Document DDLjkYo3rVGDD7w5dJbBv29BB

UNITED STATES DEPARTMEN HAROLD L. 1CKES, S BUREAU OF MI JOHN W. FINCH, Dir MINERALS YE 1935 r. Compiled under the sup O. E. KIESSL N49760 fc: LEAD W.Hy El me r Pe h r s o n a n d H. M SUMMARY OUTLINE Pnge -I summary........................................................ "d Industry and N. II. A............................... atlonal Resources Board report on lend "dustry..................................................... . ecta of Increased precious rnolnl price* on lead mining............................................................ eatlc production................................................. tal production..................................................... imary lead.............................................................. Refinery production........................................... Source of primary lead..................................... 8oft lead................................................................... Anttmonial lead................................................... "ndarylead......................................................... ^id pigments.......................................................... ise production...................................................... 76 __ 80 81 81 82 82 84 84 Stocks................... Domestic consu New supply.. Consumption Prices................ Foreigu trade... Imports......... Ei ports........... World aspects o International World produ World consu Review by oo he lead industry of the United States remai dition during 1934. Production again ex at there was further increase in stocks of r ence, the price trended downward through m 4 cents per pound (New York) at the ]'the close. The average was 3.86 cents c il933. Production of refined primary lead in 33. The output of secondary lead, althoug ,33, continued to supply a very large part of n of primary and secondary lead increased '$s associated with automobile manufacture small increase in the use of lead in cable c line in this major outlet for lead. Stocks ased 17 percent, but since there was a su aterials on hand and in process at refineri greased only 6 percent. Production at the m 76 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1936 LEAD Outside the United States consumption increased 17 percent, prj duction increased 15 percent, and stocks of refined lead declined | percent, yet in spite of this marked improvement in the statistii position the London quotation for lead fell from 2.55 cents per poul (United States exchange basis) in January to 2.28 cents in Decembi This adverse price trend was attributed to the method of apply;! the British preferential tariff on lend by which small offerings'] foreign lead unduly depressed the London Metal Exchange quotation' At the close of the year the situation was being studied by the Briti mV Salient statistics of the lead industry in the Uni gucttoD of refined primary lead: urn domestic ores......... short tons a foreign ores and base bullion shortIons.. Jovery of secondary lead: IAi pig load......................................... do.. Bin alloys.............................................do.. J production of pig lead (primary and londary)............................ short tons.. arts:1 fLead In base bullion................ do___ jLead In ore...........1.................... do___ sofrefinod pig lead.............. do___ fined primary lead available for connmptloa.............................. short tons.. gtlmated consumption of primary and wndary lead.................... short tons.. per pound of refined lead at New Fork: Highest monthly averages___ cents.. Lowest monthly average.......... do___ Average for year.........................do___ "Quotation at end of year...........do... "l production of recoverable load short tons. atheastero Missouri district , percent of total.. BTJtah........................................... do... (Idaho...........................................do... Joplin (Trl-8tate) region.......... do___ yjfld smelter production of lead ' motrictons.. United 8tales.......... percent of total.. Mexico........................................ do... ^Australia.....................................do... ^Canada....................................... do... "pain...........................................do... 1 other.................................. do___ Fig u r e 11.--Trends in tbo lend Industry in the United States, 1900-34. Imports Include lead In ore. tL bullion, and refined; exports include refined lead and lead exported In manufactures with benefln drawback. Imports shown for 1934 include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus mate] entering the country under bond and are closely comparable to "general Imports" shown for 1900-33, Government. No attem:npt was made to revive the InternaticflJ Association of Load Producers during the year, and the statistic service which had been continued after the collapse of the cartelf voluntary cooperation of the more important producers ended! October 1934. The recovery in the lead industry outside the United States is] striking contrast to the recovery in the domestic industry. In 19 consumption of lead in the United States equaled only 46 percent] the 1929 total, whereas elsewhere it slightly exceeded the 1929 lew Likewise domestic production was only 44 percent of the 1929 to| while foreign production was over 90 percent. Data for 1934 include lend Imported for Immedlnto consumption Jar bond and aro comparable to "general imports" given In the table jpubject to revision, approximate production. tad industry and N. R. A.--The lead indu ^sident's Reemployment Agreement until Ju fair competition for the industry became e were summarized briefly in last year's ch t the labor provisions of the code wages w labor decreased in some sections of the coun Jyever, wag0 scales before the code was adop specified minimum. Since there has been hvities of the code authority details of th pRot available at this time. jjVbffoncff Resources Board report on the lead i Dmmittee for Mineral Policy of the National Ihded the adoption of some means to preven Stocks and to reduce the present surplus to [^concluded that specific plans should origi frimmediate consideration, however, it sug petter statistics of secondary lead to supple 78 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 LEAD mation services already available for this industry; (2) establishmed j Closer examination of the record, how of consumption foreoasts, to bo made by a Government agency, sucl precious metal prices induced considerab as the Bureau of Minos, in cooperation with producers and organizflj btherwiso might not have materialized consumers; and (3) joint action by the industry under public supe pere resumed at mines, idle in 1933, in t vision to control the accumulation of excess stocks. Philipsburg districts. Higher gold and s Effects of increased 'precious metal prices on lead mining.--The lait |he principal factors that contributed to increases in the prices of gold and silver in 1934 over 1933 increasa Bark City, Pioche, Butte, and Eagle d Borne mines in the Bingham and Tintic dis 100 Head pr o d u c t io n ! Utah, were partly offset by increased prod Possible by the rise in gold and silver reve 1933 1934 75 lial increase in byproduct lead from gold a pom the following table which gives the p ores in 1933, with an estimate for 1934: o x ^ 50 <a0 2 t<o 25 fl .1 Fi fl ri |The increase from gold and silver ores w E10 * recious metal mines in Colorado a er gold and silver prices. "|ln some districts where gold and silver art of the total revenue lead productio g 5 Bcounted for by producers being able profitably as a result of higher precious m Bine of the smaller mines,By voluntary cu 0 pcumulation of stocks, by selective minin Bold and silver and lower lead values, a lpgher-zinc ores in lead-zinc mines induc Brice of zinc in 1934. Thus in tho Willo precious metal revenue per pound of lea ad production declined substantially. iltput were recorded in the Coeur d!Al entral districts and in Tooele County. Fio u h k 12.- Lead production and approximate gold and sllvor yield per pound of lead In the prli lead-producing districts, 1033-31. It Is assumed that the gold and silver yield per pound of lead in_ was tbe same in quantity as for the latest previous year In which where was substantial produotlo4l| most cases 1033. Average prices used in computing yield were as follows: 1933, silver $0.35 and 0 $25.69 per ounce; 1031, silver $0.(H04-f and gold $34-95 per ounce. The average New York price off was 3.87 cents in 1933 and 3.80 cents in 1934. In Colorado, lead Is obtained largely from ores mined gold and silver, so that tbe precious metal yield per pound of lead Is exceptionally high. Tbe yield A ores in tbo miscellaneous districts included in "all others" was not shown, as it would represent i an average of ores in which tbe precious-metal revenue per pound of lead varies greatly. .ver yield in 1934 exceeded 1 cent per p jEnough time probably has not elapse her precious metal prices on lead m |Ure it seems reasonable to expect th brease in consumption will be met by Eastern States. This region, however the precious metal revenue of lead producers in the United States I nearly $4,000,000. Since all the auriferous and argentiferous le and lead-7.inc ores are produced in the Western States virtually'! of the increase in precious metal revenue was enjoyed by West producers, thus improving their competitive position with produc in the Central and Eastern States. But the record for 1934 reve| that the total mine production of lead increased only 5 percent that on the average the increase was shared fairly equally by distriij pduction sufficient to meet any large inc osumption returns to predepression leve ptnade in the price of lead to permit e nprecious-metal-bearing lead mines. lied that increased gold and silver pric 'easinag sa tocks of lead and have thus ipes. This obviously works to the detr Bain little or no gold and silver. that yield precious metals and those that do not (see fig. 12). 80 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1935 LEAD DOMESTIC PRODUCTION \sjined primary lead produced in the United Slates, 192 Refined pig lead produced in the United States is derived from thr main sources--domestic ore, foreign ore and base bullion, and secon ary materials. The following table shows the production from eac of these sources from 1925 to 1934. Total pig lead produced in the United States, 1925-34, short tons From do mestic ores and base bullion From for eign orea and baso bullion From secondary materials 1025. 1920. 1927. 1928. 1920. 1930. 1931 1932 1933 1934. 054.021 680.085 008,320 620, 202 072.408 673,740 390. 200 255,337 250,010 200,841 112.048 118,250 128,210 154,800 102. 135 CO,203 62. 604 33.024 13,003 11,395 112,420 125.000 110.000 138.000 138, 600 129.000 128, 800 128.000 131,800 124,500 982793..3M311 999111935,,.6oIf3nl 75772i.. OmS 415,361 406,371 435,7T PRIMARY LEAD Refinery production.--Production of refined primary lead in 193 increased 14 percent and was equivalent to the normal production a the close of the nineteenth century. Production from foreign ores an base bullion declined 18 percent and was the lowest since 1886, th first year in which lead production from foreign raw materials w* reported. Lead derived from domestic ores increased 15 percent ' 1934. ' Refined primary lead produced in the United Slates, 10S9-34- Production (abort tons) Sources (short tons) Value f Dcsilverized lead > Desilverizod soft load Soft lead * Total pro duction 1 From domestic ores and base bul lion From foreign ores From forolgn base bullion Aver* Ago per pound Total j 1920............... 1930............... 1931............... 10.32............... 1933............... 1934............... 483.022 390, 094 203,919 189. 707 105, 791 186,408 55. 000 45,578 40,450 35,524 22,210 22, 744 235,345 201,301 133,389 03.130 85, 578 102,024 774, 033 043,033 442.704 288,301 273, 579 311,236 072, 498 673, 740 300,200 255,337 259,616 200,841 20,075 34,348 22.254 21,747 7,077 10, 241 72,400 34,045 30,250 11,277 6, 280 1,154 $0,063 .050 .037 .030 .037 .037 $97,004, a 64.303,0 32,765,0 17,302,0 20,245,0 23,031, on > The lead content of anllmonlal lead Is excluded (see p. 82). ' Desilverized soft lead Is excluded. 