Document DDaXwYZknZjVaxYd97GQRyL6o

FILE NAME: Pfizer (PFIZ) DATE: 1972 DOC#: PFIZ032 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Dr. Selikoff Article from Journal - Application of Sprayed Inorganic Fiber Containing Asbestos-Occupational Health Hazards Application of Sprayed Inorganic Fiber Containing Asbestos Occupational Health Hazards WILLIAM B. REITZF,,* WILLIAM J. NICHOLSON, DUNCAN A. 110LADAV, and IRVI NO .1 SKLIKGFF Mmutt Sinai School o f Mediane a f a City University o f New York, fitfiH Avenue ami inatti Street New York, New York WO'Jit Ovn 40.000 tonso f inorgaaic Itlmiuj inuiUtmn mnlaining ariicuos were uieU in 1970 'S* by the eonsnucuoii induatry a I fircproufin# nialciul in ihe erection o f niiiltnforieil hmldinyv Die application oi itii* malcral by a raying techtuque [itoduees setout nmum matttin o f the working et>*uunmmit. Ashram* fiber itonceniratiui may range from JO tlcc to more Ihart 100 ffcc. Some early ub.trrvatioit* v.f thr exposures and health ttf tiia workmen in tins comparatively new occupation ate given with photographs of the working areas, Nearby workers may be imiireetiy expose! Such crtiu'emratknis were found to be 70 t7cc ten feet ftom the spraying and -10 f/ix seventyfive feet away, Control measlnea are ill ruwixt, Introduction ivtip.iimrint hnznids ssucsaicil With lilf ohdatum nl asbexios libers Jiave been .veil *Mjbh-,,hcd, with important risk ol asbesto sis, bronchogenic carctr.oma. mcsotiiduum (picaral and peritoneal), and possibly othei neoplasm Such hazards have beer, toitnd :r. lactone* riunitine turing asbestos products,1 ' n ritmes ami nulls pioductr.g the liber. ' ** ar.d in the use of asbestos products for insulation work hi the consttuectoti industry,'' Starting tit l%n we undertook an investiga tion of anolhe! eumntcrcial use of asbestos in which an occupation hazard seemed possible the spraying of tinnenti fibei insulation mutuiia! for fireproofing ami limit insulation Spiaycd inorganic fiber insulation was. introduomi iti 1912 with the lim pet process, by the 1 W Ruben* Company ol Uteri" Britain SU N ,t`m M idorni tMim-Mtncili Ic-Jumm, Men ville. N e w i n v Thu work was suftmrtett in part fey Pudic Health Sfivice liisnl KS-tlD,!5It arns *y rieaul R n ta tli i'fjiir.fil, N'YCfijiit t-1272. 1,, Dolbcy. Director nf Research lot Ihistom pujiv Is uxtiailv acknowledged as the pioneeievelopei But idi Railway coach niakm can! he .piayed product containing asbcsius tn then roaches to contici condensai ion and noise, ,f .Is acted a* a thermal mr.uiatir.g material lo 10.55 the spray process was fust used in the United States Most of the material applied Jutmg the late I93G`i was used for decorative fini*hes in night dubs, restaurants, hotels, etc. When tins matetal was found also to tie use ful as a fireproofing agent, such use gradually it creased, and in IUSD the National Gypsum Otnpnny obtained the Underwriters Liberami ics' approval nf its brand of spray insulation Coi Itiepruofing. in early 1951 the Asbcstospray Company also had an inorganic fiber h'end tested tad approved by the Underwt.'.cts Labot nones The first use of sprayed "`umteral nher" s a fireproofing jgeal in a urge atuin -terv bulldog occurred in 195b with the ere. mm of the sixty-story Chase Manhattan Bat;'-; bit tiling in New York Oiry. Ir. 1970, wet! over half of cut the large multistory buildings con- 178 American Industrial Hygiene Association Marnai 179 situated in tins countsy made use of" sprayed " inorganic fiber" as a fireproofing agent. States for shipboard installations during World War ii. Uses of Sprayed Inorganic Minerai Fiber Insulation Mineral fiber materials containing asbestos have tour major instilalion uses in 'hceomttuciion and shipyard industries: (I ) liruprooliiB, (2) thermal insulation, (3) acoustical and decoralive purposes, ami (41 condensation cwiliol. Fireproofing accounts far the largest ammut of minerai fiber sprayed in the United States. Formerly, structural steel in multistory build' mgs hod to he encased in concrete to prevent buckling in the event of lire. The use of sprayed mineral fiber provides idequittc fire protection, reduces installation costs, and reduces die weight bad upon structural steel components. The use of sprayed insulation in thetntul application, permits powerhouse turbines to be encased in a uniform, continuous editing which greatly reduces convection heat low s. Otite; a idosi tisi uses unhide soaring .if vessels, in chenilcal plants and mfineries, and insulating electrostatic precipitatoti, h-ulet breechings, and stacks because the newly applied (.urlane ot sptayed annerai fiber can he shaped. Use materi al not only provides gami .umusficai enfiiwl bin also can be used for decorative ceiling and will coatings fat large areas in pubi: buildings, rev lautants, and siimiar K.srahlislimcnls Sprayed products containing asbestos filler aie particularly useful ,n coni rolling coauiettution hi indoor swimming porri areas, laundries, textile plants, and other industriai buddings where condensation may cause extensive corro sion of sr.idurai steal, The unique wiekms action of fin: individual asbestos fibers serves to keep the inner mass of flu* insulation free ni moisture. The use of spiayed nuiieraf fiber in the ship building iiuhisiry Wits tu one lime '.llier exten