results in direct contact between the fluid and outer vessel shell. hot tap - A means of installing a branch pipe con nection to an in-service line without interrupting the service of the line. A boring tool is inserted through a valve on a pipe connection that is welded to the in-service line. The tool is removed after boring and the valve is closed in order to connect the branch line to the in-service line. Nozzles may also be installed on vessels while in service by hot-tapping. hotwell - A water container or basin used under a barometric condenser. Water supplied to the con denser is discharged with some condensibles through a tail pipe into the hotwell. hot work permit - A permit usually issued by a pro cess supervisor to authorize burning, welding, chipping, scraping, etc., in a given area. Other supervisors issue the permits outside of process areas. The work operation is that which produces enough heat to ignite flammable gas and air mix tures . The permits may be issued on a daily or blanket basis. A nnQ. o li 3aw I 4 > cr i i 3A3 J hydraulic coupling - A.heavy-vailed small pipe nipple with female threads in each end for con necting small piping together. Couplings are also welded into the walls of pressure vessels to pro vide threaded joints for,small piping used as bleeders and instrument connections. hydroblasting - A method of cleaning rust, scale, coke and other foreign matter from exchanger bundles and special equipment. Sand and water, separately or as a mix, are directed under pressure at the equipment. The cleaning is done in an enclosure located at the Central Mechanical Building. hydrocarbon - A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, the principal constituents of petroleum The simplest hydrocarbons are gases at ordinary temperatures, but with increasing molecular weight they change to the liquid form and finally to the solid state. hydrofining - Treatment of hydrocarbons at a tempera ture below that at which substantial decomposition occurs, in the presence of catalysts and of substantial quantities of hydrogen. This affects a partial saturation and refining of the hydro carbon oil and accomplishes essentially the same results as would be obtained by the conventional ' methods of finishing, such as by treatment with sulphuric acid and caustic and water washing. hydroformate - The product obtained in the hydro forming process. A heavy hydroformate is that which boils above toluene but still in the gasoline range, and contains mainly xylenes and tri-methyl benzenes. A light hydroformate is one that has a boiling point below toluene and contains paraffins, naphthenes, and benzene. hydroforming - The process consisting of passing naphthas over a solid catalyst at elevated tempera ture and moderate pressures in the presence of livdrogen or hydrogen-containing gases to form highoctane motor fuel, high grade aviation gasoline, or aromatics. The process is a net producer of hydro gen wdrogenation - The chemical addition of hydrogen to '^hydrocarbon material. hydrogenation may be either oon-destruct3ve or destructive. In the former, hydrogen is added to the molecule only if and where unsaturat:on with, respect to hydrogen exists. In the latter, operations ore carried out under condi tions which result in rupture of some of the hydro carbon chains (cracking), the hydrogen adding on where the chain breaks have occurred. hydrogen attack - A diffusion of atomic hydrogen hr,to metal (carbon steel being very susceptible), where a refining operation involves the production of hydrogen at high ternpenatures and pressures. It reduces the iron carbide (cementite) to near1,'/ pure iron and combines with the carbon to produce methane. A weak iron results. hydrogen blistering - A type of corr-.sion attack on `metals which occurs both in alkaline solutions (in the presence of cyanides) and in acid solutions when steel is corroded slowly by weak acids. Some of the atomic .hydrogen formed as a product of the corrosion reaction enters the metal. If voids sue?', as laminations are present in the steel, hydrogen collects in them and forms molecular hydrogen. Molecular hydrogen cannot pass through steel and as more molecular hydrogen forms, it builds up pressure and eventually causes steel to blister or rupture. hydrolysis - A decomposition .involving tine splitting of water into ions and the reaction with certain salts in the formation of a weak, acid or base or both. hydrometer - A graduated instrument for determining the gravity of liquids. It is usually a hollow glass Instrument which is weighted at one end in order to float upright when immersed in a liquid. It sinks until its weight is buoyed by the liquid displaced. API degrees or specific gravity may be read directly on the instrument. hydrostatic head - That portion of existing pressure at a point which is attributable to the weight of the super-imposed column of fluid or fluid solids. hydrostatic test - A pressure applied on vessels, piping, or other equipment as determined by some factor of the allowable working pressure of the weakest part. The test pressure is usually 1-1/2 times the maximum allowable working pressure as specified in codes. For the hydrostatic test, water or oil (flash over 230F. closed cup) may be used as the testing medium. In pressure tests, an indicating or recording test gage is connected directly to the equipment under test. hydroxyl - The chemical radical (-OH) composed of one atom of oxygen and one atom of hydrogen. It bears a negative charge in the ionic state. It is the characterizing part of all bases and of all alkaline reactions, and is marked by great chemical activity. hypersorption - A process in which a hydrocarbon is selectively adsorbed upon the surface of activiated charcoal and is recovered by regeneration or stripping of the charcoal. hypochlorite sweetening - Oxidation of mercaptans in a sour stock such as an oil cut from the pipe stills. It is done by agitation with aqueous alkaline hypochlorite solution. ICG container - A portable pressure cylinder used in "transporting l{ouified petroleum gases, chlorine and other fluids, as specified and regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission. ignition temperature - The temperature of a metal "bath- just adequate to cause ignition of a mixture of petroleum or similar vapor and air when tested in. accordance with the provisions of the method prescribed in AGTi': D 2^. impact resistance ar.d tests - The ability of a "material to withstand sudden shock or impact. Resistance to impact is determined by such methods as the Charpy and Irod tests. Results usually are expressed in terms of energy abscised or number of blows required to break the specimen. induced draft - Air is drawn, not forced, past the 'point of combustion in a furnace or past the water spray or vapor in a cooling tower. inert gas - A non-combustible gas in the refinery consisting mainly of CO2 and Ng which does not normally react with hydrocarbons. It is sometimes used as a blanketing gas to fill the space above a hydrocarbon liquid in a tank or vessel to avoid explosions or degradation of the hydrocarbon. This gas is easily made by burning natural gas with air under controlled conditions. inhibitor - An additive which will prevent or retard "undesirable changes taking place in the quality of a product, or in the condition of the equipment in which the product is used. Inhibitors frequently act as anti-oxidants and corrosion preventives. injector - A mechanism which may be used in "different forms for spraying fuel oil into a com bustion chamber or for feeding water into steam boilers. Also, an assembly on a catalytic cracking unit where oil is injected into large piping and mixed with, the catalyst stream to the reactor. K innago - Converse of outage; refers either to the volume of liquid or the measured height of liquid in a tank or container, as measured above the vessel, bottom. insidlining - A metal lining used on large lines in catalytic cracking units. The lining consists of internal cylindrical wear-plate sections of smaller diameter than the main pressure piping, thereby forming an annular dead space which is filled with high temperature insulation. Annular metal ring spacers are installed at intervals to support the metal lining and insulation and to serve as vapor stops. insulating brick - Brick that is placed betveen the refractory brick of a firebox and furnace walls in order to .prevent the escape of heat. Some types of insulating bricks can also be used as firebricks. insulation - (See trade names for several types.) An inert material applied on equipment to aid in retaining the internal temperature and sometimes to protect personnel. It is normally applied on the outside of vessels except in high temperature or erosive service where it is applied internally to also protect the metal. intercooler - A heat exchanger used for cooling a hydrocarbon gas or liquid that is taken from a com pressor between the low and high pressure stages. Cooling is normally done with water in one side of the `exchanger. A similar exchanger may be called an inter-condenser where some or all of a gas is condensed by cooling. Certain coolers on process units are also called inter-coolers where streams are taken from the systems, cooled, and returned for further processing. interface - The level between two immiscible liquids of different specific gravities. Also refers to the level of strata where boiling or condensing occurs between a liquid and a vapor in a two-phase system. A.lso applies to the strata between the dense phase and dilute phase in a fluidized cata lyst system. intergranular corrosion - A corrosion phenomenon -^jiich occurs in austenitic steels which have been heated (sensitized) in the temperature range of 750F. to 1'5`50F. A complex carbide precipitates along the grain boundaries forming an envelope around the grains. Steels in this condition are susceptible to inter-granular corrosion by rela tively mild corrodents, especially the halides. 1/hen a sensitized steel is exposed to corrodents, rapid solution of the metal occurs at the grain boundaries causing the steel to disintegrate. isobutane - (C4H10) (2-methyl propane, tri-methyl "Methane) - Colorless gas, (boiling point -10.2C), with characteristic natural gas odor. An important component of natural gasoline, refinery gases, wet natural gas. It is used primarily for blending into motor gasoline, and is used in combination with butylene in the alkylation process to make aviation alkylate. isobutylene - (Cl^g) (2-methyl propane) - A volatile gas or liquid; boiling point -6C. This is the main raw material for butyl rubber. Iso-Flow Furnace - Sec "Petro-Chem furnace." isomer - A compound which has the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms as another, but differs from the other in structural, chemical, and physical properties. Isobutane and normal butane are examples of isomers. isomerization - A. reaction in which a hydrocarbon ^compound is catalytically changed into another com pound which is similar to but not exactly like the first. The process has been used for conversion of normal Cg, C,<;, and Cy paraffins to isomers for octane improvement. iso-octyl alcohol - A heavy liquid alcohol (CgHiy-oi^ whose chief use is- in the manufacture of plasti- ' cizers for use with the vinyl-type plastics. isoprene - A highly reactive branched-chain hydro carbon "(C^Hg) used in butyl rubber manufacture. isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) - (CHoCH(0H)CHo) An alcohol made from propylene (derived irom refinery cracking operations). It is heavier than ordinary grain alcohol and poisonous when taken internally. It is used widely as a solvent and as a starting point for the manufacture of other chemicals. ck-bolt - A bolt threaded in the edge of a j^^^Iy^fitted flange cover, or in a machine part, ueqsUeuip- mtoena, ti.d in disassembling the part from the fleeted gasket - Asbestos or other soft material i^Xosed in a thin metal covering and formed in a ring to fit between flanged joints of piping, pumps? exchangers or vessel heads. ackets - 1. Insulating covers of tile, asbestos, some other heat resisting material which enclose vessels and impede loss of heat. 2. An outer shell for containing a fluid to heat or cool the contents in the inner vessel. jet fuel - A petroleum product in the gasoline and 'kerosene boiling range, used as fuel for gas tur bine jet propulsion engines. jet tray - A type of distillation plate used in a "tower. The tray plate has a large number of "tabs" which are cut in the plate and turned up to serve the same purpose as bell caps on a bubble tray. The trays resist fouling by solids or gum-forming materials. journal - That part of a shaft or axle which rotates in or against a bearing. jumpstrip - This term applies to a narrow, circular metal ring which covers the joint where sections of pipe insidlining are jointed. The strip is welded around the upstream edge to permit expansion betweei lining sections. It may also be used in other locations such as inside piping or vessels to cover wide joints. jumpover - 1. A pipe bend or "U" pipe which connects a furnace tube to another tube at a different sec tion of the furnace. Jumpovers usually come out side of the furnace header box. 2. A short pipe section, usually containing a valve, that connects between lines of two pipe systems. kerosene (water white) - A refined petroleum distil, late having a flash point not below 115F., and suitable for use as an illuminant when burned in a wick lamp. It boils within an approximate range of 375F. to 575F. kettle - A pressure or vented vessel equipped with a rotating type paddle or agitator which is used in processing greases or in acid sludge operations. kettle type reboiler - A type of exchanger equipped with a much larger shell than the tube bundle to provide vapor disengaging space within the shell. kidney float - A type of level indicator or control used on vessels. The mechanism external to the vessel is1 actuated by an internal ball float. kneebrace - Bracing which is placed in a sloped position, usually in the corner where a structural beam and column connect. knockout drum - A vessel normally constructed with baffles through which a mixture of gas and liquid is passed to disengage one from the other. The impact of the mixture with the baffles, or change in direction of the fluid, frees the gases and allows them to pass overhead and the heavier substance falls to the bottom of the drum. knock rating - (See octane number.) knothole mixer - A mixing device for liquids in which two liquids are forced under pressure through a small hole. Same as "orifice mixer." Ar.y material which can be used to reduce ;es, as insulation. susceptibility - A measurement of the tendency gasoline to increase in octane number when ^etraethyl lead is added to it. jeak_shooter - One who walks along lines and 'observes for leaks. The work involves offsite lines particularly in tank fields, he also repa.u-s small flange leaks by "shooting" in special compounds lean oil - Absorption oil from which heavy ends Absorbed from a gas have been removed (stripped). (See "fat oil.") lens joint - A flanged pipe connection equipped with T'metal ring gasket that has two spherical surfaces. Each of these surfaces makes line contact with one cf the surfaces to be joined. , light ends - The lower boiling hydrocarbons (those "normallyboiling below atmospheric temperature), such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, butane, butylene, and pentane. live steam - Steam direct from the boiler, having its full power of expansion, as distinguished from exhaust steam which, has furnished valuable energy. leading rack - A structure