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FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1932 DOC#: NSC475 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC Presentation - The Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts 3 as* ^ '@>(orsrf<l<0 1932 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorpo rated TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Washington. L). C. October 3 to October 7. 1952 lyte Wnrdnian Park and Shorcham Hotel* C O NTENTS Council Officers ond Directors.,. PAGE Council Purposes and Policies... Gcner.il Sessions-- Annual Meeting of Members........... Q Animal Banquet. Advanced Safety Knciiicerinp... . General Round Table... . I'ire Prevention....... . 23 33 " Industrial Health Section........... Industrial Nursinir Section__ . 39 45 Safety in Foremansbip by the Conference Method.. RT Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers* Section 1fl7 Aeronautical Section.................. A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section........... ....................................... Automotive and Machine Shoo Section ............................. Cement Section .................... Chemical Section........... Construction Section ......... ......... * A * .157 Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section....... lilcctric Railway Section............. I'Ood Section ......... ............... Marine Section ............................ r.lcat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. . Metals Section .................... Mining Section............................. Paper and Pulp Section............................................................. Petroleum Section ................. . 17 33 2S1 03 7/ '"' ........... 300 Power Press Section............................................................... Public Utilities Section.................. ......... 347 Quarry Section........................ Refrigeration Section ........................ Rubber Section ........................ Safety Section, ARA--Steam Railroad Section. NSC . Textile Section ......... trt r Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Section... 447 * * Although die National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from discussion at its conventions matters which arc not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council accepts no responsibility ior the views expressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions thereon. iS * * NOTE: The sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, the'Child Education Section, and the Home Safety session are published in a separate small' volume of those Transactions, available on request. ' " 1 N a tio n a l f i i 20 N orth W. ft io iv O k is Association* or JKOx A IJ RoilSK [f Aiitii ( if C r OFFICE j. I'rcsttJviH, {r 1 (P I/'WAS.) 11. FoN a> v!ce.pics` !i0r j* s ' 1 . Hl-XI.MUTtl Vice P ' lot m j. !:. i.o.vc. v iT ;P TM rc;i`k'm fu r; , M" 'E //- \VAliPKL Vice IV..-I P" / c. II. Witsov A>- i / " "*1'"1 lor \vA. \\\ a' - ' 1" ' 1 rcs,,,ent for jJ U'tu. Ci w t1 '-President for E 1l i Arca$rer. Eg * -Ma,MSing Director an U I e x e c u t iv e coa | I C- w . r i m i o c , r - ,",pS`a-?s Rt"*cr c. 1!. Louu r Pni T . President. W. If. Rorkiit Ci W. wenvtramnVt "v*i1,?i',:>"cSte-vctiConom. ic Robert I. Catu.v. iclin E f, rCsi'k'nt- II. CotiA.v. Marine SeeiinS!'r:,"CC C S 'Em,:; CT !N',;V' I/ethlolieni Steel -""mu, Dana, jos(01) Fieri,c,t p TM f 1S ^ , D^ ,w s- / v S ,, i : a"'v:iy- | 1/>>wii> P p 0"' , ;'Sf / 'resident. 2 ' 'I- <u..m ^ " p T ,fil,s "eilcome A 8 I ! ' s- c wTM . E - s s s 's a ? TM * t I xv.,'.sum At. Kiucsn, Evanston q J. 1 .