Document DD83E8NjMQvJMq8z4xJzBJ4Ln

FILE NAME: Talc (TALC) DATE: 1974 Dec DOC#: TALC050 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - Identification and Quantitation of Asbestos in Talc EVnolv.ir9o, npmp.en9t5a-l1H09e,al1t9h7kPerspectives Identification and Quantitation of Asbestos in Talc by Arthur N. Rohl* and Arthur M. Langer* The currently used analytical methods for identification, characterization and quantitation of atisobneastnoaslyfisbise,rtirnancsomnsiussmioenr etlaelccturmonpmroicdruocstcsopinycwluidthe speolleacrtiezdedarleigahetlemctircoronsdcoifpfrya,cxt-ioranyanddifferlaecc troLnigmhticmroipcrroosbceopteechmneitqhuoedss. have severe limitations imposed by the ultimate size resoluti_on of tohpetilciaglhpt-rooppteirctailessydsitfefemre. nStmfraolml ptahrotsicelepsrogpoeurntireesscoiltveeddi;ntthhoeselitmeraartguirnea;llmyorsetsooplvteicdaml paryoppeorstsieesss, efi.cgu.,ltiineds,icteaslcoffirbeefrrsacotfitoenn, paorsesedsifsfiocputlitcatol mpreoapseurrteieosndisfmfearlelnptafrrtoimcletsh.oIsne aodfdtaitliconpltaoteths,eswehdicifh further confound analysis. Light microscopy is recommended for use only as a preliminary tool on limited, large-sized, samples. Transmission electron microscopy is a good standard techni que for visualization of contaminant asbestos fibers. Together with selected area electron dif fraction, talc fibers may be easily differentiated from amphibole asbestos fibers on the basis of bonoththmisobrpashiosloagsicwalelal.ndThsteruamctuphraibloclheaarsabcetesrtoizsamtioinne.rCalhsryresoqtuiliereficbheerms aicraelecahsailryacdtiesrtiinzagtuiiosnhetdo dmifafjeorrendtriaawtebaamckosntgotehleecdtirfofenrebnetamfibeinrsttyrpuems.enPtraotbioenafnoarlythsies misimnearnadloagtoicraylfcohrasruacchtefribizeartsi.onThoef talcum products are the time and effort required for data acquisition. These techniques do not lenXd-rtahyemdisfeflrvaecstitoonraonutailnyesisst,uudtyi.lizing the step-scan method, offers a relatively rapid, quan tfiibtaetrivceontetcehnnt ioqfutealfcosr mgraoyssbfeibqeuraanntiatlaytsiivse.lyBadseetderomninceodm. pIatriissoensswenitthiasltatondeamrpdlospyeacimspeencismthene pdreetepramraintieodnattelcehvneilqsuaes wlohwicahs 0y.i1e0l%dsbhyowmeoiggehnt,eocuhsrlyysodtiislepe0r.2s5e%d ,paanrdticalneBth.oTphreymlliotleitaet m2.0a%y bbye twheeigmhatsoscaubrsorernpctieoninctoaelfcf.icTiehnetvoafrtiahnecfeiboefrthtyepseesvaasluceosmdpeapreenddstouptaolnc manadnysefaleccttoerds,diinacglnuodsintigc refEleaccthioonfsthaendabtohveeirtercehlnatiqivueesinitsednessictireisb.ed in detail. A method for routine analys_is of consumer talcum products is suggested. Introduction triTclhineicm, inheyradlratatelcd ismaamgnoensoiuclminics,hoecectassioilnicaalltye wAiltthhougthhe a imdeaaglnesfiourmmusliali:cateM,gietSifsrCeMquOeHn)tl*y. cmoenttaalisnsinsmthaellstarmucotuunrtes. oIft icraonn oacncdurotinhesretvrearcael cmryossttatlalhcabdietpsofsriotsm, pplalatetesstetondfibtoerbse. (f1a,r 2m).oIrne of`EMnevdiircoinnemeonftatlhSeciCenitcyesULnaibvoerrastiotyry,ofMNouenwt SYinoarik,ScNhoeowl York, 10029. cpolimesm, omn itnhearnalfoigbiecrasl.lyT,hetatelcrmo"cfciubrrroiunsgtawlci"thima fliitbeerratuhraeb,itfib(rfoorums )t.alcAsis usysendoniynmothues fmoredtaiclcasl coGnteaoinloignigcaalnlyy, tfaiblcero,cicnucrlsudininrgocaksbmesatsosse.s often choyedxraistteidngmawgnitehsiuam lsailrigceatenmuminberearl sopfecioetsh(e3r, km).ineTrahliosgiclaaltteanraloysbisserovfatniaotnurailsly boacsceudrrinong tcarlycstadlelipzoastiitosn.anFdrelqaubeonrtaltyo,rythsetsuediecsoeoxfisttianlgc mineral phases are asbestos (Table 1). December 1974 95 Table 1. Talc and its associated asbestos minerals. Empirical formula Mg6Si802oT(OalHc)4 Ca2Mg5TSries0m2o2(lOiteH)2 (Mg6AFen)tShio80ph22y(0llHite)2 Mg6Si4C0ihor(yOsHot)i8le Cosmubmsotintucthioemnsical PAe1ffoorr SMig PMenffoorrMMgg Na for Ca FAe1ffoorr SMig NFei ffoorr MMgg Structure and habit cSohmeemtons;ilicfaibtee;rs pclaotmes fmoolina;tedformasggmreagsastievse; imnitcerrognroswcatlhes; moannystuable ftaiblcesrs oobnservseudbimn ipclraotny scale cCohmaimnons;iloicftaetne;asfimbearss sinivteergargogwretghastesin; fosormmes tsaclaclse; foinberssubtemnidcrotno rsahnogret sanfrdomstuvbibsiyb;lesibzye escyoepitco sublight micro cCohmaimnons;iliccoaltuem; nfairbeorsr ffoibrmrosusintearggrgorwegthastesin; stoombee lotanlgcsa;nfdibtehrisn;tesinzde reaynegetos fsruobmligvhitsibmleicrboy scopic. sShheeeetts silfiocramte; cfiubrevresd; ofifbteenrs inaspsecuodmo-ppalcatteeds (pfeocliiaaltleyd inmassesrepse),ntiense r(oinckte; rfloarmmsinianrte)rplacnoranr ftaibmerisnainnttainlctatelcndpltaotebse; ssiuzbelight microscopic in Crystal system Mtriocnlioncilcinic; Monoclinic Orthorhombic oMrtohnoorchlionmicbic Cleavage Optical properties nnxz Ppearrfaelclet;l tporipslmate;te(r0m01i) nations 11..553899--11..565000 fIinbdeircses higher for fPiabrearllealxis;an(d110)acrpoesrs fect 11..560811--11..664115 Pfiabrearllaexlis; (a1n1d0) pearcfreocsts 11..569265--11..665646 (P0a0r1a)llfeolr ctloinofivbaerrieatxyis; 11..553425--11..554596 Iirnodniccehsrylsoowtielresfor low- Maesfsficaibesnotsrp(tCiounKcao= -1032 -1335 -1072 . -717 1.542)a Occurrence tGheenemraaljloyr pmreinseernatl ains Cinommmoannycontatalcms ina(nint Oinftetanlcsa (icnonctaarmboinnaantet Oincctaaslicosnal(ecsopnectaiamlliynanint commercial talc carbonate rocks) and serpentine rocks) serpentine rocks) Otchoemr mmoninlyerianlstalc: Cfealrdbsopnaarstes(e.g(.e,.gan,decsailnceit)e;);qumaritcza;sse(rep.egn.,tinpehl(oeg.go.p, iaten)t;igocrlaityes); (sep.ign.,elsm(oe.ngt.m, morailglonnetitiete)); chlorite; All coefficients calculated on the basis of the empirical formula for each. maTtaelrciarlo,ckmsa,ythfoosremcoams