to permit access and loading of tank trucks and tank cars. logger - (See "automatic logger.") look box - A box with a glass window built in the "rundown lines from stills, so arranged that the stream of oil coming from the condenser coils may be watched at all times and samples for test drawn as desired. These became obsolete with dismantling of the end-fired stills,' but others are used in compressor water and flare lines, and in experimental work. A gage glass is sometimes referred to as a look box. Lo-boy - A long flat-bed trailer with the center section of the bed at a lower level than the sec tions over the wheels. low-finned tube bundle - An exchanger bundle having tubes which resemblethreaded pipe that commonly have nineteen fins per inch, 0.05" high. Such bundles have 2 to 2-l/2 times the surface area of plain tubes with a related increase in heat trans fer rates. The tubes are also called "Trufin" tubes by one manufacturer. low flash stock - A hydrocarbon liquid having a flash point under 150F., such as gasoline, kerosene, and some heating oils. The stocks are so classified for the purpose of locating and spacing tankage. LPG - Industry initials for certain liquefied petroleum gases. These are hydrocarbon fractions lighter than gasoline, such as butane, propane, etc., which are kept under pressure in a liquid state and marketed for various industrial and domestic gas uses. lube oils (lubricating oils) - Fluid lubricants, such as animal and vegetable oils, petroleum distillates, and specially treated petroleum residues, used to lessen friction between surfaces where friction might exist. lube stock - Fractions of crude petroleum of suitable boiling range and viscosity to yield motor or other lubricating oils when completely refined. lubricated cock - (See "cock.") A common type of cock containing grooves around the outside of the plug. These grooves are connected to a central hole in the stem through which a lubricant is injected. The lubricant aids in preventing leakage and in operating the valve. "Mae West" orifice - Slang for large size variable "orifices in the catalyst standpipes at the cata lytic cracking units. The orifice casting has a reduced cross-section which tapers again to a larger section downstream of the orifice plate. Magnaflux and Magnaglo - Convenient, non-destructive, "magnetic particle methods of testing steel and its magnetic alloys for soundness. Minute surface de fects are located that are not visible to the eye. Materials to be inspected are first magnetized. In Magnafluxing, indicating mediums may be powders or pastes which are available in colors. A paste which is highly fluorescent under black light is used in Magnaglo inspection. manhead or manhole - Circular openings on refinery "vessels or on large piping, large enough for a man to enter in order to clean or repair the interior. The term "manhole" also applies to openings into main underground sewer lines. manifold or manifold header - A piping arrangement for connecting one or more pipes with several others. One or more inlets may be connected with several outlets, or vice versa. manway - Usually refers to a removable section in a tower tray for the purpose of access through the tray. It is also used in referring to vessel manheads . Martensite stainless steels - The plain chromium steels of the AISI 400 series which are made hardenable by a proper balance between the chromium and carbon contents. These alloys are usually magnetic.. .Mass Spectrometer - An instrument for use in gas analysis and analysis of liquids having appreciable vapor pressures. The molecules of a gas are sorted according to their mass and the number in each mass is measured. This is accomplished by ionizing the molecules by electron bombardment, curving the frc1i I patch of the fast moving ions by means of a magnetic field, and measuring the charge striking a collector. . meter run - Straight runs of pipe preceding and 'following orifice plate settings in the piping used in metering the flow. master separator - A large sunken basin into which waste oils and surface sewage are run for separa tion. Oil is recovered, as "slop," by skimming operations for further refining. material station - A numbered fixed location, usually with a low platform, where materials are delivered for use on refinery maintenance jobs. methane (CH4) - A light, odorless, flammable gas. "ft is the chief constituent of natural gas. methyl alcohol (methanol) (CH3OH) - A poisonous "liquid which is the lowest member of the alcohol series. It is also known as wood alcohol, since its original principal source was the destructive distillation of wood. mechanical seal - Basically, a mechanical seal con sists of two highly finished flat surfaces in rubbing contact which prevent leakage between the shaft and housing on pumps, compressors, and other aicrocrystalline wax - Wax extracted from certain 'petroleum residues and having a finer and less apparent crystalline structure than paraffin wax. machinery. !the seal may replace a packed stuffing box or it may be used in conjunction with packing. micrometer - See "mike." One part of the seal is attached in a leak-proof manner to the shaft and rotates with it. The other part is attached also in a leak-proof manner to the pump casing or to some part of the stuffing micron - A unit of measure, l/lOOO of a millimeter '5F1725,1+oo Of an inch. It is used to describe the diameter of catalyst particles. box and, hence, is stationary. The two contact middle distillates - Distillates obtained between surfaces are held together by spring pressure. Vi kerosene and lubricating oil fractions in the refining processes. These include light fuel oils mercaptans - Sulphur compounds, analogous to alco and diesel fuel. hols, in which sulphur has replaced oxygen. They are colorless liquids with a strong, repulsive odor like garlic. There is a long series of organic mercaptans, many of which occur naturally in crude oil. They can be extracted from petroleum by mike - Short for a micrometer used in taking inter nal measurements of tubes and piping, as well as for a machinist's micrometer. chemical treatment such as hydrofining and caustic washing, or converted by sweetening to disulphides which remain in the oil. mineral seal oil - A cut between kerosene distillate and gas oil, widely used as a solvent oil in gaso line absorption processes. It is used largely in meter - In refining, an instrument, apparatus, or machine for measuring conditions of fluids, gases, electrical currents, etc., and for recording the signal lamps and for lighthouse illumination. Its name is derived from the fact that it replaced natural seal oil. results obtained. mist eliminator - Knitted wire mesh blanket placed metering pump - A pump, usually of small capacity, which delivers a definite metered volume per stroke or per revolution. at right angles in a vessel to vapor flow, to re move liquid and solid particles entrained in vapors. The liquid coalesces into larger drops which fall Trade Names and reduces the carryover with oyerhead outlet vapors. (See also "entrainment screen.") miter bend - Curved or "ell" shaped pipe fitting fabricated by cutting several short pipe sections with angles to form ths part. mixing valve - A valve which creates turbulence within a pipe to affect mixing of material flowing through the pipe. molecular sieves - Absorptive desiccants which offer effective performance as drying agents for gases. The sieves are used in commercial gas-drying operations. Mon e1 l' - See i Trade Names. monitor nozzle - A double swivel, ball bearing, universal motion, lever operated nozzle to protect specific fire risks which may be inaccessible to portable hose streams or where prompt application of water is desired. Monitors are available in sizes up to a capacity of 2,000 GPM and are in stalled at specific locations. Portable monitor nozzles are also available and may be mounted on an equipment truck. mono-ethanolamine (MSA) - An organic base used for absorption of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, in gas handling and stabilization units. (See also "di-ethanolamine) monolithic lining - A double-layer castable lining, as differentiated from a "one-shot" lining, which is used in vessels, cyclones, and piping on cracking units. A typical monolithic lining for a vessel consists of 3" of insulating castable and 1" of refractory castable. The refractory castable is normally held in steel mesh, called "Hexteel," which is welded to Nelson studs that are attached to the equipment wall. ' monomer - A chemical compound, containing only one ' structural unit per molecule, capable of forming polymers under certain temperature and other condi tions. moocher - An inspector of rivets and welds in the iron working trade. Mooney viscosity - A processability test for a rubber polymer sample before it is vulcanized into finished product. motor valve - A valve incorporated in automatic con trol systems to regulate the rate of fluid flow through a section of pipe. It is actuated eifther mechanically, electrically, or by gas pressure from a control instrument. mule-ear header - A furnace tube header which con tains projections extending from the plug end. Holes through the projections provide means for placing a bar and bolt to hold the header plug. The plug is removable for cleaning or rolling in tubes. mushroom vent - A tank open-type vent which has a rounded metal hood cover. The vent is normally fitted with a flame-snuffing'screen. The vents are used on tanks containing high flash (flash point above 150F.), low vapor pressure stocks. ' ----- Ahrevioti zTrade Names 33n \ A naphtha - A general term applied to low boiling liquid petroleum products and liquid products of natural gas. The approximate boiling range is from 6oF. to 430F. Naphtha is used for blending of motor and aviation fuels and for solvents. Virgin naphthas are distillates cut at pipe stills from crude. Thermal naphthas and 12-lb. blending naphtha are essentially thermally cracked stocks. High vapor pressure or 40-lb. naphtha is a blend of near equal parts of butane and 12-lb. blending naphtha. naphthenes - A group of cyclic saturated hydro carbons with carbon atoms in a ring (also termed cycloparaffins or cycloalkanes) having the general formula CnH2n The naphthenes, such as cyclo propane, cyclobutane, etc., make up one of the three groups (others are paraffins and aromatics) of hydrocarbons found in petroleum. Naval brass - A material composed of about 60$ copper, 40$ zinc, and 0.75$ tin, used extensively for exchanger tube sheets for water service. needle valve - A small valve with body usually machined from solid bar stock and with a small endtapered stem which serves as a gate. It is used for throttling a small flow to a fine regulation. net positive suction head (abbreviated N.P.S.H.) The pressure at the entrance to the vanes of a pump impeller minus the vapor pressure of the fluid. It is the measure of the tendency of the fluid to flash or vaporize within the pump. The available N.P.S.H. is important in the design of centrifugal pumps to provide good suction conditions, and to prevent vibration, excessive wear, and erratic pumping rates. Neturalization Number - An indication of the acidity or alkalinity of an oil. It is made by dissolving a weighed sample of the oil in a solvent composed of benzene and isopropyl alcohol and titrating the solution with standard potassium hydroxide solution or sulphuric acid to determine quantitatively the acids or bases present. The number is the weight in milligrams of the base or acid added to neutralize one gram of the oil. neutral oils - Lubricating oils prepared without 'acid or alkali treatment, but which have been purified by filtration. nipple - A short length of small pipe or tubing. normal solution - A normal solution contains one "gram molecular weight of the dissolved substance divided by the hydrogen equivalent of the substance (i.e., one gram equivalent) per liter of solution. This is the measure of the chemical activity of the solution. nozzle - A pipe attachment on a vessel or other equipment for connecting a pipeline, bleed, gage, or vent. (See also "monitor nozzle.") n1 octane balance - A procedure to control the octane quality of gasoline, based upon the research octane number. For each component going into the gasoline pool, two octane numbers are shown. One number is on a ''clear" basis, that is, without the addition of tetraethyl lead; and the other octane number is with the addition of lead on a basis of 1 cc per gallon of the gasoline component. octane number - A value assigned a gasoline relative to its anti-knock properties. It is determined by comparing the anti-knock value of a gasoline to a pre-determined mixture of iso-octane and normal heptane which have octane numbers of 100 and 0, respectively, by definition. Motor gasolines can be rated by several tests, e.g., Research, Motor, or road methods which are made at different test conditions. The difference between the anti-knock ratings by the Research and Motor methods is known as the "spread" of the fuel. The spreads of the motor gasoline blending stocks vary widely, about two points for saturated paraffinic stocks like virgin naphthas and alkylate, and up to thirteen points for olefinic and aromatic stocks such as light catalytic naphtha. The octane level of the final blend can be adjusted within limits, by the use of tetraethyl lead. offsites - Supporting facilities for a refinery' unit considered outside the unit battery' limits. old man - A colloquial term referring to a wooden or iron bar placed across the handle of an air gun used in chipping or drilling. The bar gives a mechanical advantage in applying force on the gun, as one end of the bar is secured to a stationary object. olefin - Any one of a series of unsaturated hydro carbons (open-chain) with one double bond connect ing two carbon atoms. The general formula is CRIl2n* Examples are ethylene,propylene, isobutene, amylene, or pentene. Cyclic compounds containing i ethylenic double bonds are now recognized as olefins in modern petroleum usuage. once-through - A continuous process in which no por tion of the product is recycled. ''one-shot11 lining - A- castable lining which has had its beginning by development in regenerators of catalytic cracking units. It is of single-layer construction and held to the interior of the vessel by V-bars, as differentiated from two-layer type insulation which is held by hexteel on welding studs. One-shot lining of 4" thickness is common. It is cheaper and easier to apply than the twolayer monolithic lining. (See "monolithic lining.") onsites - Facilities of an operating unit located within a geographical boundary that constitutes the unit area. on-stream - Denotes a plant or unit in operation. orifice flange - A special pipe flange having a hole from the circular edge to the inside diameter, for connecting a threaded metering pipe. An orifice plate is contained between two orifice flanges. orifice meter - An instrument which measures the flow through a pipe by use of the difference in pressure on the upstream and downstream sides of an orifice plate. orifice mixer - Sometimes called a knothole mixer or a Halifax mixer. A mixing device for liquids in which two liquids are forced under pressure through a small hole. For example, the device is used in the alkylation process for mixing caustic with the acidic oil stream in treating. orifice plate - A flat plate, containing an orifice hole, which is inserted between pairs of orifice flanges. The plate is inserted where the volume of flow through a pipe is to be measured or where a mixing of the flowing materials is desired. orifice union - An orifice plate contained between 'ground joints of the union that is held together by a threaded sleeve. This type orifice, is used in small piping and resembles a regular union - see "union." organ - Slang for a pipe header for manifolding a 'series of instrument pressure points to a common indicator. Orsat analysis - An analysis of components of gas to 'identify and measure the content of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some light hydrocarbons. The Orsat instrument is used primarily for flue gas analysis. ' Otis caliper - A make of caliper used primarily in 'the calipering of oil well casings. It has been utilized in calipering the inside of polymeri zation unit reactor tubes in the refinery. The caliper consists of a measuring head containing ball tip feelers attached to a cylinder. The cylinder is pulled through a tube and the feelers actuate a stylus which l-ecords pit depth on a selfcontained metal chart. outage - The difference between the full or the rated capacity and the actual contents of a barrel, tank, or tank car. It is important that some such appreciable difference always exists, in order to allow a free space for the expansion of the contents in case of a rise of temperature. In reactors and l'egenerators of fluid catalyst units, outage is the distance between the maximum dense bed level and the centerline of the primary cyclone inlet. (See also "innage.") . overhead product - Any product which is removed in a distilling oper-atior. in vapor form. oxidized asphalt - Asphalt which has been modified in certain of its natural characteristics by having had air blown through it at an elevated temperature. 