Document DDK0L1J6Kqd8B3DBKvqwLVLdd

Amosite Crocidolite Amphiboles long, thin fibers straight, rigid fibers Chrysotile Serpentine curvy, wavy, flexible readily breakdown released from lung Mr. Toole Was Exposed to Amosite Pipe Insulation Probably the Single Most Common Cause of Mesothelioma 10 Q. (By Mr. Buck) Is it fair to say, Mr. 11 Toole, that the pipe insulation shown in Exhibit 25 12 fairly and accurately represents the pipe insulation 13 you saw being removed and installed by the North 14 Brothers employees at Great Northern Paper? 15 A. Yes. Mr. Toole Was Exposed to Amosite Asbestos 2 Q. (By Mr. Buck) As far as the location of 3 plants or the names of plants, can you identify for 4 the record what plants and places you're talking 5 about? 6 A. My home plant was in Bainbridge at Tillman 7 Brothers Packing Company. 8 Q. And the type of insulation that you have 9 described in your testimony, is that the type of 10 insulation that was present there at Tillman 11 Brothers? 12 A. Yes. 13 MR. WOOD: Objection, form, leading, 14 vague, foundation. 15 Q. (By Mr. Buck)What -- what type of 16 insulation did you observe at Tillman Brothers in 17 Bainbridge between 1972 and -- I'm sorry, 1971 and 18 1982? 19 A. It looks just likethis in Exhibit 25. 1 The Plaintiffs' Factual Evidence About Ford is Unreliable and Has Changed in Response to Information Provided by Ford Mr. Toole's Sworn Testimony in April / May 2009 ^ Customer exposures to grinding at GM and Ford dealerships on service visits with father One brake job on a 1966 Ford Galaxy 500 using "Motorcraft" brakes Two brakejobs on a 1968 Ford Mustang using "Motorcraft brakes Undefined number of brakejobs between 1980-1988 on a 1979 Ford F-150 truck using "Motorcraft" brakes - Annual changes of valve cover gaskets One brakejob on 1984 Ford Ranger truck using "Motorcraft" brakes Mr. Toole's Sworn Testimony in April / May 2009 ^ Customer exposures to grinding at GM and Ford dealerships on service visits with father One brake job on a 1966 Ford Galaxy 500 usinq "brakes Two brake jobs on a 1968 Ford Mustanq usinq "Motorcraft" brakes ^ Undefined number of brake jobs between 1980-1988 on a 1979 Ford F-150 truck using "Motorcraft" brakes - Annual changes of valve cover gaskets One brake job ontruck using brakes Bystander exposure as Salesman at Kay Ford 2000- Mr. Toole's Sworn Testimony in April / May 2009 ^ Customer exposures to grinding at GM and Ford dealerships on service visits with father One brake job on a 1966 Ford Galaxy 500 usinq "brakes Two brake jobs on a 1968 Ford Mustanq usinq "Motorcraft" brakes ^ Undefined number of brake jobs between 1980-1988 on a 1979 Ford F-150 truck using "Motorcraft" brakes - Annual changes of valve cover gaskets One brake job on nwclgfflfgSimaitruck using Motorcraft Bystander exposure as Salesman at Ford 2000 20"04I [No "arc brake grinder" at dealershi p Mr. Toole's Sworn Testimony in April / May 2009 / Customer exposures to grinding at GM and Ford dealerships on service visits with father One brake job on a [using Irirclbrakejobe on e ISGSportf IWrisfanq rjsfng "MM^SEagHk^ Undefined numhel of brake jobs between|T980-T9S8 rQIHiaill9K9lF^idl^150iffBmCklWi^ngiiM'otffifrC^t3hrakes IfinuCPuiing iByytanyyaextfosutf^assaifesmaniaHiKiayinrd 2000 Wm FORD PASSENGER CAR SHOP MANUAL 1949-1950-1951 rfiKD >*0*0* COMPANY FORD DIVISION FORD MOTOR COMPANY SERVICE DEPARTMENT Nov. 24, 1950 DKFtXDAJnS EXHIBIT ntm/ccKHi 1950 1950 Ford Acted Responsibly in Investigating Concerns Raised about