sive in Crea! Broun. However, oecauseol prob lems encountered in removal during repan its use lias iiuw bean discontinued in Great Britans Very small quantifies were ised in the United Inorganic Fiber Mixtures Used for Spray Application Although the compos-noil of file various spray products will vary with the intended use and the individual tnanufacUner, certain general formulations are similar. Most ate termed "mm era! fiber" materials, although smutrally occur ring mineral fibers are usually in a minority, and man-made morgana' fibers dominate. The material used for fireproofing In build ing construction usually is a blend of 5 to 30Vn asbestos fiber (chrysotilc), mineral wool, clay hinders fas henlonltej, adhesives, vruheue lesirss, and olhei pioprietary agents such as oils. Many of the materials used for thermal insula tion on turbines contain nearly 100% asbestos fiber ioften amosue or amusiie and crmudolitct plus the usual hinders and adhesives. The mate'nl used Id: acoustical and decorative purposes nay eutllam a greater percentage <U mineral won I and little or no asbestos fiber Some mate stais are applied as a swayed sluirv iconunoiilv Imown is ccu.i'imiiaus spiny} and will often I'ontaiii vertiucolife, gypsum, amt -Time-" jjh.'-i i>s fibers (see Tabic 11 Became me c-mcrti lions rtiiUBiial Inis a much greater deiiMty and Increased weight per unit area, the suppoiimg itiuduw ititisi jortuttnies be designed accord ingly. The quantity ot .iiitterai fiber used for spray applications in the United Slates today A Meanilv increasing. In 1`Vj8 an estimated -10,000 tons of materia! were used for fireproofing a.one. Tills does not include the arnouius used lor industrial thermal insulation, acoustical cor, uol. ami condensation control. A thirty-story building may use 200 tons, while the World T-arfe Center complex being built fen the Sew Vnrk Port Authority will use ^000 tons uii the twin 110-story towers <above the fornsth ilnu* only iHM;-be$:os<QntaiRiiie iprav materials '.tire used). Tin* sixty-story Chase Manhattan Bank ftlidding .s drip mo fed with ! .500.000 square feet of spiayed mistera! liber. The Hoi- SAMPLE 15886 !0 March. 972 TA3UE! Composition Of csj Slitterai Kfcer freiu tis Depending on manufacturer, ihr produci may conialii the following; Decorative and airoustieai3 Manufaclm ed tiliuaie tlier (such .is Hock Wood Asbestos fiber Mineral hinders Clays - Inminnlui Hydraulic mituig himitri Portland cornimi Qverspray* Emulsion lyjte scaler Act ylie Resin Paini Ttiernml*' Ambitile ukitesire. filler frorniolitc ashesun fiber Oirysotile ishcstiir. fitiet Manufactured silicate liber (Mich as Ruck Wool) Hydraulic sentita bmdm Portland (ritirili Aluminum silicate exttuled fili ("ceramtc") tluxMirnwuing additives Wetting attenta Olle 1 tteptf.Ofili* cementici!)* Chrysolite asbestos lihet Gypsum t'nrllniul cement Vermiculite `h'.tn Itimi i tu 30% beatm flbar. "l'iiniaim nearly Ifittetibeato Miei. 'Jew York City, liiere were sis la eight binili mgs niter U m thirty .stones bong spiaved tut nv given day Ali estimateli ,'SOO tons weir used in titeai H\tsir. dining i'Xib i '.r i t ine fru>ti:ii! agent consumed n o s ' if Hnt.nr;. -ruav insulation inaici ml i-ii'ine I. Mixing Itoppen and (unta used I convcv miileii.il lo imini ol application i ti. Amen..in un line RoUe-dam ccntmns vinate feet o f sptayed miners, fiber uscii lot fire pruicctt.iti, :lterr:iai .nsuacon, a.ni votimi ami eoodenssnon control. Most sprayed material :r. used in large cities. During 1970, in (ture 2 Aatiicatut ipeiviru spiayeti fiicriotfin. tnatntn; restii. Mote wasic material on tloot. W.nltet ii weanng tespiiatory protection, i-udei; .ale for roch interne exposure. SAMPLE 15887 American industriai Hygiene Association Journal lit Methods of Application There are iwo pnncipal methods of applying sprayed mineral fiber. In the dry method, dry material :$ dumped fiom a paper rJnppinp, bae mo a large hopper, wfierc the material is agi tated and subsequently blown into a 2- or I-inch hose (Figure h flic hose conveys the dry material to a nozzle at the act nut site of application IFigure 2). As the dry material leaves the nozzle, it passes through the focus ol a ring o f fine water p:;s. Mixing takes place at this focal point, which is usually -I to 8 inches from the end of the nozzle The operator is able to control the air, material and water mix, with valves at the nozzle, The wet method dilters in Ifuit the material is prumixed with water in the hopper, ami the resulting slurry Is pumped to the nozzle ami sprayed upon Ihe mrl'itce to he contrai riitr nozzle used is Mtinltit to dint m;ed to apply plas ter. lispusim ; nf W orkmen Spravirm ol inmctn) iitrci is ilni.e by menni sevi-in. rlllietem trucio imiotir. in tini I'tilled .Stales. depending >m it : piuptee ami hen) jiue; dittiorial igrmnet.ls. Nil tnai.eti.il tluu is used lor thermal uisultilum ,s applied by niembcri ol ihe International Assonnito rf lieu* ,,ml Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers tAH.-GOI. litis is a vc:y minor par* of then wotk, overall Material used *sii iiiqmujfinp s otte applied by members of the I','.term - lotion. AcuustF cui and decorative material mav tie hrindhnl by carpenters, <i ->thei nattsm en, In New York City, lewer than HUM) men in all would have regular ot internuurni exposure n> sprayed isbestos iimitai mo ihe application ni sprayed mineral fiber compounds cor.tammfi asbestos potenttallv associated with health hazards far ?