1929 1930 19 etic ore.. foreign ore: L Australia.......... . - Canada................. Europe.............. K Mexico............... " South America.. Other foreign.... for^pliirn base bullion; Mexico................. South America... Total foreign. Grand total................................................. 672. 498 9, 490 28 16.807 3, 286 61 29,075 61,295 21,165 72. 460 102, 135 774,033 673, 740 14,369 41 14,949 3,476 1,610 34, 348 18.602 16,353 34,045 69,293 043,033 390 3 6 2 9 22 30 30 62 442 Source of primary lead.--Of the total refine D.6.3 percent was derived from domestic ores, bres, and 0.4 percent from foreign base bu *breign ores increased 33 percent in 1934 owi jrom Newfoundland, Peru, Chile, and Moxico Had European (mostly Swedish) ores in 1934 non of refined lead from foreign base bullion 1934, all due to lower production from Me pVer 117,000 tons of Mexican bullion were refi Bp 1934 less than 1,000 tons were treated. lead derived from domestic ores are given Production. TsiSWf lead.--Nonargentiferous lead ores of Jsoft lead can bo produced without elabora known as soft-lead ores. Most of the soft-le KJhited States are smelted into pig lead; bu used each year in the manufacture of le (ublimed lead and leaded zinc oxide. Abou produced from soft-lead ores is desilverized Manufacture of white lead where high purity |$ Soft lead produced in the United Stales from domestic Year Soft pig lead Undesll- Desil verlted verized Total Sof reco in me rT. 1;................................................................. 235,345 201,361 138.389 63, J30 85,578 102,024 65, 606 45,578 40, 466 35,624 22,210 22,744 291,011 246. 939 178,845 98.654 107,788 124,768 jacludea domestlo refined lead, domestic lead In aotlmonlal lead NUp lead la antlmonial lead computed on different basis beginn 82 MINEIIALS YEAKBOOK, 19^5 LEAD Anlimonial lead.--Antimonial lead or hard lead is an important byproduct of the refining of base bullion, but the amount derive from this source is only a small part of the country's yearly produfl t.ion. The major part is derived from the smelting of antimonial lew scrap, and some is produced by mixing metallic antimony with refine) soft load. ,] Several lead-smelting plants operate on sera]) materials exclusively Production data from such plants are summarized in the chapter o| Secondary Metals. A large quantity of hard lead scrap also is treatej at primary smellers and refineries, and the production of antimoni) lead at these plants is shown in the table that follows. J Antimonial lead produced al.primary lead refineries, 1029-34 Production (short tons) Antimony content Lead content by difference (short tons) .* .he large return of secondary lead is due to , t;of the metal consumed each year goes int .tb eventually returns to the smelter for .pical of such uses are cable coverings, p ring metal, and most important of all, autom ^present, one-half or more of the secondary lea m discarded storage batteries, and the rapid in ~ap was the principal factor contributing to th auction before the depression. Likewise ply of battery scrap has aided in maintain naary lead during the depression. From 1909 to 1918 the growth of secondary lively slow. Although the use of storage ba gan before tho war it was not until 1921 opted widely as standard equipment; conse Year From From domestic foreign ore ore From scrap Total Short tOOS Percent age From domestic ore From foreign ore From scrap ToU 1929 ........... 1933 . .. 1934............. 17,092 8,918 (?) (?) (?) <>) 8,607 4,793 (?) (?) (?) o) 17, 675 11.086 (?) (') (') ! ) 43, 244 24,797 21,842 21,024 17,805 16,607 4.935 2,967 2,438 2, 405 1.720 2, 263 11.4 12.0 11. 2 11.9 9.7 13.6 ill 0) 3, 628 3, 577 4, 158 5,901 (!> (') 1,603 1,466 791 330 SI! 14,173 J3, 486 11,136 9, llJ 38.J 1*1 10,3 14,1 r.40 e <rt 2 -30a 6- Domestic primary production*^ i Not recordod, 1 Segregation discontinued. SECONDARY LEAD j Secondary lead is increasing steadily in importance as a source | supply for industry. In 1909, the first year for which adequate da(j are available, production of secondary lead amountod to less th^ 42,000 tons and was equivalent to only 12 percent of thq do meat] primary lead output. During the next two decades production j secondary lead increased steadily and more rapidly than that { primary lead. By 1929 it had reached a peak of 311,000 tons, eq\u to 46 percent of the primary output. During the depression tl decline in secondary production has beon much less pronounced th( in primary production, so that by 1933 the proportion had reachJ 86 percent. In 1934 a 7-percent decline in secondary output and! concomitant increase of 15 percent in primary output brought u proportion down to 70 percent. 1 Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1929-34 1 1 Year 1 Pig lead (short tons)-- At primary At second plants ary plants Total Total recovered lead a Lead lu alloys (short to us) Short tons Value Ratio tl domecti larefined p m ary (percesi 1931 .............................. 1932.................................. 05.359 48.135 43.774 33.011 41,032 1 33,657 73,141 80,866 85.026 94,389 90, 108 90,943 138.500 129,000 128,800 128,000 131.800 124,500 i 172,500 126,800 105,000 70,300 92,700 83,000 Compiled by J. P. Dunlop, of tho Bureau of Mines. 311,000 $39,186,000 255,800 25.680.000 17.367.800 198,300 11.898.000 224. 500 10.613.000 208,400 18,421,800 J----------- 1 1 6 * l3T 7T{eJ??s ,n production of primary and secondary load and th the United States, 1005-34. A large part of the secondary lead la d * and since there has been a relatively small deoline in the total nu P upply "" been maintained relatively well and has been availa -*w o d . ^Thls accounts largely for the small decline In production i e amounts of battery scrap had not mate 9, however, there was a substantial rise in Ably due to a sharp increase in the sup action of which had boon induced by the hi f'1918. The new trend was temporarily less recession of 1920-21, but from 1921 t 'supply of battery scrap resulting from the p .her of au tomobiles in use is reflected in the production. |t;lpresent the collection of discarded batte g to the universal practice of battery d es as trade-ins on new ones; thus the s ^regularly to the smelters and is affecte :omy to a minor extent. Since the num tion decreased only slightly during the ttery scrap has continued at relatively hig d adversely, however, by the tendency ' 84 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 LEAD replacements during hard times, a fact evidenced by the increase ll the average life of a battery from about 2 years in 1928 and 1929 jl 2.7 years m 1932. Since then it has declined again to 2.2 yearsJj 1934. Another adverse factor has been the decrease in the quantitj of lead used per battery, which fell from 29 pounds in 1928 to 21 pounds in 1934. Thus, while the total number of motor vehicles il use only dropped from 26,616,000 in 1929 to 24,933,000 in 1931 (6 percent) the supply of lead and antimony in battery scrap ftff 27 percent--from 153,000 tons in 1929 to 111,000 tons in 1934 according to estimates of the American Bureau of Metal Statistic! Since lead constitutes 96 percent or more of the above tpnnages tK lead derived therefrom was equivalent to approximately half of th total secondary lead production. LEAD PIGMENTS Lead pigments manufactured in 1934 contained 165,211 tons lead from the sources shown in the following table. Of this tot about 157,294 tons were derived from refined pig lead, of which whia lead accounted for 41 percent, lithargo 42 percent, rod lead 16 percent and sublimed lead and orange mineral 1 percent. Sublimed lead anj leaded zinc oxide are the principal pigments in which the. lead cont is derived from ores. Lead in pigments,1 1929-34, by sources, in short tons Year Lead in pigments from-- Domestic ore1 Metal Scrap Total Year Lead in pigments from-- Domestic ore1 Metal 8crap Totf 1929--........... 1930................ 1931................ 9,429 6,686 6, 722 248.667 190, 182 J66,328 2,427 689 710 260,513 197,557 172,760 1932. 1933. 1934. 4,932 0,875 7. 538 127.318 143,027 157, 294. 262 56 H*| 379 16f " 1 Includes also lead recovered In zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide. * No pigments from foreign ore. Further dotails on the production of load pigments are given in i chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts. MINE PRODUCTION Mine production of recoverable lead in 1934 was nearly 286,79 tons, an mcreaso of 5 percent over 1933; it was 57 percent below i average for 1925 to 1929. Production in the Western States increa 6 percent, in the Central States 4 percent, and in the Eastern Stdj 16 percent. f Compared with the 5-year average for 1925-29 production in 18 was as follows: Westorn States, 45 percent; Central States, 40 cent; and Eastern States, about 89 percent. Missouri continue!) rank first in production and increased 6 percent in output. Id ranked second and Utah third, but decreased 5 and 1 percent, reapl tively, in output. These three States contributed 77 percent ofifl total output in 1934. Nevada, Montana, Kansas, Colorado,; Arizona produced more lead in 1934 than in 1933, whereas Oklahojl New Mexico, and Alaska produced less. The output of all importa lead-producing States in 1934, except Nevada and New Mexico, n far below the 5-year predopression average. tine production of recoverable lead in the United S 8tat* fofcUrn States and Alaska: fifiAlaska.............................. I Arizona........................ California.......................... ,i Colorado....................... Idaho............................ i)j Montana........................... Nevada......................... New Mexico........... " Tj'.Oregon......................... 3.. oc South Dakota___.... . W\ Texas........... rutah................ |v Washington...................... Wyoming..................... ' 1926-29 Average 1830 19 982 . 9,743 2.070 30,112 141,610 18,871 9,807 6,730 6 21 213 149. 609 1.323 1,366 4,246 1,780 22,130 134,068 10. 653 11,629 10, 378 5 198 116,496 676 1 1 6 99 4 7 11 79 1 ntraJ States: Arkansas.......... . JJIJnnJs.............. r Kansas......... ` Kentucky......... Missouri........... ' Oklahoma........ L Wisconsin......... If-t fiMtarn States: New York.. Tennessee., i Virginia___ 90s ) Subject to revision. 370.907 312,413 216 38 662 26, 121 136 202, 240 68, 306 1,746 289, 137 63 248 12,910 101 199, 632 23,062 1,637 237,633 7 160 13 181 | 8,367 } 4.096 7, 4,096 664,230 8,367 668,313 7, 404, |ftn production of recoverable lead in the principal le United States, 19$9--34, in shor District State atheastern Missouri re* Ifclon. Missouri.............. DpipQeKlibr adi'QA.le..n.e..r.e.g..io..n................. fpJJn region............... Idaho.................... Utah..................... Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma. Utah..................... New Mexico........ Wntlo................................... Utah..................... Butte................................... ntraJ............. . . .......do..t................ Montona.............. New Mexico......... fc::::::::::::::::: lidvide............................. jtpJuan Mountains.......... #yd County....................... fetailoe.......................... . ` rMississippi Valley.. Montana............... Utah..................... . Colorado.............. .......do..................... Cn/ffornia.............. Washington.......... Iowa, northern finer........................ fid d'Orelllo............ pbee (Warren)........ Iilkl**iCr..o.u..n.t.y................ Sirriarir SIPpplarii'nnsg.s............................... Illinois, Wiscon sin. Arizona.................. Idaho..................... Arizona................. Colorado............ I. Montana............ Idaho.................... Montana.............. Idaho.................... Nevada...... .......... . -`hclsco....................... Utah........ v.......... . Unvllla *..................... Virginia................. ^Rabbit1...................... Nevada................ . 'Blanco4.......................... i i*........................... i Arizona................ . Nevada................. awrenoe County*......... ] New York........... . 1929 197,436 141,668 49,447 74,143 42, 670 6,720 44, 113 Ji. 761 8. 239 3,760 25 5, 172 17, 386 070 328 1,636 2,933 863 1, 020 198 6, 137 1,607 1. 177 1, 870 U 099911 () 2. 430 () 2,986 1030 198,622 129,311 42,686 36, 972 30,876 6,431 29,474 10. 167 2,640 3.936 1,287 18 0,803 11,722 1,711 207 1,537 929 m956 2,821 41,,760738 120 829 3,622 1. 464 (*) 4,868 1 Subject to revision. 1 Data not available. ' Bureau of Mines not at ilb 4 Not listed aoeording to ran 86 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1935 STOCKS Lead stocks, as reported by tho American Bureau of Metal Statisl tics, are shown in the following table. Stocks of refined and anti| monial lead include inotal hold by all primary refiners and most of th^ rofiners of secondary material that produce common lead.' Foreigr load refined in the United States and entered for domestic consump tion is included. During tho past 6 years stocks of refined pig leads have increased steadily. At the close of 1934 they were nearly 5.41 times the amount held at the close of 1929. Combined stocks on refined and antinionial lead on December 31, 1934, exceeded a 7jj month supply at the average rate of consumption in 1934. Stocks oy unrefined lead on hand and in process at smelters declined in 1934. Lead slocks al end of year at smellers and refineries in the United Stales, 1929-S& in short tons ' 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1 ADtlmodlal lead........................................... Lead io base bullion'. Ia process at rellnorles............................... Lead la ore and matte and in process at smelters................................................................. 41,720 9,350 51,076 S, 313 7, no 18,089 31.618 28, 209 110,893 95. 524 7, 723 103.247 8.171 4.281 14, 308 26.800 28.807 168,744 147,406 4.187 161,663 12. 652 2.971 10, 228 26,151 40,185 217,989 104,722 11,435 176,157' 13,911 1,302 10, 720 25,933 Cl, 200 263, 296 191,624 11,437 203,061 12,786 2,191 10,403 25,380 67, 263 205, 704 223, 10,41 234,0 6.0 1,59 11,6 19,1 60, t 313,61 According to the annual review of the British Metal ^CorporatiQ stocks of refined lead outside the United States declined in 1934 frog 330.000 short tons on January 1 to 286,000 tons on December 31 The former figure represents a downward revision of 45,000 tons if their estimate given a year ago (375,000 tons). On the basis of th revised figure world stocks may be estimated to have declined froj 533.000 to 520,000 tons. Normally, world stocks amount to approg matoly 200,000 tons. DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION New supply.--The following table shows the refined primary lea available for consumption from 1929 to 1934. The computation del not take into account changos in producers' stocks, and as these has increased steadily during the past 6 years the quantities shown over stato actual consumption of now lead. Nevertheless, tho supply ava` able for consumption in 1934 was equivalent to only 43 percent of th in 1929. * LEAD jjlned primary pig lead available for consumption in th ' in short tons 1929 1930 1031 ply: b. Stock io bouded warehouse Jan. 1. ^Imports of pigs, bars, and old........ rfroductloo................... ,................... 4,139 1,058 774,633 1,328 200 643,033 (*) 1 442,76 fUbdrawo: "iBiports; Pig lead.,................................................. i-.j / la manufactures, with benefit of Stook in bonded warehouse Dec. 31.. '780,430 644,670 73,251 48, 307 13,086 . 12,161 1,328 (") 442,77 21,66 10,50 (0 87,605 61,706 32,16 ipply available for consumption.. Etl^--______ __________ 602,765 582, 774 410,60 8tooks of pigs, bars, etc., In bonded warehouse not separately recor a base bullion. (8ee table on p. 61.) por purpose of calculating Quantity available for domestic consump *^l.to have remained unchanged from the beginning of the year. . . Consumption by uses.--Owing to the large re njm the lead-consuming industries the total co Katly exceeds the supply of new lead ava |ple gives the American Bureau of Metal Sta tal consumption of lead by industries, during Lead consumed in the United Stales,1 in 1929- Purpose uU lead.................. ! lead and litharge. "ge batteries......... sooverlng............. tiding....................... lobUes................ pay equipment... building................ boopniaittleo.n........................... 119,700 30.000 210,000 220,000 96.000 18.000 5,700 300 41, J00 4,200 39,800 33.000 37.000 18.000 31,500 18,000 50,000 83,900 32,000 163.000 208.000 87.000 11.000 5,200 500 83,300 2,700 26,000 20,000 27.000 16.000 21,000 12,000 40,000 77.50 18,00 157.00 117.00 40.00 6,00 1,00 40 29,70 2.20 20.00 12,00 20.50 14,40 15.00 7,00 30.00 972,300 768,600 687.70 : American Bureau of Metal Statistics. These estimates are stive of whether its origin be primary or secondary. Antlmonial > '_ _ he industrial use of lead increased 10 percen percent below the 1929 record. Factors jase in 1934 included the 43-percent rise in S'and the 23-percent increase in building c lories continued to be the largest consumer TMnt in 1934. Although this outlet for lea fiber of new automobiles produced the majo ntfe^in old cars. Out of a total of 12,900,000 Pufactured in 1934, 10,121,000 went into rep ttber of automobiles registered in 1934 was 2 88 MINEItALS YEAItHOOK, 1036 LEAD of 5 percent over JU33. To the increase in now automobile product! tion, however, may be attributed the increase in the direct use of lead! in automobiles and a portion of the increase assigned to bearing! metals. J Consumption of lead in cable covering, normally the largest use o(i lead, increased slightly in 1934 but was still at very low levels. This! was due largely to the sharp decline in the manufacture of telephonal cable during the depression. I The revival in construction activity is reflected in the increased use! of lead directly in building and in the manufacture of white lead and! red lead, which are used largely in paint manufacture. White lead! formerly was the principal use of lead and over a decade ago accounted! for approximately 25 percent of the lead used in this country. Owing! to competition from zinc and titanium pigments, however, its relativel importance has decreased to only 14 percent in 1934. The use off lead in ammunition increased again in 1934, whereas lead foil and calking declined substantially. Under "other uses" the largest iteni in recent years has been the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, which hall been increasing rapidly. Compared with 1929 the quantity of leaw used in the six principal consuming industries in 1934 was as followsa Storage batteries, 78 percent; white lead, 54 percent; ammunition! 85 percent; cable covering, 16 percent; building, 31 percent; and re-" lead and litharge, 93 percent. PRICES " The two major markets for lead in the United States are New York and St. Louis; a large part of the lead produced in the United State! is sold at prices based on quotations in these markets. The New York! quotations are influenced to some extent by the lower prices usuallyjj prevailing on the London market, so that the New York price seldon exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight differentia normally 0.35 cent a pound. The price of lead in 1934 was slightly lower than in 1933. Thi average New York quotation was 3.86 cents per pound compared witH 3.87 cents in 1933; it was 43 percent below that of 1929. At thi beginning of 1934 the price was 4 cents. This quotation was maiqj tained until early in April, when anticipation of higher prices expectej1 as a result of pending approval of the Lead Code and the genera improvement in business stimulated a buying wave which broughj the quotation up to 4.25 cents. During the latter part of May, howl ever, the downward trend, which began in October 1933 after thfl inflationary rise in the summer of that year, was resumed and mailjf tained until a low for the year of 3.5 cents was reached during thfl latter part of November and the first half of December. The quotH tion at the close of the year was 3.7 cents. The large increase in leai stocks in 1934 and the weakness of the London market affected tlj domestic price unfavorably in 1934. _ The Loudon quotation for 1934 (United States exchange basil averaged 2.46 cents per pound--1.4 cents below the New Yorl average. Owing to moro settled exchange conditions the differentia between New York and London was maintained within relatively narrow limits. The London quotations, which declined from 11.301 in January to 10.317 in December, did not reflect a substantia Improvement in the statistical position ne method of applying-the 10-percen fcadmade it possible for small offerin iduly the London market. _* ` jiverage monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead 1932-34t wi cents pe Moolh 1932 3t. New Louis York London St. Lou [January........ Fe"ibroruha.r.y._._._. ril.............. atr.......... Root............ Joly................ Mrust...... September.. * ober......... ffdvember.. ober... A verage........... 3.65 3.61 2.99 2.90 2.90 2.89 2. 69 3.09 3.32 2.94 2.93 2.88 . 3.04 3.75 3. 72 3.15 3.00 3. 00j 2.99 2.73 3. 24 3. 40 3.00 3.06 3.00 2.31 2.26 2.01 1.88 1.75 1.60 1.60 1.70 2.03 1.81 1.77 1.63 3.18 > 1.86 2.8 2.8 3.03 8.1 3.6 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.14 4.04 3.7 P St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1935, p. 373. Average dally Louis (open market), as reported dally Id the American Me ` New York: American Metal Market, dally issues. Pig lea lent from West. Loodoo: Metal Statistics, 1935, p. 377. Average price of f I Metal Statistics, converted to cents per pound at average e Board. IjLcmdon quotations In pounds sterling per long ton, as FOREIGN TRA irtThe forei.gn trade of the Uni.ted Sta Imports of ore and base bullion, whic bond, and the export of this lead eithe pictured products. Sinco 1927, howeve 3934 only 13,344 tons of lead in ore and imount of refined and scrap load) w 1,389 tons in 1927; exports of refined 5,906 tons. During the same period ith benefit of drawback declined from [Imports.---Total imports of lead in ore r immediate consumption and entrie ifeent in 1934 due to increased shipme [hile, and Mexico. Receipts from Ca id there was no intake of Swedish or illion increased 54 percent, most of t ents from Mexico. Imports of refine ports of lead increased 74 percent bu i percent of the 1929 total. p Figures on Imports nud exports compiled by Claude Ca mi Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. r- . 90 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1935 Total lead imported into the United States, 1929 34, by classes, in short tons 1 Yoar J^ad In ore nod matte Load In b&so bul lion rigs, bars, sheets, and old 1920.. 1930.. 1931.. 1932.. 1933.. 1934. 31,331 39,377 20.888 21,001 6,958 10.611 83.071 38, 030 32, 320 13,462 1.587 2, 450 1,657 209 ' 10 44 109 283 i Data for 1934 Include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering the coun' under bond and are comparable to "goDeral Imports" given In the table for 1929-33. i Reclaimed scrap, etc. No imports of pigs, bars, etc., were recorded for 1931. Total lead imported into the United Stalest in ore, base bullion, and refined, 1929-& by sources, in short tons 1 Year Canada Mexico New found- land South America Europe Other countries Total. 1929 ..................................................... 1932....................................................... 1934....................................................... 4,512 17,208 2,618 2.469 1.620 1,100 87. 930 36,721 38, 706 13,645 2,154 3,270 | 9,708 10,598 3,357 23, 520 22,472 2,171 2.81t 1.486 5. 455 14 113 5. 