Potential Risks from Friction Products Brake Emission and Characterization Studies (1968-1973) Measuring the Dust - Ford Takes the Lead Lynch/PHS Jacko/EPA Hickish & Knight 1960 1968 1970 1973 1974 Asbestos in Brake Dust? Lynch 1968: Hickish 1970: Jacko etal. 1973: Anderson et al. 1973: less than 1% less than 1% 0.23% 0.05% Forsterite Conversion Source: McCrone Associates; brake dust sample provided by Arne Anderson Exhibit 41 EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS DURING BRAKE MAINTENANCE* [>. E, Hkikish and li. L. KNIGHT Medical Serves, Ford prBriiain, BkmimsmI, Essm EXPOSURE DURING CAR SERVICING Tlltftl ii Iitllfl m1intenancc of passtugfr Vehicle brakes involved at [he manufacturers' premises, and therefore an investigation was carried out at ihe Service Bay of a Ford Main Dcalrr in (he Greater London area. This Dealer uofirally services 10-20 tan per day, bul blowing-out of brake shoes and drums is not included in all tontine services. It is the blcwing-oiil procedure which is the subject of the Study, Ail" sampling was carried 01)1 using membrane Silers, (he sampling and subsequent Our investigations show that exposure to asbestos during brake maintenance is not as severe as was anticipated, and in the situations we examined, the personal exposure of the operators was below the limit corresponding to 50-year I exposure/'l TaLC 9. AlWKPHfU iJUIFUi Bt'pUMO OJl iJUKE SUVKX Location of samples In period Frbtw'cm1 2nd period Timc-weighied ivefige By car M2 M2 125 Duw cloud i hcpi by caj l-Tl ISi An estimate of the daily exposure of ibe mechanic engaged on brake cleaning was obtained by a series of |terJM I sample! (Fig, 2), wveri ng an entire worhsh ift, daring which brake servicing was carried out on II vehicles. Tbe results artihown in Table 2. this rarervuj prifinilty jjretcnhri at a Conference on Ejjxuere to Aibcstoi dunm Brake and Cl jLch MamunancE, held at ticenLuraad, I'm March, I9SS. IT 1970s - Ford Agrees to Fund Mt. Sinai School of Medicine to Investigate Garage Exposures in NYC 32 P.roc. nyy. Jiac. Med1. Vaitaw 7if January t9?7 irregujar or nodu_ar mtersiLiuJ opacities of Limited exlenl a nd intensity an Iheir films Silica or "b"*? nPsaK hjd ?UTrtd i:i rf work farce examined. Such exposures hid occur red an various job categories in the litajtium facility j.-. wcV. as in prior occupations. Eight of tbe 26 markers with abnormal X rays had bad silica or asbestos es.pi.aure. No dear paLIern of restrictive disease in relation no X ra1, findings could be seen Summary end Cmcfeiianj (LLinLcuJy signibcziDi or sympcomuiic pulmonary disease whs infrequem in a survey of 2l>7 currently employed, production workers m a plain prcducmi titanium dipiide from ilmMiiw ore bviiltftSi of airways obstruction was found ir. 47% of all workers CincJuding 5S % of workers who had never srnoked regularly This abnormality wntoo: frequently jccocmpansed hy disabling shortness af breath. Ctespiceche fact ihai approxiraattly 9CJ%af the group of w-ntfcers eflammed had worked fat 2d years or more, radiological changes consistent with pneutfweomwis were pelaiivel} few, and unrelated The rcHjiu'iit'M j :ihiK'iir'iuiljUa olweftCil We conclude (with the cavescs mhereiai in a privalenoe study in which only half of i he eligible ICHU-icntt workers were jumiKdj shal (jccupaiiOAal es:pos*ite aiAiTciaEed with titanjuio procSociion by the fllfplkabe pftyce?