-."'"K I-axaham. V p u 3n ty Cotl R. 1 1 J I I'livMAES rovEctnTnr,roor**, .M`nm,Wng Sce3ct'i.voin,W. c NC' 1J'C & Hudson R 3 4 f i>ni!i,-ss-- \ :ulional S afely C oum il JI. \V. I-fiMMtiK. Cleveland Safety Council. W. \V. Mack, Delaware Safety Council. Arthur T Muui.v, Past President. I. kw R. Pai.mir, Past President. C. 1C. Pfc.Tmm.VR, Past President. J. ,|. Pi.f.vk, Paper & Pulp Section. I t. ( n i. UhMiY A. IvT ninof.k, Past President. ' ( JC. S'. V!"Mi, General Electric Company. Ch tii.i.s li Scott, l 'avl President. Kitvest I.. S imonus, New Haven Safety Council. C. XV. S mith, Standard Oil Company {Indiana). II. S. S mith, ASSE--Ktij'inccruu: Section. 1C T. Sm.kn.stkn, Accident Prevention Eipdpment Mamilactnrers' Section. John li. T avi.oi!, P.innninliani Safety Council. Aunii.'n M. Tour.. GxiMtltinj* Marino Engineer. G. P. Toi.mak, Past President. (iioKia: Jl. W akiit., I'ninii Pacific, Railroad Company. l)n. Cassius II. W atson, American Tclvj.lnme C Teleei:t [>h Company, XV. L. \ \ tutj:, J r., Cement Section. A. XV. \ \ 113TNKV. National llureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. I)n. C.-L. A . XVinslow, X'alc Medical School, ARTHin II. Youxr, Past I'rcsident. DIRECTORS (1932-1933) A ta.i-sres I.. Aunorr, St. Louis Safety Council. M. S. Ackerman, Jr., Lehigh X'alley Safety Council. VVm. F, Arw.rn, Safety Division, Milwanhee Association of Commerce. J. 1. IIANASH, Consulting Engineer. John Hanks, Madifim County Safety Council. John XX'. Damon, Safety Department. Nashville Chnmlwr of Commerce. Ernest XX'. P.u'K, United States Rubber Company. XX'. A, Binnett, XVoreester Safety Council. I. . G. Hkkti.ky, Richmond Safety Council. (". XV. liiair.nirisr, Western Electric Company. Davis S . Beyer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. K. F. B lank, Jones & Diughlm Steel Corporation. C. D. Ilon.rr, Puhlic Utilities Section. XX'. 1?. Dovn, Jit., American Petroleum Institute. TIIOMAS XV. BKF.WF.it, I'l.'uelton Safety Council. R. A . Bryant. Safety Division, Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. Ralph C. Bu sh , Electric Railway Section. Gto. A. Caldwell, Knoxville Safety Council. W. 11. Cmfron. Natio.... Safety Council. Robert I. Cati.in, Aetna I.ife Insurance Company. Frank II. Coc.an, Marine Section. ` Wtu. CoorF.u, Stevens Hotel. ' J. E. Cia.UNKY, Bethleliem Steel Company. Euwaru Dana, Boston Elevated Railway. F. A. Davidson, Consultiti;; Engineer. Ci.iFKiwi Davis, Street li Highway Traffic Section. !.. XV. D.Vwi.rv, Refrigeration Section. - Cit'-'i.rs i.i. Dawson. Grand Rapid* Safety Council. J.l.F- A. Dr.Bioi '. Coni:it:iiK ll-.ginc' Jav K. D ecker, Mason City Safety Cuimril. Oj) :i s i: Dm:.! The Phil.vle] I'. Louis I. Dt.-Ki.TN, Metro)lolit Iho LtiAKiKi Jf. Ea.mi.s, Textile I-1:1.111me U \ Kastox, HhdcMunc Harvey l-.u.i mr, Armour & Com) Dos.w.ti A. ITnkiu:inkr. Trdedo . Uu.rij | . Its her. I*.asthay Safel* * '"mas F11/.1.1 a\i.n. W estern Pc I I - wav, I:, Foni. x. B urroughs W P If. fit vri r.i.TFi:. X'orh Couuly f l*.ii.si j-. ( ...onau it, Consulting l>n. J'llo.MAS W . Gi'SI.IXO. </],|,| ` t i l l o M. ,kam:s , O n a rry Section I'i.ir G rin ,i.ri. The Pullman f , l-UAll II Ml. I he AulliM.ll. Topol K I. I I mm im . iox. < \ s . Bureau , -- ;X1- IIn vmi man. Safetj Bttreai f o I. Hi u su i m. i 'hicai'o. Xoith * ^" 11iniiTnvvi a. Petroleum Seeii, ' has. E. Iliu.. New York Central IIu.rv D. I.mmkl. Dejiartment <4 1. I. II X Pin, i: J u k New X'orlc I i 'ana I.. J o n s , Manuiaetiirers As ht..\Nli Jovi s. \\ ooduorhiu,;; and lev X'. Li I'm a. Pennsylvania Salt I'nvNKi.i.v M. Kia:\ii.. Evanston <?, I rvni; J. I.w a iia n . Fort Pin Mai I II..MA;: K, Liihi (Jiu.t. Mini,, SeC f. XL l.tm .r. \Vx< Yorl; Dqnirtnu- 11K` Delaware Jt Hmh< li. \ \ . I.orwiiu, C l,xeland Safety ( ,,3' Delaware Safely Cm I. . Mam in. Kid; Ruhher Coinpaii *' \ \ . M.viwin. Miuiiesoia Safely {',, Pasin ,\h vw i.Sm ny, Detroit. IliNRY J. Mixn.