\vo groups ot peonie and posstbiv for i thud Use first croup worxnten actually engaged in ipplvmg the material, is relatively anali :ti ninrihers Tins group, however, is the most Itcavity exposed Air samples taken on situ and counted by using a modification of the method described by TABLE Spraying of Thermal Inculatimi Power House TnThinr* Man at Noel <11 6& S5 31 i Nfasi si Nortel (?) 6? 45 too 32 Man Cturglut; tapper 22 i to b Spray uiy of rtreprooftiiK Multisi Man ar Nortel (3) Man a Mi aj 20 49 34 *Alt counts in libers per cubic c UitiRBr (tu a S ulicrmet, visible by <n ill U'Hix with I'lui.'H! microsi-(iy Our ori'UraCttil (hut niiiuv mure filusis si crons, trio umiill ir. see iiy ,>|itii:;il m |itmy til i)|i(lnilly visible Ittiers null m nunifier tiillhftiiRti not in ninnai) li1 iniuiniiiKie. These smaller ami ciurmi uri- iliMccterl m t y hy i-t.-i Inin iiiiurn nubiili-il in l'iuiius lieti .is illesi' '* Aver and Lvncii," cininimg Ilian 5 :iuc:uns visible liy optical intc: isi. opy t UH)\. indlciteil that list* wwket handling lae nozzle was exposed to Tibet levels langiin* from a low ol NO f/cc to over 100 t/cc The worker emptying Che bags into `he hopper was found to he exposed to finer levels ranging from 5 f/cc to 22 f/cc. The large sptcail in counts can he attributed to differences in asbestos content cj material. work protieiency. and the evcr-chaiuy ir.K conditions on constinctiori sites (see Table HI, These dust leveis are much Inrjte: than those at asbestos work sites m other Iredes. Theie are no satisfactory data at presml concerning disease among these men with dire. ! exposure to sprayed insulation dusts. Then witfk experience in general has been ton short H Itavt* led, as yet. to ctuticailv evident disease Among other asbestos-exposed workmen, nc n;ticam disease usually aoes not becunte evi dent tor twenty or more years following unset ul exposure.*11 Nn group uf` workmen engaged SAMPLE 15888 182 Kijutc ;1. Pulmonary asIwsToiii* following imir years of mine nil filler sprayinx experience, slutting twenty-nine yean hr fore <leut!i ilur (u cor pulmonale in splaying ashestm has been examined after asufi ,ui interval. tn New York C;ty we have examined n dozen men who have sprayed .e,he-.Sir,, Most trad worked only iwu or ihicv years at die trade; they were asymptomatic, and Hie chest roentgenograms exhibited !w 01 mi abnotrnul:- lies. Two men futti had longer experience. One, a trim, of 41 wilh fifteen years of exposure elut ing a span of twenty-one years, was also with out shortness of breath, ami his film was nor mal apart from minimal lower lobe reticular fibrosis. The second man, the only one who had gone more than twenty years from onset of exposure, was severely slim t o f breath, had ex tensive ashestosts un x-ray and lied o f cor pi.I- monal.; He hast had four seats of work extwr:- -:n e startir.E tn twenty-mne vear, bet ore hus death in . bt.4 at the age oi t fFicsute It ftxpctietice in otJie; asbestos trades is a guide, and ri 'Imre is a consistent exposure- disease response relationship, we tnav predict a Hardi, 1972 most unhappy fate for the men who have been working :n the sprayed insulation industry. Among other insulatinn workers, with much less asbestos exposure, observed Cor more than twenty years from onset o f exposure, approxi mately or* in five deaths has been o f lung can cer. one m ten of gastrointc;,!trial cancer, and almost one ;n twt o f pleural or peritoneal mesothelionta. In addition, almost one in ten lias been of mhustusls and cor pulmonale.1* And Iliese disease experience* have been associated, it may he noted, with dust exposure levels mud: lower than at spraying sires perhaps one irnlli or otic twentieth as high! The late of the sprayed insulation workmen will likely resemble iliese experiences, although the pattern of distribution o f deni its by cause nuy be different, Jacob and Ar.spach have demons!raieil till, where asbestos work expcsure is unusually excessive, there air more deaths of ashestusis and cui pulmonale mid lew er of lung a u m ; the workmen die of pulmo nary insufficiency before thev can live long eri-niiy.i to develop uni eU> -*t tune cancer >t iiKvatheiioma 1; fire vee-ntd group, which uuv involve many i otjj working m the Innkitnp. construction trades in 'Ini nniiurv, especially those engaged in `ngli-rise construction wotk, is much l.nirci Pipe tiller:-, welders, e`cc:;tc,,iiis. plumbers cat pei tct$, and others may be on the construction site during or shortly .liter mmerri fibers have 'wen spiayed. Un-site samples taken at vanoiis distances fioiti the nozzle show fiber counts faulting from 7ri f/cc 10 feet From the nozzle ' ' f/cc 25 feet away. Counts taken 50 minutes alter completion o f spray still ranged from 1 to t f/cc, and W) minutes after, from (125 to 0.7b f/cc Again, these counts vary because o f chang es la on-site ventilation. We have lew data to predict the magnitude >f .he disease hazard among workmen with rxtiiec: exposure. Ilu r -here is a pnientsa. wite'. tij-i mas hr inferred trom the mereasme reports of :nes;.ui'.eiiurnn jinorti; men working in shipyards in winch asbestos spraying was associ ated with such risk of indirect iccupatioftil exposure. J Ashestosis s .d.