1 i I ii i w It is often called "blown asphalt." In the oxidized condition, it has a higher melting point and lower ductility than asphalt of the same consistency pro duced by ordinary steam reduction. Oxidized asphalt is used to a large extent as a filler for concrete or brick pavements. Oxo or Oxonation Process - Developed by the Germans shortly'before World War II, a process which in volves the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with olefins in the presence of a cobalt catalyst to yield an aldehyde. The aldehyde, which has one more carbon atom than the original olefin, is hydrogenated to produce an alcohol. Production of alcohol by the Oxo Process involves oxonation, decobaiting, and hydrogenation. This is the pri mary process used in the production of octyl, decyl, and tridecyl alcohols. packed tower and packing - A fractionating or ab sorber tower which is filled with small objects to affect an intimate contact between rising vapors and falling liquid. The small objects used are generally raschig rings which are small cylindrical nipples made of ceramic or other material which is inert to the gas stream. Berl saddles may also be used. Packing is often used in lieu of trays in a small diameter tower. pallets and palletizing - 1) Movable platforms 'usually of wood upon which storehouse materials are placed for transport with a fork lift or other type truck. To palletize is to stack materials on pallets. 2) The disc in a piessure-vacuum vent is called a pallet. pans - The term is sometimes used to denote rundown tanks which receive condensates from refinery equip ment. Also applies to shallow vats used in sweating slack wax in freeing it from oil. pantograph hanger - A metal double-scissor type device attached to the roof and a shoe of floating roof tanks. Weighted arms of the hangers force the shoes horizontally against the tank side wall for closing the space between the roof and cylindrical shell. paraffin wax - A colorless, more or less translucent mass, crystalline when separating from solutions, without odor and taste, slightly greasy to touch, and consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons of the paraffin series. partial condenser - An exchanger, located in or on the top of a tower, which condenses a part of the overhead vapors so that they drop into the tower as reflux. ' pass - The term applies to the number of fluid paths through a furnace coil or an exchanger. T penetration number - The depth in tenths of a milli meter to which a cone penetrates grease when the cone is dropped into it. The number is obtained by a special test. There is a similar test for asphalts. Penetron - A precision non destructive test instru ment, operated from a 115 volt AC source, which is used to determine the minimum wall thickness of vessels and piping in inspection work. It is actually a calibrated Geiger-Mueller counter which measures the amount of gamma ray emission or re flection of the material, with radium as the gamma ray source. Fluid behind the surfaces to be measured effects the readings in varying amounts, depending on the density of the fluid. The use of the instrument is recommended for plate thicknesses of l/2" and below. Measurements taken when scale or severe pitting is anticipated should be used with caution as these effect the apparent density of the specimen being measured. Calibration curves are necessary in its use. pentane - A saturated hydrocarbon (C15H12) of the paraffin series. It is a colorless liquid easily vaporized at room temperature and is normally blended into gasoline. pepper - The fine particles of sludge produced in acid treating. Ordinarily, the main body of sludge settles out quickly, but in treating lubricating oils considerable "pepper" may be found and remain in suspension. perbunan - A synthetic rubber, composed of copolymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile. perm rating - Refers to the permeability of vapor seal type mastics used over cold equipment insula tion. Such mastics should have a "perm" rating of less than 1. One perm equals that degree of vapor permeability which allows the passage of one grain (7,000 grains/lb.) of water vapor per hour through each square foot of vapor barrier per inch of mercury difference in pressure. Fetro-Chem furnace - A make of "up-shot" or "Iso Flow" vertical, cylindrical-type furnace, having tubes placed adjacent to the interior wall and an integral self-supporting stack for the purpose of heating refinery fluids. petrolatum - A semi-solid noncrystalline product "composed of heavy residual oils and paraffin wax. pH - Symbol used in expressing the degree of acidity or alkalinity of aqueous solutions. Values of 0 to 7 indicate acid solutions and 7 to 14 indicate alkaline solutions, with 7 being neutral. phenolphthalein - A condensation production of 'phthalic acid and phenol which offers a delicate color test for acidity or alkalinity of a solution. In acid, it is colorless, but in an alkali It is a purple. pig - A solid plug inserted into pipe lines and pushed through by a fluid pressure. It may be used for separating two fluids being pumped through a pipe line, or for cleaning foreign materials from a line. pilot - A small flame burner installed adjacent to the main burner of a furnace for giving protection against a gas explosion in case the main burner fire is extinguished. A separate ga6 supply from that of the main burner gas should be used for the pilot. pilot plant - A small scale plant, usually larger than a laboratory model but much smaller than a commercial-size plant, used in final experimental work. pipe band - Several pipes which extend along to gether in one or more tiers. pipe pedestal - A vertical steel member attached to a pipe to support it. A concrete sleeper used for pipe support is sometimes referred to as a pedestal. pipe spool - A straight length of pipe which has flanges or other joint connections at each end. pipe still - A crude distillation unit composed of a Furnace containing banks of tubes and a bubble tower equipped with overhead condensers, preheating exchangers, stripping drums, product coolers, pumps, and possibly vacuum equipment. Normally, the term refers to the equipment for distilling and separa ting raw crude into components for further refining. pipe wrapping - A specially developed waterproofing material which is used in wrapping newly laid pipe lines under the ground. The piping is thoroughly cleaned and treated before wrapping. Machines have been developed which coat and wrap the pipe in one operation. pitch - A petroleum residue of high melting point and viscosity. plate up - Refers to the installation of manhead cover plates and other blind flanges which are installed to prepare a vessel for service. plenum chamber - An enclosed section inside the upper portion of cracking unit reactors and regenerators to which the outlets of cyclone separators are attached. plug - A threaded solid bar or casting used to close the end of a pipe or furnace tube header. Also refers to coke or foreign matter which stops flow in a pipe, furnace coil, or excharger. The rotat ing element in a pipe cock (or plug valve) is called a "plug." . plug valve - (See "cock.") "pod" extractor - Colloquial term for a Podbielniak 'centrifugal extractor. A machine that has many uses in separating liquids in mixtures; for example, one use is in separating acid from feed stock in continuous acid treating. polyforming - A process charging both C3 and 'gases with naphtha or gas oil under thermal condi tions to produce gasoline. polymer - A hydrocarbon formed by polymerization "(see next term). polymerization - The process of combining two or "more unsaturated organic molecules to form a single molecule having the same elements in the same pro portions as in the original molecules. Specifi cally, in the petroleum industry, the union of light olefins to form hydrocarbons of high molec ular weight. The process is of importance for the production of high grade motor fuel and aviation fuel components from cracked gases. The product formed by the union of two identical olefin molecules is referred to as a "dimer" and that formed by the union of three such molecules is known as a "trimer." The process may be thermal or catalytic. porcupine distributor - A plate with a large number of quills (small pipes) located in the lower por tion of the Hydroformer reactor which serves to distribute a mixture of naphtha feed and recycle gas into the catalyst bed above the distributor. positioner - An instrument intermediate device located in an instrument control system between a controller and a control valve operator. It is designed to assure linear valve motion in case of a mechanical difficulty such as a binding stuffing box. possum belly - A short section of piping of larger size than the main run, installed by means of ^ -------AbrevinHnnc Trade Names I l swages. An enlarged section is required in certain instances for installation of thermowells or other instruments. pour point - The lowest temperature at which an oil will pour or flow when chilled without disturbance under definite specified conditions. power digger - A tractor with a hydraulically operated hack hoe or shovel which can he rotated for side loading of trucks. powerforming - Fixed hed catalytic reforming process employing a platinum catalyst. precipitator - (See "Cottrell precipitator.") prefractionator - A flash vaporization tower with several fractionating trays in which gas, light naphthas, and water are removed from partially heated crude before it enters the pipe still furnace. preheater - An exchanger, or preheat furnace, which is used to heat a fluid immediately before some treatment or use. Oil for instance receives pre heat in exchangers prior to further heating in a furnace coil preparatory to distilling. pressing - The operation of removing crystallized paraffin wax from chilled oil by pumping the mixture through a filter press where the wax is retained on canvas cloths and the oil passes through. pressure drop - The decrease in pressure due to friction which occurs when a liquid or gas passes through a pipe, vessel, or other piece of equipment. pressure stills - Stills in which the liquid oil and oil vapors are held by proper release valves under pressure and raised in temperature to a point where the oil will decompose ("crack") at a satisfactory rate. Lower-boiling products are obtained from the stills. pressure-vacuum vent - A safety device used on storage "tanks where the stocks have Reid vapor pressure of 2.0 psi or over. It is a combination valve set for l/2 oz./in.2 pressure and l/2 oz./in.2 vaccum so that these conditions will not be exceeded within the tank. nressure vessel - A drum, tower, or exchanger shell, "but excluding piping, which is designed and fabri cated for either internal or external pressure service in accordance with the Unfired Pressure Vessel Code. The ASME Code is presently used, having replaced the API-ASME Code for refinery vessels. priming - The filling of the liquid end of a pump with liquids to remove vapors present and eliminate the tendency to become vapor bound. probolog - A portable instrument operating on "electronic principles which can be used to deter mine the internal condition of nonferrous metal tubes and heat-exchange equipment. Inspection is effected by means of a probe of the required stan dard size, that is moved at a uniform rate of speed through the tube by a mechanical probe puller, which is synchronized with the speed of an elec tronic recorder. Irregularities in the tubes are recorded on a strip chart. The instrument is designed specifically for the inspection of non magnetic tubes such as copper, brass, monel, and admiralty. product giveaway - The difference between the minimum specification on any product and the actual quality marketed. propane (CHqCHpCH^) - A gaseous hydrocarbon of the "paraffin series, occurring naturally in crude petro leum. It is a major constituent of liquefied petroleum gas. propylene (CH3CH: CH2) - A colorless, gaseous hydro., carbon of the olefin series. This is a raw material for isopropanol and is also polymerized to form a gasoline blending component. puking - In refinery parlance, the boiling over of a still so a portion of the feed charge is carried through the vapor line and mixed with the dis tillate, generally contaminating the overhead pro duct . ' pulldown line - Vapor and liquid pulldown lines are part of a unit blowdown system. Vapor pulldown lines extend from the top of vessels to a manifold which discharges to the blowdown drum. The vapor pulldown is useful in forestalling safety valve dis. charges but is usually of greatest service in start up and shutdown operations. Liquid pulldown lines extend from the bottoms of vessels to a manifold which also discharges to the blowdown drum. The vapors and liquids may subsequently discharge to a flare stack or slop storage facilities. pulling blinds - The removal of solid plates between pipe flanges which are placed to isolate sections of piping or vessels when making repairs or hydro statically testing. All nozzles on a vessel are blinded off, except manheads and atmospheric vents, when repairs are made. pumparound - A system on a distillation tower for withdrawing liquid from a plate, cooling it, and returning it to another plate for the purpose of condensing vapors. pump-back - (See "reflux.") pumpout - The removal of process fluids from vessels and piping for normal process purposes or for an emergency shutdown. Liquids are usually removed through the liquid pulldown piping system. pump temporary strainer - A tapered wire mesh screen 'which is normally placed in a pump suction line during initial unit start-up. It is later removed when foreign materials have been taken out of the unit. pump types - Common types of pumps used in the "refinery are centrifugal, reciprocating, rotary, and metering pumps. The centrifugal type consists of one or more impellers mounted on a rapidly rotating shaft. The liquid enters the impeller at the center, or "eye," and is thrown outward at a high