-ji, Food Section. U . S. Mon i.i.invc. Fort Wavne Saf, l RRAN I.. Moler. Dayton Safety Co K. I!. Mot:lev. Industrial Accident Pi lu.i.u; M ifuNrocK , Harvard Univ, XXM. G. M( Cm.AM. EIizalx.il> Safet< I. If. M< Kk.v.vf.v, Illinois Steel Coi A. D. .XleWnoirrr.1!. Saietv Division l ot.. Bex P. N icki.in, Chattanooga .Ioiin A. O.vwtki.. Carnegie Steel Cm ! J ,:!', K r - Dee. Tin- Detroit H-lisi * "os. E. Owen. E,,,p|1)>wi>* i>,,|,|,vat .w lv. P.vi.MKi,. Ftpiitaldc Life Ass, !<*iix C. P.vukkk. P.roohlv-u Safetv Cf l . K. P an m ow . Americn Mutual 1 i PiRvinari) Piatt. Louisville Safely C I; J. Pl.z.VK. Pa,.er S. Pul,, Scclioil. j- I P o m ; , Baltimore Safetv Conuci has. L. R,a>iikn. Providence Safetv l-r op. llrvRv k iv ix , lt. |.,.hii;h 6 ''z^cutv-Jirsl L ijitijit's.<--Ailiionol Aii/i'^v Council C. 1- Rice, Chicago Safety Council. __ Dr. A. D. Kistf.KN, The Travelers Insurance Company. foitN Roach, Clicmical Section. Ciias. .1. Ron. Newark Safety Council. T omas Roth, Rochester Safety Council. John RoSsf.ll, Jr,, Construction Section. G. E. San roan. General Electric Company. H enry G. Schaffskk. Eric Saiely Council. Otto Schenk. Wheeling Safely Council. Rohert- 1.. Schmitt, Metals Section. Charles U. Scott, Unreal! oi Safety, .... Gen. John l-I. S herburne. Massachusetts Safety Council. Dr. L. A. S houuy, Bethlehem Steel Company. Ernest L. S imonus, New Haven Safety Council. __ Georoe P. Singer, Reading-Perks County Safety Council. Oliver T . S kellkt, Safety Division, St. Paul Association. Charles F. S mith, Rubber Section. C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Company flndiana). E. j . S mith. Power Press Section. H. S. S mith. A SSE --Engineering Section. . R. T. Sclenstex, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section. e ". C. Spring. Lansdalc, Montgomery Co.. Pa. _ George R. Stephens, The Saicty Bureau. Buffaio Chamber ot Commerce. Ethelbekt Stewart, Washington, D. C. C arl Storck. Automotive & Machine Shop Section. 1 ic tu s S. Storks. United Railways & Electric CO. Ai.r::i:i> 11. S wavnk, General Motors Corporation. ImiN If. T avlor, Birmingham Safety Council. . . H enry D. Tf.rrr, Meat Packing. Tannine & Leather Industries section. N orman F . T it o s . Hudson County Safety Council. Arthur M. Took, Consulting Marine Engineer. \Y. D. T i'Rbeatlle. San Antonio Safety Council. W illiam F. VrJ.cn, Rahway Saicty Council. Vincent W.\KEni:Ln, Kansas City Saicty Council. G r .w . H. Waupei.. Union Pacific Railroad Company._ Dr. Cassius l i . Watson, American ielcphone ,\- 1eieurapu Compain. HaW 11. Wesker, Illinois Bell Telephone Company. Carfoij. V. Wr.i.t.s, Delivery. Taxicab & Bus Section. Albert C W hite, Ju,, Springfield Safety Council. \V. L W hite. Jr,, Cement Section. S. E. W hiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance l.ompn.i... _ W iutnev, National Bureau oi Casualty k Surety Underwriters. W. II. W inans. Union Carbide 5t Carbon Corporation. C.'t . W inegar. Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Dr. C.-E. A. W inslow, Vale Medical School. J. M. Woi.tz. Youngstown SJicet & Tube Company. 50 T w itiy-jhji Coiitjrrss--National Safely Council a proper staff, and not by some nuimsiaxlie person who has not wen trained lor t.tc work. U by not use more registered nurses in the smaller plants ? The registered nurse is much better qualified to interpret a physician's plan of medical service than any lay attendant. Much depends upon the physicat condition of tile employees. I am of the opinion that the physician, by reason of his professional attainments, is best qualified to handle some ot the problem eases among employees. Mental symptoms, brought about bv worry oyer home affairs, quite often produce accidents. In many eases the fear and worry ot sickness in the family can be greatly allayed by a talk with the doctor or the nurse. Many of these eases have come under my personal observation. It should .also be absolutely the part of the physician to say when a man shall return to his regular employment after injury, and this decision should not be in- llticnccd in the slightest by its possible affect on any "no-lost time accident" contest or record. 