-.u found among SAMPLE 15889 Amtrtcan Industrial Hygiene Association Journal (S3 YAH til Ara or S ta itm w r .`Umfilei Tikrn during Spray Opr ratio if Sample Dialance Horn Monile Man (ft) Count (filiersfeeV* J 15 17 2 IIS 10 J / !i 46 1 1 I 71 S 10 7(1 ft an 117,(. *? 20 66*0 Taken JO minili* after hiuu ipr.-alinii had cesovtl for Cm day** H i.oi *i 1,1 2 10 mss 11 4.23 Taken toir.mii! ail ,pi*y vpajliim had ceased lot the day 1.' 0.5 IJ 0,51 t*> l).2H l it, n 111 ... ----- - 'I tb *Se ffiotfiLitc, Table 1, "Sample* t.iktio op i.iiii! ilunr .1* operatiti ilii'M* n i m , 1* anil a sb e sto s b o d ies arc d e te c te d '.rt 'h c li l iny': m u re c o m m o n ly Unni aim ing o th er co m p arab le *lm* c u lla i wotkc:> 1 1 I h<~ pntblen. <vl indued i i .-ijp,mutici >" pu sille n (he ,'ur,xtruCllon u .tie,, e m rnp'H.iii. e t; inly beeauw *>i the uuntbc: sx workinert involved In `he *'tilled Stales, more liuu yHKJ.iHXJ men arc rernilaiiy einpioved m ifie building Hades. `Virile* the nunderv e >d asbe.'die.associatoli disease among those indirectly exposed may be lower ilutri among die owmikiliuitdrcd with direct exposure, the tomi distnse expeimime cun ho considerably greater. Our ait studies indicale (Table HI) that very liij'J: asbes Ids liber levels a:c liniud in rlie work environ men Is <d building trades workmen not associ iteti with splaying operations, bu: simply work ili!' in the rame buildings We mav not k:u>w i|n* iicidcHce c; mesothelioma and bins cancer an me men exposed for twenty :<i iJtnu .Aii,. 'n SVw Ytik Oily. where ;ptjy?.,e w is antler way m the l'H>uV asbestos d r ease r.'sui:tri Iro n tins practice, among .steainfti'ers. sic; tricuns. rarpetilers, painters, masons, ami mlicr trades, wilt not become evident until the I'njufe a Waste Irani spray application .nllinrini', tu biiikllng material'! untati by .ilier un dei I 'W s . and 9 d 0 \ and the twenty-*firs! ecu* titty Similarly we will r.ot re able -. assess pm. " di cane linone the cenerai siici u u * he: twenty >ji thirty years. We have Jcte,*nHied that contamination r t."* <oinnuiiitty in occurs as a resuit of uncontrolled or madecuatciy controlled spraying operations, As ex SAMPLE 15890 184 pected, such coniatnmation is greatest in the vicinity o f the construction site. Since most of the spraying is done before the budding curtain wails are erected, some of the spray material may mow outside the sr.e. The quantity that escapes depends on wind height oi building, skill o f operator, tnatRiiai, and control measures used Construction aucs have been studied where grnssiv visible waste from -i spray application coveted the ground lo u depth o f I inch for a distance extending 10G led from ine site (Figure d), tontrol of Occupational Asbestos llaranls Amounted with Sprayed liiMilntimi The two most important sources for work mint exposure during spray opera thins are i l l material that becomes auhornc during the spray operation (ovetspray), both that which re mains ,u ilie job vile mid that which blows into the surrounding air and (2) watcrini ihnl re< main on the me because f punt house keeping, thud imnm'y, few control measures weie used during application nt sprayer; imnerel itbcr. Dunne 1%`t and lO/lJ, exTensive field in- ratigthons were undertaken by out laboratory I ascertain the possible afheurs hazard ui tins Made n.d n< develop corrective ureas,ires In shu. we had considerable cooperation from liu; Department nl Air licatusrces of the i'iiv ol New York, and sonic segments of the sprayed imukuion industry, including a number <d man til,untiring and amirnelmg firms assocuttod wiih tin* Sprayed Mineral Fiber Manufacturers Association and tit" Contracting RlastCien' As antral ion nl New York Tins Inkrnntiirrial Assn* ci. iion f Heat and Fiml Insulator, aim Asbes tos Woikcia. AFL-t','10. although its members did little Midi work (rather, Plasterers' Union members were engaged). also provided jonsiderable help, since Ihuv !rad had ranch beter expencil with the fuobiem in general ' >J ,Si:rii* briy, vrtiuutde s u K t war, prcvmed bv the Johns-Manviile Coreoraiion. u: keeping w-nh their general perspective of developing effective ctimnih for such asbestos uses as might he asso ciated with hazard. March, 1972 In this investigation, work sites were studied in eleven cities in eight states. Practices were found to be very ranch tire same throughout die country, as described above !l is nur general conclusion that sprayed insulation practices ear, be controlled to a point at which ihe occupational hazards, both dttect rad indirect, can he minimized or eliminated, lut that such controls wiii be expensive, :edi- ou:,, and cumbersome. Our findings may bn summarized by emisid- etiithm of the Sprayed insulation Regulations promulgated hy the City of New York In April, lv?0. These regulations were largely based upon the results oi our studies, supplemented by valuable additions derived from lire expert ences of the Department of Arr Resources (Dr, Ruben Rickies, Cunitnissiurrcr) and its staff, tncluding thus of Harold Roirurr, C H . who heitlvti a special group assigned ui this problem These r(|Uinln>ns were cite first bv a govern rreitai agency n> ek to coulii] hazards asum att'il with sprayed inaiiation ud have moie lecimtly Inrun followed by administrative a. wi'' in the true* iru.1iu.iinr, llii.adclplna, ban I ram.'isco, Boston. md t 'hiua*! li lire Matter of the ) piaranp >f iVsbcs'ov ; wmnminac: . (.untaining Material | thiier IM'R.SUAN'i fo the authority vested in me hy the New York t ity Charter and the New York City Air Pollution ('outsol (Aide, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED thru when ever asbusUxKotUatiiitig material is sprayed, lit tutiowmg precaution* shall be taken to prevent ami eotilral the cpiM un >f asbestoscw;milling fuiiMutilalc -rial let into the ainbi cn` an I Before the tm o f spraying operatioiK all On rr areas shall be shoveled cfoari. Before 'he application of asbesui*-c3ntaining male rail enromenesx, the tlooi ' the area shad be cleared of at objects, rnriiemil and ecurp met! the: than tlu i enrpiayM it* the appli cation oi the asbest.is-cuntaHuna rsuiaiton m .ii: objects, materials, etc., shall be coverec. with piastre or other approved larpau- SAMPLE 15891 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal lins in a manner 'hat precludes the subse quer.t dispersal o f asbestos particulates. 2. The entile Hour, or the part of the floor to be insulated shall be enclosed with plastic or other approved tarpaulins in a maimer which dial! preclude Ihe escape o f asbestoscontaining material front the enclosure. Ail in tend upon areas, such as elevator shafts, stairwells, etc., shall lie enclosed in a manner which sitali prevent llie escape of asbestos containing material from the working area "Stack elicci" of the shafts, stairwells, etc. shall he considered salisfaclmy only il visi blc insulating material cannot escape from the enclosure. .5. Wet asbestos-containing material which has fallen to the Ooot diali he swept up con:muoriuv to prevent dispersal <f dried n s ici.ai. Undei no condition snail tins m, fertili be removed laici than at the etui ni the working day. Swept-up uiateriul shall he placed m a heavy plastic bag .-.tinny enough *i resi a tearing or bn ikute uinlcr nnirriat handling itlitim's uui , le rly rmikcd i ! t.>inm ashevins waste Ihe content - or the afiui'iiiri.tii'ned plastic hags shall uui lie ira mil eii isl to anothci container The pinion hags shall u` piaceli upon a vehicle '-r .It (tos.il at an approved s:v *t. All floor, will be vm mimed jhorliv allei drying, Ihe vacuum cleaner shall contain a slicing, single-service disposable inner bag <d durable material which shall be rem oved, then be placed in a container of the type d e scribed m piragraph 3., which ihail thematicbe placed on a vehicle for temovai uni dts posai at an approved site, 5 The materials used to t in 'he enetosuic shall he tii ran ih! v vacuameli nor, .ontp e mw. or 'h r ippication a: she ,oxidation m the arca lb? enure lino* area, ..1 lenses mi! surfaces inlmliitg tarpaulins npor. wind', waste insulation material mas have fallen, sitali then oe vacuumed or rrvscuunicd tu tore remov'd of the end osai on 185 6. Enclosures shall not be dismantled until die area has been thoroughly vacuumed alter completion of spraying and cleanup, 7. All areas used for opening hags containing asbestos insulating material and/or charging of hoppers snail be enclosed m such a man ner rh.it asbestos-containing insulating mate rial shall noi be permitted In escape from the intumulate area tn which such activity lakes place S. Signs duil be posted outside enclosures warning persons o f the hn/airds of entering lite endosute without apptopttiitc mask ami miter apparel, 11 All persons involved in the spraying of asbestos at the sue mint be fuintslicd with Human >1 Mines approved respirators for piiiimriocomosss-piotludng dust or equip incut as required by N.Y, Slate Department " f Ltboi and must be furnished with ititi ante coverall-, which will Ire left at the sin* and 'hereby prrclude the removal rt ashest->%noto the site So pcivnt shall be pcimit v in an area in which ehestos r.piayiii|', or handling lias taken place until linai vacuum mg referred <u m paiagrapl numbered ' .tetri, aides* such person ts ; rushed with and wear, a Bureau or Mines ipproved res piratoi tor penumoc.intosis-ptoducnig dust out coveralls of the type deaetibcd herein l-'aotliitoo shall be provided ami procedures instituted and supervised that preclude rieremoval and dispersal o f sishieitos-coutuming material from the comi ruction site on the clothing or other appurtenances of persons leaving the area. 10, Any plenum or other structures coated with asbestos containing insulation which is ntended for use m the circulation or or -r he buddisti must be 'hoioutpily cleaned ut .1 debris id waste insulation All applied ..s b e s lo s cm itam ing insulation wuhir. i plcrmiu or duct must he coated with a seal_r.! winch precludes exposure ai' the asbes lovcmiautiug material lo the ircuisuns a,r SAMPLE 15892 186 11. A person shall be assigned the full-time rcsponsibiiJty to supervise the spraying and related operations to assure iliai no asbestnsl)earing material is released from the consit net ion, Sit. 12. tn case of emission o f asbestos from the construction site, immediate steps shall be taken tn cause (he cessation of such emir sums by either affective control measures nr work stoppage at the source of the emis sions. There shall then be immediate and complete cleanup of all material chat has es caped the construction site by measures that wilt insure that no further dispersal of any asbestos material into the atmosphere can occur. 