velocity into the volute or the pump casing, where velocity head is converted into pressure head. Centrifugal pumps with two or more impellers are called multi-stage pumps and may be either vertical or horizontal types. A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement type consisting of a plunger or piston moving back and forth within a cylinder. These are usually steam-power driven by emission of steam in a second cylinder. Reciprocating pumps may be either simplex which has one liquid cylinder on a single drive, or a duplex pump with two liquid cylinders. A rotary pump is a positive displace ment pump used mainly to pump liquids which are either too viscous or too difficult to be handled by a centrifugal pump. The common rotary pump is the gear type in which two gears mesh and rotate toward each other within a very close fitting casing. (See term "metering pump.") pyrolltic decomposition - Thermal cracking of hydro carbons to form new compounds. \ L A fluenching oil - Oil introduced into high tempera'ture cracked vapors to .cool them, for the purpose of checking the cracking reaction. The term also applies to oil used for cooling metal components in hardening and tempering operations. quills - Small pipes, set at all angles in a "spherical head, for use in feed distribution in a hydroformer reactor. (See "porcupine distributor.") J rack - (See "loading rack.") radiant furnace section Section of a furnace exposed to the actual combustion of a fuel through which heat is obtained by radiation. radiograph - A picture image produced by x-ray or gamma ray techniques for the examination of welded joints and metals for determining irregularities or defects. raffinate - Term applied in solvent-refining practice to that portion of the oil which remains undissolved and is not removed by the selective solvent used. rapper - Electrically operated devices used in catalytic cracking unit Cottrell precipitators. In operation, the rappers cause catalyst to fall from the grids after the catalyst is electrostatically precipitated from the flue gas. The recovered catalyst is transferred by carrier air back to the regenerator, and the flue gas leaves the unit through the stack. raschig rings - Small cylindrical rings used in packed-type fractionating or absorption towers. The rings are usually of an inert material such as ceramic. reactor - The vessel on a unit where the major reac tion or conversion takes place. In catalytic cracking, it is a vessel in which hot oil Is con tacted and cracked with the catalyst; in isomeriza tion, it is the vessel containing catalyst in which the hydrocarbon is isomerized; in alkylation plants, it is the vessel containing emulsified acid in which most of the alkylation occurs. In the butyl process, it is the vessel where the chilled feed (iso butylene, isoprene and unreacted hydrocarbons) is agitated in the presence of catalyst dissolved in an inert diluent to produce an exothermic reaction. reboiler - An auxiliary of a fractionating tower "designed to supply additional heat to the lower portion. It may be a furnace coil or a type of an exchanger. Liquid is usually withdrawn from the side or bottom of the tower, reheated by means of a reboiler, and the vapors and residual liquid are returned to the tower. receiver - A tank into which the distillates from "the stills are sent. Also, an instrument which receives a signal from the instrument transmitter (usually a pneumatic transmission), for converting the signal into mechanical motion for indicating or recording. rectifier - An apparatus consisting of a long coil or pipe or an expansion chamber, through which generated vapors are passed in order to separate and condense the heavier portions. In distilling apparatus, it is the fractionating-tower system; and in the ammonia-freezing system, it is the coil which leads out of the generator from the analyzer. recycle - Part of a product in any process which is "continuously fed back for additional processing. reduced crude - The residuum from a crude distilla tion operation. reducing - In petroleum refining, the removal of light hydrocarbons by distillation. refinery gas - Any form or mixture of gas gathered in the refinery from the various stills. It Is the gas sent to the high pressure and low pressure burner lines for use at the various furnaces. reflux - Part of a liquid distillate from a bubble tower which is pumped back into the tower to assist in making a more complete separation into the desired fractions. The liquid may be used to con trol the temperature and to improve quality of .Trade Names r> < product. The material returned is the refline; the operation is refluxing. reforming - A. cracking process, thermal, or cataly tic, in which the hydrocarbon components of a naphtha are rearranged to yield a product of im proved volatility and octane quality. The process differs from other cracking only in using more volatile charge stock. refractory - Any material not easily effected by heat such as firebrick or other material cast in place. A refractory oil is one that is difficult to crack. regenerator - In a catalytic process, that part of the system where the catalyst is reactivated to enable its reuse. Coke deposits are burned off under carefully controlled conditions of tempera ture, oxygen content of the regeneration gas stream, and circulation. Reid vapor pressure (Abbreviated RVP) - As one of the important specifications for gasolines, it is a measure of the vapor pressure in pounds per square inch of a sample at 100"F. The vapor pressure in dicates the velocity of light petroleum fractions. reinforcing pad - Term for a circular metal "donut" welded around a nozzle and to a vessel shell for replacing the metal removed by the nozzle opening. rejuvenation - A treatment used in the powerforming process to help restore catalyst activity after regeneration. Remotomike - A portable, electrical, remote-indica ting furnace tube micrometer used for internal tube measurements. The micrometer head contains three steel "feeier" balls, which protrude at 120 inter vals and move radially in and out to provide threepoint measurements. Measurements are transmitted to an electrical receiving instrument where they are read directly. The feeler balls are kept against the tube interior surface by air pressure. residual fuel oil - A petroleum product composed '"principally of tar and pitch with lighter oil added for satisfactory viscosity. It is intended for combustion in industrial installations. residual or residuum (Sometimes referred to as ""resid") - Heavy oil left in the still after gaso line and other distillates have been distilled off or residue from crude oil after distilling off all but the heaviest components. retiring thickness - The limit of metal wall thick"ness in a pipe, vessel, or other equipment to which corrosion or erosion can occur before replacement is required. return bend - A pipe fitting equal to ti/o "ells" "used to connect parallel pipes so that fluid flow ing into one will return in the opposite direction through the other. ring (turned) joint (Abbreviation - RTJ) - A ring shaped groove cut around the face of each of two mating pipe flanges and containing a metal ring gasket which has an oval cross-section. ripple tray - A type of fractionating tray in which the plate is made in ripples or corrugations in which holes are provided to effect fractionation. riser - A transfer line in a fluid solids system. The term applies to a pipe in which catalyst is carried by an aerating medium to a higher level. road oil - A non-asphaltic, non-hardening petroleum distillate or residual oil used as a dust-laying oil, which can be applied without preheating. Roberts micrometer - A portable, electrical, remoteindicating furnace tube micrometer which is used similarly to. the Remotomike. The micrometer head consists of twelve feelers. Minimum and maximum readings of tube internal diameters are indicates on two receivers. The instrument is useful in in spection work for determining whether pits, bulges or coke exist in tubes. Robinson color - A color scale for use with lubrieating oils in which a decrease in the numerical index indicates a darker color. roily oil - Crude oil when it has formed a more or less complete emulsion with water. roll - (See "tube rolling.") rollicking rod - A colloquial terra for an iron bar used to dpen or close valves that are otherwise difficult to operate. rotameter - A flow-rate measuring instrument in which fluid is discharged upward through an annular opening in a vertical direction between a float or bob and a tapered glass tube. The annular space between the float and tapered tube increases from the lower end to the upper end; therefore, the float will rise until the difference in pressure across the float is just sufficient to balance the weight of the float plus friction losses. Flow is indicated by the float position which may be observed visually or determined by magnetically or electrically transmitted means. rotary filter - A continuous rotating heavy-cloth- covered drum within a cylindrical vessel in which a chilled solution of waxy oil and a solvent (propane or MEK) is filtered to obtain wax separa tion. A vacuum in the rotary drum causes a wax cake to build up that is scraped off on one side. In the Butyl process, butyl polymer is filtered out of the water by rotary vacuum filters or vibrating screens. ^ , The time a unit is on stream from start-up to ^jjfoitdown. The term is often used colloquially in relation to the type of stock being processed, or amount of stock processed by a particular unit in a given time. runtack - A pipe through which all or part of the -jjjndensate can be run back to a still instead of being run off. Runback lines are usually connected to take the condensate from condensers. rundown tanks - Tanks which receive condensates from 'the stills, agitators, or other refinery equipment, and from which the distillates are pumped to larger tanks known as working tanks or storage tanks. Rundown tanks are also known as "pans"or "receiving tanks." rupture disc - (See "frangible disc.") acred cow - Slang for the Oil Conservation Depart"Jent tank truck used to recover oil spills. saddle - A fabricated steel support which fits the "cylindrical section of a horizontal vessel or pipe. flAE numbers of lubricants - This is a classifica tion of lubricating oils for crankcases and trans missions in terms of viscosity only. The numbers are standardized by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). safety cage - Steel lattice guard required on all "outside ladders over 20' in height to provide for personnel safety. safety disc or diaphragm - (See "frangible disc.") safety shower - Water spray equipment placed on 'units to give personnel a quick wash in case of exposure or contact with acid or other harmful sub stances on the skin. safety valve - A safety device installed on the top of pressure vessels, vapor line^ or other equipment which will permit the emission of gases or liquids when the set pressure is reached. It insures against a destructive explosion. safety valve disc - That part of a safety valve which covers the inlet nozzle. It is held over the port by spring pressure until excessive pressure in the protected equipment causes it to rise and release the pressure. sample bomb - A small cylindrical container for hold ing gases or liquids under pressure until tests on the materials can be made in the laboratory. sampling spoon - A spoon-shaped device which can be inserted through a valve and stuffing box arrange ment into vessels for receiving samples for tests. A needle-eye shaped sampling spoon is used for soil penetration tests. sandblasting - Sand driven by a blast of compressor air (or steam) to clean rust, scale, and foreign materials from metals. (See also "hydroblasting") saponification number - The number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids and saponify the esters in one gram of oil. saponifier - Any compound, such as alkali, which is used to convert fats, esters, or fatty acids into soaps. saturate - A hydrocarbon with a basic formula CnH(2n+2)' ^ Is saturated with respect to hydrogen. Saybolt color - A scale for the determination of the color of gasoline and burning oils (ASTM D-I56), where high numbers indicate a clear color and low numbers indicate a dark color. Saybolt Universal viscosity - The time, in seconds, for 60 ml. of fluid, to flow through a capillary tube in a Saybolt viscosimeter under specified conditions. scale - Rust or layers of other hard products of corrosion found inside piping and equipment. scale wax - The paraffin derived by a process of sweating the greater part of the oil from slack wax. It contains up to 6$ of oil. scrubbing - The process of removing an impurity from a petroleum product. For example, it is the removal of hydrogen sulphide from a hydrocarbon gas by scrubbing with sodium hydroxide solution. seal chamber - Same as a foam chamber - see this term. In a seal chamber,' a frangible disc such as glass is used to seal off the tank from the foam piping until foam pressure is applied. ceal drum - A vessel which is part of a flare in stallation . The drum contains water which provides a seal of several inches on inlet gas piping. The yater level in the vessel is maintained by a looped pipe extending down from the bottom and then back up to the vessel centerline and down to the sewer again. The outlet from the seal drum dis charges to a flare stack. seal pot - A small cylinder or chamber installed in 'pressure instrument piping or orifice meter piping irhich prevents the liquid being measured from reaching the measuring instrument. The seal pot contains a liquid either lighter or heavier than the liquid being measured, depending upon inlet and outlet locations. Where the measured stream con denses, the pot is called a "condensing pot." In a system containing condensibles, the pot is used to maintain a constant head of liquid above the meter. Seal pot is also the term for a seal on a dipleg in the fluid catalyst process. seal ring - A large-size steel plate ring which "covers the sannular opening around the grid distri butor in catalytic cracking unit regenerators. It may be designed to slide on the grid or to serve as a bellows to permit expansion and contraction of the grid in relation to the vessel shell. Smallsize round seal rings are sometimes used to aid in preventing leakage from the gates or stems of valves or from around shafts on pumps. Pump mechanical seals have "0" seal rings of suitable rubber-like material. seal shoe - (See "shoe.") seal weld - Weld applied to a threaded or rolled pipe connection or a riveted vessle joint which serves to prevent leakage. seat ring - A steel machined ring insert which pro vides a stationary seating surface for a safety valve disc, for gates in block valves, and other >CtT- C<D 5* * similar locations. A seat ring can usually be replaced when worn. self-loading dump truck - A dump truck which has a scoop shovel on the end of a hydraulic arm. Material is scooped in,front of the truck and is carried in the shovel over the cab for loading. sensitized - The term applies to austenitic stain less steels which are heated in the range of 900p. to 1300F., or which have been cooled from this temperature range. When the steel is exposed to corrodents such as.in aqueous solutions, the chromium carbide precipitates at the grain boun daries. The steel disentegrates, resulting in the phenomenon called intergranular corrosion. This corrosion may be prevented by heating the steel to about 2000F. and cooling rapidly. separator - A vessel used to separate cracked vapors from liquid tar in the thermal cracking process; or, settling basins used to separate oil from water. service factor - A measure of the continuity of an operation. It is generally expressed as the ratio of actual running time to the total elapsed time. settler - A separator such as a tub, pan, vat, or tank, in which the partial separation of a liquid from its impurities can be effected by settling. severity factor - A measure of the severity of the overall reaction conditions in dealing with reactor data and designs where both temperature and pres sure vary. The factor is convenient in correlating conversions and yields as a semi-empirical approach for complex reacting systems where many reactions occur simultaneously and the products are generally unknown. sewer seal - A U-pipe installed in a sewer line, or a special liquid holder casting called a ''cleanout seal," installed in a catch basin outlet. Seals roof with the shell. The shoes are circular sec tions and a number are used for continuation around a tank shell. 