053 2, 368 07 71 1.6421 15 41 18 35 i Data for 1934 include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering the coun" under bond and ore comparable to "general imports" given In the table for 1929-33. Total lead imported into the United States, in ore and vi atte, 1929--34, by count in short tons 1 . Country 1929 1930 1931 1932 1033 1934 Other countries........................-........................... 3.953 2. 295 23.415 <*) 1,601 07 31,331 17, 257 3,313 10,341 831 1,636 30.377 2,614 1.866 6,495 9.708 104 11 20.888 - 2, 459 2.211 195 10,698 477 6.024 37 21,001 1,629 661 802 622 2,202 2 6.968 ,10 i Data for 1934 Include lead In oro and matte Imported for Immediate consumption plus material en the country under bond and are comparable to "general imports" given in the table for 1929-33. * Less than 1 ton. Total lead imported into the United States, in base bullion, 1929-34, by countr. in short tons 1 Country 929 1930 1031 1032 1933 Mexico..................................... Peru................. ........................ Other countries.................. 63. 458 19. M 8 20. 3.50 18.280 32. 210 110 32,320 J3,340 121 1 13,462 1,281 308 1,687 i Data for 1934 include lead in base bullion imported tor immediate consumption plus material en tbe country under bond and aro comparable to "general Imports" given in the table for 1929-33. LEAD gd remaining in warehouses in the United Slates, De &, tons ' ` ' , {Stated In tbe form Jn which the materia] was enter Year Lead In ore and matte Lead In Pics, bars, base bul sheets, lion and old Year 00,207 39.616 62,849 76,434 6,642 < 5,343 1.328 K 1932. 1933 1934 rigs, bars, and old Included with base bullion; not recorded sepa Imports of consumption decreased in valu ge decline in withdrawals of lead in the f aports of base bullion for consumption incre 1 1 Lead imported for consumption in the United Stat Lead In ore and matte * Lead In base bullion Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value 10,823 15,458 10,734 9,647 19, 239 10,700 $1,160.633 1,401,350 1,194,191 663.135 1,154,093 668,668 6,198 10,423 10,430 2,674 300 2,220 $627,456 1,127,920 671,002 131,679 31, 700 117,729 10,089 671 >10 44 46 286 $1,062,087 60,493 *1,763 2,031 2,199 10,678 ^Classification as follows: Jan. 1, 1029, to June 17, 1930, "Lead in ore "Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n. s. p. f." claimed scrap, etc. No Imports of pigs, bars, etc., recorded for icellaneous products containing lead imported for li? States, 1929-34 Babbitt metal, solder, white metal, and other combinations contain ing lead . Gross Lead weight content (short tons)1 (short tons) i jValue ( _! ............................................... BLi___ ___________......... |M.................................... .......... &-------------------- 1,605 1,399 906 498 349 709 1 663 $777, 354 530 693,103 310 436, 674 191 143,662 51 30,623 102 71.605 sports of antimonlal pig containing about 14 percent lead formerly SO&lal lead." In 1934 the Bureau of Foreign and Domestfo Co ladder, white metal, etc."; the 1933 figures are revised to compa jorts.--Exports of refined lead declined ;e equivalent to only 6 percent of the aver 9. decline in 1934 was due largely to the los lich increased its purchases from Mexico Stralia. 92 MINERAL'S YEARBOOK, 1035 Foreign lead exported in manufactures with benefit of drawba amounted to 7,472 tons, an increase of 15 percent over 1933. AboJ 35 percent of the 1934 total was contained in storage batteries dj ported. Other lead exports included: Litharge and red lead, 16 cent; sheets, pipes, solder, etc., 15 percent; white lead, 12 perceij and electrical apparatus, 11 percent. Hefined lead exported from the United- States, 19%9-SJ, Year Pigs, bars, and old 8bort tons Value Foreign lead exported In manufactures with benefit of drawback (abort tons) Year Pigs, bars, and old 8bort tons Value Foreign Is exported) manufactB with bettf of drawbs (short tod 1931............... 73,251 $7.178.337 4$, 307 3,904. 213 21,606 1,241,881 13.086 12,101 10,603 1932............. 1933............. 1934............. 23. 616 22.831 6,906 $1,069,697 832.984 304,681 7, fl, 7. LEAD Btal, approximately the same as in 1933. lucing countries and the percentage of the fifed in 1934 were as follows: Australia, 15 10.8; Germany, 9.1; Belgium, 6.7; Spain, Inmsia, 2.1; and U. S. S. R. (Russia), 2.0. -States other important producers showed th greases: Mexico, 40; Canada, 24; Germany ^Tunisia, 84; and U. S. S. R. (Russia), 97. irtually unchanged, while that in Austra ad 16 percent, respectively. Productio aounted to about 434,000 metric tons in tat over 1933 and 17 percent over the 5-ye Empire's share of world output was 33 perc 22 percent from 1925 to 1929. If World production of lead, 1929-34, [Complied by L. M. Jones, of tile Bure Refined pig lead exported from the United States, 1929--S^, hy destinations, iA short tons Destination 1930 COUNTRY Argentina.......................... Brazil.......................................... Canada...................................... France...................................... Germany................................. Japan.......................................... Mexico....................................... Netherlands........................... Philippine Islands.______ Sweden..................................... United Kingdom................ Uruguay.................................. Other........................................ CONTINENT North America.................... SEouurothpeA.m...e.r.i.c.a................................. Asia........................................... Africa and Oceanis............. 73, 251 934 874 9 3,001 823 15, 653 40 22 643 7,657 9,157 364 9.330 48,307 093 3, 852 50,649 18,055 2 73,251 318 2. 442 27.899 17. 289 350 48.307 21,606 41 732 6 21,663 360 22,831 Loss than 1 ton. WORLD ASPECTS OF LEAD INDUSTRY International cooperation.--No attempt was made during 193J revive the Lead Cartel, which went out of existence with the in sition of the British tariff on lead in 1932. The cooperative arrri rnent between the more important foreign producers, by which reg compilation of statistics had been continued after the collapse o| cartel, ended in October 1934 because one of the larger producer unwilling to continue giving its figures. f World production.---World smelter production of lead increase percent in 1934 but was equivalent to only 74 percent of the r| output of 1929. Production increased 16 percent in the US States and 15 percent in the rest of the world. The United ST was the leading producer and contributed 21.3 percent of thejj jfo; Country1 1929 1930 Argentina.................................... Australia...................................... Ittstrla.......................................... . Belgium....................................... jjttuda......................................... . Dfioeen............................................................. gtacboslovakla................................................... [tanoe.............................................................. Rnnanyt................................... . JSrreeeaoteB...r..i.t..a...i.n............................................................................... fUofsrjr........................................................... fidIs (Burma)............................................. .. ... fido-Chlna............................... panllllllll III .................. ftxfoo.................................................................... forthem Rhodesia..................................... . fohrsy............................................... Roland................................... ........................... fertugal........................ ................ lumanla......................................... ......... Cttth-Weat Africa ............................................. pain.............................................................. foltaf States (refined) 7._........................... |< 0. 0. R. (Russia)......................... ................ rngoilavla.............................................................. 9,020 180.358 6.609 82,860 138,096 333 4.609 20.358 97,900 10,839 109 81, 621 17 22,650 239,'052 300 19,448 35,789 96 666 2,802 142,753 18,850 7,324 636,907 6,200 9, 471 ' 130 4,225 110; 800 70 81,010 II 24,340 242,' 537 984 3,661 123,263 19,400 4, 664 661,645 10, 750 10,019 1 3 1,784000 1,696,000 1,3 PBy countries where smelted but not neoessarlly refined. Yin addition to the oouatrles listed China smelts lead, but no re "Date not available. Eioluslve of secondary material (Metallgesellsobaft, FrooJcfurt) Approximate production. ,Year endceodveMr adro.rn3e1sotifoyereafrinfeodlloawuindg^i that stated, ead reOned from foreign o s bullion not Included. Year endod Sept. 30. pproxim&te production based on output of countries shown pt.of the total world output. World consumption.--World consumption fed at 1,338,000 metric tons, an increase ^increase in the United States, after ks and including secondary and antim iary refineries, was only 6 percent comp For the first time in many years { 122 MINERALS YEARBOOK., 1935 Magdeburg plant in Germany during the latter part of 1934 deprive! Poland of a large supply of ore from German Upper Silesia and market for metallic zinc in Germany. This situation is reflected some extent in the trade statistics for 1933 and 1934, which show decrease in German exports of ore to Poland from 79,000 metric to: to 63,000 tons. The magnitude of the change, however, is shov more accurately by a comparison of December 1934 with Decembei 1933. In these two periods German exports of ore to Poland declin from 5,600 to 1,100 tons, and imports of Polish zinc fell from 4,100 1,800 tons. This situation led to the closing down of one Polisl smelter early in 1935. At the close of the year it was reported tha: an agreement had been made with Japan whereby Japan ^as to takf Polish zinc in exchange for silk and other manufactured products: Giesche Spolka Akcyjna, Polish subsidiary of the Anaconda Coppej Mining Co., produced about 41,000 tons of zinc in 1934, compare! with 36,000 tons in 1933. ..... , Spain.--Further decline in zinc mining is indicated by-the decreasi in exports of zinc ore from 75,000 metric tons in 1933 to 56,000 tonfl in 1934. A large part of the oro is produced at the Rcocin mine id" the Province of Santander. This oro is exported mainly to Norway where it is reduced to metal by the electrolytic process. Some ores, derived as byproducts of lead mining in the southern pr<^inces, are smelted in the south of Spain. Smelter production amounted toy about 8,000 tons in 1934. U. S. S. R. (Russia).--Production of zinc in 1934 was about 26,00( metric tons, including about 5,000 tons of eletrolytic zinc. Under thi second 5-year plan production was to have been 97,000 tons in 1934 More than 4,000 tons of zinc were imported in 1934, indicating a con sumption exceeding 30,000 tons. Zinc smelters are located at Conj stantinovo and Byelovo, each with an annual capacity of 12,000 tons Another at Ordjonikidze has a capacity of 6,000 tons. In additioi to the smelter there is an electrolytic-zinc plant at Ordjonikidzi whose capacity was being doubled in 1934. The electrolytic plant a Cheliabinsk is expected to be put into operation during 1935. Ina bility of the reduction plants to attain capacity production was attrib< uted to unsatisfactory exploitation of tho zinc mines. At the close ol 1934 zinc reserves were estimated at 7,400,000 tons. , Yugoslavia.--Trepcn. Mines, Ltd., treated 599,000 metric tons o; ore from which were obtained 93,000 tons of 50-porcent zinc conceit trates and 64,000 tons of 79-percent lead concentrates. This was increase of 10 percent in production of zinc concentrates. Cos: were higher owing to the depreciation of the British pound. Only small part of the ore is treated in Yugoslavia, the major part bein| shipped to Belgium for smelting. Smelter production was only 3,501 tons. By El me r W. Pe h r s o n a n d H. M. SUMMARY OUTLINE Page eneral summary........................................................ 