Document DD5Eb8Vj61kaq9QrVGvzV4Q3d

n INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE OCCUPATION AND HEALTH ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYGIENE, PATHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WELFARE Volume I A-H GENEVA 1930 '1 PLAINTIFFS i EXHIBIT i 59-** i r i 1i j t v v. -- 1*0 -- the mayor, which must be renewed every j in open quarrtes or. in countries week. The Californian law enjoins that no child under at least 16 years of age can be employed in a .studio unless duly authorised and after medical examination carried out by a medical man in the Child Welfare Service. These examinations are \ j : having a severe winter climate, in galleries ; f2J separation of the aslte*tos from the surrounding ro* k. Tin* rock is cut in terraces, sometimes reaching a depth of son**; 150-200 ft. made every three months. Children tak Quarrying is more economical and ing pan in Him production must not be effective than underground work even employed more men eight hours a day, including le? --s lasting four hours given bv & qualit. **acher, paid, but not selected, by ihw adios. Employment of children before 3 u.m. and after 3 p.m. is prohibited. i . despite exposure to weather. Drilling and blasting are engaged in as iu ordinary stone quarrying. The miner-* ai got from the quarry is rough sorted, different grades being chosen for length of fibre and sent to cobbing Biblzogaafst sheds " where dressing is carried out. This consists nt separating the. uhes- pent. * La patologta professionolc degit tos fibres from the surrounding rock urtisti dramatic!. * ll Uamaizmi, 1013. Florence. and may lx done () by hand -- the stone being broken by a small sledge For other sources, see Industrial Hyoune, Bibliography of published, quar* I hammer and the fibre thrown there* after into one box and the waste inio terly by the Ixteruticumj. Luoch I another -- or *ft) by machine (** mills ;. Office. i Hand separation (* picking and sort *## ing") is not difficult since the fibres lie in layers more or less loo*<dv attached to the rork and can ft eq unfitly iW picked off with the lingers ; but Asbestos hand dressing is not thorough and Ifi<* waste material fnmt tin* cobbing French: imuMiic, A*Uc.-df, Pirrri* tables cotuaius mm-lt fibc*, Un* further -- fiortuan: .l.ihcst, .j tnuuiUi. It^rHflwhs. mi ilisutbrn uf \vhi*h renr**^nts large -- Italian amJSpnmah: .imutnt". profit* to the mine, and these fine picking* have to tw? dressed meclianic- CHEMICAL PnOPERTlES Asbestos is a brilliant filamentous min* erai, oilv m the toucii. white, silver* grev, j I I ! ally. Thry are passM nfb-r Irving in cnisbi-n* where they an* broken by successively tirier-sct rollers and far ther reduced by. cylindrical IP*ri--rs greenish or bluish: us density i$*iL3'3.'j. i and the cyclone machine, which re Its chemical composition consists, accord* duces them`to fine powder. The cotton ing to us oricin. of calcium silicate and like fibres come to the surface and are magnesia or <>f a magnesia silicate accom- mechanically withdrawn hv surtb.n. pamed by quantities of iron, more ur less extensive. Analysis of different varieties of asbestos reveals a silica content of 40*50 per rent. -- 41.2 in Canadian asbestos, 41.3 m Siberian awHjstos, and 51.1 in tin* The pulverised rock ami ground asbes tos are then separated by passing them through a shaking scre-'n. fn >omc miils the particles <*( iron present African variety -- while oxide of magnesia : are taken up by strong vb*ctin- varies between 2J African) and 41.7 : magnets. The' crude fibr* on .-epara- Canadian', oxide of iron between 2.52 tion from the waste rock rc^mibi.-* 'Canadian: and 32.3 ''African:, in Siberian i mineralised wool. The ash st`V. i> asbestos thorn is besides 16.30 per cent, of j alumina. When cut up it presents a silky , couon-Uke form which lends itself ensilv 1 to weaving, it is incombustible. prevents j heat loss, is a thermic and eluctnc insu* ! graded according to the length of fibre on a series of cylindrical screens. It is then cardi-d and parked in sucks and placed ou the market in bulk. lator and is not attacked by most acids, i Of the thr** different mineral varieties ; known by me name of asbestos, it is l.MirvnmL C-k> serpentine asbestos or chrysolite and : hornblende asbestos which are the most The uses to which n-b***fis is ;.u commotilv used: tne first of these is the ; are very ward'd. The long fibres r.> most sought after variety. Industrial : asbestos is .luVfiy derived 'from Uuiad.