2) Steel pieces used to bridge gaps of angles around the top and bottom of storage tanks. 3) Steel plates attached to pipelines at sliding-type supports are sometimes called pipe shoes. sidestream - A liquid product stream taken from one of the plates, other than from the top or bottom, of a fractionating tower. sidestream stripper - A secondary tower used in con junction with a primary fractionating tower to remove volatile components from the sidestream. The volatile components are usually returned to the fractionator. sieve tray - A plate containing many small holes which is used in a fractionating or similar process tower. . skirt sheet - A cylindrical shell section extending from the bottom of a vertical vessel for the use as the vessel support. slack wax - The soft crude wax obtained from the chilling and filtering of phenol extracted oils. It is also obtained by an older process of pressing of paraffin distillate or wax oil. sleeper - A low concrete support for piping. slide valve - A large valve used in cracking unit lines to adjust or shut off fluidized solids flow. The heavy slide plate within the body is usually operated hydraulically but in a case of emergency may be operated by hand. slop - Any liquid product of petroleum which is not up to quality, because of contamination or faulty refining, such as that recovered from a separator. It must be rerun or further processed to make it suitable for use. similar locations, ntisivrted by the shell resting within a saucer- replaced w'-- coTibtbS c ed depression in the ground with an intervening self- loading scoop shove Material is - lal ,,+ed a'ter Cllele botto* of tb&t stor&8e at tne cushion to properly distribute the load. f li>- The radial, hollow arms on a furnace burner +aiyfhich gas is emitted and burning takes place, carried in t ^a8Sprui^- ting cOTiSTe ts of S' 6g&aSs. off- a_ --n.Ad uni.ts on a_ J<o_hi__n Zr in_ik. make of cr&c^nS^orctwork of supporting arms burner. or rods TI4t* 4isc within aq1lsoon sensitized - r\ less steels w to 1300F., oi temperature ra corrodents sue, chromium carbid darles. The st k An ex5 catatyt^ e -guty for spacing internal elements. -sa^SdSIt46, .,,^sea. is ,,oWmon sYu cene v1ri *,,riwound gasket - A special make of gasket for Butyl-*0* teat kexos g can b"v'ee Lcb !.ning a tigfit seal between pipe flanges or 'langed joints. The gasket is formed from : sro^Sig^b-erss^Tnoiaf- s*mokee*. furtvtwound metal strip and held from unwinding ^ & vuvi-t ^ relB&.Yetainer ring. The spiraling consists of phenomenon eallt corrosion may be about 2000F. ani fore it ' ^ ^^toi^nboefaaiait(`woerd to section ^ere soa^l ve^f'd of acting plys of preformed spring-like metal ^ i with metallic or non-raetallic fillers, cets are used as pipe flange seals where amay be a problem with ordinary non-metallic separator - A vess ..from liquid tar ii settling basins us toPt^e plaC6' _A v-trac;ttir^Eii a from & m so'.-clad gaskets. disxx .- A fractionating tower ussied for separating 8oVient-^-^^^v e extrac ,,1&ti^ly r_elated products, such as a naphtha service factor - A it operation. It is g reffipoon Yienod* sucb aS v .n.<inS!! a r"3__S. A(s<e?ppra>raaratteess lieght and heayvy naphtha), butane c *ur comP0^^*(separates iso- and normal butane), or a of actual running ti -jZ to ^ er (separates ethylene and ethane). (See settler - A separator tank, in which the pa from its impurities ct ejnoA as suiP^l uPoTl break do ^gbnr comP,unds tu0 cosi're some c _ - An inte_ri_ntl0cdbo- minift by utanizer and splitter.") vess ormally refers to the difference in value md the average value of all products herefrom. severity factor - A mea sp&r6--u^es th .- e pdf' * -have overall reaction condii distrr into uhic^ tionol - An organic phase containing a data and designs where sure -vary. The factor : conversions and yields a for complex reacting sys occur simultaneously and unknown. boleS sewer seal - A U-pipe insta winid s ^vtio Te0? iCamount of phenolic compounds obtained iiyst ' E ttYhiee cate^J' iV&ied r ,LzziinnRg aa ccaauussttiicc treated light ends stream ,iyst is acid and sodium phenate. used t S "burner spud.") sel v.eric&1 S? press^e -iostA distilling plant in which low boiling (which have high vapor a special liquid holder ca. pressure distillate or seal," installed in a catci Trade Names use than the P r- stanchion - A single column with top cross member to support piping. stand-by - A term used to designate emergency auxiliary equipment; or, pertains to a unit that is removed from service and protected for future opera tion. standpipe - In fluid catalytic processes, a vertical tube or pipe filled with aerated, dense phase, powdered catalyst, usually provided with a valved outlet at its lower end. This serves as a pressure leg for the injection of powdered catalyst to the zone wherein the pressure is lower than the hydro static head at the bottom of the standpipe. stationary tube sheet - The largest plate of a tube bundle containing holes in which tubes of a tube bundle are rolled. The tube bundle is inserted in to an exchanger, and the stationary tube sheet is held firmly between the shell and channel section flanges. stay-bolt - A long bolt used for holding a piece of equipment to another part that is spaced some distance away. Stay-bolts are sometimes used for strengthening large heads on exchangers. steam cracking - Thermal cracking in the presence of steam which reduces the partial pressure of the feed stock and allows high temperatures to be reached without excessive coking of the furnace tubes. steam ejector - A device for jetting steam into a pipe leading from a sump or other liquid container. The steam jet reduces the pressure in the pipe and causes suction of liquid from the container. A vacuum jet is a type of steam ejector used to re move air and non-condensable gases from barometric condensers or from other equipment. steam tracer - A small pipe containing steam which is placed parallel with or wrapped on a larger pipe to heat the contents of the latter. The larger pipe may contain a fluid such as tar, bottoms, or wax which must be kept heated to maintain flow. steam trap - A device in which steam condensate from "a steam system is collected and drained while main taining the system pressure and containing the steam vapor. stiffening rings - Metal plate rings installed 'around the interior or external cylindrical shell surface of vacuum vessels to provide reinforcement and prevent the shell from collapsing. stiff leg - A type of derrick having inclined struts ` extending from the mast head to horizontal sills that connect to the step of the mast. The struts are used in lieu of guy ropes as are common for guy derricks. stop - A bracket, clip, or buttress device used in "piping installations to limit the movement of certain sections from expansion or contraction. "Stops" are used on expansion joints on cracking units. stopple valve - A special valve which is installed in an in-service pipe line for stopping flow. The valve body, which is first clamped or welded to the line, serves for drilling the line and inserting a plug into the flow patch. straddle truck - A high-bodied four-wheeled vehicle which straddles and picks up palleted loads with hydraulic arms for transporting. straight-run - An adjective- applied to a petroleum distillate fractionated directly from crude but changed in no other way. straight-run distillation - Continuous distillation which separates the products of petroleum in the order of their boiling points without cracking. strapping a tank - The measuring of a tank to determine the actual volume and to insure subse quent accurate gauging of the contents. New storage tanks are strapped on the outside with a steel measuring tape; and deductions are made for plates and interior fittings to determine the volume. stream day - An operating day on a refinery unit, as distinguished from a calendar day, which latter expression bears a prorated allowance for a regular "downtime" on the unit. stress-corrosion cracking - Spontaneous failure of metals by cracking under the combined action of corrosion and tensile stress. The stress may be applied or may be residual from fabricating opera tions. Corrosion may be minute and may not be general. One common type of stress-corrosion cracking occurring in carbon steel is caused by sodium hydroxide and is called "caustic embrittle ment." The most active media in producing stresscorrosion cracking in the austenitic stainless steels are aqueous acid chloride solutions. Even low chloride ion concentrations of a few parts per million can produce cracking of 18-8 chrome nickel steel under the proper conditions; atmospheric con densation may also be a cause. stress relieve - The controlled heating and cooling of piping, vessels, or other equipment which have been welded, in order to relieve residual stresses within the material. It is necessary to stress relieve materials which have a chromium content greater than 0.70$ and for carbon steels which are thicker than 1" or 1-1/4", depending on the type of steel. Pipe and vessel codes contain specific in formation regarding stress relieving. strip a vessel - A colloquial term meaning the re moval of all internal equipment, such as trays, from a vessel. strip lining - Continuous lining applied on the "interior of vessels in strips not exceeding approxi mately 6" in width to facilitate fitting the contour. Strips may be butt welded or shingle-lap welded, depending upon material and the fluid processed. strip heater - An electrical resistance heating "element, in strip form, which can be applied on equipment and connected to a power supply for localized heating. stripper and stripping - A stripper is a drum, tower, 'or piping equipment within a vessel, in which the lightest fractions are removed from a mixture. In stripping, the more volatile components are subs tantially all removed from a cut. Open steam is usually admitted to aid in sweeping out the volatile components. In fluid catalyst units, a stripper is a device in which the upflow of steam or other stripping gas removes hydrocarbons from fluidized solids. This is done before the solids pass to the regenerator. , strong-back - A small bar placed under the opening of a bubble tray chimney to which the bell cap bolt is attached. The term is sometimes used in referring to a bar or beam used in reinforcing a plate under load. . stud-bolt - A round threaded metal bar with nuts on both ends. stuffing box - A device affording the passage and the lengthwise or rotary motion of a piston rod, shaft, or some similar moving piece while maintain ing a fluid-tight joint about the part. It con sists of a chamber stuffed with packing and a gland or follower which compresses the packing about the moving part. subway grating - A flat frame work of open-type flooring or support material, consisting of metal strips placed on edge in a checkerboard fashion. 4 The bars are spaced to form rectangular or square openings. The grating may consist of spaced parallel strips running parallel in two directions and interneshed. Strips may run parallel in one direction and be joined with welded-on round bars which run at right angles to the main strips. sugar scoop - A colloquial term for a rounded plate which is installed in the upper portion inside the horizontal run of a catalytic cracking unit spent catalyst line. Catalyst from the standpipe is directed in a horizontal direction. Pressured air passes under the scoop and carries the spent catalyst into the regenerator. The term also refers to the curved plate portion inside the oil injector where oil feed and regenerated catalyst join before entering the reactor. sump - A pit or reservoir serving as a drain for liquids. It may be a depression or low place in the base of a tank for catching water or bottoms settlings so that these will not drift over the entire floor of the tank. A catch basin is some times called a sump. superfractionation - The separation, by fractional distillation of two or more components, where the boiling points are very close together. This re quires a distillation tower with a relatively large number of trays. superheater - Apparatus which raises the heat con tent of a fluid above that required for vaporiza tion. It may be an apparatus used for adding heat to steam above the saturation temperature, such as a steam coil in a furnace in addition to the tubes containing hydrocarbon. surge drum - A vessel or accumulator which serves as a reserve for liquid being pumped through a line, thereby overcoming fluctuations at the rate of flow caused by a pump. A surge drum may be used also to receive an upheaval from another vessel caused by an upset in the liquid-vapor equilibrium. swage - A pipe reducer which connects a larger sec"tion to a smaller section of pipe. Basically, a swage is made by forming a tapered section with two straight sections at each end. sweater - A large oven-like chamber in which crude "paraffin wax is subjected to the sweating process to remove oil. It is equipped with tiers or pans in which the oil is separated from the wax, with the lines necessary for pouring the wax into the pans and for draining away the sweated oil, and with steam or water coils for regulating the temperature of the chamber. sweet crude - Crude oil containing very little "sulphur compounds, and chemical treatment for re moval is unnecessary. sweetening - The process by which petroleum products are improved in odor and color by oxidizing the sulphur products and unsaturated compounds. (See "doctor sweetening" and "hypochlorite sweetening.") swing suction - Flexible tank piping within a tank which is connected to the outlet nozzle and is raised or lowered depending upon the tank liquid level in order to drain the strata desired. synthesis gas - A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, with or without other materials, intended or used for catalytic conversion to hydrocarbons, alcohols, or other organic compounds. Trade Names I tab tray - (See "jet tray.") tail gas - The lightest hydrocarbon gas released from a refining process. tail pipe - The pipe connecting a barometric condenser with the .sump below for the purpose of removing the condensate and cooling water. tank car - A cylindrical metal railroad-transported tank for carrying oil and oil products. It possesses an expansion dome of capacity equal to 2$ of the net volume of the tank to care for expansion of the liquid due to a rise in tempera ture. Tank cars are equipped with safety valves to avoid development of abnormal internal pres sures . ' tank car heater - A coil of pipe built into the bottom of a tank car which may be connected with outside steam lines, so that tar, asphalt, or other heavy oils in the car may be heated to facilitate the unloading of the car. tank farm - Land on which a number of storage tanks are located, generally crude and product oil tanks for the producer, refiner, or oil pipeline. Anchorage and Maryland Tank Farms serve Baton Rouge Refinery. . tar (petroleum tar) - A viscous black or dark-brown product obtained in petroleum refining which will yield a substantial quantity of solid residue when partly evaporated or fractionally distilled. The term "tar" should never be applied to materials derived from crude petroleum or fractions thereof without the prefix "petroleum." tee - A pipe fitting which has one side outlet at right angles to the main direction of the run through the fitting. t.ell tale - l) One of a number of valves located on "the outside of a vessel which may be opened for drainage to determine the level. 