1 hese contests are proper and have brought about outstanding results in the reduction of lost-time frequency figures. However, there have been eases of injured employees being urged unduly to return to some form of work merely to prevent the marking up oi a lost-time accident. Nothing should be allowed to intcr- tere with the employee's welfare. The physician lias everv motive to return the employee to Ins regular work- as promptly as possible, but his higher duty is to conserve both the physical and economic welfare of the empiovee as well as the employer. ' The safety director has need of the medical service, and the two should earnestly co-operate and seek to- bring about a mutual feeling among the employees. Botii oepartnients arc striving by all possible means to prevent economic waste chargeable to the disabilities and hazards of industry. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4, 1932 The delegates first attended an informal luncheon, and then- gathered for the after noon meeting in a Joint Session with the Metals Section. This session was devoted to a symposium on the dust problem in industry. Chairman Greenburg immediatetv introduced the first speaker. ` * . The Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts By LEROY U. GARDNER Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N. Y. As Jong as men have worked in stone it has Iwoti appreciated that an unusually large proportion of them suffer from disease of the lungs. It was natural to assume that such disease would lie caused by the dust generated, and this belief was strength ened by the discovery of black, grey or red pigments in- the lungs, sometimes accom panied by the formation of scar tissued The term, pneumouokouiosis was introduced to describe the lung pigmented in tills manner. With further observation pathologists attempted to classify various forms ot pneumouokouiosis on a basis of the type oi dust inhaled and such names as anthrncosis, siderosis. ehacicosis and even byssinosis and tobaccosis made their appear ance. It was recognized that some forms of the disease were attended by severe symptoms and result in death but there was no correlation between the clinical and pathological pictures and the causative dust. Finally, statistical study demonstrated that ot all kinds of industrial dusts silica generally produced a definite type oi disease with a characteristic pathological lesion and complex of symptoms. a trained ior 51 lie registered 3.service than the o>inj01) hied to handle Im 'n lsot1;`r l y \,``rVoVcV.',l ; ; i r ),|1eV 1&sr tIOrm !,1,ci,n,ol'okoniosis which :aht about by H ^ ^ p S S S the fear and the doctor or j dion. r. a man shall `ild not be in- i .`.ilcnt'' contest w m m m aiip results in been cases of - 'k niercly to wed to interto return the r duty is to well as the t ! j 'tttcmly shown that in di Pathological observation for n t ,T c na,llcs Ii in pwiia,.. " r v Z 'S 'X 'siuld earnestly ! . . Joyces. Both / i-te chargeable ! i in role of asbestos dust as an ew in ,,, ot s,!'t without infection cut ns that ot pure silica ,Ncllallt of tuhcrculotts infection is nm i . tor the aftcrn was dev<.ied rg inimcdiateiy t_ : i. > ' Lake, N. Y. t an unusually ..oral to assume was strengthmclimes accom- i tmcmcd in this various forms h names as au!e their appearitdcd by severe the clinical and V demonstrated type of disease . u ',m 1,1 hr r/>mmr>n tvn.*c *\( t . ; V ,s A m ica i in natura f t ! specinc f in i^ - i;" ^ dL'" UUS * ' " ,C 0NI>^ SC of the > > '^ e d e i;c a L "T d rsp e d a ltc d SL ' removal of foreign bodies a w f's f T * ? "l.tIu.,cs wfcrc vvVt'ir'T h /' -the S r; ,v ! i.u ',in'io!'sl,'!tl *' v i ! r t h i r ^ r " r p a r tissuetl>at more dust pnrlidcs can r,,,l, u ; true t" bacteria which mav ilC haled ^ ? 