* may commonly cau#undesirable srriwiion of ihc upp and Lower rnpiraiory inKt and funcirfmal abPOfmB|Mi of the lung, but doe bOS result in an imjKwlani idicidence of lorious- oeeupatrofm! lung disease Individual warkers may. howotr. suiter Sih^ameil abnoranatljcs These findings, of count, do not speak to Ibe pr?bcner ur absence uf iiarcHsed ritk oT maLjjnariL pulmonary diwasr. TRiii is Kmjj separutdy studied. .^rJt!WHVe(iknw^TJ. Thn research aiudly was- supporlcd id p*i! by N4LiCnal CilSlilUie fOf OCCUpalional] Salcty ifid Utllth CoabfWd CDt#-?l91. Asbestos "Lontcnt cfDust ElR'OUIlItTtlJ in Rmit" Milulenanre and Repair by A S RobI rhcr, A M Linger ijhp. K Klrmentidis ka, M S Wall! rhb and L J SelikotfThj (.niw-ctnnren;i1 5l iionne/ fsiboral>rn .Sihj.- .SfAikx! -;/ Mt-diuw ofihe City Cmivrsirv of A'ew JVxfjt, New Kent, S If- f029]i AsAcstetf in Amie Uningi Tbe composiliiofi of auiijuidliwe brake bning* ffi- chrysolite p*hesinE (fare which comprises sboui of she fiction nwicrifll. The p*wiire of * ftg# workers- W ashsios during brake jmjpg mamltnaaiCc and repair bfc! cttemly both sfi- vcshgiLcd I'RoiiL el of. I97^)i Thit irttporLiflC is$ut was sludied because a lari{c labour fortt n pirtcn- daily exposed (tfvir cm* miUiwi people in the Unised Stales afcrae). C'cmscqucnEly il whs (hcui*hE essential Lo dcIcmniDf if difywrtik Jibrc survive* bea-king, and 4o measure tbt amounts liberated oa an aerosol doTin* maintenance and impair Opre- aLions. InwKlti^LoreiD (tie pKLbtvt raprewnd tk)bc as Ui ^brlbtr dhrytwtile fibres can sarVi'rt EJk hiith temp^raturres seoeTalsdi durini braiinj- (Lynch 1968, Haclish & KniphL 197Ur Haleb IflTD). Chry- ntfiJr is allcjecd \x subjected lo Lcmpcralures in rtcTM of BW*C; which would causi its UirrmaJ LTansfarmalioa to r-anterite- ur la an amotphaiia niagncsiam silinLc phase. While haL spots' up to JOOQfiC may be atLaiusd (Carroll l^62f. Ihr heat distribution isisoounifurni. and uLhrr processes, in addition to thermal wear, rarsliibute 4a ile- grudaLjoa or brake linings. For cEample, ahruunn and macroshear may also cause physical break down iBurwell J9STr Miaulani -ri di'. 19"73>. Ac- cordin^y, brake lsninp disinLcyralLcm by these merhanisois may liberate purlsilly altered w even uoaItered ehrysoLiIr Fibres. Hmleirati Milhr A. Ilwii ^1 ScLLl-TT t J I I9K|i iflnrrsui Anvrwwjf Fjipvifwy Ouum II 3. itpp-l . pMlSJanCL! Arwtyrij of JRrate iVv.'ii f?Ejr Initials ten samples, of HHHDiaHIt brake drum dusts from brike repair *hop& In New Vofk City were collected and exam used hy optical niMifcifl eapy, X-ray diffnicLioo, iranimmion aectroe mic roscopy and energy dispersive- X-iay spcccro-Kopy. to determine the presence ofchiysatile. Optical miertneapy: Tbe debeeLitin oT rfirysotile m brake drum dtnL by ufitku.1 microsiopy b hindered by ihe luiutt -of ihe debris ynacri^ vo^itUidg la^gejy of ofMquo jmtrm/6 phtnolic-iyp? iw hinders and rood dust. OirysoUk, particularly sniuli hbreA, has. low opi ital relief and j<w hireffingenet, which farther hander iis idenldicaLon. Only is rare instincts have urge hbres. with optical Rohl et al. (1977) Mt. Sinai School of Medicine Investigation of New York City Garage Exposures in 1977 32 P.roc. nyy. Sac. Med. Vahatv 7if January f9?7 uregujir or DDdu_zr mkrsliisil opacities of Limited upt.I and imensdly on ibcir films Silica or asbestos exposure hud occurred in 22% uf she work farce examined. S-Tich exposure! hid occur* red an various job categories in the litanium facility j.