13. Notice of intent tn spray asbestos-conhutting material on any premises shall be given in the director nl Field Services, De partment of Air Resources, 1.1-1 <!itw Street, New York. N Y ('.Vl2-S66-2?`55l Said notice shall he both oral, hv telephone, and in writing and shall specify, at least iwu (2i das's pnoi in said :.pittyni|>, the floors on which the spraying will take place II will be seen that these eatly iogulotions (thev have since been strengthened) were di rected hugely tn the prevention of the unvjiwirtusnlsi hazard, la mldllion, we were able to Identify a number o f other approaches which were mote specifically concerned with the oc cupational hazard. Reduction of Airborne Asbestos during .Spray Operations iim enliy, consideration is being giver, with in the industry tn several proposals aimed al cediLang the annum t of asbestos dust which night become airborne dining spraying An important approach includes eltimmition of asbestos from the rrtalcnal used and the addi tion ot oils or wetting agents. Formulation changes have met with some success. Several manufacturers are now pioducing material which contains no asbestos. The disease poten March, 972 tial of trese substitute materials Is largely un known, and New York City regulations require the same precautions during their application, as with asbestos-containing materials. In Great Britain, the modification of spray equipment has received considerable attention. A method of presetting the fiber before con veying material to the nozzle has been devel oped Although ttiis prew iring process signifi cantly reduces fiber emmts during applications, the method does not yet lend Itself In volume spraying as done in the United States. Progress has been made in developing effec tive means of enclosing areas during spray appli cation (Figures 5 lo 10). Several contractors have custom-designed canvas or reinforced plas tic tarpaulins with various Haps and inlcrlockmg closure devices, Wooden frames covered with reinforced plastic are in use. Not only must die perimeter be enclosed, but the stair wells and elevator shafts must be sealed to pre vent (he stack effect from currying dust and liber to ilie imisulu nimosplteru. Some rather imiipu! ways have been developed for enclosing outside spandrels and columns prim lo spray mg. Sltu'i! ilu> design of buildings may differ widely, methodr. fen unclosing must be :mlivKin dly (adored fora particular structure. Tu e!mi m e In; nuca for temporary enclosure ofbuildlufis, some coiitmclors are rescheduling the spray application io permit prim erection of curtain wails and glazing of the window open ings. Hrickwure with canvas and plastic ha:; iiustk idly improved since enactment of more strin gent regulations. Ambient air samples taken rear spray jnb siles that have hcen enclosed by meat s of newer methnds have shown that ex cellent eoiuainmenl is possible Asbestos fiber emissions from properly enclosed spray opera tions were not detected with Ihe light rutero scope. Electron microscope examination of samples is cutiemly under way tu netenmne if tae spray process adds significan(iy to the as bestos ribas background level in ambient air. tit limited Studies, it aid not. triteiosure tarping, however, stsil lias not solved the problem of wind crestn during the intervrJ between com- i SAMPLE 15893 American imharnal Hygiene Association Journal 1*7 Work Practices it is our conclusion that mudi can tie .fono to reduce dust by the individuai workman on the job, in (ils everyday handling of the spray material. Methods of opening, mnptyiin;, and alnckmg bags, proper methods of using and ,idjusling Ilie nozzle, and methods of pornormi piotection are important, Aeteri linn In seeming* v snudi dentils by the worker arc important, urn] iltcse should he the object of training, and education programs. The sprayed mineral fiber nutoufaclurcrs association lias prepaied a book let ohi fining sudi improved work practices. Too I mute S. Floor d building ailer ripesi .ppiiultn;i Nun; | hIm hi waste asbestosctmtatr.im' main -its .mil il.ijipiUK tarpaulins, mat)equatety waited. Iogurt* i Wind uni wtsulicj iim urr tu encttnuie snv.-i. l-'igiuc 6. Multistory liuilttbig inadutiuuttly imi 1`lnsi'ii svilii canvtis Nun; openings when1 liupitulim have mil Iicbji secured, plelinri <l pray and erection of " skin" <r u u i wail Aishiltvluial awsier.ess i | th isjr:* ' cm m.iv permit .tesig** ->!' u.;te m u.iiloiv buildings to r:-..Mirc election .,1 .a m ir wain he tuie spray iteptt oilng is applied, .Scheduli I nu simple matter, however, irni :hr. nu y he very difficult. I igure 8. Enclosure o f m utitoned biahting '.vidi latl canvas and plastic tarpaulin SAMPLE 15894 ; jh I iriiic 9 Cttiwm-fsbricausd rarpituiint Am UuiMuir; minime. Noie fnngue and itedowm tu pievrnt um lemls tram tjiofipinn alone die wie of Ute IwiUiv- l'bpue IO M iti' , long ipi e\be. I'eiwr i ! ninni, Ihe utpaulnn mutt Ire leciaety Ijjucnril ,a fite buititm t pieve! tappine in tlw wimi. March, 19?2 Hie supervisor or foreman. His task. however, should aiso be