50 ol*'nicted bv nodules of W,th ,,inict'lfV. * .me must initiated orcnuisiiis of (hie !v,,,, ,,.;ii , J , w ? '" I'urthermore. in'l nlcd l l 7 1,,L'"S- a lew n nui cd p r 2 b i T - 0,',hi` eticct Silica \ c ' 'V " " * ' y associated will, ' ca\ `\ssnciated with this factor is ' Lxl'cr""it has shown that ^ " ,bere>*`-ds a sil code ir''' ' 7 " Se a latent he ' *"d s^ d L <!-n, %"' yct '<:c,, nsccr>a'ncd hut . of `"`S"1, sed he the toxic titltm the lumf. ] t tends to lod"c a!o,, , / s removed by the Iyn,t,hatic drai ,aKC ' Z , ' S lg K tS i nicies ,, L f : TM 5 Z 'Z T ^ l ,! ls not transported verv far f ",c r'TM <>''"* and little of A sasH s 1 rst * IlC"-siliceous ,l,,,, , | ,, , t !" . " 'O'1 o . m r m k ,,,' S d 'S ;; "> l i ' l f c S j . ' 17 ; ; > ' " TM . T j^ i " !" " 'os l* rt,, ,h . 01 the connective tissues. Mention should he 11ml.. /,f . 1. r cuitratmns it will provoke an overgrowth . . Iircathe in sufficient quantities of , ) * m n io^ l'rh'rlw V*' <iU, M<* *? dwellers cons,,lcrahlc-areas of their hums. Deposits of n' crn"c `''e-time to ,,inu-m the course of the lymphatic drainaire svs'em hut thi^ "aCK ,1,lst 'viH ,>c found alone .ttie or no nesv erowth of connective t'issc? The r >* associated win, hut m most inSta,,ccs it afso no ddorm L- " ''"''^^ l,m* is *> blacker ci.r analjsis usually reveals appreciable amounts al s t " '- " , ' cn '"'h taction does (c` 0 [JC va sil slo tno(!: :tt liisrl dev, cost tr.it i Tl niter tO 31 of lb i" th shoul Th San; Tl: Capa; chem the <1 Om dust bcaitli inainii v.xainp sticli a with j, mtieh 1 true 01 marhlc little III 'mart* readily. So fa for any parenchi ft is kin !>> the 1 size of t With apparent greater t| of the a; ' .mcil In an attempt to iteavicr ami unless ami death occurs 0^ a.r c not altogether nrted by nodules of tity, the same must tiiev remain in the lory. Tiie silicotic .-.tied multiplication -Itown that even atulosis in a silicotic .'tin;; latent tiilioressive and spread, 'ecn ascertained Imt aused hy the toxic e phagocytes which grate rapidly and line. transported very far ' es and little of it is ';My initiated by the . case of silica' this := later transformed -diccnus dust whose \ \ hen a measured to the car vein of a Tiicre they remain, dnir no. reaction of me quantity of die 'ar tissue that the :ans arc reduced to pitts for perinds as of the connective ~Y> nodules, J t that the cellular ss but to chemical ** rase for soluhi|;tv m tne tis-w s offers ' 5 this sniistancc is ' 'he an overgrowth Most city dwellers iiie-timc to pigment ` ' will be found along '> is associated with ' ng is much blacker -< such reaction does uiigs. flic presence ' caiiralion'of mod 's as in pure silicosis a. is therefore dif- hith,sirhil Health Section y.. excessive, the effect oi 1" ncgfciw ' 'Vj,e,i tllc an,ou,,t *> inhaled siiiCll < Pine silicosis. There is said to be ` lc rcactio11 approximates tint i,, Jowly than that of the pure r u-iiw & r z T m oi ercatcr -- - ITM * <!cvcl'15 mure ? 5is" 1igh concentrations does si-nifieant rear,v ' % ar`cr Prolonged exposures to "skltsTM s ^ 'n o d r ss , s r "** attention to the limitations of otir prcsenT know ]in|' 1VCt p.nc,",lonokoniosis draws lo an .nhaled dust !s determined b v ^ ."'I1Cal? ,hal tllc ^ c iio n ^ K = a w j s s s S i 2 i 3 1 ,, f 11 cmp!'asi*cs tlic need to further r t t ^ oTrr y Pl,J'*,cal composition ii The Dust Content of the Atoosphere in Various D u ^ By J- J. B L O O M FIE L D V""'d * * * c. t J. ">c dus, .<lif|>erfq,| ,, t|,v atmosphere ` " dC S' ^ ami ^ the quantity " f t n- rc M *a* fidd 0. 11011' hazards associated with die 'inhalation ' Cf *wt* Bcncrat- the degree oi mauiing constant. is dependent upon h S ,^ - *!V "" . her factors re! h.: a i t F - .