-. swell us in pr.or occupations. Eight of the 26 ^-orkeis with abnormal X rays had had silica or asbestos exposure. No dear paLtem a: restririive disease in relation no X ra1, findings could beseem Summary Cmcfeiionj CLimcatly significant or sympcoimiiic pulmonary disease was infrequent in a survey of 3l>7 currently Asbestos t.'ontL'nl of Dust Encuunlcntl in Bnic Muinlenante mnl Rtptir by A N Hohl rhti, A M linger fIld, R Klimcniidism. MS Wolff rhin ind [ J SelikctfT W> {jEni'zr-uiimenfa/ Sciences Laboratory Maiait .irna. Sc/untJ of Medici/tt a/ifie City Cmkxritiy of bien fori.. .Veit York, SY mm AfihezxtM in Aruke iJnitrpx Recommendation: "Epidemiologic studies of the mortality experience of exposed workers" ifiGkteittt 4>f ttrkwi- WtllpACHMB! lung diStMt Individual norkcri- miy, however. suiter iumisud abnormal. Ira These iindirtgi, of tOUrtt. do not speak Lo Ibe prcbcncc ur absciux of iimreused i isk oT malignant pulmonary diwasc. Tliii is being separately studied Thn rcstArCh Study sup ported id part by NaLiOPil [fiSliltite for OftSJ- patiuflal Salecy ifld Health CmKm CDC^M- 91. Lr-anEformaliDa to fanderite w lo an amntphoua magnesium silicate phase. White 'hoL spots up to JOOO^C may be attained (Carroll 1962). the heat dislribulion is nonuniform, and oLhrr processes, in addition to thermal wear, contribute to de gradation or trike linings, for example, ihravicn and macroshear may also cause physical break down (Burwell J957, Miaulaoi ei df. L973). Ac- corilms-y, brake lining disintegralion by these mechanisms may liberate parIsilly altered even unaltered rhrysoLilr fibres. Mnuieirati Milhr A. 1 tauiL M * Ktakcir t J I ISMIi Invruii Anvrwwjf knpiriiVvy Aurora 111, Sippl . pMlSJanCL! Analysis of Brake Drum Dust Iniiialiy, ten sample* of HWBilMIt brake drum i'llsis from brake repair gicf* In New ort City were toltecied and examined hy optical nucrciiropy, X=ray diffracLion, Lranimcuioiickctroe. mic roscopy and energy dispersive X^ray spectroscopy. La determine the presence ofchryMtile. Optical microscopy: The detecLicm or chrysotilr in brake drum dust by cptkul microscopy n hindered by Ihr WHiirt -Of I'll* dObfi* Matrix tWIiiairtg tafacty of ejwqyt pyMM phenolte-iype hinders and rood dust. Cirysetil*, particularly wpli fibres Jins. tow opLgfll relief and into, hirelringenct, which, further hjndei ita iiienlriieaLoa. Only is nine instincts have urge fibres. with optical Rohl et al. (1977) Epidemiologic Studies of Mesothelioma in Auto Mechanics: Research Affiliations and Funding Sources McDonald and McDonald (1980) Petersen and Milham (1980) Teta et al. (1983) Olsen and Jensen (1987) Jarvholm and Brisman (1988) Hansen (1989) Gustavsson et al. (1990) Spirtas et al. (1985; 1994) Woitowitz and Rodelsperger (1994) Coggon et al. (1995) = Research Research Conducted By: St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London San Francisco Bay Area Resource for Cancer Epidemiology and Washington State Department of Social and Health Services Yale School of Epidemiology and Public Health Danish Cancer Society Department of Occupational Medicine, Sahlgren Hospital Institute of Community Medicine University of Odense Karolinska Hospital and National Institute of Occupational Health National Cancer Institute Justus-Liebig University Germany University of Southampton Research Funded By: Asbestos Mining Association State of California Department of Health and National Cancer Institute Yale University and National Cancer Institute Danish Cancer Society Swedish Metalworkers Union and Swedish Work Environment Fund The Danish National Anti-Cancer League Folksan Insurance Group National Cancer