123 iThe Industry and N. JR. A................................. ]2fi duction...................................................................... Lead pigments.......................................................... J25 125 ?2Id o pigments and soils....................................... J 26 "mumptlon by industries.................................... 127 White lead................................................................... 127 Baslo lead sulphate................................................. 127 Litharge...................... :................................ 128 Red lead....................................................................... 128 Orange minorul......................................................... 129 Zlno oxide.................................................................... 129 Consumption by i Leaded zlno oxid Lithopone............ Zlno chloride....... Zinc sulphate..... Raw materials use Producers and pla Prices......................... Foreign trade......... Lend pigments a Zinc pigments a ____ 'Sales of lead and zinc pigments in 1934 to crease of 7 percent over 1933, but most of thi proved prices, as the combined tonnage of le creased less than 2 percent. In view of the 2 pilar volume of paint sales, the 30-percent in anufacturo, the 43-percent rise in automobile 7-percent rise in storage-battery output--all timing industries--it is apparent that lead and acturers did not receive a proportionate sha psiness. .Lead pigments fared better than zinc pigment pies of all lead pigments increased 15 percent ent in quantity, whereas sales of zinc pigments value and decreased 3 percent in quantity. ents except sublimed lead increased in 1934 e principal zinc pigment, also increased, but s ?aded zinc oxide were substantially lower. U igments and all lead pigments except blue subl 934. ^Increased competition was felt in 1934 from reduction of which has risen steadily during timated 1 that 32,000 tons of titanium dioxi 934. Since a large part of the dioxide is mixed .total tonnage of titanium pigments marketed p ably higher. These pigments are finding extens lacing the white lead and zinc pigments, althou ave been affected most seriously in 1934. T ubstituted for zinc oxide and lithopone in the bber goods, paper, and other commodities wh d opacity are desired. Additional productio "Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Progress In Pigment Ind 124 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1935 construction indicates that titanium is destined to supply even morel of the pigment demand. 1 Other factors have curtailed consumption of zinc oxide in the rub-j her industry and the use of litharge in storage batteries. In the com-1 pounding of rubber the recent introduction of new accelerators has! Fiq o r e 15.--Production and price trends of the principal lead and zlno pigments, 1915-34. ; reduced the quantity of zinc oxide used per ton of rubber products.! Battery manufacturers now are manufacturing in increasing quanth' ties a black or suboxide of lead which they use in place of litharge ini battery plates. For this reason sales of litharge in recent years navel not kept up with the increased production of storage batteries. ^ LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS $alienl statistics of the lead and zinc pigments in 1924-28 (average) , Production (sales) of principal pig ments: White lead (dry and in oil) * short tons. Litharge......... ........................do... Red lead.................................. do... Zinc oxide...........................do... Leaded zlno oxide................do... Lltbopone............................... do... \ Value of products: ' All lead pigments........................... All zlno pigments ' Total. Value per ton received by producers: White lead (dry) Litharge. Red lead Zino oxide Leaded zinc oxide Llthopone. . Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports.. Value of Imports. Zinc pigments: Value of exports.. Value of Imports. 2,160,000 931,000 Export balanoe...................... 2,636,000 Import balance. The industry and N. B. A.--The ma 1934 was governed by the Code of F Industry which went into effect on J features of the code were not put int provided for in the zinc oxide and lit established for the zinc industry on Ap PRODUCTI In this report sales of pigments and s production, no account Doing taken of ginning and end of the year. The qu their own plants are included under sa The total value of lead and zinc pi rducers was approximately $48,108,0 $44,962,000 in 1933. The total value $24,002,000 and that of all zinc pigmen lead pigments increased 15 percent in quantity, whereas sales of zinc jugmen value and decreased 3 percent in qua s ton of lead pigments sold in 1934, as re ; 4.4 percent, whereas the average New '(declined 0.3 percent. Zinc pigments .per ton, compared with a 3.2-percent i \ tion for slab zinc. Lead figments.--Production of whit orange mineral increased in 1934, whe creased. Production of white lead in 126 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 percent below the peak of 1922. Likewise production of litharge wasf 12 percent higher in 1934 but was still 22 percent under the record | output of 1929, and output of red lead, which increased 22 percent in'J 1934, was 38 percent below 1929. Production of sublimed lead was | 11 percent less than in 1933. Unit values of all lead pigments except | blue sublimed lead increased in 1934. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1933-34 j LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS v. . .. Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufact 1033 Pigment or salt Short tons' Value (a exclusive tainer) Total Pigment 1033 1034 Short tons Value (at plant, exclusive of con tainer) Avorage Short ton* Value (at plant, exclusive of con* tftlner) Total Average Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead: White........................................................... Blue............................................................. Red lead............................................................. Orange mineral............................................... Litharge............................................................. White lead: Dry.......................................... -................ In oil `......................................................... 7,320 025 21,083 231 61,193 24,628 48,364 $736,404 65,525 2,037,040 46,928 0.197,124 2,763,030 8.372,089 $101 105 120 109 101 112 173 0,309 068 20, 743 234 68.733 22. 509 60,165 $677,897 GO, 013 3, 270.0U 60,778 7^083,609 2,83$, 709 10,002, 820 Wg| 103 j 123 11 317 ! 103 128 178 1 Weight of white lead only but value of paste. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1926-34i short tons ' Year White lead Dry In oil Basic lend sulplinte or sublimed lead Red lead White Blue Orange mineral Litharge . 1825 ......... ,.................... ................ 1929 ................................................. jg32 1934 ................................................. ................................................. 43,426 37,068 38,669 42.049 42, 159 32. 648 30,022 10.646 24.628 22, 569 120,479 111,846 119.026 111,923 104,872 60, 602 00,440 46,723 48.354 68.165 1 14,690 12,271 13,482 16,002 15, 580 10.308 8.790 5. 708 7,320 6.399 1,000 1,230 1,061 1,234 1,234 1,210 890 540 625 668 | 41.009 42, 550 39,073 40. 407 43,021 32,941 26,853 18,880 21,988 28,743 840 813 709 459 678 356 282 212 231 234 1 86,646 82,540 81,655 85,570 87,916 72,678 63,890 58,096 61,193 68,783, Zinc figments and salts.--Production of zinc oxide and leaded zincj oxide declined 12 and 10 percent, respectively, in 1934, whereas th'ats of lithopone increased 3 percent. The 1934 tonnages were equivalents to the following percentages of the 1929 outputs: Zinc oxide 54, leaded! zinc oxide 76, and lithopone 71. Unit values of all three pigment^ increased in 1934. [. Zinc oxide 1................ I Leaded zino oxide i. 9 Lithopone................... IZIno chloride, 60 13 IZino sulphate............ 98,642 22.868 140,831 32,187 6,698 $10,379,937 2,011,761 11,761,600 1,469,745 221,780 i Zino oxide containing 6 percent or more lead is classed as le t?*nc pigments and salts sold by domestic man b/ 1925-84, in short t Year Zino oxide Leaded oxi 61926. 91926. 11927. {1928. 11929. 11930. {1931. 1932. 11633. IF11934. 161,354 146,923 161,246 160,904 100,811 119,142 95,700 72,250 98,642 87,088 31 23 26 24 27 17 18 14 22 20 CONSUMPTION BY IN White lead.-- Over 95 percent of the wh Ithe manufacture of paint. The tonnage above that in 1933 and 45 percent below Tr w^e ^ea<^ *n th ceramic industry de If.' Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) s R. Industry E*.. 1031 1932 Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percen of total [Ofher................................ _ .. . 91,832 2,848 2,688 97,368 . 94.3 2.9 100.0 63,399 1,761 1,614 96.1 2.6 2.3 66.074 100.0 -------------- Quantity so used in 1934 was 7 percent fecent below that in 1929. In 1929 o Ijllphate were used. in storage batteries, |foa]] tonnages during the depression. 128 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1935 Distribution of basic lead sulphate sales, 1931--54, by industries Industry 1031 1932 1933 1934 Short tons Percent of total Short tons Porcent of total Short tons Percent of total Short tons Faints..................... Storage batteries. Rubber.............. . Other.................... . 8,311 697 173 605 83.8 7.2 f1i..28 100.0 5,680 105 77 206 6,207 00.9 3.1 1.2 4.8 100.0 7,072 09 161 613 7,946 80.0 1. 3 2.0 7.7 100.0 6,611 139 03 224 7,067 Litharge.--The principal use of litharge is in the manufacture o storage batteries, but this outlet has been affected adversely by the growing tendency of battery makers to substitute a black oxide, o suboxiae, of lead, which they manufacture themselves. This practi began in 1923, and by 1929 a total of 33,000 tons of the black oxid was being made. In 1931 the tonnage declined to about 23,000, bu since then has increased again to nearly 33,000 in 1934, which w; more than the quantity of litharge used by battery manufacturers that year. In 1934 all major uses of litharge increased except rubb manufacture. ,, '' Distribution of litharge sales, 1931-341 by industries Industry 1931 1932 1933 1934 tons of total Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percent of total Short tons Storage batteries......... Chrome pigments-- Other............................... 31,605 7, 608 7, 351 4,124 3, 582 3, 032 641 208 6,839 63,890 49.6 U.8 11.5 6.5 5.6 4.7 1.0 .3 9.1 100.0 29,306 11,735 4, 703 2.963 2,591 1.921 1,360 169 3,199 68, 096 60. 6 20.2 8.3 5. 1 4.6 3.3 2.3 .3 6.5 100.0 27,327 11. 120 8,070 5, 438 3,973 2,875 610 106 3,668 61,193 44.6 18. 2 9.9 8.9 6.6 4.7 1.0 .2 6.0 100.0 6,162 2,466 414 104 2,982 68.733 Red lead.--The use of red lead in storage batteries increased 2 percent and in paint 22 percent in 1934 over 1933. Distribution of red lead sales, 1981-34, by industries 1931 1932 1933 1934 Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percent of total Short tODS Percent of total Short tons Storage batteries. Paints...................... Ceramics................ Other....................... 13,700 9, 256 811 2,086 26,853 53.0 35. 8 3. I 8.1 100.0 10,655 6. 389 487 1,369 18,880 66.4 33.8 2. 6 7.3 100.0 12,949 7,182 715 1,142 21.988 68.9 32.7 3.2 6.2 100.0 16,087 8,768 695 1.395 26,743 j LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS a W S Orange mineral.--Sales of orange mineral 8/ Distribution of orange mineral sales, 193 jjy L Industry 1931 1932 Short tons Percent of total 8hort tons Peroent of total nk manufacture......... Jolor pigments............ tther................................ 119 42.2 114 40.4 49 17.4 282 .100.0 68 27.4 108 60.9 46 21.7 212 100.0 . ... \Zinc oxide.--Total sales of zinc oxide de pue largely to the 7 percent decrease in sal ad the 19 percent drop in salos to the paint i onsumers. Floor coverings and textiles, ac oxide in 1934 than in 1933 but this Efset by a large decline in sales to miscellan Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1931- l\ 1931 1932 . P. Industry Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percent of total 7 fobber............................ 