Document DDevxpmLdG4ad2YqKBzq3Beva

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND PLANT LAYOUT form to the requirements of American Standard A102 The platform at the top of a tank should have standard railings and toeboards Standard railings also should be installed along the edges adjoining the platform Fits and openings Pits for storage, for access to pipelines, and for other purposes are sources of fre quent and senous injunes unless precau tions are taken to make them safe If plans call for a pit m which employees may be exposed to dangerous gases or vapors while working on pipelines or equipment, means of ventilating the pit should be provided Preferably the plans should be changed to eliminate the pit When openings require covers, the design should specify metal covers with hand rings folding flush with the top Covers should fit snugly and be provided with lugs Open pits may be safeguarded with fences or rails Stairs or fixed ladders provide safe ac cess to pits Drains reduce the hazard of falls on muddy, wet, or icy pit floors Outside lighting American Standard All 1*** is a good guide to follow in checking plans and speci fications for outside lighting Prismatic bghtmg has been used satisfactorily for docks and loading platforms Mercury or sodium vapor lights are suitable for yard work and parking lots. Other places that should be lighted are Intersecting roadways, walkways, railroad crossings Entrances and exits Stairways and landings Ramps ^ Outside storage areas used at night and Devastating fires with loss of life have re sulted in the development and publication of standards by the National Board of Fire Underwnters for the protection of docks and piers #0# Safety requirements include good illumi nation for night work, a floor that will withstand heavy trucking, and traffic con trol equipment Fatigue and numerous in juries to stevedores can be greatly reduced by the use of mechanical handling equip ment, such as forklift trucks Design of piers should take into account the speed and size of vehicles to be operated on them Provision for removing snow and treating icy surfaces should be provided Plant Layout Size, shape, location, construction, and layout of buddings and other faohties should permit the most efficient utilization of materials, processes, and methods Materials and processes may favor gravi ty flow and the construction of a multi story budding, for example, u the case of mills for ore treatment Other uses, such as automobde assembly plants, may favor a one-story budding be cause floor loads will be heavy and because excessive handling of materials by vertical and inclined conveyors would be required in a multistory budding Location of buildings and structures The segregation of raw materials stor age, processing buddings, and storage for finished products warrants thorough study in laying out a plant to minimize fire and explosion hazards Storage of volatde flam mable liquids in an area apart from proc essing buddings reduces the fire hazard In the event of fire, control is more easdy achieved. Moreover, the cost of separate storage eventually may be less than the m- Docks and wharves The characteristic of the bottom of the sea, lake, or nver is an important factor m design and construction of docks and wharves A soft deep bottom limits the use of concrete and of heavy fire-resistive ma terials. Wood piles must be protected if marine borers are present Flexibility and elasticity are essential where waves force vessels against piers and in tidal waters *American Standards Association, 10 East 40th St, New York City. Safety Code for Building Construction A10 2 "American Standards Association, 10 East 40th St, New York City Practice for Industrial Lighting All 1. ""National Board of Fire Underwnters, 85 John St, New York City. Construction and Protection of Piers and Wharves 14-7