2) a tiny opening, in an oil still, enclosed with glass which permits the Stillman to observe whether the oil has attained the level of the charge desired. 3) Tell tale cords are hung over railroad tracks to warn a person on a freight car that he is approaching an area of little head-room. tempilstik - Crayon-formed material of different "chemical compositions used in determining tempera tures of hot metal surfaces. Each tempilstik is obtained and marked for a specific temperature. Over fifty tempilstiks can be obtained for temperatures ranging from 113F. to 2000F. terra cotta pipe - A vitrified tile pipe used for 'sewer lines. test hole - A small sized hole drilled into the wall of a pipe or vessel in order to measure the thickness. test plug - A threaded tapered plug used in plugging inspection test holes in vessels, piping, and other materials up to and including 2-3/4" thick. A long continuous tapered thread makes possible the use of the same plug progressively from 3/8" up to and including 1/2" pipe size. tetra-ethyl lead - A volatile lead compound, Pb(C2H<j)4, which, when added in small proportions to gasoline, increases the octane level. thermal cracking - Cracking of hydrocarbons by subjecting them to high temperature, high pressure, and a long soaking time. Decomposition of hydro carbons is accomplished by pyrolitic means. thermocouple - An electrical temperature-measuring device consisting of two wires of different metals with ends joined. When the junction is heated, an A 1 electromotive force is produced in proportion to the temperature. The temperature is measured as a function of the electromotive force (emf). torque wrench - A wrench which is used in tightening -'fluts on bolts to a predetermined amount as may be get in the wrench Itself. thermowell - A tube, having one end closed, inserted into a pipe, vessel, or furnace coil or stack, as protection for a thermocouple or thermometer bulb. total drawoff tray - A trajh in a bubble tower which ''gas its downcomer sealed as a pan from which all the product can be removed as a sidestream. thief - A device which permits taking a sample from a definite predetermined location in the body of the liquid to be sampled. It consists of a metal box with a heavy lid which opens very slowly on submerging the box in the liquid. The box is quickly lowered to a point in the tank from which the sample is to be taken and is slowly filled in this location. i throughput - The volume of feed stock charged to process equipment, usually per unit of time. tie rod - A metal bar rod connected between an anchor point and a movable item to keep the movable item positioned by tension of the rod only. toe plate - The lower plate running at toe level along steel hand railings on structures. toe wall - (See "curb wall.") toluene - An aromatic hydrocarbon (C6H5CH3) somewhat similar to benzene but of higher boiling point pro duced in coking of coal and also by modern petroleum refining processes. It is the basis of dyes, explosives, and aromatic compounds. topping - The distillation of a hydrocarbon stream to remove light fractions only. torpedo tube - A type of tubular heating element, similar to a bayonet heater except torpedo-shaped, for insertion into sulphuric acid concentrators for heating the contents with steam or dowtherm. total feed - The sum of the volumes pumped into a 'processing unit, including fresh feed and recycled products. tower - A vertical pressure vessel normally containTng trays and other internal equipment, such as distillation towers for vacuum, near atmospheric or high pressure service. Towers, other than those for separation by fractionation, may be used for flashing and to take advantage of partial con densation of vapors from a still. See also "cooling tower." tractor shovel - A tractor containing a wide dirtTioving shovel which lifts vertically and rotates with the tractor for dumping. transfer line - The term refers to the line (outlet) from a furnace to a tower or flash drum. In a fluid solids system, it is any line through which solids are moved by gas. Transite - (See trade names.) transition section - The tapered cylindrical section which joins two parts of a vessel having different diameters. transmitter - An instrument which gives pneumatic output (normally) to a receiver or recorder in proportion to the movement of a primary measuring element. It may consist of one of the primary measuring devices or may be located nearby. Out put air can be transmitted over distances up to 1000' to the receiving instrument. Process streams can, therefore, be kept out of control rooms. . Ahrev lo tio n s I T Traveloacler - A motorized vehicle with side cah and t,,be cleaner - A rotating tool driven by compressed flat bed and equipped with a hydraulically-operated -0Fwhich cleans coke and other extraneous material fork lift to handle side loads. Out riggers are from tubes or pipes. Its primary use is for provided to prevent tipping to the side when furnace tubes. loading. It is designed to carry long loads such as pipe. mbe rolling - Spreading of a tube diametrically at 'the end to obtain a tight fit in a tube sheet or a tray - (See "bubble tray/' "jet tray," "ripple tube header. Spreading of the tube is accomplished tray," and "sieve tray.") by use of a tapered mandrel which is rotated inside the tube end by mechanical means. Exchanger tubes treating - The treatment of petroleum products with are attached to tube sheets and furnace tubes are "cEemlcais to improve their qualities. It usually attached to headers by rolling. refers to the purification of intermediate oil distillates by agitation with chemicals or with [tube sheet - In an exchanger, a-stationary sheet physical absorbents to remove the sulphur compounds and a floating sheet, each consisting of circular or unsaturated hydrocarbons which occasion bad odor drilled plates, provide means for rolling in and colop. tubes which make up a tube bundle. Tube sheets in furnaces are steel plates or castings through which trenching machine - A tractor having bucket scoops tubes pass into the header compartment. The sheets mounted in a continuous chain. It is used for serve as tube supports and closures at furnace digging ditches or pipeline trenches. vails. trepan - A small round sample cut from the wall of a pipe or vessel, which may include a weld, for use in making a metallurgical examination. , funnel drier - A long heated housing, containing a conveyor, used for removal of water from solids such as butyl rubber. trickle valve - A cyclone dipleg seal device in fluid catalyst unit reactors and regenerators. Diplegs are sealed to eliminate the effect of dense bed catalyst submergence into them but will permit downflow from cyclones. Trufin tubes - (See "low-finned tube bundle.") T-slide - A metal structural member in "T" form that is welded to the bottom side of a pipeline and slides on a stationary support. The slide permits maintenance painting of the line and permits some movement of the line without wear. tube bundle - A group of fixed parallel tubes, such as is used in a heat exchanger; the tube bundle includes the tube sheets containing the tubes, the baffles, and the spacer rods. turbining - Cleaning of furnace tubes of coke by means of a rotating cutter which is air, motor, or electrically driven. turnaround - The operation of cleaning, performing needed repairs, or remodeling to clean and make minor repairs on refinery equipment after a run. It is the elapsed time between drawing the fires and putting the unit onstream again. Turnarounds are scheduled for general inspections. Unit turna round time is the elapsed time between shutdown and start-up. "two-block" surface - An expression used by mill wrights and machinists in describing a near-perfect, flat, smooth metal surface. A master flat block will adhere to another flat piece if the surfaces meet precisely and no air space is allowed. n H Qa<D. Za J 3 C<AD 4 n U-bend - Piping formed as a "U" to provide for ^expansion and contraction or facilitate proper process transfer of the fluid. In particular, U-bends are used as large transfer lines for hot fluid solids. U-frame truck - A wheeled vehicle having a hydraulically-operated inverted "U" frame with a cable and mechanical winch. It is used for lifting and transporting relatively light loads. ultra-violet coefficient - An index representing the amount of absorption of ultra-violet light by the compound being tested. The higher the coefficient, the more unsaturated (olefin or diolefin) hydro carbons or aromatics there are present. ullage - The amount which a tank, vessel, or other container lacks of being full. The term is often used in connection with tanks of ships. See also "outage." undercut - To take a lower final boiling point on a stock than is normal. An example is fractionating a naphtha so that the 400F. to 430F. fraction is diverted from gasoline to heating oil in order to improve the volatility and octane number of the gasoline fraction. Trade Names union - A threaded-type pipe fitting used to join two sections of piping together which cannot be rotated. The union may be separated into two parts and each part threaded to the separate sections of piping. A ground joint of one part is held against a matching joint of the other part by a threaded sleeve. unsaturated hydrocarbon - A hydrocarbon of such molecular structure that at least two adjacent carbon atoms are connected by two or three bonds. The components are called olefins or acetylenes, depending upon the bonds. upshot furnace - (See "Petro-Chem furnace.") U-tube bundle - A special type of exchanger bundle where, instead of being joined at one end by means of a tube sheet, pairs of tubes are joined by a 1800 bend. The U-tube bundle exchanger is usually equipped with a welded shell cover. The principal disadvantage of the exchanger is that the tubes are more difficult to clean mechanically and only the tubes on the outside of the bundle may be replaced readily. The principal advantage of such a bundle is that the first cost is cheap. vacuum breaker - A device which prevents a vacuum that would be detrimental to vessels, piping, and other equipment. The breaker may be an open pipe from a vessel that normally is under atmospheric pressure, or a type of valve on any equipment that opens automatically when only a vacuum occurs. vacuum distillation - This is distillation under reduced pressure. The boiling temperature is there by reduced sufficiently to prevent decomposition or cracking of the material being distilled. vacuum jet - A steam ejector for removing air and non-condensable gases from a barometric condenser on distillation equipment. vacuum tower - A distillation tower which operates under vacuum. Van Stone joint - A type of pipe connection in which the ends of two pipes to be joined are upset (lip provided) and machined for proper gasket fit. Loose type flanges, one around each pipe, are bolted together to pull against the upset pipe ends to form a tight joint. vapor pressure - The pressure exerted by the vapors released from any material at a given temperature, when enclosed in a vapor tight container. The vapor pressure is an index to the volatility of the liquid from which the vapor was produced. vapor sealing mastic - An asphaltic-type mastic which is applied as the outer coating over cold equipment insulation. The material is usually thinned by a solvent that is non-flammable. It has a "perm" rating of less than 1 (see term perm. ). vapor stop - A circular metal ring which is installed at intervals in a large line or vessel that is internally insulated or lined. A vapor stop pre vents the channeling of gases or catalyst behind Trade Names J the liner or through the insulation which would cause hot spots and possible erosion of the outer metal wall. . variable orifice - A valve type device for a pipe line in which a sliding gate is used. The sliding gate contains an opening which can be varied in area by opening or closing the slide. Large size variable orifices are used below waste heat boilers in the overhead, lines from catalytic cracking unit regenerators. vent - A pipe which passes a gas to the atmosphere from a vessel, or passes air into a vessel. See also "pressure-vacuum vent." victaulic coupling - A pipe coupling which can be used under proper conditions in place of threaded, flanged, or welded joints. A circumferential groove is cut near the end of each of the two pipes to be joined, a gasket is fitted over the joint, and two half-couplings are fitted in the grooves and bolted together to secure the joint. virgin material - Hydrocarbons which have bepn formed naturally and have not been subjected to any cracking process. visbreaking - This term is usually and more specifically appled to processing of short crude residia at moderate temperatures (84oF. to 86oF.) primarily for gas oil production and reduction in viscosity of the residual fuel fraction. viscosimeter - An apparatus for determining the viscosity of liquids, providing a capillary opening through which a standard volume of oil is allowed to run at a standard temperature. viscosity index (V.I.) - An empirical number indica ting the effect of temperature change on the viscosity of an oil. Oils with high viscosity index resist change in viscosity with changes in temperature. Oils of low viscosity index thicken readily when chilled. volatile material - Any material which tends to vaporize at ordinary temperatures. wash down - In petroleum refining, to cleanse by water washing, steaming, or by use of chemicals. water jacket - An outer casing holding water, or through which water circulates, for cooling the interior. water makeup - Well water, waste well water, or clarified river water which is added to a cooling water system where a cooling tower is employed. Water is added to replenish that which is vaporized in the cooling process, which is entrained in cooling tower air or which is dis carded to avoid excessive build-up of solids. water scrubber - An apparatus in which gases are bubbled through water for the entrainment of caustic residues. water separator - An apparatus for separating mechanically the water carried over by light petroleum vapors in a distillation process. water white distillate - A kerosene cut, or refined oil cut, coming from the pipe stills, before this distillate is treated or rerun. wear plate - A carbon steel or alloy metal plate installed in vessels or large piping to protect the equipment outer wall or other vital parts from erosion by impinging fluid. weathering - The loss of light material from a petroleum, or liquid petroleum product, by evaporation due to exposure to the atmosphere. weep hole - A small hole drilled through a nozzle reinforcing pad or part other than the equipment pressure containing wall. Weep holes prevent pressurizing of equipment parts which have not been so designed and serve to indicate leakage. Also, it is a small hole drilled in a bubble