47,972 vlnta.............................. 31,357 Ooor coverings and textiles......................... 4, 606 tammies........................ 3,171 thar................................ 8,606 60.1 32.8 4.0 3.3 8.9 37, 679 22,309 2,837 1,782 7,583 52.1 31.0 3.9 2.6 10.6 95, 700 100.0 72,260 100.0 (5 BS ^Leaded zinc oxide.--'This pigment is use Manufacture of paint. The quantity sold as 9 percent less than in 1933. ... . . Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, 19 , Industry 1031 1932 Short tons Percent of total Short tons Percent of total 18, 202 38 247 18,677 98.6 .2 1.3 100.0 14,072 26 207 14,306 98.4 .2 1.4 100.0 jLithopone.--Sales of lithopone to the p ireent in 1934. About 8,200 tons of lith Jmufacture of titanated lithopone in 19 jftla in 1933. Sales of high-strength lithop aereas those of regular fithopone increase 130 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1935 coverings and textiles took 20 percent less and rubber 9 percent 1 lithopone in 1934 than in 1933. Lithopone production capaci was reported at 232,320 tons per year in 1934 compared with 233,3 tons in 1933. Distribution oj lithopone sales, 1930-34* by industries LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS' AND Industry Paints, otc................................... Floor coverings and toxtiles. Rubber......................................... Other............................................. 1630 (short tons) 1631 (short tons) 1032 (short tons) 1633 (short tons) Bhort tons Per: of (o' 126,076 23.056 5,907 8, 336 104,005 110,440 20. 780 5,833 6, 791 151,350 93,405 17,001 3,655 6, 640 121,067 100,095 )8|472 6.076 10,286 140,831 114,472 14,811 4, COD 11,689 145, 555 71 IK Zinc chloride.--According to the Department of _ consumption of zinc chloride by wood-treating plants declined in 19 notwithstanding a substantial increase in the totaf quantity of w* treated. From a peak of 26,000 tons (solid basis) in 1921 consum tion of zinc chloride in this field declined to 12,000 tons in 1928, 2,5 tons in 1933, and 1,600 tons in 1934. The loss of this market is d: primarily to the fact that zinc chloride is soluble in water and the fore is not as effective as creosote, its principal competitor, in preso ing wood exposed to moisture. From time to time various insolu zinc preservatives have been developed, none of which has found wide market. Recently a chromated zinc was introduced, b enough time has not elapsed to gage its effect on this market for z" Zinc sulphate.--In 1933, the latest year for which data are av able, 492 tons of zinc sulphate were used as a depressant in the flo tion of lead-zinc ores. This compares with 408 tons in 1932 and 1,4 tons in 1929. RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD A ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured fr a variety of materials, including ore, ijefined metal, and liiiscellaneo secondary materials, such as scrap and waste from various industJ processes. In 1934, 95.2 percent of the lead hi lead pigments w derived from pig lead, 4.6 percent from ore, and 0.2 percent fr secondary material. For zinc pigments and salts the proportiq were 63.3 percent from ore, 21 percent from slab zinc, and 15.7 p' cent from secondary materials. 'includes also lead rocoverod lu zinc oxide and leaded zlno oxid id load arsenate is not Available as no canvass of tbeir production Is ir, these salts are derived from pig lead, and tbeir metal conten Jount in the figures covering lead production. JZino ashes, sklmmings, drosses, and old metal. |In the following tables the source of the toture of each pigment and salt is given. jjvely, either directly or indirectly, in the m 'barge, red lead, and orange mineral and ^nutacture of basic lead sulphate. Zinc which considerable slab zinc is used. Ore fixture of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lith Basic lead sulphate. Somo secondary lead m basic lead sulphate, and a substantial Bthopone and zinc chloride made in the Un Secondary material. There was a large in line drosses used in the manufacture of zin "ver 1932. Tho decided drop in the use of jlth 1933 was due to the sharp decline in pro uc oxide. ' ad content of lead and zinc pigments produced by d jvj by sources, in short ton friiy, Figment frhite lead............... Ud lead.................. Jtharge....................... fringe mineral......... Bisio lead sulphate. Itded tlno oxide__ ine oxide................ 1633 Lead in pigments pro* duced from-- Domes tic oro Second Pig lead ary ms . terlal Toto lead in pig ments 1,608 4, 667 60, 466 20,060 66,466 136 6,863 6,876 143,027 60, 46 20,06 56,46 13 7,80 6,02 66 149,95 132 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, 1933-34, by sources, in short tons 1933 1934 Pigment or salt Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Domes tic ore Second Slab zinc ary ma terial Total zinc in pig ments and salts Zinc in pigments and salts produced from-- Total zinc la Domes tic ore Pig* Sccond- ments Slab zinc ary ma and salU terial Zinc oxide.............. Leaded zinc oxide.. Lithopone................. Zlno chloride.......... Zino sulphato........... 42. no 10. 913 17, 749 850 71,022 32,784 31 101 32,016 2.848 118 11,288 6,080 864 77, 742 11,062 20,037 6, 781 1,714 42.804 11, 478 i 20,619 1, 630 21,798 126.330 76.331 25, 371 25,391, 3.356 95 10.836 4,216 411 18,913 71,530 11,673 31,366' 4,236 1,543. 120,631 < Includes zinc content of a small quantity of zinc sulphide produced. . PRODUCERS AND PLANTS The chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts in Minerals Yearbook, 1934, page 132, contains a list of producers of the various products covered in this report, to which should be added the follow-: mg producers of zinc oxide: Federated Metals Corporation, Trenton, N. J.; Metals Recovery Co., Richmond, Calif.; Monsanto Chemical Co., East St. Louis, 111.; and Superior Zinc Corporation, Bristol, Pa. PRICES The total value and the average price received by producers from sales of lead and zinc pigments and salts are stated earlier in this' chapter. The range of market quotations, as reported by the Oil,' Paint and Drug Reporter, appears in the following table. Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigmerils and salts at New York (or delivered in the East), 19SB-34? tn cents per pound Product 1632 1933 1934 ? Basic lead sulphate, or sublimed lead, loss than car lots, barrels............. 6. 60- 0.00 White lead, or basic lead carbonate, drv, car lots, barrels...................... 6. 00- 0. 60 Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels........................................................ 5. 26- 0. 00 Red lead, dry, 96 percent or less, less than car lots, barrels................... 0. 26- 7.00 Orango mineral, American, small lots, barrels: Ex-white load....................................................................................................... ]8. 75-10. 76 Ex-red lead...................................................................................................... Zlno oxide: American process, load-free, bogs, car lots ........................................... 6. 76- 6. 60 American process, leaded, barrels, car lots 1.......................................... 6. 76- 0.60 French process, red seal, bags, car lots ............................................. 8.63- 9. 75 Frencb process, green seal, bags, car lots *............................................. 6. 63-10.38 French process, white seal, barrels, car lots i........................................ 10.88-11.63 Lithopone, domestic, 6-ton lots, bags i............................................................. 4.60 Zinc sulphide, leas than car lots, bags, barrels.............................................. 13.00-13.50 Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks..................................................................................................... 3.00 Fused, drums....................................................................................................... 5.00- 5. 75 Zinc sulphate, crystals, barrels............................................................................ 3.00- 3. 60 6. 60- 0.00 0.00- 0. 60 6. 60- 7.00 6. 60- 8.00 fl 0.26-11.76 [ 9.00-10.60 6.76 ^ 6. 76 8. 63 9.63 10.88 4.60 13.00-13.60 2.00- 3.00 4. 26- 6. 76 2. 76- 3.76 6.26 6. 25- 6.60 0.00- 0.76 7.00- 7.76 10. 76-11.60 9. 50-10.26 6. 70- 0.60 6. 76- 6. 60 8.38 9.38 10.63 4.50 10.60-13.26 2.00 1 26- 6.76 2.66-4.60 1 From Jan. 1 through June 3, 1932, reported as car lots; from June 4, 1932, through Dec. 30, 1933, reported as 2-ton lots. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS FOREIGN TRA Imports of lead and zinc pigments an .1934, and exports increased 42 perce creased to over $400,000 compared wi 3,000,000 in 1929. In 1933, there was .'.-The following table shows the value Its imported and exported for 1933-34 alue of foreign trade of the United States in ' 1933-34 4ad pigments: ; white lead........... Bed load................ Litharge................ Orange mineral.. Total.. inojpigments: Zlno oxide....... Lithopone......... Zlno sulphide.. Total.. Lead and zJno salts: Lead arsenate............. . All lead compounds '. Zinc chloride.................. Zlno sulphate.............. Ail zlno compounds Total............ Grand total. i Orange mineral Included with red lead In 1933, but data * Excluding pigments. Salts not classified separately. ; Figures not available. . 4 Exoluslve of the value of "all zlno compounds", figures Lead 'pigments and salts.--Imports negligible proportions. The most im lead compounds, including lead acetate Lead pigments and salts imported for consum in short to Year W29.. 1930.. 1931.. 1932.. 1933.. 1084.. .Less than 1 too. ' i Figures on Imports and exports compiled by Olaude Cal Bureau of Foreign and Domestlo Commerce. 134 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1936 The principal exports are white lead, litharge, red lead, and le arsenate. Less than 2 percent of the domestic production of whi lead, red lead, and litharge was exported in 1934. Shipments of white lead to foreign countries were 49 percent higher in 1934, those of re' lead were 31 percent higher, and those of litharge were 37 percen lower than in 1933. Canada took over half of the red lead and lith arge exported in 1933 but only 24 percent of the 1934 tot^l. Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1929-34, in- short loni 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932 1933 1934. Year White lead Red lead i Litharge Lead arsenate Other .lend com pounds Total* value 6,908 0,640 5,008 1,081 1,048 1,661 2,800 4.128 3,087 403 670 745 < ) ei <n 1,493 1,638 972 782 1.13S 804 605 299 326 * --i........... $1,610,9 1,777,1 t......... 1,123,369 461,094 371,709 407,271, Iucludes litharge from 1029 to 1931 and an unknown quantity of orango mineral, 1929 to 1933. 1 Included with red lead. White lead and red lead, orange mineral,1 and litharge exported from the United. States, by destinations, 1931-34, in short tons Destination White lead Red lead, orango mlnoral,' and ' litharge 1931 1932 1933 1934 1931 1932 1933 1934 Countries: Argentina............................. Canada.................................. Netherlands........................ Netberland West Indies. Panama................................ Philippine Islands........... United Kingdom.............. Others.................................... Total.................................. Continents: North America.................. South America................... Europe.................................. Asia.................................... Africa..................................... Oceania................................. 67 81 361 1 1 112 4, 235 160 0,008 31 23 387 3 201 145 743 148 102 83 4,610 123 30 1 326 75 1,131 148 () 1 60 09 103 63 109 75 91 1,935 1,268 1,104 377 463 37 4 2 10 (*) 26 201 76 3 58 2 68 138 130 86 106 164 73 47 233 26 17 296 650 617 510 588 1,601 3,087 1,080 223 477 2,117 ,379 1,404 150 177 223 218 210 479 590 490 197 213 141 <') 217 170 201 03 167 40 21 80 1 150 (>) 1 (') 233 416 (') 113 210. S 740 1,717' 769' 340 233. 40' U8 223 ] Orange mineral is not included in this group in 1934. Data not available. 1 Less than I ton. Zinc figments and salts.--Imports of zinc oxide and lithqpone de-' dined 50 and 30 percent, respectively, in 1934. Of the zinc oxide, 41 percent came from the United Kingdom, 26 percent from France,' and 21 percent from Belgium, and the Netherlands supplied 98 percent of the lithopone. Germany supplied 88 percent of the zinc chloride, imported in 1934. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A tine pigments and salts imported for consumptio ' in short tons m If Year Zinc oxide Dry In oil Litbopone ,329j..................................................... 930....................................................... 1631....................................................... 1632....................................................... ,633....................................................... 1,267 1,056 1,352 2,615 2,359 1,204 no 8,409 79 7,018 106 6,674 167 4,724 182 6,696 64 3,927 : Exports of zinc oxido and lithopone in respectively, due largely to increased ship (North American countries. Canada was look only 6 percent as much zinc oxid lithopone as in 1929. ft* tine pigments and salts exported from the Unit p1. Year By. Zinc Litbo- Zinc oxide pone salts Total value Yea 29...................... 17,638 10,763 U31...................... 6,131 4.556 3.665 3,821 1,711 $2,919,140 1,668 1,966,085 1.011 1,146,396 1932.. 1933.. 1934. si Zlno salts not separately recorded. |i Exclusive of value of tine salts. Zinc oxide and lithopone exported ffom the Unite ` in ehort tone tv Destination Zlno oxide 1931 1932 1933 Countries: Argentina.............................................. ffi Canada................................................... E? Cuba........................................................ &, United Kingdom............................... p'1 Others..................................................... If Total................................................... 171 2,818 68 1 1,623 660 6,131 Continents: jp North Amorlca................................... St Bouth America.................................... Ffc Europe.................................................... Asia.......................................................... Oceania................................................... 2,998 217 1,713 ' 93 8 102 79 16 740 286 23 22 45 97 36 318 367 1,281 722 904 437 94 39 116 72 61 80 53 81 91 *.. Leas than 1 ton. r\ 600 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1935 shipments eventuate. However, really substantial deposits of tanta- lite associated with cassiterite have been discovered apparently by various mining companies in the Belgian Congo. A new mineral, thoreaulite, containing 72 to 74 percent Ta206 and 20 to 22 percent Sn02, is described 35 in connection with tills new occurrence, and the relatively high tin content undoubtedly will handicap economical working. A deposit in Uganda has also been described,3* and addi tional discoveries have been reported in the U. S. S. R. (Russia), this time in the Dzerul Hills, Georgia. - /C. TELLURIUM In 1934, as in 1933, tellurium was produced by three companies. For several years the Bureau of Mines was not at liberty*to publish data covering production of tellurium, but the figures sfiowmg the quantity of tellurium sold by producers in the United States can now be released, and sales for 1930 and 1932 to 1934, inclusive, as given n the following table, show an extraordinary increase. Tellurium sold by producera in the United Slates, 1930-34 Sales Sales Year Pounds Value Total Average Yoor Pounds Value Total Average 1930.............................. 1931.............................. 1032.............................. 4,717 0) 1, 667 $7. 996 (') (') $1.70 1933 . . (') 1034 ' (') Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. 11,980 21,027 o o o to Probably the leading development that affected tellurium in 1934 was gradual expansion in practical use of tellurium-lead. Both in England and the United States this material has passed the experi mental stage and is arousing great interest in the chemical industries, particularly for equipment holding sulphuric acid. Tellurium is eas ily added to lead and is retained by lead up to high temperatures. Such obnoxious toxic effects as may accompany too intimate contact with tellurium compounds can be avoided by the same precautions necessary to avoid harmful lead fumes. The amount of tellurium in tellurium-lead is surprisingly small--less than 0.1 percent--but it produces marked improvement in tensile strength and corrosion resis tance, refining the grain and raising the temperature of recrystalliza tion (or at least retarding it to an extraordinary degree), enabling the material to grow harder and stronger after deformation or "work ing." The superiority of tellurium-lead, both in increased tensile strength and corrosion resistance, is even more pronounced at elevated temperatures, and it is for higher temperature operations (say 100 C. or over) that tellurium-lead will be particularly serviceable. A stor age-battery plate of tellurium-strengthened lead, preferably with 0.05 " Buttgenbacb, H., Minerals ot Belgian Congo: Ann. Soc. Belg. Bull. 56, 1932-33, pp. 327-331; Chem. Abs., vol. 28, no. 21, Nov. 10, 1931, p. 6658. " Combe, A. D., Tile Migera Tantallte Deposit: Uganda. Qeol. Surv. Dept., Ann. Rept.. 1933, Entebbe. 1934, p. 62. MINOR METAL percent tellurium and 6 percent antim England.37 . . The electrical conductivity, of tellurium tional study, particularly as regards the impurities.38 Of possible commercial int that covers the use of tellurium as res refrigerators, marking recognition by ele ment makers of the practical value of the electrical resistance characteristic of this lurium are in the Tainton process of zinc r ing, and (as chloride) for dipping silverw Tellurium is described by a leading cable for processing rubber to make a tough c proves the rubber, toughens it, enables t and greatly increases the life of the cabl Prices.--New York quotations for tell nally unchanged at $2 a pound for severa ment began to have real commercial app ever, tho previous quotation of 16s. to 10s. vanced to 17s. 6d. ($4.32) in October 1934 duty paid); these figures, however, are pure said to obtain the material at substantiall parable to those quoted in the United S the largest producer although the copp Ontario, began to recover tellurium in countries may be expected to do likewise to sufficiently large proportions. Imports.--Domestic supplies of tellur exceed actual demand, and exports are statistics are lacking, imports of telluriu nificant or nonexistent. The industry inforeign countries.--The far the largest producer of tellurium, bu pean smelting countries likewise are pa recovery of the element. In Canada, tel Cliff, Ontario, as a byproduct in the refin the plant began operations in October tellurium were sold during the year. TITANIUM In 1934 ilmenite and rutile were produ Corporation in Nelson County, Va., an of America in Hot Springs County, Ark by the Southern Mineral Products Corp Va. The Bureau of Mines is not at li figures, but the total output was substa years. Some of the 1934 production we ilmenite were equivalent to only abou output, but more than 70 percent of the r " Singleton, William, and others and Goodlasa Wall 4i Le June 8,1034. * Cartwright, C. H., and Haherfeld, M., Conductivity of 26, 1034, p. 287. * Chemistry and Industry (London), Selenium and Tell no. 28, July 13, 1034, pp. 816-617. 602 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1935 The principal use of titanium continues to be in the manufacture of pigments. The titanium pigments--pure titanium dioxide, titanium- barium pigment, and titanium-calcium pigment--have been improved and perfected steadily but no matorial change was made in methods of manufacture, composition, or pigment characteristics during 1934. The Titanium Pigment Co. (subsidiary of the National Lead Co.) made several improvements in its St. Louis factory and was construct ing a large new plant at eastern seaboard, the site finally selected being at Sayreville, N. J. This new plant is reputed to cost $4,300,000 ana will probably have a daily capacity of 30 tons and employ 200 persons. Du Font's subsidiary, Krebs Pigment & Color Corporation, is expand ing its productive capacity and a further increase in the national total will result from the construction of still another new plant at Balti more, which will be operated by the American Zirconium Corporation, a jointly owned subsidiary of the Glidden Co. and tlfo Metal & Ther mit Corporation. During 1934 it was estimated tnat 32,000 tons of titanium dioxide was produced in this country. * " Ferrotitanium and the titanium alloys are produced in the United States by three companies, the Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., with plant at Niagara Falls, N. Y. (ferrocarbon and low-carbon grades), the Vanadium Corporation of America, with plants at Niag ara Falls, N. Y. (ferrocarbon grades), and BridgevOle, Pa. (low-car bon grades); and the Metal & Thermit Corporation, with plant at Jersey City, N. J. (carbide-free grades). Substantial increases in sales were reported again in 1934, but figures cannot bo published without revealing confidential information. ' Metallurgical uses of titanium as yet have not accounted for more than a rather small percentage of the consumption of the element but nevertheless are important and growing more so. Recently its use in the alloy field has tended sharply upward. Evon 3 or 4 years ago the role of titanium in steel manufacture was mainly that of deoxidizer and general scavenger, but by proper furnace teclinique it can now be employed for its alloying effect. The property of titanium chiefly responsible for its expanding use today as an alloying element in steel is its strong affinity for carbon, coupled with tho comparatively low solubility of titanium carbide in solid steel. Carbon is undesirable in some steels, especially chrome-nickel stainless steels, but is both difficult and expensive to keep out. Often it may be simpler and more economical to neutralize its action by adding a little free tita nium. This action of titanium not only avoids unduly prolonged fur nace treatment to remove carbon but also permits the use of some what higher-carbon grades of ferrochrome and other alloys. By holding the titanium content at 5 to 7 times the carbon content, there by in effect eliminating carbon from the picture, resistance to corro sion--particularly intergranular corrosion--is much improved and (another advantage) the steel is softer and machinable. The in creased workability imparted by titanium is due to the elimination of age-hardening effects, but titanium itself may produce age-hardening if a considerable excess is added over that required for carbide control. In cast iron titanium closes the grain and, curiously enough, acts as a graphitizer. Recent work on titanium additions to nonferrous al loys, particularly copper and aluminum alloys, is expected to result in marked expansion in the use of this element in those fields. MINOR META A new high-speed steel has been pa Braid, of the Metal & Thermit Corpor which contains titanium instead of v 18-percent tungsten, 4-percent chrom 1.5 percent titanium replacing the mor nium is entering more and more as a Other patent specifications relate to v tions, magnet steels, and a group of c containing substantial amounts of tita with the possible extensive use of titani be mentioned that certain of these alloy addition of special alloys, as titanium c titaniforous materials in the same bath Titanium dioxido has other uses tha Recently it has been advocated for use toilet preparations and for reducing t process), as well as more extensively ceramic products. New patents coveri titanium pigments continue to appear rutile (instead of anatase) by fusing tit caustic soda melt at 700 C. is describ 1922328) and Richter devised a proces making titanium dioxide or purifying mont. A 1933 patent (U. S. Patent 1 ment Co. covers treatment of rutile by h or carbonate of potash to form an acid so preliminary to pigment manufacture (U. S. Patents 1931380-1931381) issue Corporation are of interest,' inasmuch tetrachloride. Prices.--No changes in prices of lea ments wore made in 1934. For calcium in bags, 6 cents per pound-was asked in shipments under 20 tons. For pure tho carlot rate was still 17 cents, rising per pound on 1. c. 1. shipments, accord for Pacific coast deliveries averaged abo The contract price for standard fer 15 to 18 percent titanium and 6 to 8 $137.50 per short ton. From 1910 to 1 held unchanged at $200 a ton, but it w $150 in 1930, and to $137.50 in 1931, mained. . London quotations likewise w as in the latter part of 1933, small-lot long ton. In the United States the car 36 cents per pound of alloy for the s $1.37 per pound of contained titanium the London quotation for 23- to 25-pe mained at 9d. per pound. Imports.--The imports of ilmenite, a after year, suddenly jumped in 1934 $356,208 compared with 38,610 tons Whereas the steady increases reported afforded a rough index of the rapidly pigments in the United States the 1934 f 604 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1935 amount of material that went into storage piles in anticipation of enlarged production along the Atlantic seaboard. In recent years the , total importation has come from British India. Rutile imports likewise increased sharply, rising to 309,221 pounds valued at $7,350 compared with 157,658 pounds valued at $3,737 in' 1933. The average value of these imports, ail from Brazil, was under 3 cents per pound, whereas when the imports came from Norway the average foreign market value was reported several times larger; in 1931, for example, it exceeded 9 cents, and m 1930 it was over 15 cents. Imports of ferrotitanium and other titanium alloys, mostly from Italy and Great Britain, are insignificant, amounting in 1934 to only 3,240 pounds valued at $434 (all from the United Kingdom). Titanium ores imported for consumption in the United Stales, 1929-84 Year Bmenite Long tons Value Rutile Pounds Value 1929.......................................................................................................... 1930.......................................................................................................... 1931.......................................................................................................... 1932......................................................................................................... 1933.......................................................................................................... 1934......................................................................................................... 22,366 22, 298 29,8S7 33, 491 38,610 71,710 $104,887 160,406 144,961 231,662 196,211 356,208 11,200 6,720 2.000 176,306 167,668 309,221 $1,463 974 189 4,608 3, 737 7, 360 THE INDUSTRY IN FORBIGN COUNTRIES Australia,40--Plans for development of Byron Bay deposits of black sand include possible production of rutile and ilmenite as well as zirconium minerals. These deposits, evidently extensive, are situated in New South Wales a little over 100 miles south of Brisbane and have been worked spasmodically for tin and gold, but a new company, Zircon Rutile, Ltd., has been organized to erect a plant capable of treating 15,000 to 20,000 tons of these sands annually. A published analysis indicates an extraordinary degree of natural concentration, showing 64 porccnt zircon, 18 porcont rutile, 9 percent ilmonito, 4 percent cassitcrite, 3 percent monazite, and only 2 percent waste. The treatment method is reported to start with "flotation" of the zircon, followed by magnetic separation of the residue. Obviously, zircon is the principal object of this enterprise and preliminary esti mates place operating costs at 2 5s. 3d. per ton of zircon, which it is hoped can be sold at 8 a ton at a rate of 7,500 tons a year, indicating an annual profit of 13,000 on the basis of an initial investment of around 24,500. British India.--The Travancore beach sands were worked for mona zite as early as 1911, but it was not until 1922 that ilmenite was saved and exported. Recently ilmenite has become the main product, and monazite is retreating to decidedly minor importance, production of the titanium mineral having increased steadily except for a slight set-back in 1933 which, if one may judge from imports of Indian ilmen ite into the United States, was overwhelmingly off-set by an extraor dinary increase in 1934. Zircon also accompanies the ilmenite; it, too, has become increasingly important, although on a more moder- n Cbemlca) Engineering and Mining Review, Zircon and Rutile from Black 8ands: Voi. 26, no. 310, Melbourne, July 6, 1934, p. 388. MINOR MET ate scale; production of this mineral ro 3,018 compared with 490.6 tons value age value of the ilmenite production been 1 a long ton, and the TiOj con cent; these two factors doubtless expl tually has displaced all other water-bor Canada.--Shipments of titanium ore 2,023 short tons valued at $14,161, a St. Paul deposits in Quebec and was No production was reported in 1933. by the Canadian paint industry is inc pounds valued at $128,969 in 1933 valued at $89,761 in 1931.41 Titanite silicate mineral, has never served an though it contains about 40 percent T therefore, that about 40 tons of this m view to finding uses for it. The min North Crosby, Leeds County, Ontario tals in a granite pegmatite dike. France}2--Certain volcanic rocks in Alps contain titanium minerals, but n or rutile have been discovered. Atten titanium dioxide content of French ba 4 percent and averages 3.25 percent mud, a typical analysis of which show Percent AljOj..'__________ _______ 14 to 16 T FejOa ................ -........ 52 to 64 Ign SiO,..................................... 10 to 11 It is already proposed to utilize thes they are first washed with sulphuric a tic soda which would saponify oil, an dioxide in the final product may contr This resource, formerly not utilized, m of titanium oxide annually on the ba sumption. Germany.--Titanium pigments are Titan-Gesellschaft m. b. H., an I: G. Cologne. Production data and even available, but it is known that Germ sources of these pigments and that exp of those of the previous year. United Kingdom.--In 1933 the Na a subsidiary of B. Laporte, Ltd., ope at Luton, and in 1934 another facto completed and commenced producti Tees, Durham. The new concern ha the National Lead Co. of the United the Imperial Smelting Corporation, tries, Ltd., and Goodlass Wall & Lea n Canada Department of Trade and Commeroe, Dom Canada (Preliminary Report): 1934, p. 24. a {/Industrie Gbfmique, La Bauxite mineral de titane 606 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1935 U. S. S. R. (Russia).--It is reported that the titanium dioxide de partment of the Yaroslavl white lead works came into production in February 1934; 5 tons monthly were being produced at first and the anticipated capacity is only 30 tons monthly. World production of titanium minerals, 1938-34 [Compiled by L. M. Jones, of the Jluroau of Minos] Mineral and country 1033 1034 Ore pro* duced Content of TlO Value > Oro pro duced Content of TIOj Value 1 Ilmenite: Metric tons Australia: Tasmania......... 550 India (Travancore)............ Norway.................................... Portugal.................................. Senegal *.................................. United States........................ Rutile: Brazil...................................... Norway _ .............................. United States........................ 44.080 23,2i3 645 <310 (*) 6066 () Percent <>) 64 44 60 47 () C) .00-03 (*) $4. 234 183,810 140,000 2,311 o) ( ) 3. Oil 13,500 (*) Metric tomi <) 1,835 8 434 <*) 0) 8 Percent 0) 18-25 (>) o> 00)) 50 <i>>) 1 (*> (0$14,303 ') m (>) () 0) () 0) f Values as officially reported converted to United States currency at the ann ual average rate of exchange as published by the Federal Reserve Board. * Data not available. Exports. < Exports duriDg first 11 months of year; complete data not yet available. 1 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to pubysb figures. , * Concentrates. - . ZIRCONIUM No zirconium minerals have been produced in the United States since 1927, although a small quantity of zircon was recovered in 1928 from old tailings. An output of about 1,000 pounds was recorded as early as 1869, and sporadic contributions have been made at intervals during subsequent years, but the only substantial supplies obtained from domestic sources were the result of the short-lived operations of Buckman & Pritchard, Inc., who produced a considerable amount of zircon as a joint product of their ilmenite and rutile operations at Pablo Beach or Mineral City, Fla. This enterprise was abandoned in 1929 after furnishing a maximum of 3,646 short tons of zircon in 1927. Since then the fluctuating requirements of the United States have been supplied by imports, chiefly from Brazil and British India. An ever-growing demand for zirconium has stimulated the search for new deposits, and a number of new developments have occurred during the last several years, including those in Australia and British India, which are described briefly in the section of this chapter on titanium. Of special interest in connection with an Australian proj ect is the application of flotation as a means of separating a high-grade concentrate of zircon after, or even in advance of, magnetic treat ment. An abstract of the Corbett patent specifications 43 indicates that the separation can be effected from all the ordinary constituents of a black-sand concentrate--rutile, monazite, ilmenite, garnet, quartz, k.yanite, etc. The oiled-zircon particles may not float on the surface of the pulp, in which case they may be separated from unoiled minerals <* Corbett. Miles A., Concentrating Zircon Ores: British Pateut 406018, Feb. 12,1034; Cbem. Abs., vol. 28, no. 14, July 20, 1034, pp. 4302-4363. MINOR MET by treatment on shaking tables or jigs tion process). Assuming that selective it may afford a means of rendering ec supply from black sand deposits in vari ing the United States. Zirconium-be the Straits Settlements were receiving In certain Japanese deposits a number o xenotime, are associated with zircon in high percentages of zircon also are said t the coast of Kenya (Africa), represent formations. Zirconium is generally considered ra mercial deposits virtually are limited naturally concentrated black-sand ac places in the world. It is nevertheless a being one of the commonest accessor igneous rocks, especially the more commonly agreed that zirconium co (1 part in 6,000) of the earth's crust, b examining analyses (by X-rfty spectros conclude that the proportion is larger tains 1 part zirconium in 3,000, volca effusive rocks 1 part in 4,500, wherea only 1 part in 12,000. The element a abundant than nickel and several tim called "common metals", copper, zinc Prices.--Quotations for zircon ore, 6 board, after remaining unchanged for net ton (in carloads), were advanced Crude granular zircon, f. o. b. Suspens remained unaltered at $70 a ton with milled or powdered material. Zircon various forms likewise remained uncha reductions were made m the price of sil Zr, 47 to 52 percent Si) ana zirconium Zr, 39 to 43 percent Si), but the earl March 1934, the former alloy being q cents a pound and the latter at $97.6 mercially pure zirconium powder has pound since March 1933, but this price lots the price has remained at $6. Uses.--Zirconium metal is used in munition primers. Ferrozirconium or to steel are advocated especially wh excessive sulphur--a condition that m than in the United States. Zirconium an alloy constituent, generally in ra nonferrous alloys, including aluminum plug electrodes, and several sintered-c include zirconium. Zirconium dioxid its high melting point and resistance to lies, combined with low porosity, low 4i Heresy, O. t o d , and Wtlrstlln, K., The Natural Occur vol. 216, 1034, pp. 306-311; Cbem. Abs., vol. 28, no. 11, Jun