Institute German Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Health and Safety Executive (U.K.) = Medical = Government = University = Industry Epidemiologic Studies of Mesothelioma in Auto Mechanics: Research Affiliations and Funding Sources Research Conducted By: Teschke et al. (1997) University of British Columbia Agudo et al. (2000) Milham and Ossiander (2001) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2002) Hansen and Meersohn (2003) ^ fA-| ^ Institute of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Washington State Department of Health NIOSH Danish Cancer Society Hessel et al. (2004) ^ Exponent McElvenny et al. (2005) Rolland et al. (2005) Peto, Rake et al. (2009) Health and Safety Executive (U.K.) Institut de Veille Sanitaire and Universite Victor Segalen Health and Safety Executive, Institute of Cancer Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ^ = Research = Medical Government Research Funded By: British Columbia Health Research Foundation Health Research Fund of the Spanish Ministry of Health Washington State Department of Labor and Industries U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Danish Cancer Society Ford Motor Co., Daimler Chrysler Corp., General Motors Corp. Health and Safety Executive (U.K.) Institut de Veille Sanitaire Health and Safety Executive and Cancer Research U.K. = University Industry Human Epidemioloqical Risk of Meso From Study Garage Exposures? McDonald (1980) Petersen & Milham (1980) Teta et al. (1983) Olsen & Jensen (1987) Jarvholm & Brisman (1988) Hansen (1989) Gustavsson (1990) Woitowitz & Rodelsperger (1994) Coggon (1995) Teschke, Checkoway et al. (1997) Agudo (2000) Milham & Ossiander (2001) NIOSH (2002) Hessell et al. (2004) / Spirtas (1985) Rolland et al. (2005) McElvenny et al. (2005) Peto, Rake et al. (2009) No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Coggon et al. (1995) Differences in occupational mortality from plej cancer, peritoneal cancer, and asbestosis Dind Cofgoc, Huel Iwtar, Paul Winter. Bnn Ptaoen bn>c been became of the practice of abeeioe is brake Irainft h icetna i*m ttu* pleural cancer a lower and diluted to hurt below that m occupaoooa cues aa carpcatoi where t larger propotooc of men are cxpoced, but m a lower level. Tbm brputbena coonneu ent fradinji on the ratio of pleural to peruooeal dooQkboou* in coban uudia of aabenot worterv ' ' oun have leaded to be oa a cohorts wnh loacct i cobora with ) account when control Notable for an absence of significant risk are motor mechanics... about whom concerns have been raised because of the presence of asbestos in brake linings. It seems that this exposure has no important effect on mortality from mesothelioma or asbestosis... Differences in occupational mortality from pleural cancer, peritoneal cancer, and asbestosis, Coggon et al., 1995, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 52:775-777, p. 777 4121-EP031(mk) Comparison of Large Danish and Swedish Cohort Studies of Auto Mechanics with Large American Study of Insulation Workers Study Number of Workers Jarvholm (Car Mechanics) Hansen (Car Mechanics) Selikoff (Insulators) 21,905 21,800 17,800 Years of Follow-up 19 10 20 Number of Meso Cases 181 Summary ^ There is consistent evidence ofno increased risk of mesothelioma for auto mechanics from the numerous epidemiology studies that have examined this issue ^ It follows that bystanders or persons that perform brake work non-occupationally are also not at an increased risk ofmesothelioma, since