- "> ~ i. 1 , si'riv. ,,L 'f,,i S , i 'Z S S ' S -i 9 * - 1s.fr1^ kille lung librt...... J,, genera!. i, |Ws liccn f. i ,,,1,1 ' T W'C ,ar oicrvcd produce ~ ninten, are the ones which p r o d ,J ^ ijijn for any .give dust t,,` prmblcc' iniurv^o'5 the ` h,r"Cl1' " " apParcn` that in order parenchyma ot the lung, ihc -h e where ti,,. |,ar, ' 1 pain acci> to the " zT xmt % j S T - s s . 'Jteii'r--j f y-s s Lliru,lm'roIe,'innp r e d i c t 'he'rcb,'"'",`I"S` " ll"'s *at*cr item Hence tne need for die evaluation of the r t ' nlrK?r f different environments. Store is obvious. " "*,0n ` ,ho (>uant,t-v of dust in the industrial atn.os- :::cir fibrosis produdne^m^jtj"^1^ ' 3* dust has indicated that so far as crm,P*: i n "lose composed c o m p l e t e * T S b K * t '* *? (J'>'idc'1 i,Uo t!,rce *s mre asbestos; ( 2) those containing L , cm" 1^ . ,.S',,Ca' >s silicates, such ^ * found proportion ta ;u S n r 1 35 earth. In penerai, * 1 " * nfaininjr dust is in direct E S S U f i 1- * i s ' o f i h c dcaiinp with a 77k 7 7 cs--s,ich as "" o,,; Z me me amount of quartz present in .such S 5 E V ** T>ssi.I,,c, t0 <!etcr' . However, most dusts which come imo ' . **> n chemical analysis. Take pranite for example. The avcracc cr-inibTM ""Xll,rcs of f'u:krl!' and silicates, orals in about il,c followimr proponfons f e W w r"1' ' ofJ l,ree ad mica la per cent. Chemical analysis shows tint thb ? ' `|UartZ 30 pcr cent'* Ter cent of silica. Of this 70 Per"cent' W V 1 `1 * avcraS' Krnnile contains HTs *" 01'*', hrenthintr level of the uritcr ^ W ^ ilx T determinations. Table ] presents the m n r l/ J? '.(.'tries which we have E d . ' ' c"n,enl v a s it ",,". C "' " d 1 HtC asntosf.hore at the .c,lcm|cal and nimernlopical "'""d in various TABLE 1 ` . Percentage of Quartz Present in Various Industrial Dusts Kind of Dust --------- ---- ;...................................... _ Percentage of Quartz Rock drilling dust (bituminous coal m in e).. ~~ Grouts cutitncr dus* / ** 7 7 7 ---------_4.0 nock drill mp dust {anthracite coal mine 1 ! .............. Brass imindry dust.................................... ..................... Dust front raw mills in cement plant............... ................ S.atc ntii! dust (Vermont red slate).. '.......... Silverware polishing dust.................... Anthracite coal dust................... Bituminous coal dust.............................. Cement dust ..................... Slate mill dust ( Vermont' preen'skttT-)'.' . ................... Talc mill dust............................ Marble cutting dust................................................................. : TM -- '.-------------- ------i-b U m b llll" ......... . ........... o l' !.?'2 ~n ' _ *'' T2 , 10 trace nonc none dries would be in the hazardous cllss the atmospheric dust. . ^ f in 7 " foun lc proportions of quartz in n k S' Jo tr oi mi ac< in ma ins pin Slif in tioi me; me; ma) cun A atnn the Fi quan size retjui will the r ohser influs the d and c This - onc-h. such : minati :n zlt h>0 by tiu dimens size lit who e silicotii and ab majorit The a, m com tides n mills, f by Kat in cc nilicann :.u this latter item lit environments, dustrial atmos- "T7that so tar as divided into three is silicates, such - form known as ul (3) tlttst conirth. In general, '.list is in direct to evaluate the -hi its exact miti- act mincraiocical . and petrographic nine the amount ns when one is possible to dctcrucmical analysis. irtz and silicates, fly of three minvtrtz 30 per cent, granite contains as quartz (free chemical com mie to determine nosphere at the .:wl mineraiogical ' Mined in various i-'UStS 'Yitnge of 0 uartz U ---------- ------- ' 54.0 35.2 31.0 10.0 6.5 3.0 1.7 1.5 \2 1.0 trace none none the coal mining --t in brass foun;ons of quartz in Industrial IIfaith Section 55 J J ? . 1TM <Iei"n:mr;UCti tlm 'W lk k s m' dl1' 1 oi greater than 10 to 12 rr.?r , , are very seldom found in the lungs. This absence oi ' *1. ,arl,c1 1?. I'artl>', (!t!c 10 the fact that the numbers of such particles L v r r V 'TM tm siiC l>r c `it in industrial air is. as compared with the tn t - toTh . COm^aria" VC:V Smar1: lurtllcrmorc- these larger particles do not pene1 u '" ,'" 5 p rt,0!,s of the respiratory tract. Hence we need onk- concern m ln str * dUSt Partk,CS th3t 2rC lcs$ than tcn ml'crons in longest d" In order to ascertain whether or not an industrial dust is capable u; gaining c? l? l.hc '7 s5- n !$ sa r y to know something of the size of the partiel' L \ 'gCi CT sldcrat'n- l!> Praclicc *l,c samples for particle size studies n.aj oc obtained by the use ot the Owens jet dust counter. The advantage oi this instrument over other devices is that the Owens apparatus projects the atmos- fliT TM " d 1,1 }maUcrt:d .c0,lditio11 directly on a microscope cover-slip. This covcr- r ,Cn ^ propcr -v m,otm`' d and examined by any one of several methods , r :0rn " C ,Xl 3 ' T ^ '^ sr a f.h oi the dust is mane at a high ma" tu n . the particles revealed on an enlarged print or screen mav be measured bv means of a millimeter scale. Xo matter which method one uses for p t S s i z c nKasurciiiciils the results may be treated in the customary manner. Tlie-particies "Ve rsTMobmi;resaccordiner ,o sizc' fro,n" a p-- *=k**TM As pointed out earlier, a knowledge of the quantity of dust dispersed in the tthheTtinnhju!rrvs Cwill be dependent upSo`"nCethe"'ittohtaatn>q'uaKn'VtiCtnv dinuhsatle,dh.c ratc oi Production of From the practical hygienic viewpoint, the particle count is at present the best quantitative index oi the degree of atmospheric pollution. The L S as to th* . i a range ot the particles which should he eludcd in the dust count is a question u T T r f i T ' i) co:,s,<lcr:'! `0"; Obviously the size of the smallest visible panicle m l ucpuHl on the magmncation and type of illumination used in the mieroscoo- ic retractive properties of the dust and to some extent on the visual acuity of the ob.-cricr. We must bear in mind that our chief interest in this problem is in th- 1' "dns? 1- 7 ,C(n'C ? iPCCt- .. Pnmar`!-V we arc 'crested in dincrentiating between ' th e ordinary normal atmospheres, not yet known to be harmful, 1' f- 7 - lndVstrjn dusts ' m7 aTM "'own to be associated with lung damage h flflCrCIlC1 ,S sh?rpIy n? rk.cd 50 lar as d,c dust particles between approximately one-halt and ten microns in diameter arc concerned; but the difference between such normal ami abnormal air is masked and lost when we include in our deter mination the parades ot ultra-microscopic size which are present in vast numbers in 3ii air. hvSl % r ,, " Y `PPOr parl!c!c *izc is r`" 'ccrm-d it has fecit demonstrated t"e. boulh Atricaii studies that panicles greater than ten microns in longest dimension are, as a rule, ot negligible importance. The data concerning the lower size limit of potentially hazardous dust is net so conclusive. Metr of South Airica who examined imcroscopically 120 dust particles obtained from two specimens of sdicouc lung, .,,ml that only 13 per cent of the particles were k-ss than 0.5 microns and about 36 per cent of the particles wcrc.less than one micron in diameter The majority ot the partie es. 00 per cent, were between one and three microns in size In c median size ot tnc dust was found to be 1.2 microns in diameter. Drinker' m comparing the size trcqucncy ot the particles measured by Moir with the par- ttc cs measured by him of the dust found in the sputum of men employed in ore y Xarogclrdato C0rrC5p0ntW- TIlcsc "*5* >'a'c "so been corroborated In connection with the lower limit of particle size of dust of pathological sie- nrflCh,'wr ,(* '.,0* OW,nB *'1fc$ti.on aris ; Aside from the evidence direct o indirect ot the iion-retcnton ot minute particles oi dust by the lungs, what 56 7 V r , Coui/n's.-i Xaliuiiul .y,,;V,, TABLE 2 _______________VCragC DuSt Coums ^ Certain Dusty Trades r Industry and Occupation Oust exposure m miiiions ______________________________ Ta!c Minuqr ----------- ----- ---------- -------------- ^ c u > o < Jack-hammer drillers .......... . AveraeT' per cent oi of dust .