cap tray, or in other containers, to permit the con tents to all drain when removed from service. peeping - Liquid leakage through jet, ripple, or "sieve trays which occurs at low vapor rates. veir - A dam-like obstruction to liquid flow, 'usually used to hold a liquid level, as the weirs on a fractionating tray. velding joint designs 'butt joint - A welded joint between two abutting 'parts lying in approximately the same plane. A butt joint may be single-welded (welded from one side only) or double-welded (welded from both sides). corner joint - A welded joint at the junction of two parts located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of an "L." lap joint - A welded joint between two overlapping parts. Lap joints may be single-welded (over lapped edges are welded along the edge of one member) or double-welded (overlapped edges arc welded along the edges of both members). tee joint - A welded joint at the junction of two parts located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of a "T." welding procedures brazing - A group of welding processes wherein the filler metal is a non-ferrous metal or alloy whose melting point is higher than 1000F. but lower than that of the metals or alloys to be joined. electric arc welding - A non-pressure (fusion) welding process wherein the welding heat is obtained from an arc either between the base metal or weld metal and an electrode, or between two electrodes. flash welding - A resistance welding process where in the necessary heat is derived from an arc or series of arcs established between the parts being Trade Names t >u* < welded. This is done prior to the application of the weld consummating pressure which is applied when the heat has produced proper welding condi tions. fusion welding - A group of processes in which metals are welded together by bringing them to the molten state at the surfaces to be joined, with or without the addition of fillter metal, without the application of mechanical pressure or blows. gas welding - A non-pressure (fusion) welding process wherein the welding heat is obtained from a gas flame. hammer welding - A pressure welding process wherein the parts to be welded are brought to suitable temperature by means of external heating and the weld is consummated by hammering. The process is obsolete in refinery welding. groove weld - A weld made by depositing filler ^jjjetal in a groove between two members to be joined. seal weld - A weld applied to a threaded or rolled 'pipe connection or a riveted vessel joint which serves to prevent leakage. tack weld - A weld used for assembly purposes only. 1| "" ' ell water - Clear water which is satisfactory for "potable use and serves for all sanitary purposes throughout the refinery. It is often used as cooling tower makeup water. The water is obtained from deep wells in the strata at 400', 600', 1300', and 2400'. The shallow wells produce water of about 75P- while that of the deep wells is about 92F. vet gas - A gas containing a relatively high propor tion of hydrocarbons recoverable as liquids. Trade Names resistance welding - A pressure welding process wherein the heat is obtained from the resistance to the flow of an electric current. weld stud - (See "Nelson stud,") welding symbol - Notations shown on drawings which indicate the type and size of metal welding to be done. The symbols are contained in engineering standards. welding types back weld - A weld made to seal a screwed connec tion. fillet weld - A weld of approximately triangular cross-section, as used in a lap joint, tee joint, or corner joint joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other. vetting agent - A substance of composition which, when added to a liquid, increases the spreading of the liquid on a surface or the penetration of the liquid into a material. Williams plasticity - A standardized test for measuring the resistance of a polymer to compres sion and flow. . wind girder - As applies to floating roof tanks, it is structural member, often "T" shaped in cross section, which is attached around the outside of the top shell ring for strengthening the shell. wind velocity, design - A consideration, in addition to live and dead loads, in the design of structures and foundations for equipment. For design, the maximum velocity is taken as 67 mph at Baton Rouge. work permit - A permit issued by a process supervisor to thorize mechanical work in a process area. worm - The coil of pipe in a condenser box or box cooler. See "condenser box." xylene - An aromatic hydrocarbon CgHl^CH^g produced in the destructive distillation of coal to coke, and also in modern petroleum-refining processes. One important use is as a solvent in the manufacture of paints. A brevintinns yard number - An identification number contained on pumps, compressors, motors, turbines, and other machinery used in refinery processing. yield - The percent of specification material obtained in distilling and other refinery process operations. ^yglo - An inspection technique to detect cracks, 'seams, surface discontinuities and other defects in non-magnetic metals or non-metallic materials, jt involves the use of fluorescent liquid penetrant, a developer, and a black light. i I _A breviationc > 1 J Jfl3D Trade Names TRADE NAMES Aloyco - A 20-29 chrome nickel alloy steel used principally as a valve material for weak sulphuric acid. Apco-Vaportite 55 - A sprayed asphaltic vapor sealing mastic used for cold insulation over fiber glass, zerolite, cork, etc. Asbestos Sponge Felt - A relatively soft, hot-service insulating mineral, formed for blanket application on piping up to 700F. The mineral occurs in long delicate fibers. It is incombustible, a non-con ducting and chemically resistant. Attapulgus Clay - An impure form of aluminum silicate processed from a naturally forming clay known as attapulgite. A name given to fuller's earth by the Attapulgus Minerals and Chemical Corporation. Band-It Band - Stainless steel ribbon-type strapping, normally 1/2" to 1" wide, used generally for holding insulation on piping and vessels. Boltoron - A plastic corrosion-resistant material manufactured in shapes such as rods, pipes, and sheets, by H.N. Hartwell & Son, Inc. Bond Strand - An epoxy resin, fiber-glass armored plastic pipe furnished by Amercoat Corporation. J A brevintions 1 Brlk-Cast - A fireclay-base, hydraulic setting, refractory castable for use in lining high tempera ture vessels and furnaces where temperatures do not exceed 2500F. Bubble-0 - A liquid applied on welds, flanges, and other locations where the equipment under pressure is being tested for leaks. Butoxy - A coating of modified C-oil developed by Esso Research and Engineering Company, used for chemical resistance. The material may be either flame cured or cured with hydrogen sulphide. Copon - An epoxy, corrosion-resistant coating manu factured by Coast Paint and Laquer Company. Cordobond - An epoxy resin coating used for sealing off leaks until permanent repairs can be made on equipment operating at moderate temperatures and pressures (below 250F. and 250 psig). In addition to its use for leaks, it is used for corrosion resistance. Corexit - A film-forming amine, marketed by Humble, used as a general inhibitor for refinery process ing. Corexit 730 is water soluble and Corexit 7^0 is oil soluble. Coroline S - A cold-applied, catalytically cured, glass-cloth reinforced epoxy protective coating, supplied by Ceilcote Company of Cleveland, Ohio. Ceilcrete - An acid-resistant concrete topping. Celcure - A copper chromate formulation used for the pressure treatment of cooling tower lumber to improve resistance to deterioration. Chiksan Joint - A rotating swivel-type joint for piping. It has uses in swing suction and filling lines. C-oil - A thermosetting resin polymer developed by Esso Research for use in butoxy resins for internal coatings. Colmonoy - A metal coating material used to resist wear on critical parts in erosive fluids. It con sists of 68$ to 80$ nickel, 7$ "to 19$ chromium, and small amounts of iron and silicon. Devcon - A plastic patching material, supplied by Chemical Development Corporation, consisting of 80$ metal filings and 20$ epoxy resin. It has good strength, bonds to clean dry surfaces, and can be exposed to many solvents, acids, and oils up to 270F. A high temperature Devcon can be used for temperatures up to 500F. It is used in patching corroded tank roofs and vapor lines. Dimetcote No. 3 - An organic zinc-dust silicate coating used inside of storage tanks as a corrosion-resistant material. , It is manufactured by Amercoat Corporation. Dowtherm A & E - High toiling point products, manu factured by The Dow Chemical Company, for use in the transfer of heat at high temperatures in precisely the same way that steam is used. Dowthern A is an eutectic mixture containing 26.5$ diphenyl and 73.5$ diphenyloxide, and as manufactured is a clear, light straw-colored liquid which darkens on use. It has a freezing point of 53.2F. and an atmospheric boiling point of 495.8F., and may be used for temperatures to 750F. when the saturated vapors have a pressure of 159 psig. Dowtherm E is a specially treated grade of o-Dichlorobenzene, a clear colorless to light straw-colored liquid, recommended for temperatures to 500F. where the vapor pressure is 72 psig. It has a freezing point of -7F. and an atmospheric boiling point of 352F. Drierite - A dtesiccant used to maintain instruments and other items dry to prevent their deterioration during a stand-by period. DuraSeal - A mechanical shaft seal used on pumps and other machinery. Durimet T - A 19-22 chrome nickel alloy used for valves for weak sulphuric acid at relatively low temperatures. Durimet 20 - A 20-29 chrome nickel alloy used in similar services as Durimet T. Duriron - A high-silicon iron containing approxi mately 15$ silicon and 0.85$ carbon. It is resistant to many acids. The material is used for pipe, valves, fittings, and pumps. Duro-Crete - An epoxy resin troweled material which is bonded directly to concrete, for corrosion resistance against acids and alkalies. Ebonite - A flexible-sheet, natural rubber lining ~material. It is readily available from rubber suppliers in various degrees of hardness. Epi-Seal - An epoxy resin protective coating * material manufactured by Bonded Products, Inc. Epo-Lux 100 - An epoxy resin protective coating " manufactured by Steelcote Manufacturing Company. Erdalith - A copper chromate formulation for treat ing cooling tower wood. (See similar material "Celcure.") Everdur - A high copper alloy used for vessel linings for weak sulphuric acid at relatively low temperatures. Exomold - A slow-burning thermite type of material used in heat treating of welds. It is manufactured by Exomet Corporation. Firetard - A waterproof, pipe-insulation covering of asphalt-saturated asbestos felt over which is cemented an unsaturated asbestos felt. It is used where a fire-resistant material is needed. Flexitallic Gasket - (See "spiral wound gasket.") Floor-Nu - Material similar to Duro-Crete for patch ing and overlaying of concrete. It is manufactured by Steelcote Manufacturing Company. r Dowtherm A & E - High boiling factured by The Dow O- contaeianliendg cells Glasfab - An inorganic, loom woven, glass fabric manufactured by the Twinsburg-Miller Corporation. It has approximately twenty threads per inch in the transfer ` precise1- ,las` --">At mcaenlylusleapragralatessheprrmo-etica, 6a*9b0' - equip- V each direction. It adds strength to coatings applied over insulation. /' a -^ed for inIstuslacteinlglular V&?T ' -eencast - A hard, hydraulic-setting refractory Ca mositure, astable. It is used for linings in vessels up to US atn usei thomrfoed_unvet,easidnaachio*ilg,d s'e-esis-,ps.bc ^o ^ed et 200F. where high strength and abrasion resistance fo&^'e needed. -O , vapc a spi clear recomt vapor . of -7* Drierite & . A 0.C-O '''".es d.es' so'Va ***** "ft* *X' C& a * N *** ^ c` o^bs^i.cb owbIt;v^seStvtXte* vo YouSd ^to e*6V^ e ob- 01 seN ignoutTubeiieenca&idfa_ro.ebs,saofJainA*.ng^deiotieof-.wxft,hiadeaei1"rt,dwa*onwdsahotealurj;.t-ioSnosluutio.n B " -foamite Ffoo8amite and othej -fO0^ during a DuraSeal - . and other n &b cAhseo-mdcia0iuoc,1lmuan^mjc.be.inincutamrarbtseoudnlpaei.tx_et,rawca-t abA' 'V" VV tnbb ieS: Fogjet - Types of spray no' vs tbteC lm - A film forming amine (cyclohexylamine) Is injected into steam systems to reduce isate corrosion. Durimet T - A valves for wi temperatures. a foraying Systems Company. lind - A special make of pipe blind con - in its simplest form of a solid plate for on between a pair of three-bolt flanges, Durimet 20 - A , similar service ecessary to cut off the fluid flow by block before the simple type of blind can be >r removed. Other forms of this blind have Puriron - A highmately 15$ silicc eel and resemble valves. The handwheel is turning the blind in and out of the blanking resistant to many pipe, valves, fitt Duro-Crete - An epox is bonded directly ' Gilsu-'lnadteerg-ro-A>uunnwddautsentedrpaemrrogoroofruhnoyd,tarh&xpef_iprc:,aihnXopgtobipn_,pow- High nickel alloy for valves and acid a.f.or tubes in weak, hot sulphuric acid - -=tic and sintered zones There are several types of Hastelloy resistance against a :>ob> * red. 'ed mavte>vriEavlefrom a mixture of special b ttoS' * ob e gp'l'ed asbestos and a synthetic phenol- spe* oSe" _ db* fv ?oVJ lb ^boeb^-'0r0liS 5 resin or furane resin. The pb*6" >Dt%o " < composition is used for corrosion resistant equip ment, such as for small tanks and for tubing. HypoIon - A chemical-resistant synthetic rubber manufactured by Dupont. , It is available in sheet form or for use as a spray material. Incoloy - Metal plate material containing approxi mately 35$ nickel, 20$ chromium, and 45$ iron. It is used for flare stack tips or other high tempera ture service. Inconel - Metal plate material containing approxi mately 80$ nickel, 14$ chromium, and 6$ iron. It is used for high temperature service. Insulag - A plastic refractory insulator and sealer for lagging interior and exterior surfaces of high temperature equipment. Insulkote - A waterproof emulsion type mastic with asbestos fiber, applied by trowel or gun, and used as an insulation weathercoating. Insulmastic - A sprayed mastic coating used exten sively on piping and vessels to prevent external corrosion, also as an insulation weathercoating. Kanigen Coating - A chemical-deposited nickel"phosphorous (phosphorus about 10$) corrosioni resistant coating, supplied by General American J Transportation Corporation, for dilute acids and j any alkali. The material undergoes a chemical ! reaction in plating other metal. ,j(anthal Wire - Swedish electric resistance wire for 'high temperature service. It is used in heating small laboratory vessels. Karbate - Carbon and graphite made impervious to 'fluids by impregnation with synthetic resins. The material is used primarily for linings for corro sive acids. Kast-O-Lite - A light weight, hydraulic-setting insulating castable used for linings. It will withstand temperatures up to 2500F. Kaylo - A calcium silicate insulation for piping and vessels up to 1200F. Special Kaylo may be obtained for even higher temperatures. It is manu factured in blocks and in pipe-covering form. Kontol - A general line of corrosion inhibitors manufactured by Tretolite Company. Kel-F - A material similar and used for the same purpose as Teflon (see "Teflon"). It was developed by Kellogg but now marketed by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. KS-4 Refractory - A dense and strong castable refractory applied by cement gun application for internal linings. It has top service temperature of 2550F. II Abreviations L * Laykold - A weathercoating mastic applied by trowel on externally insulated equipment in hot service below 500F. Litecast - A hydraulic-setting refractory castable having low thermal conductivity, with light weight aggregate, for linings up to 2500F., depending upon the specific type. Lucite - A transparent plastic, methyl methacrylate, available as tubing. Maximil - Any epoxy resin with high solids content "used for high-build corrosion-resistant coating. It is a spray-type material cured by hot air. It is referred to as Chemfast Maximil by the manu, facturer - Truscon Laboratories, a division of Devoe and Reynolds Company. Micr~Seal 3A - A spray-type weatherproofing "asphaltic mastic used on externally insulated hot equipment operating below 500F. 