lightened by the development of procedures which do not depend upon work man cooperation, skill, knowledge, training, or dedication to safety. Blimtrarioii oi hazards should be built into the work procedure* Other wise. If anyIlung can go wrong, it well may, and ilu; potai of failure is unacceptable, J'liis Is not to sav that Uieoii-nic operations of the workman are not Important; ol course, they are One area in which no planned pus grain, however effective in principle, can be suecessini without workman ouopemnun ami un dementimi; is housekeeping. In mu studies, we Inumi that quantities of waste sprayed mineral fiber ate stilt allowed to ternani on the Hoots, ledges, and nearby equipment t'Kopires ; I to S.Vt. Asbesios-cott timing waste ss often tracked under font on construction site for manv months. I some cases, because of poor house keeping, waste fihrous materni! is allowed tore umin m ventilati ujt ducts and dropped cetliugs to mtrtU'lhiilo to lifetime cnriUiminnfiou of the amelme. P.x;*ri:nental work is now under wav h> ole agii exisiiuu commeo'i.d vacuum -leat i ts |o emi t flieii use m consti ue'.iou t lemuri Wn puk-m .I tirile volumes ol nw'et al u. >)! it'in in osposatile beg: oc :wo le.n Jtv. which -oust lie mduded in t retlesixued no il :nuch tWunen slioutd not Ina placetl, howeve:, on ililigcnce mul traitiitig o f individual woikmen, We have lomul Iitat wmk ctews ixe Inuonsinnt. with iticxpcfjciiccd men ollen .ithiml as flu* volttmc ui vvoik merauses. These men, at othet tunex. Io ptauicrmg, and spraymg Jl in* ulatimi mav he oniv mtermittenl smp.uvnmnt t'or 'nein I-'ew ontm etnn emptnv . constant At.'. >tte ml appteauceslnp a i^ r a iR hav aesii *<ant and ffafttncttlarv, wnete tl.ev x.-t n ;hi$,*'jim y Kailtct. amicauun will have l<>he a censlant, on-gem* alT.iif and tuen the responitbility ul I ,gute 1 Aineuoi-eo.iraiiung watte aUMwe.t ic remaul in limited ic ic art,^ m d venfifcong plenum e / aimpkiGit buildings. SAMPLE 15895 Ammcen M u M ) ! Astceiatian Monad ( fS9 {4 and 15). To reduce the number of men ex* poised mid to facilitate easy cleanup, several of (liti general ccntractuix have begun a program ol carefully planned work schedules. The men -ir! material ut olimi trades am kept off the floor until the sptay and cleanup u e completed (Figure 16. Rcsplrmor Protectwi Personal proteetiori of lite werkers applying th spray material is un urea tltnt. neads consid erabili attenuati. W<* Inumi ihat mnny me applyii, spinveii minerai liber contaimng asbestos d>d nut wca: auy personal respiratury protee live devici A vc:y few wore di.*.puxale respiratus, and .1 few woie more n inventi mai type*. Pitti to |470. di liispoHcble respiratori avail- ib.r un ihe market rete lolally misti; table ibi tlm spedile use. Pruun'iiS Inang inaile su devidutiminil ut li'spiratiny piolui livo devia':, n iiti!i"ii( elicimi. iRing. Manv uiuiui iiiiiimfni.hitois di sudi pr leniiiv deviceli will pi<ihuhlv h,ive nn elicci ivi; dliptnablc unii avojfctblc urine itine during 197 ! Il II. hyprd dilli devia- il Un- lypr .vili bave ili uvei.di eilaciu y g-cu vuotigli n .nlt-tiu reiy I'imicci uuiiiv meli wnrtvit' i :hc cencrsl arca ni die ipray opcralioi. iiJUiotieh noe itear ihr ipuvim' .'veli, nor svitimi th spray nclnsuic Figure 14, lincnvensd pieces o f eipiipmenr left 0 0 rim floor rturini; spiay application cuUeei debris from dm sptay opeiahun. l igure M Waite mutcii.il -tlnmlil tie picked up ami iwi'k, uni m tightly eluseti eonnunar.t f'tguie 2. Pont hw*ekes|MtB. Waste iib n io i ray naictuleovetir.gcf.nciu- no* where e tr trail- may wetI: weeks ut m onths liter Nevertheless, because os the high fiber counts, UHI flee, 1 conventional ftlla-type respirator will not provide adequate protection lor the wuifm handling the spray fumile <ur mi oilier workers 111 tin* enclosure In such i.eas, .-nine type of supplied air respirator must he used. The chini fatili of many of the available supIilio* air uriti?, is their huik, IJoto .igniti, great inopifis ts 'mujjj made 11 llu* ilevelapimiul of" ruill i'n'll- meri ur.'.ts ll-lgutc T-M >\ quid look at die imes counts 111 vsnous areas ai 01 near iln- spray operation pomIs lire met; for mandatory eliceitve respiruiiey protectio n SAMPLE 15896 00 March. !9?2 he few men have reached twenty years from onset o f w ork-but c f young men who have been rejpiterly employed in spraying asbestos* containing insulation materials it is possible fla t a majority will die of asbestos disease, tin chiding lung cancer, pleural ami peritoneal neie mhelirmia, and ashestosis. Our studies indicate Figure 15, Wailt* jnaiffirui beinp uainpoiio! tu des ignated bruirti! u a t m covered mnfU with fo cla # vtri)rt1 tu prewnt lisi' spread ut' marmai lhumph rtpfeii and toadv Two steps tire estenuai le spetti! th se ut tespirstory punenti m th spray insulatlon Irade: (1) a devie-e more acer.ptthlc frum .i stumipoint ni'wiifker comfort ami (2) a marnivi! educational piofjrinn anumg th; wiwkers, IHwnssum Investigatimi il .'Ite yiraycd mu.vtdl fihei miiistrv indicale:; ati intportam is b e - tm k iz a r i esKih fot wmkniea emplnysii in ihit irade li i. uso c.uy lo teli luw severe th leatli u wiil Figure 1?, Because die -.pray apptkatwi are un> (- (-.I in high t .mceutijtumi ul .nbetlui fibers, Mime type I ..tr nid.itiun ur supplied ,nr