\otie ^ cu,. , 1 r s .................................... : : : : .............................. c.r!n`r,\ f *1 cylmdcrmcn.......... ......................... - , .\tj||s: H^ormen ..................... Loaders ..................................................................... Oise crusher operators ...................................... Quartz Grindinp Plant; .......... ilili operators ....... Laborers ................... ..................................................... ^ J4 l.i>S l.27d 312 173 Cramte Quarrying and Finish;,/....................................... Leyner drillers , h Jnck-hanniHT drillers '.'.................................................... Hand pneumatic toolfinishes!........................................... Mnnnnc pneumatic tool i m i s h c : ....................... * U:z drillers ......................... ........................... \ -Attendant lnl>or (in d oors)... Anthracite Coal .M inin- ................................ -Meiers am! helpers . Attendant labor . . . Bituminous Coal Xl,,;............................................................ Coni rntters anil loaders.. Attendant la b o r .......... Marine Cutlers .............. ............................................. Cotton Cloth Manuincturine: ..................................................... Carders .......... ' u savers and spinners........ Silverware Mnmnacturine: Hnsiv trade ..................... ................... N'on-ilusty trades . . . . . . ............................. . 55 144 112 3*, 57 333 31 113 . a' 53 ' 5 .w N'ouc iVo ^ 3 7 3 39 on W Vs 35 55 3^ 17V? ', , 1 0 1 v X,,,,,. 5y,,.... *, j j j* Panic! quartz m i-f& r fracmcnt > Ihe air of indnstrinl establishment T o T a l T j ' COmKti" , .r*J Clt}\ H c reported the lindiues tllrle' "nli,U,?i '`'"'^a! dusts ever frW|.Mcv'of dusts ' r k ^ W lile H , ` r'>i:!k* driiiinp i,, C7 "* <' - t o . T , * ? ' I-- lzu 11 a particle size Average per cent of Wartz in dust None None None None None ,,> 3 3 3 99 99 99 99 35 35 35 35 35 55 55 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 None None ) None None I./ 1.7 1.7 '*1 dusts ever ;* The host eh dust. L V icncy of dusts ? Particle size in New wed the dost Most of the crons m size. Sydney, A us es and found Particle size * ft of V z r J ' : \ i Z T S V iM> a"d a pmetto :s,t ,0r dUSt methods have been ,U , C0"mc(l "> well he Pi!-en , stnndpomt the lower of -lust aw c ,'.icv,5.ed al`<! >Mtl for the r l ,'l!)0ul 1 mien.. Afany hid> Or low dust eon " * * * " f o r t h e TM L 'V tl,C linds universal favor ~ .l!lra.ll0,,:i- l,|c Urcciihiirir-Smith ; U' samPhmr in cither /Icahh Service in a,, J " T lTM '" ^ hoc, tsed hv C , V .1" ,iT ra,us "' henur used hv otltcr worker ' ftiK,ics dttrinjr the past nine " Stau,s P,,bIic lt * ir * ninT^U?"^ tf* -i/ S d S ff'* h a!- summary industries. T W , ^ c` ^ th r S m , ? ' OI' dust content ^ h ^ ^ In- J bfe ' ' imndinuesst,riselsate OfiivniVisihr !,* .mi i -*1if .,,5 ?"'*^r`m-'"flriH`hcnhuin8t|,"rt *. .cx. pio*Mwwee wwassl In ^thedutastlcy taical flnd Statistical Aspects of Silicosis y A L B E R T E. R U SSE L L . M. D E A T~P--------- Surgeon. U, S. Public Health c ' A` ` P` ,, ,,, f t ; SC" T " " s - B" " " ( . . . l\ hc difficult to cstinnte . ,, ' C' their absorption b- n to * ci.vcct <" " llcb ",vc rise to neut-ral , c cnienis, juri, ns , T l, ETM " " * `<T " S o * ' * -* * . ... ization, and h -a l lirnr. ., `',,"l,W<ation alone. The costs .""*" '> million Mines in A ^ r ilia ^ rc^uu'l'l T " 'mCm ,hi< vwr,n^ 1,0i;,ila'' susz sssa ^I - s r r s r a - - n - n r ^ r 1?1oi-siii- is ~a- hw t S ~ fl,e^ tr{al- - a pay many times fa monev. K ^ l'h hh ' and'^'" a-'1}' I,caltIl"Proiuotig act;v;K. ijfrangcly ctttmgi,. 0nlv Z J Z ,d7.ct,,c,e,'t ^w tfan. S act,' u>- . ` & ^ 'WS d'1St - d , attention