-t. Husstn, Malv, ami the Transvaal. . its-`d in tin* i.'Mile indiitrv *.r tinmanufacture of cloth, braid, nme. 11wain* *urtauis, d<-,r:timii. uphin- siery. bangings, and r<.w iini*b. ng TECHNOLOGY : pistons f<>\- steam engin**s. Th- shnnrr fibres together with an agglomerating Extraction involves two distinct ! agent arc used in tin* manufacture >< opvrnlimis: ;'l) quarrying jf the f'*H, pai*-r. rardb-inrd. v.irm.-in-v asbestos-bearing rock, generally mined , covering agents 'vsiK-baily for string \5IIESTOft -- UM -- rooms), cements, rubber tyres for (See also article M Tuberculosis **.) In automobiles and bicvcies. Asbestos is an asbestos weaving factory in Saxonv aiso usod as an electrical insulator tiie workers complained of headaches for covering electric wiring for high and loss of appetite. These affections and low pressure currents, tu trie were caused by fumes given off by a manufacture of tiles, planks, panelling rubber solution with \yhich the asbes :md exterior coverings for buildings, tos cloth had been coated to eliminate fsuutrcss*^, heat tubulating gloves, dust. * firemen's clothes, laboratory equif>went, porcelain, balls for gas fires (made of fireclay unl ;i.be*iud, etc. An investigation carried out in Can ada in 1011 revealed that hygienic conditions were greatly improved as a result of the adoption of an effective Danukus im> Uyuik.sk system of venttbuiou. Nevertheless, a local doctor with long experience Tbo svori;ir engaged cm tin* extrac stated that respiratory troubles, and tion ami uiatmincture Qt asbostO* is in particular tuberculosis, were of very iMiuMtantiy exposed to dnngt-r from frequent occurrence amongst asbestos dust, m*re usficciully, however, in workers. the operations of spinning and weav ing. Thu bum-ful influence of the dust in relation to the production ot tuber u!.m.s is brought out in the Annual Rombousck drew attention to the risk of lead poisoning duriug the weaving of asbestos when a thread of lead is ridded to the weft, as is sometimes the case. lU fturt */' (hr Chirf Jnsprrttrr nf FaC- Marked freuucnry of chronic con fot/rs fur /;ntjlwnL umi U'*th:S fur j junctivitis with !iy;*-rtrophy of the HH(t. which records 5 deaths from t rims of the pupils Has also been noted tuberculosis amongst 40 workers amongst the asU->to workers of engaged in an asbestos weaving fac the Island of Cyprus. The workers in tory, where the most dangerous pro question were chiefly engaged in grind cess was revealed to be the weaving ing, screening, ' and packing the of asbestos mattresses composed of asbestos in sacks. nags of woven asbestos fllUxi with The weaving of asbestos has only short nshnstos fibre. They were placed developed importance during the last on a table and lenten out fiat* by a twentv years. Now that it -is widely man with a wooden flail, which pro practised* the application of local ves* occasioned the production of exhaust systems during such processes murh dust. Women sewed the mat as that above described is called for. tresses into sections using asbestos All pr*>'-ss*s from extraction onwards Mir.-uds and as they worked beside the unquestionably involve a considerable b*-ulrs- they also m necessity inhaled hazard, and American ami Canadian much dust' * life insurance companies generally Towards die beginning of 1!)24 a refuse asbestos .workers on account of fatal rase of poisoning by asbestos the assumed deleterious conditions in dust was rrjMWh'd at I'ochdale (Kng- tlu* industry. land). The victim was a. woman The lack of more accurate and wiiu h.jd i*mfdy*d in an .isb/*l</s detailed data in medivai literature factory. A post-mortem examination regarding this industry in its various ri,o,;il,*i| aS du rliiultv to a j brom-hi'*. including the utilisation f tibrosis nf the lungs dm* to tin? iuhala- j by-products, is to l* d-*pion*d in view tion .if mineral particles and in part of tiie self-evident importance of asbes to Mil***ri uloj.jjs, A microscopic exam- ! tos dust as a predisijosing muse of motion nf the lung.* and of dust Sam- 1 pulmonary tuberculosis, mor* especi pics taken (rout throe different wark- ; ally since the rapidly creasing shops of the factory revealed the development of imiusrri utilising same black particles present in each. ! asbestos adds greatly to <-* urgency alike mi fonn and dimensions. of studying the conditions with a view Another fatal cam? was studied in to their amelioration. l`r'7 bv Cooke and Hill Great Uritain). All provisions already described for A striking example ot* the noxious withdrawal of dust should be enforced property of asbestos dust is instanced in this industry. lv tint'following case: in an asbestos V spinning and weaving factory (Calva dos) there wen: iO ueaths in the live ! Lxcislation wars iWW-WJ.Y The mortality rati- j dt'creaseu considerably with' the installation of a good system of local i ventilation over the carding machines, i In Unit/ boys under ir> and gjrls undor 21 vears'of age are excluded from work shops where dyeing and weaving of asbestos are engaged in. unless effective \>UKS. C1M1KHN -- :*.