mtheercrieaslluyltwoofrktwedofmoraojorer gpereoeloxgisictianlgprmocaefsicse(sM: hgy-dSrio-trhicerhm) arlocakltseraantdiolnowo-f gdroalodme ihteydr(soitlhicear-mbeaalrminegt,amMogr--phCisam-riocfhs)ilircoecokuss. Tstheeasteitipzraoticoenssaensdasreerpgeenotliongiizcaatliloynr.eTfehreryedinvtoolvaes psloigsihtitolynsdaifnfdereenndt omriignienraall pbruolkducchtse.mBicoatlh cmomay pmriondeuracles, scighrnyisfoictialent inamsoerupnetnstinoifzataisobnesatnods amphibole asbestos minerals in steatitization. Talhmeosmt ientvaamrioarbplyhirsemsultosfinstihliecefoorums atdioonloomfitthees asDbeusrtionsgmgienoelroaglictarelmaoltleitreat(i2o)n. of rocks, new mexiinsetirnagl pohnaess.esMaorset fcroemqumeenrtclyialcrtealacteddepfroosmitsparree dfoerpmoseidtsams athyecorenssuisltt ooff fsiunceh-gpraroinceedss,eisn. tiTmheastee masbixetsutores.s Inoafddmitiinoenrtaolst,heemspineceriaalllcyomtapllcexiatineds Tofhtaatlc dise,postihtse, thmesieneorrealbodcioems aproesoifttieonnzonaendd. assemblage (reflecting changes in bulk 96 Environmental Health Perspectives cfeheetmtiostrsye)vevraarlieisncohveesr. sThhoirst idnivstaarniacbesly, smeveearnasl ttuhraetst,hseinmceinmedintearlacl oprheacseonsseipstasraotfiomninisedraiflfimcuixlt cifomnoptleimxiptyossoibf lemtoineacrahlievdeepdousriitnsg mmianyingb.eThile launsdtrmatienderbayl paarraegceennetspisapoefrthoenNtheew mYionrekraSltoagtye talBc edceapuosesitcsoimnmtheerciGaloutvalecrndeeuprodsiitsstriccotn(s5i)s.t of nmaitnuerraalloagdicmalilxytudreifsfeorfenmt imneartaelrsi,alas nhuamvebebreeonf unsaetudraalslycsoomftmaenrdcimalaytalbce. pThhyesicmalilnyerraeldutcaelcd iins wsizeeakwibthonldititnleg mfeocrcheasnicbaeltwefefeonrt baedcjaacuesentofutnhiet pshroeeptesr.tieTshemmakaitnegriailt puossesfeuslseisn ahunnudmrebdesr ooff hapowpleicvaetri,onresqu(6ir)e. sMmaanlyl poafrtitchleesesizaesp,phliicgahtiosnusr, fcahcaeracaterreisatsic,s.anTdhergeofoorde, smuarfnayceof sothreptitoalnc ppurored.ucTthsemreussut lbteisfianer-egqruaiirneemd,enbtutfonreeadtanloctlikbee ruoscekd rinathinedrutshtrayn dpouersentoatlcr.efTehretroeftohree, mtainlceraasl nspuemcibeesr taolfc,mbautetriraaltshehravteo baeepnroupseerdtyas(7)s.ynA osonaypmstsonef,ortretmalocl:iteastbalecs,tiFnreencthalcta,lcs, tefiabtriotues, ttaitlice.sAolfl aosfbethsetosse fmibaetre.rials may contain quan theInU1n9i7t3e,dthSetraetews;ertaelc38wmasajomrintaeldc pinro1d0ucsetartseisn. Tmhaetergieaolslogwicearel mroicnkedtycpoevserefrdomthewehnitcihre tshpeesce tSrtu.mLaowfrgeenocleogCicoaulnptoys,sNibeiwlitiYeso.rFkoSrteaxtea,m3p0l%e, oinr lterusse ofmtihneermalattearlicals(5r,e6c).ovIenredthaiss "dtaeplco"siits tthhee aamntphhoipbhoylellitea,sbaesstwosellmaisnesrearlpse, nttirneem(oilnicteludainndg Tthheermefionreer,althcehrypsuortiitlye) oofccuarnythrcooumgmhoeurctia(l5l)y. abvoathilatbhlee ntaaltcurien othf ethUe noirtiegdinSatlattaelsc idserpeolastiet dantdo tehliemienxatteent ctoontwamhiicnhantthemrioncekraliss. uTpghirsadeladttetor proScoemsse ims ionfetreanlorgeifcearlreadnatloysaess bheanveefibceieantiomna. de of commercial talcs. One such study showed of athsebe5s1totsalccosnstteundtieodf,thneosneemwaatser1i0a0l%s rtaanlcge(d7).frTohme 0deptoosi8ts7%a.ndStthuediiresasbofestNoeswconYtoernkts Shtaavtee bteaelnc cmarartieedriaolust. iMndiniceraatleodgicaalllansaalymsepsleosf wtheersee pwrheidcohm2i2naanvtalyilaabsbleesctoosns(u8)m. Ienr atanloctuhmer pstruoddyu,citns wstietrueenextsamwienreedp, rietsewnatsinfoaulnldofththaet sfaibmropulessc(o9n). Biological Consequences of Talc Dust Exposure to Eaxnpoocscuurepattoiotnaalcl edxupsot,suinrei,nhteanssbiteyeneqshuoivwanlentot bsceararsisnogciawtehdicwhithhaas dbifefeunse teinrmteresdtititaallclousnigs (q1u0e-1s6ti)o. nHsowweevreer, reaviesnedinatshestoe stthuediessp, escoimfice pasabtheostgoesnibcodaigeesnwt ienrethferetqaulcenittslyelfo.bFseorrveexdaimnptlhee, l(1u1n,g13ti,ss1u7)e;scolifniicnadlivaindduaralsdiwolhoogidciaeldsiomf itlaalrciotiseiss etaxlicsotesids (b12e,tw13e,en18);thaendd"isfiebarsoeusa"stbaelsctoaspipseaarnedd tSoevbeeraml oirnevpeastthigoagteonrisc tuhsainng"ptlhaety"intdailvcid(1u9a)l. mmiinxeturarelscoomf ptroenmenotlsiteofafsibbreosutosstaalncd(mplaadtey utpalco)f ocobmseprvoendendtsififneraennitmbailosl.oTgihceayl orebssperovnesdesthtaot tthhee afisbbroegsetnoisc rcesopmonpsoeniennttheinadniumcaelds (2a0).gOrenaetienr vciedsetnigcaetoorf hnaesopalalssoia raempoorntegdst atnalcinmcrienaesresd ainnd dmuislltesrs(21)e.xLpousnegdtistsoueassfbreosmtosw-coorknmtaeinninegxpotsaeldc tlaobotraaltcoryd.usBt ohthaveambpeheibnoleanaalnydzedchriynsootiuler aelsebcetsrtoons mfibicerrosswcoeprye o(2b2s)e.rved in these tissues by talSeavneriaml arlescenatndstuodbiesse,rvinavtoiolvninsg oenxpehruimmeann amnadtetrailaclsm, haayvebeshaoswsoncitahtaetdewxpitohsutruemtoorassboefstthoes souvcahry taanldcucmervipxro(2d3u,c2tsk).aIsn aludbdritiicoann,tsth, edursyeinogf faogoedntps,acaknadgienxgcipprioendtusctisn ma anyumpobseer aofhfaozoadrdanidn tterorminsteosftiannalinscyrsetaesmedthnreooupglahstiincgreisstkioinn t(h25e).gas December 1974 97 Asbestos Content of Consumer Talcum Products incBluedcaeussethtehemmininininggooff atasblcesatloms oasst iwnvelalr,iatbhliys cnaartruireadl oavsebresitnotso cthoentcaomnisnuamnterinprtoadlcuctm. aSyinbcee aasgbeensttoins thaalcs wbeoernkmseunsp, elocwtedlevaselsthoef apsabtheostgoesniinc cceonntsusmtuedrietas.lcTs hheasveedbaeteanatnhde foobcsuesrvoaftmioannsyleraed taosbeasntosimprpeosretnatntin pcuobnlsicumheeratlatlhcs,qaunedst,ioifn:preis streantti,onws?hich fiber type and in what concen Instrumental Methods of Identification of Asbes tos in Talc tecThhneirqeueasrewahnicuhmmbearyobfesutasneddafrodr midiennetriafilcoagtiicoanl