their potential exposure is far less than that of a vehicle mechanic Car Mechanics Have Increased Risks. . . Of Accidents 4/ Which Causes ofDeath Occur Disproportionately Among Car Mechanics? - "Struck by Falling Object" - "Accidents Caused by Fire and Flames Other Than Private Dwellings" - "Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accidents" NIOSH PMR DATA 2002 Diverse Scientific Disciplines Agree - Brake Work Does Not Cause Disease Industrial Hygiene Toxicology Epidemiology Pathology Toxicology Doses of Common Substances Water Normal Daily Dose Lethal Dose V/2 quarts 7V2 gallons Sugar 2 ounces 5 pounds Salt Coffee h/ & Aspirin a 1/3 ounce 2 cups 2 tablets 7 ounces 75 cups 90 tablets 8Source Medical Toxicology by EHenhcm Barcelous. Elsevier. 1988. et a1. Drum Brakes Industrial Hygiene NIOSH Surveys of Asbestos Exposure Concentrations for Auto Brake Mechanics [Long-Term (TWA) - Mean Values] Source: Johnson et al. 1979 (n = 26); Roberts 1980a and b (n = 3); Roberts and Zumwalde 1982 (n = 13); Sheehy et al. 1989 (n = 44) Brake Pads Chrysotile in brake pad is embedded in resin Heat of braking causes most of chrysotile to change to non fibrous form Over 99% of the chrysotile fibers that remain in brake wear debris are < 5 pm Chrysotile loses biological potency with heating 4131 -PA003a Lung Fiber Burden Analysis Cofnmpfnigi 3mpftibcles (amosite + :rocido!ite) Insulation 268 Mesothelioma Cases 0 50 100 150 ZOO 250 -------------------------1-------------------------1-------------------------1-------------------------1-------------------------1 Asbestos Mfg. Shipbuilding Power Plant Construction Steel/Metal Oil and Chemical U.S. Navy Railroad Automotive* Reference Group (no asbestos exposure or disease) Based on mesothelioma cases whose only potential asbestos exposure is from brake dost- Fiber concentration expressed as number of fibers x 10W per gram wet tissueRoggti et at. 2002 Malignant mesothelioma and occupational exposure to asbestos; A cliiticopathological correlation of 1445 cases. Uttrastmcturat Pathology 26:55-85 Butnof et at. 2003. Ann. Occup. Hyp 47(41:325. Exposure to brake dost and malignant mesothelioma: A study of 10 cases with mineral liber analyses- 4121 -PAOGSa Chrysotile Lung Fiber Burden Analysis 268 Mesothelioma Cases 0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 SO Insulation Asbestos Mfg. Shipbuilding Power Plant Construction Steel/Metal Oil and Chemical U.S. Navy Railroad Automotive* Reference Group (no asbestos exposure or disease] -Based on mesothelioma casts whose only potential asbestos exposure is from brake dust- Fiber concentration expressed as number ot fibers x 1000per gram wet tissue. Roggti et at. 2002 Malignant mesothelioma and occupational exposure to asbestos: A dirtieopattrologieal correlation of 1445 cases. Uttrastructurat Pathology 26:55-65 Butnor et at. 2003. Exposure to brake dust and malignant mesothelioma: A study ot ID cases with mineral fiber analyses. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47(4):325. What This Case is About P' Case is not about "asbestos" ^ Case is not about government policies to err on the side of protection ^ Case is about determining whether Ford products caused Mr. Toole's cancer - Likely exposures to amphibole asbestos fibers from pipe insulation at paper mill where he worked and other plants he inspected - Little or no exposures to chrysotile fibers from Ford cars - Exposure to amphibole fibers increase the risk of disease; garage exposures do not