reipiMi.ir 11 neei-v itv A prnrotvpc ut It* dorm s lUtmed nr m p ta it# Figure tt>, tir,vi,ed n e ts ihnukt He jpvriprtstrlv marked prevett; ette : trades troni entering Ite area being sprayed Itiai they have been exposed to rwbeslus dust levels otherwise seldom seen nowadays in tini asbestos industry An equally unacceptable hazard may ex:si lor other const ruction workmen, expose;) on I'l'.iUruction sites to dusts derived ruin spray mi! operai tor,s Wink such Indirect ipatior .it exposure is uucutulterti. A ts sil l at levels riHintl ,n o rili- tra d e s to have high mss U n fo r tunately, m tecm taat high peak exposures may .wry rite potential of serious disease twenty, Istrly or morn years later. Tine mhaled fibers SAMPLE 15897 American ft*titatrial Hygiene Association Journal 191 become lodged iit the lung. Once in situ, the fi bers continue to exert their effect on canttgu mis tissue, white fite individual may be spared further exposure, his lung and other tissues art? not. Construction trades workmen employed m buildings in which spraying o f asbestos fiber in* sulatlon was done should be considered tu Imvu been subject to islicsos exposure and nnk. In* formation is Inadequate to predict the magni tude of this risk; it may he considerable. Such occupational hazards are intolerable, anti it is evident that they will not be permit* ted lit addition to efforts by regulatory agen* ces menthiiied before, construction unions, loo, have token steps to protect their membcis 'Voik stoppage.! have occurted in New Vink City, Westchester County, and elsewhere, with men m various trades refusing to work during spray operations. If administrative regulation is unavailable or ineffective, self-regulation by la bor and employers in lire construction Inula may be Mihsiitnuxl, Our studies suggest that the occupnliunal Jiav.aiil ;ssti<:ialniJ with spraying of asbestos m subitum can lie minimized or ujlmimireil (iv suitable mduitiv pmredurm Such iMinlruh, as r.oted, will 'll* expensive lot the spiayed Sue iitiulitij! iHiumv. the hinder. *n the ompeia uve ni.iikct place may make :he protlin.i aim process niieciHiomicai. to give wav tu means o: ihctmmrine and insulating. Should Bus occur tl wist xtrnply mean tii.it the health ut workmen must be considered in weighing the cost o f work done. On some scales, us this one, health will weigh henvily The alternative to controls will be banning tiie spraying ui asbestos materials. While, as a general rule, rantm l of environmental liasuuds seems prefeiable, if control measure* am nci* rhe: feasible nut rtfeelivc, or if they am ignored or dstCftatied, hutming will be 'considered. Sute Sinn* dm mrinuscnpi was submit u*ii, :) was ieietn-mcd mat die existence it the N Vl' Department *>f At: Resources had taileu to ensure adequate compliance for the control of the spraying o f asbestos mineral filler insula* lion. The New fo rk City Council thereupon banned ail spraying of asbestos in N Y C effec tive February 25. 1972-Local Law 49, 1971, Air Pollution C ontrol Code, Sentan 1403.2*9.11(B); enacted August AS, 1971. References I.Hl'liknfl, I.J,, i*f fli.- A ltellQ l .mil Nmnilasi*. Artier. J. Med. .I2,`8*J (1967). I. Dull, K.i Mortality from Um; O n ctr In Atlipiiii* Workers, lint, J. hut. Med. 2 ; l (1USS). a.lilUicijilip J.., jud WJ. Mouther: I'ertlnnul Til- ww tt Asbesto*. lftt. J. nd, Med. J! 1 0 (1 'M ) I Mrtewelher. h.K.A.: A Mci:ir,niiluisi >>> Asbesto- S ruhend IS:69, 10*1. 152 {1933*143), > M<Nolly, .C.. Astm lin Espusnre in t a ln lia . (i ln i m u l C/inference on `neunweanianx, Jhan letin/jf, I`i,icerilmgs fll.A . .Slisptro, e.l,), pp 501 *203, Capetown, Oxford Urtrvamty t*ra.u(H>7U). n Mrllonrild, I.D.: Rr.wrrh on A a M w , Metltil H t porter J I ft, 19 f t `71)1. 7.Ji*HkOif. 1J,, J. Churs, amt 1i.lt. Jlnmmund Albo* lie. K*11rnure sind Nt*.>|iluun. / *1see Mmt ,lutin' (Mt:22 (I'll). fi I..-null, J.U.. and 11,ft, A yer; Mpiisurnmiml uf lliul I'.XlUMiirwn In rim Aslnsstm Terile imliwlly, .-Irn. litii lh % ,-l.t.H.V. J, .*'/..Ill l {1966). > Ml "IuiU.hi, IV,J.. A.N- Unid, .mil fi,1' l-Vomid: Ah ueitws Au ullimunn m New Vori. Oily ticetind In lern I"lean iirt'em gr Wathinguin, .C., lleeemhet 1970, in pies in Mridmff, J. CltuiK, rsul f t' llammmd Tbe UtiMtienif nl Aihesious ninny IntuOlinn WritIt- in Urn UidlrrJ Slain. 4rm .V V ,' N ,Vi f U ; 13V <1985). 1 1 <e iknfr. I J , r ,0 lUmmoml. I Chur*. Wortalfiy r*m*lente >0 A-ilirsini Itnnlaitrm SVejker nter m ttanai Conference on Pneumocnmojti, /ulwnrwe hurt, Ui)ll Ptiteredlnsfi (H A (Tiapirn, d l, pp, IHll-IHt, Cipeitjwn. Ustirril Mmvrtstl* 1`reis (WO). U, laersb, <!., snd M. Anspach: Pulmonnrv Neoplasia Amone Dresden Asbesto Worker -I N.Y. Anu. .Vi.'f, ijj.-r s t, o y e s ) . 1.1,Hiirsles, P.tS. ,\aliestm Hii-rinl m Ntivil llor.k yards. Arm, Oceup, Hyg, ( . KSS (1'K). M.ittmmrs, fl-, .nul A.K. ''empkim 1-Teeis ni Ashes- los In tlnekyanl Worker, lrfl. Met J y.'SV (1968). Il.leltlorff, I.J., end t.Ci. Hanimnnii: Ashnstris ISorlies ni N.Y.C. Populttiiuii ni | wi> l'erlmls of | irrte* In IrrnaU'.itial Vonferrner irrt l ,rteurrtoc>nwial Jo- tuinttctl'WTl, I9`j9. {'rtrcfetfinjs 11i.A. Shapiro, rd ), Pl' 9 H1, t?jpetown. Os find Umvmiiv 'tesi l'170) -IkUholt. I J r'artncnlup lor lirvenUerr mi lin t r. .9/d; 51 l|7 7 0 ). K rtutnl AjsisI la ? ; SAMPLE 15888