'Monel - A natural alloy produced directly from "Canadian bessemer matte by reducing the nickel ore. The average composition is 67$ nickel, 26$ copper, and 5$ of other elements. Its primary use is for | certain corrosion-resistant linings. "Mar" Treatment - A copper-sulphate sodium chromate treatment forcooling tower wood that has been in service. The treatment produces copper chromate coated wood. Nalco - A series of corrosion inhibitors, anti Masterplate - A special metallic wear-resistant , fouling and anti-foaming agents, produced by tractive surface applied over concrete in accordance National Aluminate Company. with specifications of Master Builders Company of Cleveland, Ohio. A mixture of cement, sand, pea Nelson Stud - A make of welding studs, containing I!, i' gravel, and Embeco is applied as a layer followed a flux at the end to be welded. These are field ! by a topping shake consisting of cement, Embeco and . welded to the shell of vessels, both interior and alundum chips. Embeco is a combination of metallic exterior, and to structural steel and other equip aggregate, a dispersing agent and an electrolyte ment to provide a means of attaching hexteel, wire which promotes oxidation of the metallic ingredient. mesh, or rods. The assembly provides support for castables, insulation, or fire-protective concrete. Matstick - 100$ solid (iron putty) epoxy used for stopping leaks in tank riveted seams, manufactured Neoprene - A rubber material which is a polymer of by Matcote Company. chloroprene. It is applied as a spray or in sheet form for linings and gasketing. i Ni-O-Nel - An alloy consisting of 40% nickel, 21% chromium, 31% iron, 3% molybdenum, and small amounts of other elements. It is produced by International Nickel Company in forged plates and tubes. It is used for sulphuric acid service like monel. `penchlor - An acidproof cement made by mixing cement : ''powder with a sodium silicate solution. plasite - Cold-setting phenolic epoxy resins used "for corrosion-resistant coatings. It is manu factured by Wisconsin Protective Coatings. Ni-Resist - Metal castings for pumps, exchangers, and piasticap - Baked-on phenolic coatings for corrosion furnace parts. It is principally a heat resistant "resistance applied by Plastic Applicators of Baton material, as it contains about 20% nickel. Rouge. Piasticap A is used primarily for acid resistance. Piasticap B has moderately good acid Nukem All-Purpose Cement - A liquid-powder mix resistance and excellent caustic resistance. (forms a resinous cement) used in acid service under certain conditions, for bonding brick or plibrico - A refractory material supplied in plastic, carbon block for internal linings. The liquid has ` semi-baked form as a stiff putty by Plibrico been used for soaking flange asbestos gaskets for Jointless Firebrick Company. It is manufactured acid resistance and the cement has been used alone in several grades and can be used in lieu of fire for thin vessel linings. brick for refractory linings. Nu-Klad - An acid-resistant concrete topping, dis tributed by Great Southern Supply Company. Polyken Tape - A polyethylene plastic material supplied in tape form that is pressure sensitive sticky, used for wrapping of pipe for protection against corrosion. Pyrene - Carbon tetrachloride used as a fire extinguishing agent. Oakite - A series of acid- and alkali-type industrial cleaning materials manufactured by Oakite Products, Inc. Oakum - A dry rope jute, treated with tar, used as packing in bell and spigot pipe joints before applying lead. Ohlamoloy - A corrosion-resistant alloy steel (AISI bob), containing approximately 13% chromium and 3-1/2% aluminum. Resolite Fire-Snuf - A corrugated or plain plastic sheeting used for siding and roofing on buildings. It is translucent and may be obtained in colors. It does not support combustion and is resistant to most solvents. 1 Roskote - A cold applied mastic used for protecting metal surfaces from external corrosion. It may be used on the outside of underground piping. i Superex - An external insulating material for hot i service equipment. It is made of silica blended | with other insulating materials and bonded with j asbestos fibers. It is used for temperatures beI tween 600F. and 1900F. Santolene C - An organic acid anti-rusting inhibitor used in gasolines. It is manufactured by Montesano Chemical Company. Saran Tubing - Piping made from polyvinylidene chloride plastic, having a high resistance to attack by many chemical products. It is sold by Dow Chemical Company. SK-7 Insulation - A light weight insulating castable used principally for internal monolithic linings for high temperature. It may be used up to lQOOF. Smooth-On - An iron putty cement material which hardens in air like concrete. It is used in build ing up non-critical parts which have corroded or eroded, such as gasket surfaces or castings, or to fill metal cracks. Special High Alumina Castable - A dense castable material of oxide of aluminum having a Corundum base. It has a high crushing strength and is used on the reactor distributor at the Fluid Hydroformer. Stellite - A high cobalt alloy usually with sub stantial chromium used for hard-surfacing shaft bearings, or parts subject to abrasion, heat and corrosion. Tarset - A cold-applied, catalytically-cured, coal tar epoxy supplied by Pittsburg Coke and Chemical Company. It is a corrosion-resistant flexible coating for acids and caustics. It can be sprayed or troweled readily and does not require baking. Teflon - A polymerized tetrafluoroethylene, used for gaskets, tubes, and rods. Thermaloy - A corrosion-resistant alloy steel con taining 25$ to 30$ chromium and 2$ nickel. Thermon - A non-metallic plastic compound which is applied over steam tracers on pipe lines, for improving the effectiveness of the tracer in heating the line. ' Thredolet - A threaded pipe fitting, manufactured by Bonney Forge and Tool Works, which is welded on the exterior of a pipe to provide a branch pipe connec tion. The fitting has a contact surface of . approximately the same radius as the main pipe to which it is attached. Towmotor - A make of a small fork lift truck. 1 Transite - Corrugated or plain sheeting, which has various uses in buildings, composed of Portland cement and asbestos fibre. Piping is also made of transite which is formed under pressure on a mandrel. Transite is marketed by Johns-Manville Company. Trufin tubes - A make of "low-finned" tubes. (See "low-finned tube bundle.") Tygon tubing - Flexible plastic piping which is suitable only for low pressures. It is used in laboratory work. Varec gauge - A gauge, which operates similarly to ~a bob gauge, for determining liquid level In a storage vessel. The gauge has a graduated tape which reels or unreels as the float in the tank rises and falls. The tape is read at ground level. Urethane - An extremely flexible baked coating used in both acid and caustic service. It can be supplied for curing by catalytic means instead of baking. It is applied by several firms, including Tube Kote, Inc., Houston, under trade name of TK-33. The TK-33 adheres well to aluminum. Weldends Coupling - A safety welding coupling for pipe lines, manufactured by the Pipe Line Develop ment Company of Cleveland, Ohio, used in refinery hydrocarbon, steam, and water services. Pipe line flow is resumed after the packing rings and clamping screws are tightened, and then the coupling is welded to the pipe. Weldolet - A pipe fitting, manufactured by Bonney Forge and Tool Works, which is welded to the exterior of a pipe to provide a branch pipe connec tion. It is similar to a Thredolet except that the branch pipe is attached to the fitting by welding instead of by means of a threaded joint. Wiggins seal - A special vapor-tight closure between the cylindrical shell and roof of a floating roof tank. It consists of shoes fastened to the roof which bear against the shell and contain a fabric- type seal. . Worthite - An alloy of 20-24 chrome nickel iron with some molybdenum, used for valves and pumps for weak sulphuric acid at relatively low temperatures. Zerogloss - A moisture-resistant bitumastic compound supplied by Johns-Manville Company. It is used as a first coating, in combination with Zeroseal, in vapor-sealing of cold equipment insulation such as . cork or Zerolite. Zerolite - A resin-bonded, mineral wool insulation, similar to rock cork, for cold-service equipment. Zeroseal - A plastic cement composed of asbestos fibre, asphalt and other mineral ingredients. It is supplied by Johns-Manville Company for vapor sealing of cold equipment insulation. T* "1 > < a I' m ABBREVIATIONS absorber accumulator admiralty metal Alkylation Unit American Institute of Steel Construction American Iron and Steel Institute American Petroleum Institute American Society for Testing Materials American Standards Association American Standard Taper Pipe Thread American Water Works Association American Welding Society American, or Brown and Sharpe, Wire Gage atmosphere or atmospheric aviation gasoline abs. acc. Adm. Alky Unit AISC AISI API ASTM ASA N.P.T. AWWA AWS AWG atm. Avgas barrel(s) barrels per calendar day barrels per steam day Baume' bell and bell bell and flange bell and spigot Berimingham (or Stubs' Iron) Wire Gage ' boiling point bottoms bottoms, sediment and water blind carbon copy bbl(s)., or B/CD B/SD Be" b&b b&f b& s BWG b.p. btms. BS&W BCC or bcc carbon copy carbon steel car-sealed closed car-sealed open cast iron catalyst center to center center line Central Mechanical Building centrifugal (pump) Chemical Products Division Chemical Technical Service Department Coin-Your-Idea Cooperative Fuel Research Committee Coordinating Research Council corrosion allowance corrosive Cost, insurance & freight cubic feet per minute cubic feet per second CC or cc c. s. CSC CSO C.I. cat c to c CL CMB cent. CPD CTS CYI C.F.R. CRC C.A. corr. C.I.F. cfm cfs 1 elbow (piping) Esso Research and Engineering Company Esso Research Laboratories, , Louisiana Division exchanger . extra heavy extra strong ell ER&E ERL-LA E- (prefix, as in E-200) XH XS face to face faced and drilled Federal Specification Board final boiling point flange flanged flange and spigot free on board f to f f&d FSB f.b.p. fig. flgd. f&s f.o.b. Debutanizer and Splitter (Unit) di-ethanolamine differential pressure dimension distillate distillation plus loss double disc drawing drum double extra heavy double extra strong D&S DEA /Ip or dp dim. dist. D+L dd dwg. D- (prefix, in D-100) XXH xxs gallons per hour gallons per minute general area corrosion general inspection gph gpm G.A.C. G.I. header heavy gas oil hexagon high heating value horizontal hose connection (dwg. note) hour hydrocarbon hydrostatic ' hdr. HGO hex. HHV horiz H.C. hr. HC hyd. inch inches of mercury initial boiling point inside diameter International Business Machines insulated iron body, brass mounted in. in. Hg i.b.p. I.D. IBM ins. ibbm kilogram kilovolt - ampere kilowatt kg kva kw left hand length light catalyst cycleoil light gas oil ' liquefied petroleumgas logarithm lh lgth. LCCO LGO LPG log. j long radius 1 Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad Ji Louisiana Refinery low heating value i lr L&A RR LR LRV . male and female malleable iron Manufacturing Technical Committee maximum maximum allowable pressure Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Technical Service Department methyl ethyl ketone milligram milliliter millimeter million mixing column i molecular weight ` mono-ethanolamine motor gasoline (M) thousand(s) of cubic feet m. & f. M.I. M.T.C. max. M.A.P. M.E. Dept. MTS MEK mg. ml mm M M.C. mol. wt. MEA Mogas MCF National Board of Fire Underwriters National Electrical Code National Electrical Manufacturers Association National Fire Protection Association ' National Petroleum Association Natural Gasoline Association of America NBFU NEC NEMA NFPA NPA NGAA Naval rolled brass net positive suction head Neutralization Number no evidence of corrosion number N.R.'B. npsh Neut. No. N.E.C. No. requisition Research Octane Number revised, revision i ring (turned) joint `req. RON rev. RTJ octane number outside diameter outside screw and yoke outside screw stem overhead (as overhead condenser) O.N. O.D. o.s.&y. o.s.s. O.H. or Ovhd Petroleum Products Division Petroleum Technical Service Department pitch diameter Polymerization Unit pounds per square inch, absolute pounds per square inch, gage pressure differential pressure vessel number process gas oil pump PPD PTS p.d. Poly Unit psia psig Ap P.V. No. PGO ' P- (prefix, p-300) raised face refinery, reference Reid vapor pressure RF ref. RVP safety valve safe working pressure safe working temperature Saybolt seconds universal Saybolt universal viscosity shell and tube equipment number Society of Automotive Engineers specific gravity specification splitter stabilizer standard standard cubic feet per hour standard cubic feet per minute steam traced (dwg. note) steam trap (dwg. note) strong or stage S.V. SWP SWT SSU SUV S.T. No SAE sp. gr. spec. spl. stab. std. SCFH SCFM st. tr. tr. stg. tank, thick temperature Tetraethyl lead thread, threaded threaded and coupled thousand thousand pounds tongue and groove tons per day Tk. temp. T.E.L thrd. t&c M kip t&g . T/D i ,i tower Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association turnaround _ twr. (also T prefix, as in T-400) TEMA T.A. United States Standard (gage) vertical virgin gas oil viscosity, index vert. VGO V.I. "Washburn and Moen (gage) weight working pressure wrought iron W&M wt. w.p. WI yard number Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad year yard Yd. No. Y&MV RR yd. DG DM DP FI FIC FR FRC FRIC FRRC FT HCV LI LIC LDI LDIC LG LR LRC LDR LDRC LEA LLA PCV PI PIC PDIC PR PRC PDR PDRC PEA PLA RCV RO ROV TI INSTRUMENT ABBREVIATIONS Draft gage Displacement meter Differential pressure cell Flow Indicator Flow indicating controller Flow recorder Flow recording controller Flow ratio indicating controller Flow ratio recording controller Test orifice Hand control valve, locally operated Level indicator Level indicating controller Level duo-gravity indicator Level duo-gravity indicating controller Level glass, gage glass (formerly gg) Level recorder Level recording controller Level duo-gravity recorder Level duo-gravity recording controller Level (high) alarm Level (low) alarm Pressure control valve (self-actuated, formerly PSRV) Pressure indicator Pressure indicating controller Pressure differential indicating controller Pressure recorder Pressure recording controller Pressure differential recorder Pressure differential recording controller Pressure (high) alarm Pressure (low) alarm Remote control valve, control panel operated Restrictive orifice Remotely operated valve Temperature indicator TIC TM TR TRC TW , TRC--> FRC Temperature indicating controller Thermometer Temperature.re corder Temperature recording controller Temperature well Indicates areset instrument NOTE: A letter "V" suffix on a controller abbreviation indicates a control valve, such as FRCV, PICV, and TRCV.