ainncdluqdueanlitgithattioonptoicfaalsbmeestthoosdfisb, eersleicntrtoanlc.oTphtiecsael techniques, and x-ray diffraction techniques. Light Microscopy insTthruememnotastl twecidhenliyqueusefdor atnhde ainneaxlypseinssivoef Amimneircarolosgcoicpael wspheicchimeemnpsloisysopptoiclaarlizmediclriogshctopoyp. ttiicfiscahtiaosn beoefnmainsetraanldsarfdor tetchhenipqauset fcoernitdueryn. Wphhaesensubseedidewnittihfieidm,mbeurtstihoen bouillsk, cnhoetmoinsltyriemsaoyf the phases may be determined with remarkable abceceunrpacroyp. eTrlhyetefrimeldedoofpotipctailccalrymstainlleorgalroagpyhyh, ains tahnadt qtuhaenitnitfaotirvmea.tTiohne oabntaaliynseeds omfatyhebleigehltegvaisnit bwliethmtihniesramlepthhoadse. s within talcs may be made ofWlieghhtavme iecxroasmcionpeyd. nPuomwedreoruss ftarolcms bdyifmfeeraennst smoaudrcee, sw(ecrae. p0l.a5cemdgo)nboptrheclneaantuerdalglaansds smlidaens a1n.6d00i.mSmeveersraeldspinlitms ofruonmtinegacnhDsa=m1p.l5e0w0,er1e.5e5x0, ammicirnoesdcopfeoremtphloeyired oinptiacllalcaspersopwearstieeqsu. ipTpehde wligithht obprtiigchs.t Afnielodveirlalullmviineawtioonf vaanridouspoplraoripzeerd tinievsesotfigtahteiomn:arteelraiatilvwe arseloiebf,tabinireedfraintgtehnicsel,evgerlososf wmeorrephooblsoegryv,edaonrdmeexatsiunrcetido.nThaengrelelastivoef pfuibreitrys osifzeeadchistsriabmuptiloenws aosf otbhseermveidn,eraanldpthhaesegsenweerrael pdhetaesrems inteendde(dFitgo. b1e).coTahrese-igdreanintiefdie.dHomwineverear,l wtahinentatlhcefitbalecrss,asmopmleesparoreblfeinmes-garraeineendc,oaunndtecreodn. cShpaercaciftiecriasltliycs, mthaey nnootrmbeal prbeisreenftri(nfgorentchee mfibeearssu);re in(ddicifefsereonftiraetfiroanctioofn ianrteerndiaflficruelftletco tilalnucmeinaantdi'onB)e;cktaelclinfiebwerhsehnavvieewhiegdhewritihndciecenstroafl rweiftrhactaimonphthibaonletaslc(peslapteecsi,aallnyd msmaayllbefciboenrfsuseodf rtreesmolovleitef)r;omfibtearlcs palraetesdiwffhiceunltthteo larottuetrinaelrye omraigenniftiecdatioonns); emdganey (feibseprescaiarellytooastmahlligtho seeInbysulimghmt amryic,rolsicgohpty.microscopy, <employing pcroiltaicriazledanlaiglyhstisopotifcsta, lhcasspseecvimereenlsimfoitrataisobnesstfoosr fmibicerross.coTpihce rienshoelurteinotn limmaiytatsioon reosftriocpt titchael gaonaulnydsiestetchtaetd.laIrtgies naupmarbaedrosxo,fhsomwaelvl efrib, ethrsatmoapy ttihcealprmesicernocsecoopfyotihsewr eclolnstuaimteidnafnotrsdinetetarlmc,inei.ng.g, (thqeuacratrzb,onfaetledsmpianre,ramlsiacnasd, otehtce.r).siliAcalstoe,phiatseiss rtreamcearmkainbelyralsepnhsaistievse, iffotrhetyheardeepterermseinntaitniosnizeosf rmeesothlovda,blaelthboyughliglhimt itoepdt,iciasl rescyosmtemmesn.d Tashias preliminary tool of investigation (26). X-ROanyeDoifffrtahcetiostnandard mineralogical techniques xu-sreadyinpotwhedearndaliyffsriascotof msoelitdryc.rWysittahllitnheispmhaestheosdis, t2h0o0s0eAphmasaeysbwe istuhbcjercytsetdaltloitex-sriazyesbogmrebaaterrdmtheannt xan-rdaymasdpeetcotrruemflecct hfraormacttheeriisrtaictomofic tphlaenires iann tinereaftfoemcti,cisdiastsatnruccestuarnadl "cfhinemgeircparlimnta"kaenudp.seTrhviess, ttoheidpehnatsifeys,pinremseonstticnasthese usnaimqpuleel.y,Atdhdeintiaotnuarleinof formation may be obtained by x-ray powder dif- 98 Environmental Health Perspectives Figure 1. Photomicrographs of a talc sample from New York State: (A) talc in plane polarized light) shows "granularity" panredsesnmcealol fspizreisomfaptiuclvcerryiszteadls.saSmevpeler;al(oBn--Ded)gecopnlasetecsutmivaeypbheoctoosnfoufsepdulwvietrhizfeidbesras.mSpolmeseboefttwheeelnarcgreorsscerdysptaollsa,rso)nsthhoewbatshies of their optical properties, were identified as tremolite. fdriavcidtoumaleptrhya,seinscpluredsinegntqiunaantcitraytsitoanllinoef tmheatriinx and their average particle size. (27). soXp-hriasytidciaftferadctiotonoils ctohnasnidertehde topboelaarimzionrge meleiccrtoroscnopme.icrAosltchoopueghforletshse sdenetseitcitvioVn"thoafntrathcee qinusatnrutimtieesntoafl mteactherniiaqlusepriesseconmt imnoanmlyatursixed, thfoisr tnhueancaensaliynsvioslveodf intatlhces.x-rTahyeandailfyfsicisulotfietsalcafnodr tbrealcoewasabnedstoosutfliibneer awrheamt awney.cWonesdideesrcrtiobebteheasne caoccnespisttasbloefanthaelytpicreapl atreacthionniquoef. Ttahlcis stetacnhdnaiqrudes (fitbalecr)m, atthriecessealdemctiixoend wofithckhnaorawcnteqriusatinctitixe-sraoyf rinefsluercetihoonms toogbeneesictyanannedd,resparmopdluecipbrieliptayr,aatinodnitno strumental technique. PMrienpearraalstioinn oTfaSlctanfodrartdheDPiluurtipoonseofoAfsQbeusatons titative X-Ray Analysis asbTehsetosidfeinbteirficiantiotanlc anbyd xq-uraayntidtaiftfiroanctioonf tkencohwnniqudeislumtioanys b(efiabcehrietvyepde bayndcoqmupaanrtiistoyn) ooff apsrbepesatroastioinn aoftalsctamndaatrridx (wknitohwunn)kdniolwutniosn. sThoef aasnbaelystsoiss remqiunierersa:ls(1)ina ttaallcc mfaotrrixqucoanmtpitlaettievlye fprueree oafsbceostnotsamfiibneartiansgthaesbseosutogshtmcoinnetraamlsi;na(n2)t phhoamsoe;ge(n3e)itay parnedparreaptiroondumcibetihliotyd ofofrthinesusrtianng dard dilution material, i.e., identical aggregate December 1974 99 greefolemcetitoryn;s w(4it)h sneolescutpioenrimopfosdeidaginntoesrtfiecrenxc-reasy. VaSreioleucsttiyopnesooff tathlceweTraeltcestMedaftorirxpoMssiibnleeruasle: amsacpeuureticarel,fereexncceipimenatt,eraianld, iandclduidtiinvge ptahlacrs (taaclcksnowwalesdgmeaddheigbhypxu-rriatyy gpraodwed).erScdriefefrnaicntgioonf tainnauloyussis.scFaonr efraocmh o3f tthoe 6ta0lc, saatmtphlees,raatecoonf 1the20m/majoinr, mwiansemraal dpehainseosr,dpear rttoicrualpairdllyy aisdbeensttiotys mthienemraaltse.riIafl nwoaassbree-setxoasmpihnaesdesinwtehree sdteetpe-cstceadn, tmhoeddeiawgnitohstaicsatsebpe-ssctoasnnreinflgecrtaioten roefg0io.0n2s(T2a8bline 2th).e Iaf bnsoenacsebeosftoassbwesatsosdewteacstefudrbthyetrhvisermifieetdhobdy, tsrpaencsimmeisnssiownereelescctarnonnedmaitcr4o2s,0co00pyd. ireTcytpsiccarelleyn, mcharygsnoiftiilceatifoibnrilsto. Binysuurseingthethedseetescctrioeenninogf taescbhensitqousews,aas tsaellcecwtehdicahs wthaes ampaptarrixenmtlyatferreieal.of fouDnudritnhgatthmeancyoutraslecsocfonthtaisinsvcareryeniningga,mitouwnatss omfintehreal, hcyhdlorroitues. Tihreonp-rmeseangcneeosifutmhis smiliinceartael oinftecrhferyresostiwlei.thTthhee pdreetesecnticoen ooff scmhlaolrlitaemiosunints d(0i0c1a)t;ed7.b1yAst(r0o0n2g)].x-Trhayisblaastatelrrerfelfelcetcitoinosn [o1c4c.2urAs tiniotnheofsacmhreygsoentielera(l7a.3reAa a).s Tdoheesretfhoere(0, 0a2)hriegfhleecr roersdoelrvirnegflethcteisoen mwiansercahlopsehnasfeosr. the purpose of tioSnelteoctsieolnecotifngthae tAaslcbeosftohsigFhibpeurrsi:ty,Initadwdais nwehciecshsawryeretothoebmtasienlvaessbefrsetoesomf cinoenrtaalmsianmatpiolens. Tdihluistiowno.uTldheenresfuerreenacehiagshbeqsutoalsitmy itnaelcra-alssboefstthoes Iwnetreernfaotuinodnatlo bUengieonnerAalglyaisnusittabClaenfcoerrth(iUsIpCuCr) ptroesme ol(i2t8e).wTerhee mriecfreorpenulcveeriaznetdhoapnhdyllaintealyaznedd fboyr tpraunristmy ibssyiosntepe-lseccatrnonninmg ixc-rroasycoapnyaliynsiasccaonrd dfoarnctaelcw. iTthhethfeibperroscwedeurerefsopurnedvitoousbleyfdreeescorifbiend terfering contaminants. The chrysotile dspileuctiimonesn wuasseda triinplemaaikrinjegt mthielledtaslca-mchprlyesforotimle JthoehnJse-fMfraenyviMlleinCe,orQpu.)ebec (provided chrysotile, ofSasmpepcliemPenrephaarnadtiloinn:g Afomrondgiftfhreacptroombleetmesr faenrarleydsisoriaernetatthioen eaffnedctssuroffacpearftliactlneesssiz. eI,nptrhee ptirceuplaarratcioanreofwthase atsabkeesntost-otalecnsstuarnedatrhdast, ptahre seaffmecptlievsehcardysataullniitfeordmimseinzesidonistorinbuthtieonoradnedr aonf rfeivdeucmeicthroensmoeranlesdse.vTiahtiiosnwoasf rdeofnleecitnionordinetrento sities to a value of about 1% (29). strTohneglryepinroflduuecnicbeidlitbyyotfhreefdleegctrieoenoifnctelenasviatigees oisf pcreyrfsetacltlicnleeavpaogwe dpearrsa.lleTl atloc,itswbhaiscahl pplaotsese(sFsiegs. 2toA)t,hiwsildlitreenctdiopnrewfehreennttihaellysatmo polreieinstpaateckpeadrailnlteol tchreyshtaolllditeer s(iFziegh. a2sCb).eeTnhigsrewaitlllyorcecduurceedvebnywghrienn doninegca(2n7,ea2s9i)l.y Iennvaisdadgietiohnowtoadpmlaitxeedorfiiebnetrasticoann, o(Friigens.t 2wBi,th2Dth)e.ir fiber axis parallel to the plates F iganudre (B2). Parnetfheorprehdyllioteriefnibtaetrion(210()A;) (Ct)alcprepplaarteed (t0a0lc1s) ttehned (t0o01a)ligcnleatvhaegmes;elv(Des) paanrtahloleplhytollittheeifribbearssal inplattaelsc, fmacaetrsicpeasratellnedl ttoo atalilgcn (0th0e1m) scellevaevsagwesit.hCtrhyesitral(l2o1g0r)apshuirc paxlaetsesm. arked a, b, c. C and D looking parallel to talc forArneudmucbinegr opfrteefcehrrneiqdueosriohiarveitiboenenefdfeevcetslo, piend csiluftdiningg abnidndbearckalnodadisnlpurr r*ed mrest,hoadnsd, 100 Environmental Health Perspectives pvraeripoaursatoiothnermteecthhondiqsuewser(e27-te3s1t)e.dSefvoerraulsesucihn tshaetisfparcetsoernyt rsetpurdoyd.ucNiboinlietyw, aesreinfdoiucantdedtobygtihvee vduarpilaitciaotne d(idleuvtiioantiosnta)nodfarrdesflwechtiiochn hiandtebneseintyunof isfuocrcmeslys inprtehpisarreedgaradndwams toauknetnedto. iTndheicaltaectkhaot,f hinabmiti,xtauresstatoifstimcainlleyralrsanwdoitmh pdlaistytriobrutfiiobnrouosf poorisesnibtaleti,otnos aicshieexvetr.emely difficult, if not im whAicchcowrdaisnginlyte,ndaedtetochonbitqauine awhaisghddeevgerleoepeodf qseunasnittiitviietsy, faonrd smubosretanimcepsorptarenste, nwt hiinchmhiandutea gterneastietiredse.greBeinofarreyprosdyuscteibmilsityooff recfhlercytsioontilien, ptrreempaorleidte,atanvdaryainntgholpevheyllslitoef idniluttaiolcn wonerea wcoenicgehnttpraetriownesigohft fbiabseirss. Tinhetfaolcllowweinreg pineirticaellnyt p1.r0e,p0a.r5e, d0.2f5o,r 0e.2a0c,h0.b1i0n%a.ryThseysstteamnd: a5rd.0,w4e.i0g,h2t.o0f, theThtoetawl esiagmhepdle wtaalcs-a5s0bmesgto. s mixtures were pporespsiabrleed cinon1t0ammilnoaftifoinlt)eruedtilwizaintegr (atosauvrofaidctaannyt hanodmougletrnaesoounsilcy. enTehrigsy stlourrdyispwearsse ptohuerepdhaismes mfiletedrieadtelythrinotuogha 3a0-3cc7-hmympoddeirammiectesry,ri0n.g2e2 agnmd efiflfteecrtivheolpdoerrefsoizreamtteamchbmraennetfitlotera. [hAypsotadnedrmaridc sCyor.i]ngIne itsheavcaoiluarbslee o(Ff ifgi.lt3e)rifnrgo,mthtehesyMriinllgipeories hroetladteidn aanhdosrhizaoknenta.lTphoissiaticotnionanhdelipssftroeqpureevnetlnyt psiazreticalneds. dTehnesirteysidseupearfaotrimons aofcatkhee osfusupneifnodremd fthilitcekr,neasnsd othfearbeosuutlti0n.5g smurmfacoenotfhtehemfieltmerbrcaankee gislufeldat. toThea cgalkaessismailclorowsecdopteo dslriydeanfdorthxe-nraiys pthoewddreireddicfafrkaectoionnreapneaaltyesdisp. rXep-raaryatiaonnaslysshisowosf ttrhiabtutthede mthirnoeurgahl opuhta.sTeshiasretehchonmiqogueenheaosusthlyedaids vmaenatsaugreinogf utnhiefortmallcy-apsrbeepsatroisngd, imluotiuonntsingu,nadnedr identical conditions. The reproducibility and saencosimtipvaitryisoonf thoef ttehcehnmiqeuaseuirseddeamreoansstorafteinddbexy reflections for a number of samples (Table 3). Figduarrde d3i.luDtieovnicse oufseadsbteostopsrepfiabreersfiilntertaclca:ke(sA)ofhostladner wanhdichgaasckceotmamttoadcahtemsenthte tomesmyrbinragnee; f(iClt)ers;yr(iBn)geh;old(De)r plunger. deSteecltectthioen woefaXk-RraeyfleRcetifolencstioonf sd: iluItnioonrdceormto pmoannennetsr iatcrwoasss naepcreesssealreyctteodscaarenainofathsteepxw-riasye pmroinfeilrea.lsBeucnaduesre oefxasmtruincatutiroanl,stihmeirleariwtiaess imnuthche "tioovnesrl(aTpapbilneg2"; Foirg.in4)t.erTfheeresnicmeilainritmieasniyn crreyfsletacl sintrtuercfteurreencaendoftthhee cxo-nrasyeqduiefnfrtacotvioernlarpepfilnecgtiaonnds hoaf vtealcb,ecehnrymsoetniltieo, naendt.hoTphhisyllcioten,diatniodntrmemadoelitiet ntieocnesssfaorryetaochsemleicnteararlefcloemctipoonneonrt swethiocfhrecfoluelcd be used unambiguously as an index or indices of Table 2. Diagnostic reflections of asbestos minerals used in standard dilutions. Mineral d, A hkl I/h 26 Scan 26 AChnrthysoopthilyellite 83..2666 ((201004)) 5850 2140..3615 2130..51--2171..51 Tremolite 8.38 (110) 100 10.55 10.0-11.1 MialFleorr Ienadcehx,chrealraatcivteerisitnicteninsitteyr,plaBnraagr gspraecfilnegctigoinvena,ngtlhee, and step-scan interval are included. December 1974 101 Table 3. Replicate measurements of areas of diagnostic peaks of chrysotile in chrysotile-talc dilutions.a Specimen Peak areas, in.2 A B 99.5% Talc-0.5% chrysotile 22..2107 22..1197 2.18 2.19 Avg. 2.18 2.18 99.75% Talc-0.25% chrysotile 00..8848 00..8888 0.84 0.88 Avg. 0.84 0.88 99.9% Talc-0.10 chrysotile Not detected Not detected ploatMteedasounredsamweithsccaolemponenssatetipn-gscapnolarrunpslaunnimdeerterc;onpsetaaknst settings (2 X 103 cps; 0.02 26; 45 kV/20 mA). 16L.__________ l 12 ___________ 1_______ ____ 8 L---------------- J----------------- 4 1------------------1 Figsaumreple4s. fXro-mrayNedwiffYraocrtkioSntatter,aciinngtshe o8f-16fibro26usregtiaolnc cohfryrseoflteilcet,ionlsi:zar(Sd)ite,serpaenntitginoerite()i;nclu(Ade)s athntehomphinyellriatels; c(Thrl)orittere. mNooltietet;ha(tT)thetaalcn;tho(Mph)ylmlitiecapea(pkhalotg8o.p9itAe);(02(C0)) itsheofatennthompahsyklelditeby8.2a6 sAtron(g210ta)lcpepaekakisa tof9t.e3nAma(0s0k2e)d; biny tthhies trfeigmuorelitema8s.3k8edAal(m11o0s)t p5e%ak.aTnthheoptrheymlloitleit.eIp/hea=k intensity. tthuere.amTohuisntwoafs thdoant embinyeraalcpormepseanritsoinn aofmtihxe AmSinTeMralXs-aRnady bPyowinddeerxiDngattaheFidleifffroarcetoacghraomfsthoef ereafcehreonfcethtealcU. IWCChenasbtheisstodsatmainwearsalsassaenmdbtlhede atinodnscoumnipqaureedin, idt swpaascinpgosasnibdlesttroonsegleecntouregfhleicn intensity to be used as quantitative indices (dTeaxblreef2le).ctIinonthsisfowraeya,ccherotafinthdeiadginluotsitoicn ocroimn pvaolnsenwtesrewexr-erasyelsetcetpe-dscaanndnethdeaset 0a.n0g1ualnard i0n.t0e2r 2c6o.uAnt ddiegtietarml pinriantitoonutwoafseulasepdsetdo tpimreepairneaprfeixceisdeptioosnisti.onIns atnhde pfrixoefidlescooufntthemoddiaeg,ntohseticdriefffrlaecc atocmcuemteurlsactianngs efiqxueadl acnoguunltasr aintteeravcahlsp(o0i.n0t2w2i6t)h, eqquuirael laocncguerractiym. eAsltthhoanughhigwheerakinrteefnlesicttyiornesflerec tpiroencsi,sioanll. Ipnointhtsis armeetdheotdermthienedstawtisitthicaelquaacl cthueractyotoafl annyummbeearsuorefd ccoouunntts derpeceonrddseodn. lyTohne nreucmipbroercaolfocfocuonutnstiwnagsticmalecsu. lTatheed cboyuntatiknigngratthees wpreorbeabsleeleecrtreodr oftoabgoiuvte2.a0%u.nWifohremn thpeernceunmtabgeer ooff tchoeundtisaginsopsltoictteredflaesctaiofnunisctfioounndof(2F6iga. 5p)r.oTfihlee apreenasaatbinovge bpaoclakrgropulanndi,mdeetteerr,miinsedtawkeitnh atocombe proportional to the reflection intensity. FofacStuobrsstaAnfcfeecstibnyg Xth-eRaLyimDiitfsfroafcDtioentectability difIfnraactmioinxtpuarteteorfn pcoownsdiesrtss,otfhteheressuuplteirnpgosxi-tiroayn 102 Environmental Health Perspectives 3.ft63 X oCHR 004 11 p ZO3 6 u <'Po <>XI O OO O X 3.53 * CHL 004 O , 1 20 24 25 26 I i____ 1____ I____ , F igdiulruetion5. Sotfep1-s%canchrpyrsoofitliele oibntaianed99%on taalc stmanadtrairxd. N(3o.5t3e Athe croefnlteacmtioinna)t.ioSnteopf-stacalcn woibthtaianetrdaceatof0.c0h5lori2te8 for 2000 counts. opfoudnifdfsrac(Ftiiogn. p4)a.ttTerhnes ionftethnesitcyonosftiteuaecnht ccoomm pneocuensdsa'srilypaattelirnnearisfupncrotipoonrtoifo,niatsl ctoon,cebnutrtatnioont c(2h9a)n. geAsinidxe-rafryomoutpinusttrfurommentatargl eftatcutboer)s w(hei.gch., mimaay, tihnfelrueenacree tahenupmrobfeirleosfoofthdeifrfrfaaccttioorns tmoabxe cmoansteidreiareld, . iTnhcelsuedianrge rsealamtepdleprhimomaroilgyentoeitthye, ctahteiomni,caslammapkleeutph,icpkanretiscsleasnidze,flpartnefeesrsr,edanodrieanb sorGpetinoenraclhFaraaccttoerrsis:ticTs.he components of a m*ix tmuirneedanbdy tthheeiirnrteenlastiitvyemaemaosuurnetms emnatys obfethdeetdeirf fsriadcetrieodn. Hpaotwteervnesr,, iift ailsl ntheecseessafaryctothrsatarceerctaoinn cmounsdtitbioenhsombeogseantiesofiuesdly. mThixeecdoimn pitosnmenattrsioxuagnhdt consist of randomly oriented small particles to December 1974 isnastuisrfey tthheatBraaglgarggeeomperotrpyofrotirornefloefcttihoenm. Itwhailsl bateoemn ischonwumn bthear t(w=it1h2m-3a0t)e,ripaalrstiocfleinstiezrems einditahtee grarnegateerofth2a-n101%gm(27w, 2il9l).giAveunairfeoprmroldyuscmibailllitpyaorf toircileentsaitzieonwailnl dalmsoicrhoealbpsotorptmioinnimefifzeectsp.arCtiocmle pthaarat ttihveepionrtoesnitsyitoyf tmheeasspuerceimmeenntiss caolsnostarenqtuainrde trhayast twheithspmecaixmimenumis tihnitceknseintyo.ugh to diffract xanTdhtehepofwiltdeerr-emdoumnatitnergiatleschunsieqdueinofthsipsecsitmudeyn pthreespearbaatisoicn rewqeurieremseelencttsedofiqnuaonrdtietratitvoe fxu-lrfailyl difSfpraecctiiaonl aFnaalcytsoirss. : An important factor wamhiocuhntsaffoefctsmathteeriaalbilbiyty xt-oraydedteicfftrascmtioalnl caunraslywsihseins tswpoecismubesntaxn-creays wabitshordpitfiofenr.eTnthims aoscs asobrspotripotnioncoceoffeifcfiiecnietn(tgs/apr)e ims iaxemd.eTahsuerme aosfs tahbe farbascotriobnedofwthheeneneargbyeainmthoefinucniditenctroxs-sraysebcetiaomn tbreacvaeursseesita iusnict hmaraascsteorfismticateorfialt.heIt cisheumseicfuall etilaelmlyenintsdeinpetnhdeeanbtsoofrbtihnegirmcahteemriiaclaal nodr ipsheysssiecnal wagagvreelgeantgethstoaftet.heItabissoarbfeudncratidoinatioonnlyanodf tthhee asetonmsiitcivintuymobferdeotfecthtieonabosforabincgomepleomneenntt. mTahye vcoamrypocnoennstidreerlaabtilvye, dtoeptehnadtinogf tohne gm/patrfixo.r Tthhee manatshsopahbysollriptet,ioanndcotereffmicoielinttes foofr ttahlec,wcahvreylseontgilteh, oTfabcloep1p.erCxh-rryasdoitailteionhas(1.t5h4e2 low)esatreg/pgivoefnthine fthouart omfitnaelcr,al1s0,3a2b. oTuhtus7,1t7h,ewsheincshitiivsitayboouf tde7t/e1c0 ttihoenoothf ecrhrtywsootailsebeinstotaslcmiisnegrraelast,enretghlaenctitnhgatthoef edfefgercetes ooffcrsyuscthallvianriitaybwlehsicahsmpaayrtihcalvee seiqzeuaalnodr gtiroena.ter influences on the sensitivity of detec meTahseurepmreecinstisonob(rteapinreodducinibilxit-yra)yofdiifnfrtaecntsiiotyn asntraalytesigsyc.an Ibfe oapntimaizcecdubmyualasuteitdablecocuonunt tinogf 103 4reXla1t0i5v-e 5iXnt1e0n5siitsy ombteaainsuerde,mtheent pdrueecitsoiocnouonf titnhge asltsaotisrteilcasteadlotnoespisecNim1e/n2. pTrheepadraettieornmirneaptrioodnucis itibcilleitys.izWeitohf spl-e2cigmmen, sthhaevirnagngaen ainveriangteenpsiatry pmreecaissuiorenmeonf tsquisanfrtiotmativ0.e1 txo-r0a.y5%a.nTahlyesiosvewraillll probably lie in the range of 0.5 to 1.0% (27). larTgheemaecacsuurraecyonotfhex-dreagyreaenoaflypsriesfedrerepdenodrsienin tuasteidoninotfhpisarsttiucdleys, sinhetehtessilaimcapteles. aTnhdefimbeartse,ricaalns boerieenxtpaetciotend. Ttohihsaivneesacahpiagbhledpehgyreseicaolflpimreifteartrioedn icsurtahceym. ain factor in controlling the level of ac Standard Dilutions in CthhreystoatliclesitnanTdaalrcd: uTsehde pirnesepnrceepaorfactiholnoriotef cthhery(s0o0t2i)ler-etaflleccdtiioluntioofncshmryasyotpirleecalusdaedtihaegnuosestoicf r2e6fleocvteiorlna.pTs haencdhlomriatsekrseftlhecetiolanttaetr abreofuletc1ti2o.6n. Wabhoeunt tthhee sinamteen,sitthieespoefakthsecsaentwbeorreesfollevcetdiownsitahrea fsoterp-stchainsninspgercaitael ofc0o.0n1ditpioernd, egtrheee 29p.eEaxkc-teop-t bpaecrmkgirtouitndtoratbioe omf tehaesucrherdyswotiitlhe (0p0r2e)cidsoioens.noIft csahmrypsloet,ilebuatncdhcryhsloortiiltee aprreedboomthinpatreess,enthteinn tthhee (d0i0c2a)topreoafkthoef rcehlraytisvoetilaemcoaunntboefucsherdysaostilaenprine senAt.nother mineral which may interfere with tkhaeolidneittee.ctiTohnisormqinuearnatlitaistiotnheofmcohstrycsoomtilme oins maluemmibneurmofsiltihceatekacolaliyn mgrionuerpalso. f Ahlythdoruoguhs ktianoelirnoictke,hpaasrntioctublaerelny rbeepcoarutseed tihnetamlcodoersseorfpfeonr mdiasstiiomnilaanr,d gtheioschfeamcitcadloeensvinroontmpernetclaurdeequtihtee ptarlecsuemnce boyf kaadomlinixitiengin. iTnhdeustmriaelchoarnciocanlsumanedr pmhoynsyicawl ipthroptheortsieesoofftkaalco.linInitefawcot,ulidt bheasinbheaern itdalecnutmifiepdrodasuctas.^cBoemcpauosneenttheorfe asoremcelocseossmtreuticc tkuaroalilnitsei,mtihleairritixe-sraybedtwiffereanctiocnhrypsaottteilrens aanrde sreimfleilcatrioinn mofankyaorelisnpietectsa. tTh7e.15firAst-omrdaeyr btahsuasl o7.v2e4r la A p . oDr empaesnkd itnhge cohn r yths oe t irlee l a(0ti0v2e) raemfleocutniotsn aotf tnheeistheetrwodemteicntearballes pnroersenqtu,acnhtirtyastoivtielleymdaeytebre mtioinn.edItwhitahspbreeceinsiofonubnydutsheaotf tthhee 73.2.643AA re(f0l0e4c) trhefalnectitohne o(f0c0h2r)ysroetfilleecatito2n4.3for26disetmecotriengusetfhuel dchilruytsioontisleofrethflaetctmioinneirsal binetttaelrc rmesaotrlviceeds. fTrohmis rferoflmecttihoens3.o5f3 aAsso(c0i0a4t)edremfleincteiroanls,ofpacrhtliocruiltearlayt 2ch5.r1yso2t6il.eT(h0e04)pelainke-,tow-bhaicchkghroasunadn rianttieonsoiftythoef adbeoteurtm8i/n1e0 tohfethme i(n0i0m2)urmefldecettieocnta, bislethaums ouusendt toof csahmrypsloetsilaereinstepta-slccansnteadndaatrda rastaemopfle0s..02Tpheer oderdgerereto26achfrioemve amnaxanimgluemofp2ea3k.0atnod27m.0inim26umin bspaeccktgrruomun. dAinmteinnsiimtiuems inotfh0e.2s5a%mebryegwioenigohftthoef cchornyssisotteinletlyin. Cshtarnydsoatridle taatlclohwaesr bleeveenlsdoeftedcitleud tioTnrecamnonloittebeindeTteacltce:d. A few specimens, la bpeolwedderasditfrfermacotiloitne, awnaelryesispreapnadrecdonftoinruoxu-rsalyy Wscahnennetdhefsroemsp3ecttroa 6w0ere26inadtexaerda,teit owfalsVfmouinnd. ttahmatinoannlytso. nTehtarteims,otlhiteepsoasmitipolneswaansdfrreeleatoivf ecoinn tlyenwsiittihesthofeadllaotaf igtsivreenflefoctrioanns AcoSmTMparreedfeerxeanccte tMreamteorilailtse st(aAndmaerdricpaonwdSerodciifeftryactfioorn fTilee,st#i1n3g- 4ti3o7n).oAf strienmdoiclaittee,dwinhiTchabhleas2,atrheela8t.i3v8eAintreenfsleitcy ofof r1t0h0e, twreams oselilteec-tteadl cads iltuhtei odniasgenrioesst.icThreefl3e.c1t2i on A ttreenmsiotylitoefr1e0fl0e,cwtioasn,nwothiucshedalsboechaaussae rietloavtievrelaipns wfroitmh t9h9e.03%.12taAlc-re1f.l0e%ctitorenmoof ltiatlec.thDrioluugtihon99le.9v5e%ls tsaclacn--n0e.d05%untdreemr ocloitnestwaenrte ipnrsetpraurmedenatnadl scteopn- dwiatisondse.teTctheed daitagalnlolsetvicelsreoffledcitliuotnionofutpretmo,oalintde 104 Environmental Health Perspectives iLnecslsudthinagn, 0t.h1e%9t9re.9m%oltiatelcw-0as.1n%ottrdeemteocltietde albevoevle. background. Replicate dilution mixtures at the 0a.n1d%staenpd-sc0a.0n5n%edtrteomcoolniftiermlevtheelssewoebreseprvreaptiaornesd. ThAenrtehsouplthsywllietree cinonsTiastlecn: t aTnhde reapnrtohdoupchiyblllei.te utaslecd winasprefproamringthdeiluUtiIoCnCmsitxatnudreasrdofafsibbeesrtoins rcehfaerraecntecreizedm(i2n8e).raAl spceoclilmecetnioonf, thpisremviaoteursilayl wfroasmc3onttionu70ous2l9yastclan/nmeidn.byWxh-ernaythdeifpferaakcstioonn tshpeacindgifsf,raitctwioans fopuantdtertnhatwtehree aansthsoigpnheydllitde wphalsogocpointeta. mHinoawteedverb, y thtaeslce, icnhtrloinrsitiec, caonnd taamdiilnuatinotns dsotannodtaprrde.clAudemuosreeosfetrhieoumsatleimriiatlinags cthoenddiitfiofrnacptieorntapinasttetornsthoef s"ipmuirlea"riatinetshobpehtwylelietne arenfdlectatilocn(sseeofFiagn.th4o).pAhymlloitneg tahree mthoest 3i.n0t5ense (ob, sIc/uhre=d 4b0y);ththees4u.p5e0rpos(iotibosncuorfedthbeyttahlce 43..5132 tal,cI)/hand= t1h2e a3n.2d3the 4(.o5b6scur,eId/hby=th4e5 b3o.3t3h of mpeiacka-tcoo-nbtaacmkginroaunnt dofrtaatlico, Io/fh th=e10m0)o.sSt inincteenthsee rpeoflretactniot nssionfgtlhee pfoawctdoerr pianttedrenteisrmthienminogst timhe minitnerimfeuremncdeetebcettawbeleenamsiomuinltarolfya sspuabcsetadncsetr,otnhge rlyefdleimctiionnissheosf ttahlecpaonsdsiabniltihtyopohfydlelitteectsiinggnimfiicnauntte a8.m26ounts roeffleacnttihoonphoyflliatnethaospbehsytlolistei,n wtailtch. Tthhee rueslaetfivuel indteinasgintyoosft5ic5, wraesflseelcetcitoednasftohre mtohset amnitxhtouprheysllirtea--ngtainlcg dfirloumtion95.s0e%riest.alDc--ilu5t.i0o%n aanntthhoopphhyylllliittee wtehrreoupgrhepa9r9e.d5.% Wthaelcn --s0t.e5p%sanctahnonpehydllituendwears cnootn sdteatencttedcoantd ictoioncnesn, tcroantitoinnusoubseloswca2n.n0%ingi,n raenptheaotpehdylslaimteplwesa.sWnitoht dtheete8c.t2e6dat orerfbleeclotiwonthwe a4s.0u%seddiluastioann lienvdeelxw(hseene Fig. 4). Preparation and Analysis of Chrysotile--Talc Dilu tion Samples by Electron Microscopy dilAutliioqnuoltevpelosrtwiohnicsh ohfadvabreieonusancahlyrzyesdo tbiylex--traalyc dtrioffnramctiicornoswcoeprey pbryepaar"erdubfooruttr"anpsromciesdsuiorne e(3le2c). Stiotanndstaarnddwaredisghatrse(0d.i0s1pemrsge)doifneaacnhitorfoctheleludloilsue fmilimcroasncdopemgoruindtse.dThoen dFiosprmervsaarl-icsoaactecdomeplelicsthroend bnyitromceolulunltoinseg-amthyel saacmetpaltee isnoluatiodnropon oaf amicclreoasncowpeatsclhideglaansds gtorinreddinugceittwheithsathmepeledgientoof saupbamrticrthone-sfiizbeedr pbaurntidclleess. oTfhicshrpyrosocetidleu,realbrreeaadkys gsorenaiftilcyactioomn,minintouteudnibtyfitbrirpillse oaririnjetto-msmillailnlgfiabnedr btaulncdpleasr.ticAlet sthaeresarmedeuctiemdei,nlasrizgee aangdgrdeigsapteersseodf tcoouanltleodw. all asbestos fibers to be seen and acAetfatteerisdipslpaecresdinogn tahesecsoanmdpclele,aan dsirdoep. Tofheamtwyol srelisdiedsuearaendplanciterdocienllucloosnetacstoluantidonthies fgurrotuhnedr dthisepselrisdeedf.oTr haelernegsitdhuoef i5sctmyp. iTchalelytwsoprseliaddesoavreer pthoewndeprulluendifaoprmarlty, ledaisvtirnigbuttwedo fiinlmtshewmit.h Tthhee ftailcmhsedqufiiclmklyadrrey.sTcrhaepeeddgewsitohf tahessclaildpeelwibtlhadaet; cthaennbbeyfldoiaptpeidngonthtoe tshliedesuinrftaocewaotfert,hethwe aftielmr. Eselgecmtreonntsmofictrhoescfoilpme agnriddscoavreerepdlawceitdh oansttroipp ooff ffiilltteerr ppaappeerr. oTuhteogfrtihdeiswraetterri.evAefdtebrydlriyftiinngg, tthhee gmroidusntceadninbethpeicekleedctroofnf tmhiecrofislcteorpepafoprerscaannd ninTgy.pically, three grids are prepared for each dofiluetiaocnh legvreidl ofarcehrsycsaontnileed-taaltc aanbdoustix 1s0q,u0a0r0eXs mtataigvneiffiicealdtisonfortostoubdtya.inAalanrguemnbuemr obferreopfrfeiseeldns amraedpe.hoFtroogmrapthheedphaontdogernalpahrgicedenplarirngtesmaernetsthtehne number of long unit fibrils per field are counted December 1974 105 fainbdrilthbeunrdelseusltsareareentcaobuunltaetreedd., Wthheennummubletirpolef uconuitntfiinbgrilsthien tnhuembbuenrdloesf ivsiseibstliemacteedntrbayl cthaepiflilbareiresbuannddleb.yTjhuedgeilnegctrtohne ompitcircoaslcdoepnicsiftiybeorf coofucnhtrsysshootiwle adfilauitriloyng.oFoodrceoxraremlaptlieo,nthweitahvleervaegles n71u0m0 be X rmoafgcnhi fr iycsaottiiol n e fwibarsi lcsopuenrtefideladt, tshcea nfnoleldowat finibgridlsilupteironfielledvels:105%%; c1h%rycshortyilseo--t9il5e%-99t%alc,ta9lc2 2ch2rysfoitbilrei-9ls9.5%p etralcf8ieflibdrilsper1f0i%eld; 01.50%%; 0.2150%%.chIrtyissoetvilied-e9n9t.7th5a%t tthaelcre6afriebrciolsnspiedrerfaibellde natumvebreyrsloowf cdhirlyustoiotinlelfeivbeelrss. pBryesuesnitnign tthalec feivbeenr cpooussnitbldeattoa cfoalrcuthlaetevathrieounsumdibluetrioonf fliebvreillss citonis taiTnheed ainreaa uofnittheweniigtrhotcoelfluslaomseplfei.lm is known, amseiasstuhreemmeangtnioffictahteioanrefaacotofrt.hFeropmhottohgesraepahnsd, aa ceorrnovrerassiolanrgfaecatosronisecmalacgunlaittuedd.e Athlelocwailncgulfaotiroanns pshleo,wththeavtatlhueereNarbeei2nNg Xth1e08avfiebrraiglse/mnugmofbesarmof fcihbrryilssotipleerinfitealldc., tThehrues,woinulda b1e%aboduiltut4ioXn 1o0f9 fcihbrryislso/tmileg.byAxt-rthaye dloifwfreascttiloenv,eli.eo.f, 0d.e2t5e%ct,iothneroef woIutldis bceleaarbothuat tain10i9ssfuibinriglsr/emggu.lations specify itnalgc,theclaobsseenacteteonrtaiobnsolumteuslitmbites opfaaisdbetsotosthine cdaeptearbmiliintiiensgowf htheethaenr,aloyrtihcoawl temchunchiq,uaesbuessetdosfoisr present. X-ray diffraction can provide positive aelnsfworercshrtoystohteislee qwuheiscthiohnassonbleyenatsthhoew0n.25to%bleeva ccroundtaemainndatiionnacacnudratpeosmsiebalesuhraezaorfdthinevpoolvteedn.tiIanl atadldcitmioany, ansotmbuechdeatsec2t.e0d%boyf tahnisthompehthyolldit.eOinn cthaen obethearsehnasnidti,veelteocotrlofnormdiectreocstcionpgicexatnreamlyesliys masibneusttoes maminoeuranltss inoftalcc.hrysotile and other Application of Transmission Electron Microscopy Methods (Including Selected Area Electron Dif fraction) in Detection of Asbestos in Consumer TalCcsonsumer talcs have been prepared and emxiacmroisnceodpyb. y Rmeeparenssenotfattirvaensmsaimsspiolen ealleiqcutrootns wpiepreettseodnicoalnltyo disFpoerrmsevdairn--cfialrtebroend w2a0t0e-rmaenshd cporepppaerrateiloencstrownerme idcrroysctohpeye wgreirdes.agAafitnercatrhbeosne cstoaabteled ptorepinasrautrieona. tShaemrmplaelslywaenred secleacntnreicdallayt mfoargtnhiefiicraftiiobnerincoenxtceensts. oAf 2r0e,p0r0e0seanntdateivxaempilnaetdy aansbdesftiobsrocuosntteanlct oisf stahlocwmn aiyn bFeigduirreec6tl.y Tehse tmimicraotsecdopyu. tEilaizchinfgibetrratynpsemmisasyiobne ideelnetciftireodn. Fmoorrpheoxloagmicaplllye,unciqhurey.sIotstilineteransabl ecsatpoilslaryis, fbiebarmil ddaimmaegnes,ioannsd, usnuisqcueeptiebleilcittyrontodifefrlaeccttrioonn p(3a3t)t.ern, all make the fiber easily recognizable poFssibesesrs thwehicmhoraprheoleolgecictraoln-cdheanrsaectearnidstiwcshicohf aemlecpthriobnoldeisf,frwacetrieonefxoarmcinoendfirmbyatisoenle.cWtede haarevae dsaomnepletshisandonaremaanbyle ptoartdiicflfeesrenintiatneumfiberroouuss t(a33lc). frHoomwefivbeerr,stohfisasmbeesthtoosdqiusitneoetassiulfyfi(cFiiegn.tl7y) sHeenrseit,ivemtiocrdoicsthinegmuiicsahl amchonagratchteeraimzapthioibnolesis. cneelcleesnstarqyua(3lbit)a.tiEvelecttoroonl mfoircrodsectoeprmy inisinagn tehxe presence or absence of asbestos fibers in talc. Microchemical Analysis by Electron Microprobe AnaBlyysismeans of microchemical analysis, it is pasobsseisbtoles tofibdeirffetyrpenesti.atWe eamhoavneg tehxeamaminpedhibtoallec asnamthopplehsylloitbetaainnedd trfermomolitea fmibiellrs inoccwuhrricedh wonithainn thAeRtLalc.elTechtersoensammipclreospwroebree eaxnaamlyinzeedr equipped with crystal spectometers. The instru- 106 Environmental Health Perspectives Figaur"pela6ty. "Trtaanlcsmaisnsdion(B)elaectr"ofinbromusi"crotgarlca.phTsheofpla(Aty) tpaollcysgotennald atnodb"eramggaedde"uepdgoefd ashmeeixtst.urFeiboefrswveilsl-ibfolermaerde taanltchofipbheyrlsl.iteT,heanfdibetraslci.nF(iBb)roaurse mcoamdepounpenotsf tarnemd onliotne, fainbdro(uBs), oabsjemctasrkeadre. common. Magnification for (A) melseenwthearned(30t,ec3h1n).ique have been described fibTroreums otaliltceomn athyebbeaseiassiolfyitdsifhfiegrhenctailactieudmfrcoomn tpeenntdinangdonSiit-sMigronractioon,tebnut,t maanythnoopthbyell(itFei,g.d8e). Tfrhoemsefilbarttoeurs atmalpchoibnolylesonmtahye bbeasdisiffoefreenletciatrtoedn denifdfsracatrieonviscibhlaer,acitterisistpiocss.sibAlelsoto, dwifhfeerreenftiibaeter tfaiblcersfrotemndantothhoapvheylplirtiesmmtorrupnhcoalotigoinc,alwlyh. eTreaalcs anthophyllite does not (Fig. 7). Microchemical F igobutraeine7d. Soenlec(Ate)d aartealac eplleactetroannddi(fmfraarckteiodn TFpatitnernBs) abotleaslc. fTibheery. Taarelc foifbteenrs acurervinlointecaor,nfupsoesdsewssithirraemguplhair dtoifwfraarcdtsionprcisomnatrtaicst tcrounntcoautrisonas,s daondtalhcavpelateids,entteicnadl diffraction patterns as compared with plates. tteimcheniinqvuoelsvemdayinbaenoaflylsimis.iteSdamuspelebsewcaiuthseaolfarthgee nmuicmrobcehremoicfalfiabnearlsysims atoy dbeefinesutbhjeectytepdes toof pstaarntidcalersdspraensdentth.eThanisalryesqeusiroefs stheveedraelfinhiutniodnreodf rteecphrneisqeunetaitsiveexceflilbeenrtsforinchtahreactesarimzaptlieo.n, Tbhuet ims etnhootd r(e3c4o.).mmended as a routine analytical Summary and Conclusions forTmalactiboencaaunsed ogfeiotslocgoicmalpoosictciounrr,ecnocned, itiisonsfroef qprueesnetnlycecoonftafmibienrastedmawyithbeasbdeestetorms finibeedrs.bTyhea number of instrumental techniques. Some in- December 1974 107 Figmuircreo8g.raEplhesct(roobntaminicerdopmroobneitaonrianlgysbeascokfs9c5atptaerrteidcleesleocbtrsoenrvs)edofinaafifbibrroouussttaallccdfruosmt: N(Ae)waYn oarmkpShtiabteo.leA-fiCbererpinretsheentdsucsatn;ni(nBg) aonfatlhyezeiddeaasl tcroemmpoolistiet;ioannadl f(Cie)ldas":t(aDlc)"taglrca,ina.nthTohpehcyolmlitpel,extreinmteorlgitreowemthisosfiomnafnieyldpshainsetsheinsvyasrtieamblyCyai-eSlid-sMagn. aTnhaleysseisanoaultyssidees are scattered about these fields. Chemical analysis based on elemental emission, termed "pseudo-analysis" by Rubin and Mbeatwggeieonream(31p,)h,ibshoolewmthineeprarelsseinsceeasoiflytaalcch, iterveemdo; littae,lcaannthdoapnhtyhlolipteh,yqlluitaertfzi,befersldgsepnaer,raalnlyd rceaqrubiorneastterupchtausreasl. cDhairfafecrteenritziaattiioonn by selected area electron diffraction as well. sfitbruromuesnotsbjepcrtos.viAdelthdoiuregcht livgihsutamlizicartoioscnopoyf atnhde eqlueacltirtoantivemaicnraolsycsoisp,yeaacrhehaesxdceisllteinnctt dtoisoalsdvafonr taangaelsy.siUs soef oofbjleigchtst lmarigcreorscthoapny i1sfrimes,trEicletecdtrotno mtioicnroasncdopiynsrterquumireenst etximteen.siBveothsamtecphlenipqrueepsarrae qtiutairteionhoomroegveenneoeustsimsaamtepsloinfgfibtoeraccohnietveent.quUanni qtruaencshmariascsteiroiznatioenleocf traomnphibmoleicrfiobsecrsopbyy (raenqtuhiorepshystllriutectaunrdaltraenmaloylsities v(seerlseucstefdibaroreuas etalelcc)- ctrhoanractedriifzfartaiocnt.io n) and m icrochem ical acQhiueavnedtitatbiyve x-arnaaylysdisiffrfaocrtiofnibertecmhnayiquebse esemlepcltoeydincghsatreapc-tsecraisntnicingrefmleocdteiosnosf. oPpreerpaatiroantioonn bhyomslougrernyefoiultsratsiaomnpylieesldsfo"rcaaknesa"lywsihsi.chSparmovpildees trhesuusltpsr.eEpaacrehdfiybieelrdtyrepperohdasuciitbsloewxn-rlaeyveclooufnstienng seiftfievcittsy. Arenltahteodphytollitmeamtraixy baenddetxe-crtaeyd saotrlbetvieolns of 2.0%; chrysotile, 0.25%; and tremolite at 108 Environmental Health Perspectives a0n.1a0l%ysibsyofwmeiignhetrainl saysttaelmc smmatorirxe.cQomuapnletxitathtiavne twwioth pbhiansaersy isntancodmarpdoss,itwiointh mliamyitabteiocnosm. pared tioWn eanreaclyosmismebnydstthepe-sucsaenofmboodteh xo-frayopdeirfaftriaocn aenledcttrroannsdmififsrsaicntimonicrfoosrcoapnyalwysitihs soefleccotendsuamreear talcs for their asbestos fiber content. Acknowledgement unTdheer aaNutIhEoHrsS CweisnhtertoGraacnktn, oEwSle0d0g9e28.suOpnpeoortf uasN(AIEMHLS) Cwaisrheeesr tSocaiecnktniostwAlewdgaerds,uEppSo4rt48u1n2d.er REFERENCES 1. NFoerwd,YWor.k,E1.95D7,anPa.'s85T1.extbook of Mineralogy, Wiley, 2. DFoeremr,inWg. MAi.n, eHraolsw. ieT,heR. SAh.e,etanSdiliZcautsessm. aWn,ileJ.y,RNocekw 3. YBoorwke,n1,96N2.. L., and Tuttle, 0. F. The system MgO4. 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