*i -- iviii u.r means are taken to pr*v :rr: tr* ' installed above the evaporation boilers. of dust chrougftout die z:rr**zz..n. ; The water should be led to a sewer: the residues require fairly frequently to be Btauor.iurr j removed ami rati be utilised ns manure. By the expression " dust shot with a AntiBAtn.?. L'hvgiene *: *.* er t ;a* ouvrien dans les ZXav-tt* e; :ussii?s 1 : lead content" is meant the impure oxides, which form on the surface of d'amiante : BMf. 1: r;**r. r. r*t- ' each bath containing lead or lend rati, 1906. pp. ISO-tfS. F*zr. ; alloys. This scum or black dross is Simwos. F. \V.. in 0*u. Vei. 28 May IMS. p. $85. ?.,,: -a. /run.. ; ! removed as it forms and is often put aside on the floor, where it becomes mixed with other substances. In ap- C.vitra StATW oMimtK*r--F: r* nramr ; pcara<' it reswrible* u*du--. hortre die or Lajum*h statistic', \:. ir:. ! French expression " cew#/r<*j de jtiomh pp. 178*180. * *# j ! Kelp ash is lixiviated for the extrac tion of the salts of potassium. The ash is got by burning different kinds of $4*u*\W-d known as kelp c wrack and thrown up on the seashore. Dried in Ashes, Crnoers ! the sun, ashes in they are furnaces thereafter reduced to lined with refractory jFrench: Centre*. -- <Vrmar.: As-Seii. -- Italian: Cencri. -- ?pn~;r:: Cfftraar- bricks. The product of combustion "kelp ash** is in the form of a solid compact block, from which the salts of Ashes present prrb>'-' fsrnt -he I potassium are extracted. The blocks point of view of industrial! -tyri*?'.*. sot I are then ground and put into special only when cinders herrrh.* :re I apparatus for gradual dilution with in question Manser* f-m hrr iast. water. The solution is eonccntraled in presence of certain r*n*: uc*?. e-r". iut iron boiler? and poured into vats where, especially when they nr* mid.-r.**d Me after >'i.diitg, the potassium cliluride is special purposes. 7V?-v `-'r ;-sr.-i?ye. deposited in crystals, which art* then treatment of sroldsnuth:*' ash nr,. :*aii ! Subjected to purificatimi. may cause injury iv reason s-f ihe j Hygienic precautions to be recom metallic dust which *: Lr-raie*. i mended are impermeable flooring, Hygienic measures ass are mr?-ns I cement wails to the height of one metre, of anv openings giving .-> 'o Le r.uiiic > hoods provided above the * isdiers to streets, thorough v:r.r :*c.;ic-n si the j draw oif the fumes to the chimney, ail workshop, the installation of hsous for | openings to the public highways to be the furnaces and census rntinscied to i kept closed, and neutralisation of the the chimney by a Stroms exhaust II ; water u*ed before it enters the sewers. the treatment is efl:ai by cesxs oi ! The Recommendation adopted at the mineral acids, application of neasnres . International Labour Conference at of protection against :j.r.:c ferrf- is re- i Washington (lOUh regarding the protec* quired, viz. condensnv.-m r* ta: fusses. ; lion of women and children uguinst Noisy machinery srou.-i be .soia^d, ! lead poisoning demands the exclusion and measures applied for cvnctazson of residues and the prmecupn of ws-rsers ' ; of women aud eighteen years young persons of age fr>m under work from the heat and glr.re ! the firmzses. ; involving manipulation, treatment, and Pearl ash from coc.bu^:::n of crg&aic reduction >>i ashes containing lead. material, such as sr.:of:s :f vie. cir.e [ lees, vinasse from beetroot, eta., is coat* : * !> ~ posed of impure vtc'zs*" m cirser.ai* ; and its treatment ill'crr.rs siarp. pi quant, thick.and disrrr : u-le ,m.rr n* and ' injures vegetation in :h* rr-gsirsTriod. Asphalt Factories should ho *r**-.-d ci a ^r.s 1 distance from dwelling isi cai- i , Miner;:* Ihi' h. Hard llit:mMi cinatiou shoulil bo er*r->c r. t.:sed j French: l.*j#/od/*-. /*-/> mthrntl-', Hituuv. ovens. Oases ami f-:rr.~* -h-'-.-.i be !ed ; -- ('rntnn* !*///<//. />*'/* '. I'nthn/i. to special hearths or re---:.?::g T.esssres . Itah.m jnl spam.-h: taken for their e*. r:.*::z:. The , chimnev must be a ~*ry :r.. Kartli at:.I n-.-U* unpniiirat-d with bitu It would be advisni-:* to ss..*c. the incandescent mass c rtrmnote of potassium in a spe-r.u.. irrcro^us so constructed that the r.M* otx oe led ' , ; men are -`Mlrd u-fitmir. In nuncralogy, however. ::w? name asptiait also given to bitumen in a free stm*. It is highly imnorta::: :o distinguish between those two products. Asphalt j- gwiernilv in die form to the hearth or ir.:o : *rartris w-.re : Of fine grained ro* U, hlark or dark brnwn thev can be burnt. 5t:-:-is be i in ooicur according as it is more or less r: .4: