Document DD0wZx4vzN3p84KaoYrxYwdmM

HE DU PONT MAGAZINE ' N 1889, Francis G. and I Pierre S. du Pont invented "Du Pont" Smokeless Shotgun Powder. Four years later they began to produce it in quantity. A sample of the first lot made has been kept, and periodically during the 42 years since its manufacture a portion of it has been fired to test its qualities against those of the powders being made at the time of the test. The old powder performed well on the day it was made. It has performed just as well on every test since. The newer powders have been better, of course. From year to year, they have been made with greater precision of manufac ture . . . with greater refine ment of ingredients. Du Pont chemists labor constantly to improve du Pont manufactur ing methods even though these methods were good enough in 1893 to produce powder that has held its quality 42 years. You will never want to keep shells for 42 years . . . but you will always feel safe in the knowledge that du Pont pow ders will do their whole duty whenever you call on them. Du Pont powders are chemi cally stable! E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Sporting Powder Division, Wilmington, Delaware. Vox.. XXI X THE DU PONT MAGAZINE A PR i L. i 935 No. 4 A Chemical Family-II The story of nitric ocic, past and present, ana how -he nitration process, ro wnich ir is essential has guided the du Pont L. ompcnyd progress , , - By BROOKS DARLINGTON Y... ' annoi >l 'l " it or taytr it or smell it, vci vuiit life depends uii it Yuur hudv is a chemical l.tcruny and n; rmeprn is md;s|\.:maldc to its ora ;i i ions. This clcmcm ouiirs ii. ;i inx si ate in i he ui nusphetv, comprising nc.iih' four fifths, by \ohnne, of rbe air v<Hi threat he. It. occurs in a fixed si a re in protein foods. Thus y o u ei i her i*ci '/our nitrogen hum vcpM.ililo, w Inch take il from i he air or the soi I, or y o u obtain it iron; the mc.ii of plan! era tin;.: animals. Indusm needs nirorcn, roo, hut imisr have i( in some combined, son- centra fed form that is to handle: and ' i 3 use. So t lie chemist v a pm res if in nitric at id. And t heJehv hutips a tale. I ii ]>vron r in rhe chemical make-up of i !ns fluid lie vast potent iadf tes. When used tinder the proper tondi- fions, if has the pi'oj'cnv of u h i- venin;f certain cheap and abundant substances manv of which mu*hr othenvise he wastes! into a wide vai'ietv of products essential ru pres enf dav tiviny. One of the earliest known mineral acids, it is todav one of the most x ahtahle and. wkidy used. And it has been rhe si.ir of a mi^hiv industrial drama; \s> store forms one of the must colorful chapters of recent Uicsimal btMut \ . The K\hnii|uc of ircaiiri: vam-us raw m.oen.ils and nirermcdiju; prod ucts with nitric acid is known as rmraoon. 1 his is a kev pi<xess. h provides the found,j i<>n on vs huh i.crta n hasv du Pont industries uve been beds aiul forms a coiiu-OiCi; hrik between l hem. In I am, ilie hums 1 Thv pliitvyrtiph tvptudun'J ht-n-f tukvi %vmv filb.-eit ypori 090 when l.*u> du Pont Company rr-ffad upon `"Chfhy $nHp*fU't,> far it' niVtr mid. %how% hvw fftp ore- wss hiatil'd from ihaihrv depQf'tf the rs/p/cu iiopa / the Andvi i ditto of flow :i-i :o n no f .11 ron> .icnndh determined the coarse which a hope pan o| me ( otupam s dcsvJoptnerir his taken Bv iraoia; this pi o< es> Iiom tine iiucro; io die j :c \l we pci a si rik mu pjet nre oi :T` ioasr *evis i iry .ui:-ora manv dm Pom pmdum.c I he nitration pnxtws first became prominent m flic do hoot .operations when die ( uiopans look dm bwhal lorw ai\ step I rum ns orpmol Muck powder hns'i-es> i.- '.rr; tin. menu i.uauvH mdeviai !uyk ex ph>. ve>. i. . i s ncDi. v av .me '! the !?"> suh~ soi sues so Hkcvd, ihv Wmd: hunc i hut Wei! - x mro- ! c'i `ns; -1 in m i a jnu mile, ii l top.h ierme '311 s tome w as fiiidslv simnfkauf, ': ill;; o;w has i io/\s '-'.as ycared O. : hi- needs oi a vro-a j;i e ,. ourorc. A iicr.ui x\ as e\ ran.hr-i*' !u:r fronifcrs in tjhH'r.av Her ]*:ooeer> wanxm on SI lICIll'p: r.i: h'i .,1-is. dipp.m;; Olllicie ck a mpp i eids, .Htf hi in;: dams, deh im.r :ar coal a:id ire rand previous metals, llu'v hmnil file max eccdosives ?pfi njfeh boner tor ihc'sc pur pi ><. > r h,u die ol\L a.id f he\ uNi:d [hem ui j i rcas' on: 4|uaiu o j c s \s die a.inaii yn-w . Ike DU PONT /Vhswme so grew ilie du Pout <.uifjj'aoy. And as the demands of an advancing civili zation became more complex, requir ing new t y pcs of chemical products, this organization branched out: ro supply them. As we have seen in a previous arti cle, cellulose is ii lira red cu make nitro cellulose, the chief enusnment of smokeless powder. The knowledge so acquired led the Company into ochcr ilelds of manufacture, likewise based on t he use of cellulose and employing rhe same process. The products of these industries, though dilfering widely in appearance and appliedtion, are closely related foeach other. They form the nitrocellulose group, which includes smokeless powder, pvrn xy lin-coa ted textile's such as "Fahrtkuid," rhe plastic marketed under the f ratie -mark "Pyralin,'' certain industriaI and household cements, "Duco" lacquer, and one variety of photographic him. While extending its interests imo allied fields of chemical jnaniifacmre tin ring the iifu.cn years following the mni of the century, rbedu Pom C.omp,oiv also was ma king rapid progress in the high explosives business, fis mvw-famiii.si' standards of research and control were early applied to the development of new and improved types, better suited rn rhe specialized needs of diderc-nr users. An otitstiind'ng advance was the introduction to tins country ol pow- Nitration h a key preterm in many do Pent plants. Here, the operator is making nitragfyccrini}, a dynamite rnyt vdient. Tbtnuuh t> 5/0H window ha watches and controls with extrema care the reaction between glycerine and mixed n<tric and sulphuric acids ders especially adapted for use in gaseous ordusty coat mines. Hie low- lainci laracicrisikw of these Masting agents greatly redm ed flu: likelihood of 111 ine disasters ami, when die II. S. Bureau of Mines was organized, they were gn en "'| <efmisisiblc" rating. An other was 'low-freezing'* dvnaroirc. This pioneer development eliminated the necessity for thaw tag ons explo sives in which the nitroglycerine had solid died a practice not recom mended as a means of attaining a ripe old age. Notable improvements were made in niaanfaciuring pioccsses to insure better stability and uniformity of product. Sale? v met hods also were applied with exceptional success. To day, i t is safer to work in a dvnami re plant til an in many factories where the operations arc not ordinarily considered hazardous. Dozens of new ex plosives were pro duced Curing this period, some lasting only until superseded hy better ones, others continuing in use down to the present. These activities centered around the nitration of numerous sulwiani es. Stare Ip toluc nr, solvent naphtha, glycerine derivatives, even sugar, were t? In a ted ior use in low- freezing mixtures, and nifro-cottun was produced for making gelatin dynamite. A great ileal was learned about how to handle the lunation process under various conditions and about rhe behavior of many different materia s when subjected to ni traiiou. Ir is ro rhe knowledge and expert em.e gained in this wuv that we must inn? 10 gain a clear understand mg of how rite C.ompjjiy was able to meet the unprecedented demand lor new and bigidy specialized types ol explo sives arising from the emergency of I9H 191H. Many people have rhe idea that commercial ami mi I nary explo sives are one and the same thing, or at least very similar. Before earn ing 1 he preset 11 discussion fun her it migli 1 be well to bring uin rhe sharp distinc tion tin 1 exists between them. A big shell, for example, is com posed I'tf tiH.tpally of powder, known as the propellant, which fires the projectile oui of the muzzle, and rhe bursting charge or disrupfam, com posed of a pi over} id hut coni para lively In.sensmve explosive which is set of! by a primer when (he missile strikes. Dynamite, of course, cannot success fully he used in :i shell fur either >m pose. Neiihcrdoesa plant designed fur the manufacture of dynamite or most: of the other commercial blast ing agents have any real practical value for making high explosives suited to military requirements. These two classes do have one im porrani characteristic in common they arc both explosive. And in both <. uses i his pi open y of bring explosive results largely from nitration. Hence this process provides rhe one vital link between ibe two. Mastery of nitration technique was the essential factor wlm h enabled an organization set up on ;t peso:clime basis to design new equipment, build emergency plants ,(.j id tarry on the large-scale Transporting nitrate of soda ore to plants mar the waroast, where It w o j purified and shipped ta the, 0atted States for making explosives. Contrast this method with the modem proems ior tafhVi? mitogen from the air; illustrated an fallowing jnofm Pfjqt: Twr> Apitl, }91:l Thit <tu Pont plant, at Hollo, Wat Virginia, tofci nitrogen from Ihp air, hydrogen learn the itVnr wc(ir ana, with the aid a( coal from nearby mines, turns out a wide range al themital prodveU. The prpceH used guarantees this Country o conlfonf iourcn of the nitrates essential to fertilisers and explosive* production of rhe pari leuhir types of 11i 14h explosives required lor nat imml defense. During this period the Company was culled u j k iu u> produce, under rigid speedreafinns, many new explo Hive compounds 11 riIixi 11 *4 materials with which it had not previously been familiar. Import.mi among these was the group of caihon compounds known as coal tar dcrivso ives. Need less to say, these newly established operations demanded large and mcteasing quantities id nitric acid. Let us therefore shift the scenes lor a moment to investigate the then a\ai! able source of this vital cotnmodnv and the methods by whuh it was made. We go Jim to a dry and deso late section of South America, where N.iUiredui t(ii* In gone ages had buried a most unlikely-looking treasure. Lighteciiui twenty vrais ;u:o nit rate of soda was the principal raw mine 1 nil for (he manufacture of nitric acid I Ins is a white, crystal!ine substance somewhat like common I able .salt in appearance, though more coarse grained It was obtained exclusively from natural deposits and because Non hern Chile possesses almost the only nitrate beds workable on the neiessary commerual scale, it gained t\H. nickname "Glide saltpeter." Seiiaal hueiesi mg paradoxes sur round t his comp mud It contains 1 be itirrugen essential 10 plant growth, }et the region in which it is found most ahuiklanrjv is almost devoid of all life, animal or \< gcuhlc. And it cout.dm a const toieru essentiaI io most explosives, these in turn heir.4 utilised to blast it from its natural resting place- After blasting rhe ore, known as ' % alidug" from beneath overlaying strata oi sand and rock like marenal, it was taken 10 "ohemus" w here t he nitrate was leached out. putked in bags and shipped co the United States. Nitric acid was made lw treating the nil 1 .tter of soda with sulphuric ai J, heat ing t he mix lure in a t h ised vessel, diso 11 rug, and condensing the vapors A situation that forced, the United States and her Allies to depend upon "Chile saltpeter" for the vital eon stituent of high explosives was not the hew arrangement com eivabk:. Germany, cut nit from ( bile hv rhe Hi iiish blockade, had de* ised a s\.n so t het "til rut ex, using .1 process whicIi insured an unlimited supple. Hut 1 he Great Powers had to put their trust in old Mother N atm e and rhe for tunes of war. Suppose the olknus" or their centra! power plants should be blown mv Wh.it if C he nmaie hoal s were sun k.J Men w ho realized the full implicunons of 1 his state < d ah.ms hcM ; heir breaths Put Nitiv<j*rt us it w1 the uit is ut> Musaiiahle got; brute force mnsi be used iw moicr it comhine with ofher efemmttK Ihr (omptesitif shown here build* op the- pressure* high as f5,000 pounds art infti needed in making ammonia lor nitric acid memuiumira there w.ix hole 1 hu\ Could Jo jh,s u it curing ihase hecnc v.tv>. Sonic I h if g :t done ahum this noon m due omc. l:or even Though the eisniliv r coded without the wippiv h.o u-i; Ivan iii: o!p . nio.sr ir-virokaoorr combr ion rcfti.j i neJ There still existed, the quest inns o? shipping c o mx , 01 pwihk fir an 'phy oi dtren derue mi smitxcs outside t his con.orv . Wi iheie also remaiiu-d the ecu ho nj technical ad won c, which had pnanred the w,iv towards a cot!} heller source oi -our \'crsif de :!u id. It had become possible to capiere 1 he elusive mtrogeii !rom the unlimited sapph existing in rhe air ,11 id, be lure ini! it to combine with other cle inenis, 1.1 impi won 1 i 111 nifrii .n id. I..ike inane another meat developmem, rhe process fiir die fix at ion i.f armospheric 1: i f rogen ex 1 or ua i! v adopted and |\.Ttcx red bv the du Pom Cnlnpaiw could nul become a work jog reality until tuber key discoveries had been m.nlr. In this case, success depended :n large pare upon improve mem in materials of t onstructnm. Nor sti long ago a pressure oi .1 SO pounds per stpu.re such was thought high Bur the- steady progress made i the f.ihi nation nl tnet.d aI!o\ .s in feicnr years has brought possible operanm.; pressures up and uw Ir fuullv -'ccame pr.u ? ua'dr to , an v rhe compressmu of gases as high as HnVG pounds per square imh. That is AI:e ur.x of 0111 present narrative In lydo, after se s eral wars of imw tigittion and rcse.ncli, die du Font. r Three. Un-: DU PONT aimplored a plant mi the K maw ha liner near Beko, West Vir ginia,, io guarantee us own and odier opera urns dependent upon nt be ;k id a stable dnmeskU. .smin.c and to insure a const anr supple ar costs suhfct t to TiKinuhi' f urin^ Comrol When a snim* what hewddered pop-mace heard (hat die new. curies was t o make anmiuria, mum wondered what: that had to do wiih nirnc acid. And whet: \ odors were Told rh:K water wax going aj he pumped up flic IfrU so dial wharf it ran hack down it would run a turbine and make electric pnwc-\ rhev mar veiled a r w lur appeared to lx (he hnsr real perpetual mnt\ar\ machine in all history. Now lhe first of these anecdotes re west a rs n brilliant scio mhc. accom phshincnr win fc i he Second, of vuuisc, is jicsi a hit of local vdiimsv. The Hdle p ara does pmdmc ammonia, nif ric acid h made from this substance h\ srdf another process. Water is forced pi the hill in order ri, remove carbon dioxide, the "big Bad Wolf'" nt die proaess, and impurities whuh might contaminate ihc river if dis charged into tc. So the water is pmri lied m aeration touers on Hq> oi the monrram, ifien brought hack down to the plant and used over 1 fie pressure it generates on 11*0 wav down a 1 sri is utilized. Some of the works' oi;:t ials enneoued their hole joke to saib.lv the envious, because at first ilkw weren't certain thern selves how this novel scheme u as going Hi work One of *he taw-pressure camp/cwan mad m the fixation of atmospheric nitrmcn, IHs machine, employee <dor i.ij intermediate stayes of ihe procun, carries the compression al gases to about 4h0 pounds per square inch mu in practice, But now it can he told, lor flu: met Ibid is a success. 1 he Belle plant makes ammonia iroin two of the cheapest and most' abundant of all raw materials air and wafer. Hue si ream res huge umcnnfs of t oal in wrest from them just the demenr.s needed for making a mm tun',:. And il }'uii could Jo!low the nuriter fins operas ions through the maze of complicated equipment and see die large stall of redinicians and workcis required, you would readily pram dial: this process is noi nearlv so simple as il sounds. 1 hat grimy, unpromising looking siui:, ciml, is one of die most remarkaide mho am en rhe human race has ever found. I he service 11 renders in penerarjog heat ami light anil |xn\tr has been known and utilized for ;i long time, Hut during the last twenty or diirtv years, chemists and engiiieers have begun i.u reveal die won drous itches dial it ho: Js. To if, dtreah or indirectly, wc owe nuuy of the gorgeous colors wish which our res tiles are deed, drops that keep us w e!l or cure our ills, flavors for our foods, A'lamorotis j x i iiiu h s , and mum other requisites oj modern iivtmy We will have more rn say uboin ificse variec pruiltscis when we <1 isenss die |ssri played hy coal tar cleric al s\ cs One important me far ammonia h in nitrk acid manufacture, bwl it hm many appfkatiom of Hi own, Comp'C'fted in the cytiiden pictured here, it h shipped aU ow tho world, io he used for rehiqerction end other purposes Page Four carbon com pound* in r he ilu Pom (4>Jnpanv's tlyesiufls ilcvcd(pmeri really a uininunimn of our presenf ruHarion t heme. Ri^lir now we warn ft> vvaidi it at work in the hiph pressure imlu.strv. At the Belle plant, die coal comes clown die Kanawha river in barges, the wafer is pumped lip from Hie same and the air is sucked in through blowers in rhe gas house. When die hear is applied and the rtarnons get under way h s sonicdiiiig of a "iHiw-yon sce-it nmv-vui Jon t " proposition, for ihe aim, first of all, is to gel certain invisible /pises. H \ drngeii tomes from the ware r and mirogcii from tlie air, but it is some dung else m make rhem comhioc. *n>;u is why such rcrrilic press in es arc nettled. Ihe ohjet:! of all fids js to get a gas mixture of sevemvdtve [xr can htdmpum and Kvauv-live per cent imroge:u. At various stages between flic many compressings, senshhingx. Comersious, and teat lions reijuiivil, c.aj ,i Iysts are used to help make t hc dcsired clemcms unite, to purify the misture, and finally, to convert ihe c. (impressed anil pmilied mixed gas iruo ;minuHii;t. (iaralvMs are curious dungs. Ph k . esses such as die one we fbtve sketc heil so hm lie hero wmik! nor work wide out diem, yet they do not themsebes enter into die re.a lion. No one i.pthc knows liow or wliv the\' .ucomphsli vvhai i hey du. Iiideetb some cynics say iliar a ca-'alysi is ihe name a \t'.tmthiurJ m fuser j/j Apr. I, }93S introducing "Nitramon" Ihfs new blasting agent is designed for quarrying and stripping operations and requires a cartridge a? dynamite to explode it By S. A, M AXON E 'i:r since Nobel invented dvna mill- c harts ts ha\e been tryim; to nuke it fool-proof. Thrv lu\r ,ynne hm in that direct inn, hut luvtu't vet succeeded in altering the propurUcsuf thill product sn ,is In cl t mm are all hazards fruru its use. Nleamvhilcy here's news of a fact accomplished. The du Pont Company has developed and paienw'J blast iny apenr (hut looks like Caked table salt and is nu more hazardous to handle than that household com modify. Yen when detonated In' a hiplicNpiosivc primer, U rates iwcmr per cent stronger than T. \.T. h is hemp sold to'dec the trade marked mime "Nitramon." Belore ilist ussinp its salctr liaoires and t he conditions Minauml iny its use, let's sketch in a little background lav refer rinn briefly to some other e.u lint as hievt incuts of dt: Pont explnsi ves v lielliisls. ''Nitramon" is [list the lat est b utt of thins' three years ol research at t he Pastern Laboratory in New Jersey, I here:, in 19^7, the first suc cess! u I hnv freezing dyn.inine nets made to eliminate i he hazardous business of w.inniriu frozen dynamite Now thasvim; Let t U:s au: museum relics. There, the first American made saletexplosive was lor undated h>r use in gaseous ami dusty civil mines. More than YT7dO,ilOO |sounds of these so tailed permissible; were s uppf icd to hmiesnc coal producers In t he A met' ic;m explosives milusirv Iasi, 'ear. Slid mint his develop mem of note: was rhe List low-dctiMt\, aminoiKiuii nrnare per missNe powder. Increased safety and ccnn.mv followed rhe introduenon and use ol al these products. Others in ip,in he li'ed. hi i none is more dram a r Rally irteresi mp than the latesr material ro emanate: iron this research laboratory. Ahhouph "Nkramun" consists es senna Iv oi ammonium nitrate, it is entirely dnierenf from anv blusunp a pent previous!v muriuhic; ured. h is outstandingly sale, m I act, it has been culled "the ultimate in safet\ I lie reason for ileudopiuy > ms j?u renal prew out of the use o: well ilnl Is in quarries mid stnp mines. I or years the standard sice of drill hi is w.is iiw ami Jive eiphrhs inches m diameter. Then operators disi : r-,*crcd I lie: udvantaye of n>ss;i; larpc" amts. 1 nenlenr ;i 11 v, drill bits * a so , skvny aim even of- mue*nidi diamctci arc now employed. Tins turn of events e;? I led for hyp dvnami re carrr-dpes, arid s hey were made ur- :u csspu nw lies iw i wen* v-four. Non a si k k u pch.iiri dynamite, seven-inch claiiiiuer, wash's about Id i v p-umd.s and ta the largest-sj/.e urn idpc the tail w.iv;; will accept tor shipment And lor wed-drill blast i m; in hard roi k, qiurrvinen ha', e fa cores! eLu m d uu nines of sixty to sevenry hvc |x t ienr strutyih JopJc a ccrLtin decree of 11a /.ml in 1 her* use. Smu 1 d \ I, I'.astem Labora tc rv t o ~ st.aiv:i chemists ha\-e been busy de vehnuny a sak: blast itipa ipen t to repl.ivC UR-se ye Lit - ns m well drill hides. The result is "Ninamor, ' a rr<v! uct unique in several res pee ts. h amt.tins i o o h top aa in. It cannot ol itself lx \ 1 c:ri> nated ov the strongest hluslnii' eaps, < imdeau tu.se, flame in" i I'tL i rup.iv i of a ; die I'H'llet d'iK: o j iI v n ;iy to devel m jrs full Idastiny mrenyrlr w to empUu a cunrxlpe- i*1 foiuc ('ccvvcc d viiamnc as a primer a yfca l hip ui ir p u bed noli I'kam id povec i . .A blaslirn.1; cap- or (..irxk'au detomi: my time is u m\i t.i-xph-Je ihc do.Ti.onoe, ami tino setsoii the ' Xiiramoo.'' I hrs ilfustraies i he in>^'usi- e,NHromai-,t a pnrirrf hi ciff-U'jht (-uni of kDrums iiiel, (h-e U r'r^ofar- sSoptd f'rts ol tho top for is* ItioJinti, Lyifjf on the iai'rP h a forfs con,'ldsr rf;r<- the- hhnli:t vies oi a ptmt-r P<n?c L> \i \1nH1 c m -j wnAkn-di/l-. * *.\s fl>r.-: 11jr\;'j >,,< -.. \'i Si !l-.-*ii: A Mil'.-MV: .1: m \ ! v.; { M;: ..MftiiJ) \. m f'. . ... .. .ii . !,!"! If . ' if !1 n 1? 1 !. S 13 1 14 !, . !( " 7 y i'"1' : ;i . 4 " :* 24 * 1 1 iha DU PONT mcncs- d the maienai t-. orjinurv shocks. hire, ron, is i u: i h_. ^ ou <an star: "canned heat" functioning will: a match* but j i >i tins form ui '`Canned i.mrri'c," t be hrs! In K` pul tut the open cnmimaihy markci. Mu ra mon ' is f-x:ing mlmdiu eel ns the trade in live densities, A ro K i'jLIusivc, with A representing ihc highest hulk strength and h. the l< .west. The standard size urns range in diameter as shown in the uceom paining table- These var arions '.n densities and sizes include a broad enough range to meet the expelled <Xi u ire menus %A puarrymen and scrip miners who ordinal sly use high explosives ranging in strength from that ni lorry per cem ammonia dvna r-iue to sevemy-live |x:r l c ih gelatin. The cams are made- entinrly air light and, barring such rough usage as migbr cause ihem to break or he deformed, they offer practically tmlinsued water resistance when han dled and loaded proper Iv Ihn h nur is |'rovided with a rriaitgular-sI> ajx.:ij ring ai chu top so thru ir tan Ire let down into the borehole by means of u book said lowering line. Unlike an explosive used for welldrill blasting, "Ninaman" cannot he chopped up or loaded loose, which nf course imposes the mpsirument lor smooth boreholes. To take lull advantage of the-safety features of this prod net, cem. in load mg practices must he followed. The charges should he loaded in a solid column; that is, widiom having a b y parr of the load hfoxen or .sepa rated with tampering material. To insure propagation from tup o? hocto ii, the eans must be loaded end-toend win no foreign material or air bexveen them and :he uliarge must he .outmed m a borehole. To-secure all flit adomr.igesclaiiiied fo'- .leck-loading, an unbroken co! iimn of " \ i rram* Hi'' t. m be used hv loading i lie lowerdensii y grades or smallcr-sizcd tans of dense grades as a top hiad. * Kit ramon'' C, D and li uitnioi ea%ilv be used in water idled holes, It:? tlu: t ans will float, tbus defeating i he rcips-rcinem that there shall be acuta! cunt act between each separate i an .11 a borehole so that the detona tion, once started, will propagate through the entire barge. As s rated hclorc, " Nd runiun" retp i ires as a primer a Jviunnite can ridge ai least mur inches in diameter anil nor less than eight, inehe.s m length, 11 the borehole is dry, n "stick" of Red (dross hxtru fogy per cent ts recommended; in wet work, Special <ichstin of lorry per cem or higher Mrtngih should be used. In either Case, :or great rs! satefy the primer Tin- effect of shoatim iiulivii 'r>0 u tmt af^Nltrarran'* with an Antif rifle. . /<* * no explosion, t). M, Corr, vf the du PantCompvn* wm ihc marksman shnuh! nut he mseried until all holes have been loaded. If an elei-tnc- blasting cap is used to initiate detonation of the dvnamiu: primer, the cap should be dceplv imhcihicd in the cartridge. H Cdoniean is used, it should he laced through ihe primer. Again, for safety, the primer should he placed on top of i he charge noi at the hot tom or the middle so chut if a misfire should occur, due to broken wires or broken tduj'dcau, the pmi;cr can be removed, heiving dir " hdrramofi" in an entirely Even the flames from e blow-torch Cannot explode this mw blasting aent ''Nitraman/' as was demonstrated at Mil!y11!^ N. ]., to reprmsantatircS of the press Pave jiy Apt ift thn* ,eNitmnmn'` will not % fplode evert nhe** pounded ffptr&n-dfy with a #fccC*c hammer. Lt-U tc right, Charla* Bennett, Df W, C, K>r-A, v.sistant dircclar, [ml(in i.oh&ratnrY, fiei Pan! Swf>f"ey safe c ondition, 10 he handled hs anv means .iViiiIjhlt. For only when llie primed dm,unite cartridge ts act uallv in posit inn in detonate the "Nil ra ni on" charge is ihere anv risk ol an explosion. The forepoinp paragraphs have not lined [he principal conditions as a j h h Ic for Masin s who will use '' Ni inniion " The fact that if is the least sensitive of all hhtsiiiu^ ayenrs thus far produced strongly recommends ir lor safety, Ihe once in uccton, its power is not to he discounted. Thai may he inferred from the bun ihur f iiis blasting agent, in cans of loin - and onc-lulf-inch diameter, shows veloctfies of defonanon as high as I8,000 feet per second, This velocity is comparable to those recorded tor (lie highest-Mi engih dynamites comnmnly employed in well drill holes. All new du Pont product s are tested thoroughly, first in i he Inborn ion- and then under acre a I field con diiiuns. "Natramon" lias been proved by a mini her of actual quarry shots in Pennsylvania and New ^ urk Stare m competition with forte and sixty per ceni grades of ammonia dvnamitc, and seventy five jx.:r cent ammonia tidal :n These tests were entirely sm i.esslul, in l;ny thee exceeded ail exjxx:UtUons in point of execution. i:ol lowing is a hriel summary of t he advant ages of using '' N nrumon" It is uhsoimdv safe to handle as long as u is kept apart from a primed dynumoe cartridge. It is iion-flajnmahle. Ir dors nor frrr/c Properly handled, ir has tinlimifcd water resist,mce. Its use does not cause headaches, for "Nitramon" contains no nitro glycerin; moreover, iher material is m packed and scaled m tin csm:.nrev. Hv ; r:,c s , it in .is s .U-:; to 1 s'.u roMfl he :c l u k or irain as so nmili sail or sugar would he. It o.ier.c the customer a suhsum :,d saving ii: theiosf id expiosi vex. }i can hardlv he -doubted i -iai "Ntvarn.m" wiJ! he f.u.jid practical lor Use vi qtunv .nisi stnp-nnmng operations where vcli drills are cmidoved. Ih i: we art: requested to make Licar to readers mat It cannot lx- used in such w oi'k axe! uch Hast1 tig, SH mir ing, irrdererouiul t ii mtris;, blast me salamanders, mud-tapping, hiockholiiU! or for am oi her blast iny oper a lions where cartridges of less (has: lour inches in diameter are used. hunker research will be Carr.es! or with a '.dew to niaLine the product ae a pea hie for as w ide a range oi industrial application.-- as mas he pro sihlc- 1 be re .ire, oi course- limitations inherent m all maUT.als. Ncvert he Icss, chemists and phosicisrs arc at work unceasingly to di.xco\t:r nov i i.aiihi ij.it tons ihat w.l l he! u:r serve maiikiud s needs, Manx revolt i ionan developments haw tome In an she lahor.11 ones of the dn Pom luirMtiv, hut "Niuaitikuid' the priicsKid) . b*)l provd explosive, must he rated as t he most outstanding to d.atc in ns par t icular iudd ot tisrj n ! jic-.s -- 'C" "1* Sr. b- : .J - VO * 1. rti y . Press tepresen'aiivet wnnfprf to ten what would happen if o Cartridge of dynamite wets lei up m a l<*3( tor the rifleman. The result Is visuoUied here ; ii-AiJftrl.-'TW-5r%aoi Nn* DU FONT Mig-innc From 1--leel to Toe Let g take a woman s shoo apart and see some details of its construction By ft. T. ELLIS legendary oLl unnun who Jived in a dme hud, il vmi remember, mane rmidy children, and w as un doubted! v a busy individual, bet onc s us peers rhar siic knew a good deal ahour her home and the construction materials used in it, Modern women and men, mo ipend a considerable part of their Ii\cs in shoes w irhoiu k in avini' nuu h more ahouf: their strut turc than is k.Lsiiativ j o ; vireni m the eve. ''>luk .s are made of leather/' thev will tell y*nii? w hk.li is like saying that w.itc. furs are made of' metal, Pan stu.li generalizations skip blirhch* over some important, but. linfe known details that me quite commonplace *n the shoe industry, Only by* close inspection of the components van one undersf ard how wonderfully thev arc nui'e in modern lactones. The limits of this at tide preclude at;vt rung like: an exhaust p. e discus Mem ul shoe m.trends, hut it tiuv he diverting ro point out where hi ilic pvmxyhn plastic vou know best by the trade-mark `'Pvralin" iscinpJovcd to advantage. <ma-ader rhen, first, the heels, ftelativefv lew of them arc: made ol leal her. Those attached to many high made women's slu.es are mude uf 'wood and covered wish '' lh raIm." In I.k t, only the top lilt the pari that pounds 1 be r,tvcmeni is made of leather or rubber, T he heel Cos ci it:" that scents to be patent leaf her, calf-skin, pigskin or snakeskin and diaf duplicates 1 n appear auce the iiLHcnal used in the body of rhe shoe, in most casts is nor a leather* hut a tin Pom product named ' `Py 1 aheeI,'' a hard, lough suh siance making women's slue lice Is SCUlllciiS. Now, let*s see hinv they are pro duced and covered, hirst, rhe wood Iorn:s are turned 10 shape ami made rcadv for covering. Then dye-press operators blank our bum a sheer of "Pyratin/' ixurinv by liltv indies in size, the covers which are to he cemented ro rhe wood, before rhar t an he done, however, each piece of i he plastic must, be immersed in a softening sol at ion 1 u 11 i I it is in a comhiioii to he embossed. The embossing plates arc phoroeiigravmgs til shoe materials, faith ful reprodueri<ms dowi ro the Iasi, derail of leather grains, textile tie signs or whatever else the maun f.ic turer mav be using.. There are fine, medamt and u;n sc-grain k id designs, lizard, alligator and a variety of other ctlcccs etched in these so called master plates. The embossing is done in this man ner; T he covers and plates are placed between rubber pads and inserted in a lurid operated machine that forces the soircited ''Pyralm" against tlie plates so 1 h;u ihedes-gn is impressed therein. The covers remain under pressure usually from two to five mm ures, depending upon the cepth H Impression desired. Willi a little prat Lite an opeiamr l an .set lire ;mv desired depth or grain effect within the linmniioi'S of each plate. TTic \W WfiCkL "PYRAUN** FifS fN 1. A j j Ir c p of transparent '`Pyratm** it Utttd \a between lie iop-lsfl ami weed heal, 2,, ,lPyrah0$f,ir (ft# embossed, tcufflaii hpeheoveriivj material, is very popufof. 'A,. v 3. Between the heel and upper in some shoes h another pint? of tht pfmUc. 4, 10, " Pyalin,1' blanked to ism and tenureted to is used hr Counters. 5, 8. Shoe cfnartients cf i,Pyralin*> arc made in many shos, shapes and cc-tors. 6. Shoe buttons, ?ef on- fabricated from this plastic nod used extensive!y. /. Hetmhrs and manufacturers use- shoe farms of "iViolm" for display purpates. 2. Fr-m.-mbnr when thae-latet were held with hooks/ some were made n(tfPymfin."` II. Sense manufacturers Cover the ''breasts** of Cuban heck with pieces of ,,Pyro!ifi.,> 12. 0rK hold their shape bet auto of a ,tf>yrolifl"<loth reinforcement inside. Se e iffusiraiion, tn-ct Paie. 13, 14. Shop-hce tips and cyvk-ts art also made of tl.is vennlUe rr.cvtial Pays', f ifthl embossed ionvns arc, i ! < our.M., i arc hi!h rciiuned `u avoid sirckhmy. ( wood heels in tins man lie-' coiisru h c s i;ne of dir umssaiul iny uses for plasm: iivverul l>v i lu sh nt indusi rv. A pproximaieU i wu1 birds ul ihe shoe m.mnkn nuns in this toimiry are now usiuy "Pyr.i heels"' wholly or i n part on t lie shoes ihev seif. Anil while we are Jis eussuiy beets, ii inav he mnei! due siime niautilau ururs also make a practice of irseniity her warn die hiiiiim of the wouS block and die mp tiff preyionslv ment minah a o h ac of " Pvl a; in'' called (he plan . Iho proieiis die wood In<m na" m rIk ncni a w om,m neglects 10 icpl.ue a hadie warn lopliii he I ore ihe heel ie--e!t isdumayed hcvuud repair N c s U consider die Coe of a -shoe, hiii have uotked, u! c<mrse, dial i! IS hojh shapelv and upstandmy, .ilk; ion mac tiave wondered win Jhe answer is i hai heueai h die leather, and hidden from \ icw, is a ivinlmv my DKiiihrane of cotton eluth ami Pvralind' An operator in i he laci orv has made i he material pliable, and while in that t ondi r ion he tins There arc mate *nfct<*.rJer/< *r* the bax-to* vf w mnnon'M lhae than you might suppose* Thh pizhirr rt?Yt?<nh /ii laminvtrd At uituta. Note flu' tealht;', eltoth Jirofff nn*i "f.iiinifC" fusili-iO? shaped ii over 11;c cm before a pph j n- I he le,oher, m.. den lie Undue box u>c is riyid emmyli n> hold ns shape rernnmem !v. "Ins ivniloo ms; liKiCei'od is markered under die node na me A clast k - Not only does i [ pre'S'eit- die toe ol a shoe* hollt hi.-' eoiiunp misshapen, Inn it also 1ms \\ ate; pool my. properties so that it help' io keep out die dampness on Sim my days, Aisnn, die back part of cadi shoe would soon lose us shape .uni hu,,;k down, if ilir' in.mahn i wt r did not build into o a yreacer Jcytce oS sirm nir.il >i icny l h d'l an leather used possesses- Thai is tvhv a counter is sandwiched heiwc.en die kathu' .aid the inside fininy. In mam caR> !he maieia.il for this pair pose ;s a piece of k.in cotton cloth latihratcd to a pave of the `TviuluT' sheet iny Am mycnious machine turns out this part winch is softened hv Iteat .aid shaped hed ore i( is In led into the shoe. Since s.iinnieis of this cv jv a re not affected In hear or moisture from (he him, shoes so manufaeoired will bold, dicur slujx: pci m.mendv, Other structural uses of "Pvralin'* in mukmy shoes are nut concealed, hut probably not one person out ot leu ktunvs about diem, fan example, it mnv surprise vau to kiuns th.o shoe-hooks, eyckus and even shoe lace tips are not always made ol met.d . I he fact is, la rye t|nanc! f us of these pails aie mads of JN ralin. So as we base heel discnssiry siriKnuul u.sv s of i he plasm, hut ia> woman will need Jr be i hd that H has a place in the decora .ion id hn him v. slippers and pumps. IhxLles aikl omamcnis are in iimiv instances Or>e of the turrvntlv papufst kid-g/eO c-ffetts ,n f'PY/aticef,`' the ht?e!*cs<k*tirg that h durable, icuf#cj> ar'd eeiy to liPt'P than. A weal Yottcty l leather effect! is obtained hv means of prunes nudi- of "Pyralro" hv flic die-rum met hod l.i l de \! is\.s oi t lie Hi,iter;.ii a re- ptvs'.eC siuo The dcs no J. h nn .mo aioKhed t-o r :.u shoe hv -wans . metal shanks or !ip-s. Iid -;h-. w .de v..riviv oi `.o!ors ,.od iruirarv t.:: \ x. is iH cvhi11 Pwahi h if* ,1 Vi1 1 ahie, Inu tons. hi dlo* find shoe .ii !-..Oik .lS i ,111 in' made io 111,ill. ii ,nau',.dv aov shade oi Icadna o; :abi'H., :in-.l i lice on also 1)C tlip,TCl ill uCol' >ollH i; !!>. if need b e, to M.'i me. oi bet Oil '-r cdo. Smctlv spea kon;, sh <w d>srd.ii larrm maxle ol ' miiiri" aie ou-. die jTi'vimc: of di;> Horv, I'm ihev are e osclv OKand'1 ivkoed in c m, i .pwi brud Ciiminaii, "vlaim'as. tuieu m v ,rious si/ss and -.olt-rs, rh.w aw tts-;.ii i. vfi.nsi \ e l\` bv fei.ul dealer' ; r j lien ou. liter .red wt earn dis^'d.o s Tbesc l.i nr. luln to show io '11" best ad\.0;i,iyt die shapes oJ sinsa ,iid where c. mi rest i n y i olrrs m 'Pvral n" a a: emploce J, die cm.-:.: is esjWiallv aiTFacd\e. .\s M.iTtd Ixdoic, the I'u'.'enuy OJ wo<>d bi'ds is hr far die I a ryes t s;iiy !;: use tit ' iS'val u- m I he shoe ifufus trv. If die furcyoiiiy p.itayrapiis ba\c brouylit ri- \onr notice sonic of the other inuTisriny uses, tiler 11 a \ e served their puriH>sc. Alanri:ufmv:os shoes ary atwavs alert to inij'riwe their products, and so pet'h tps Mill odier pick iu al applicarious wi!\ he bund fm tins icciscn. wlu-.h fils M' '.mII ima Cliei 1 busmess. /W N-r.- the DU PONT Wrapping the Spread for Our Daily Bread A specially formulated grade of ^Cellophane/ a cellulose film/ is now used to protect -butler in its packaged form By ROLAND HiNTERMEiSTER BL i i -it is pn >hablv one of the old est !o< els pn>< u-'ol hv i he bund oI man. AnJicohu;ists have shown (hat ][. was heuu; mace jn Bunlonia as far hack as 2/)0i) R. (C, and there arc also evidences of in use in the ilianv pic rurr do oral in is IcTr hv the ancient !y cprians. On one of ;!k :s c mar lie seen ihe first example of a b u U.l t diurn and d butter iIwdf, which ap pears in roll form >inj:lar to rhai produced on famw rodav ' !rt some pans i;f the vsoikl* nntably in Arabia, butter is sell made by a method so primitive that, it seems almost fanrasric The imlk is ponied into a ju>at --skin buy which is him:; ir<m the brunch oi a tree to fauhi tie the shaking operation, Per haps ii is best not to dilate upon the taste and sanitary condition of the finished product. We art: told rh.n rlic Vloonsli method of making but lei i> he sarm% except that (hci;na(ski ii fry is exposed ro i he sun damn; the process. P.nk.i/pntf in any form is, of course, tin he.h i! oh In America butter was hist made hv the dash-ditirn ntethod and also by means oi revoh-iny-box or hand Pfi-j r. Ten chums, For almost seventy years fnllmvtiiy the Revolutionary War, dcvisiiy new v hums seems to have been the chid form ol expression ior our nation s inventive geimis; for, acconl jy to the records ol the 1 h 5. Patent Oihre, a new lypc of eliurn was introduced about every two weeks during (Ins entm: pci tod ( mnf the sei.ond half of rlu: nine ttenth cenfurv hmrer m thiswmntry was inane t Ii idly on t he farm Then as madi; ne mef hods het;au 1o Ik : i c. t: odneed and as population became more Concernrated in urban centers. /id ."/, f;irm humi' making wax gradually iTpl.iccJ bv I act or v production, ,il though about one third of our Jo ii-excit M pplv is soil ni.uli' im latum 11 i\;ih nut nmiI 1892, however, when r he hrsr he di r pruning nra thine made irs appearatKr, that ;ii:v reaI change in packaging mu hods look plate Previous! \\ all huner was marketed in pails or in wooden tubs and sold loose. Hnr wi!h the a%htm ol "prink' 01 Tuck huner, w hit h mean! greater convenience and ease of handling, rliecomhimn inn paivlimcni aaJ carton wrap was developed as itic best jxissible form of protect urn. Dm iny ihe pasi (i. w years flu re has been an increasing ainoun! ol ai lean mu given to creamer v met hods hv the Govern.iiem in an rthm m improve htmer quality, \ annus collcyes and universi ncs have also conducted exhaustive rest * on [he subject, and prod ueers i hcmsel ves have hceti coupctal my to the same end. As a rest dr, tin* huner now being offered Hie public genera 11 v meets high-quality .standards and producers have shown a renewed m iciest in packaging [o bring it tocmt si j me is m i lie lust possilvt condtf n m. The huest advance in ibis direi non is a new sjM:e!a! Inrrmifa lor making .i him that has recentIv been tie velu|Xil hv du Porn che in is i s lot wrapping hum'r. As a resini ol two vears" research, I he new film has, in ret cut lesis, proved lo he cdmii'abh adapted fo overcoming the usual risks encotm lered in bringing tins highly jx:nsh able j'irmluel bom churn in table in its must pal.itable Male, bur ex ample, tr was found rhar bmter wrapped in "( rlluphaiie" has far heiKT keeping qualities ihan when packaged in oilier mart-rials. The original flavor and irexlmess was preserved for ;i nnirh longer nmc. Anol her ad van) age revealed hv these tests is dial loss o! weigh? through shrinkage and ir 's com m-only as high as one sixieeni h h> ime eighth of ,ui ounce |x t pound is approxiniaich eight % seven per ..cm less in "( .rlluphaiie" ihan m rhr usual fonthmaiion junlitnni! and Canon wrap, bur this reason the ncccssirv for over-wcighdng on the [\iri ol producers ?u toisi|M,:hs.i?e lor these loses is now practical ly elimi nated, and there is absolute assisraiicc that the hurra* will reatli the con sumer, roll weight 11 was also uhset \to that the orig inal color of iheburscr is re .lined tor , ' i *-. .--!* r-.-i. . Reminiscent of ibe davi when huttvr wen .node fahoriostiff in thurns like thn a much longer time, an import.mr ad\ antage in commmiines wlu-rc a preference pie tails lot a \ci\ vetlow but ter nr for its opposite in ; he lighter shades. In addition n> tins, the com plcieirartsp.tretit y ol a "( cllophane" him jTTttiiis the housewife to see puiiselv what shade of he Her she is gening at the nine ol purchase, Musi hunr? wrappers of "( cllophane" show she p-oikn/vr's bland idcmiLc.mon printed in umacme dtsitoo of several colors, tom r,n-J mg with rhe golden vcllow ol 11:e butler, making a tndv beautiful package. Alt hough this method oi pack aging huner has oidv jus( begun, n has aheadv won iavor w-.ih hmisewives st'. several b.aslern communi ties, where ['t'i>duccrs arc o Iu t ing their output to the public in tins manner. The idea is spreading, sap idle, ami ihc time mav not be hit' oil when we may sue i i ic: nan oil's burieiy as wed as ms spixiah v breail, wrapjxrd in "( ellophane,'' Zirc Found Essential ^ to Plant Growth Po k vr.irs it was thwjCit tSi.it the tiurrsenf ekaucius essentml the gro^vili o! emp '"Jams 'vere 'imned Jo the oirlici' wcH-ktan'cn demems calcium, carbiug fwdrogen, a'ou,tnag- ncs mm, i: i i rogtn, ox y .yen, pat os clionis. |xuassium .mu suhHmr \ e! uann nine m t me crops ha\c iaika! ro proibiu- well on a pparuiTily suit able s u Is and uiuier twidi rions m he.-1 - wise hu oi'.ible. ( Hwioas!) someHtmg was missing. These occurrences spurred rhe scien- ri^rs ul the slate am icultura! expen man fttatouis and rhe lb S. Deparrnem til Agriculture lo exten sive research. In cerium cases rhc cattse v, as f..amd io he .1 growing delKK'ti... v in the soil of some element mir lucherio reaarde<.i as necessary to crop nembion As a result', sc \ era I ddixiHs bacc 'neeii added ro the list U:ic uJ the more ro.cm accknons fo the rosier iii iliose found vsscnuaf to ceri.ku crops, paiin'ijf.n K frusrs, is 7M\\ m the b>nn oi :onc sidr-hme. An artit. le prepared hv the Oil tee of b.x pcriiiicm Stat tons, ol which James T Jardinc is cliieik dc-serbes the work leadim; up ro tins dmowerv. All the inlonrialton j'^vscmcx1: here lias beer taken from t hut paper. The irsnlw disclosed arc tvpical of the aecom plishinctiiS of rficsc .igciaies ui apply ing St icncc it' agriculture. /.'uK sttlphaie. as the report brings uni, has lung been used as an indus trial cliemi^al anil as a cuusnieciH m istrdi-. a 1 preparations. Tha: ts has been lontnl davnvc m preve iriny or ro.lnci'g' i he seven! v <5| ph vsieloguai d;sci?\lcTs in fruiis and oriier crop i'!, 11) 1 s, and in promoting normal yovukj is oj cnarrmms pramicai i moor r.i t :c c Ju- birmeio seek mg ` .* [v-^iduce an.Jilt u'.ips at looe ' Cost'. 1 hr h utalaiini'i for rhis dis^ocer.' was laid fscerrv rears ago, when u \s-.is cs'uhhslKd that /me was ruaes- sarv ic ihe nornial J.evelopnurtiJ or com unde? iena;n conditions. But bu- u-v-atx Iu -n of apaitiictr srarioro h i ( difm'iH.t. Kc i>ts:c kc and C^regim t\ a! 1 v bi ought oi. r its bill Mg'iiliccmce in a grivulinml pis el ui. mm /her f h-'-rn .b?y DU PON I /Ansel? flic weove foon of ihs Samosei Cotton Mills, Taltedn'to, Alabama, bofor* tka painter* want le work. Sea illustration an nsxl page Plant Protection by Painting Paint is an investment, not an expense. Expertly-planned programs of painting textile mills and villages, when followed, pay dividends By S. W. QU1SENBERRY M amy textile mmmfiiCturers have Iclf that putr-mi" plums and mill \ iHu l l 's . both inside and outside, was an c x |x mim.\ ai d too often I her have pur off i he work until rhe nccessii v for making extensive and expensive it pairs has loi ecfuilv brent "hi to ihcir airennon tin.: iric\ ifable penultv for ncgletr of upkeep icxjuircmcms. The invesrinenr made by the textile n>dasm in opciarm<; and maintain in;* plants and villages arpaegaua; manv millions ol dollars. Aik ! the on I v wav rhis phvstca I pro turn v can he prijfCiHxl from rhe o! rust and decav is with pan;!.. loo nun. I: emphasis cannot he putted on rhe importance ol protection in I he tex - *AC.ij-rH hoin fix; jrciHe iti tin I`v'!*{-.nt-v. }-jV>. r>:ir"-x-r !j N-'/.Ov i;d pishli'ho.: !>v rcrrnn- i= i<;. I lie field, for cverv dollar's worth <d paint pnuluias ifticIlii'cntJv applied, makes possible savin" many dollars m repair lulls In otUer words, paint should he Considered .is a capital tmx.sHiicn! * uni an opera! in# expense, lot its use adds value to ptopem and can and docs in mam cases increase its income ptoduemg power. Some fKrople Jiiisfakei lv believe paint itu* jobs tan be del erred without, much apparent loss to she plant. Noth in h could he more untrue, for the atiual rust ami ilecav proceeds unecasjnp!v i.hirnt" slack periods as well as in periods of peak product ion. No p-anr mumper would Hi in k of tamelliun his fire insurance just to un costs, he m/nj-! suffer loss hv a fire. Ami paint is even more necessary, for there is the absolute tyr/.oW:. tlur Prue Twelve nisi and ilecav will cause serious propen v loss, if he tic "leers to keep things adequately pro tec led. I low ire;ir a premium mana^emeni pa vs lor del ivin.e necessary pammyu sched ules can he d lustra fed hv a few pern neiif examples. W vm.n Too Lo n g Ai one mill with which I am fa miliar, rhe wi tven wire fence a round the plant needed paint tiny But due to business coudiiiujis, M was decided In defer l he \v< irk until the following vea r. The result was j hat nisi had lime fo do its w< >rk , and lAeimiuilv it was oe< essarv fo sand Idas! the entire fa ice f<i remove the rust ,uui mubtl ion mid to apply n priming coal as wed its it top coal. Neat I cel in creased ilic msi of the job more than three bundled per cent. April, 193!* The same weave ream after uniniin?. Note the transformation in appearance and visibility Mhwim the me af "Dufok" Miff While Ai another mill t he me nil .sash was badly in need of paint. Here, loo, a del av was permitted "until business improved." The result was that some Costly replacements hail to be made, aside from i he heavy expense ofcleaniiti4 and preparing the usable sash before it could he repainted, lids not <iidv greatly increased opera linguists, but also involved expensive repairs Both could have been eliminated bv painting at the proper time, Del aving necessary paint mg pro grams is false ecoiiomv, lor almost alw ays it means increased costs in preparing a rolled or rusty surface, cx jx.ats!\re repair work , add 11 intui coats of paint and, to many cases, iniemipleil plant opera lions. An n * a i, Pa in t in g Pmo c .r a ms ! hi lirvr flint if the heads of every textile ill111 would Inidger and use a sum annually for interior mid exterior paim maintenance, they would find it a Ukraine investment, both from ilie standpoint of decreased painsing costs and icpair expense. The mill owner will do well to plan an annual pinning program so that lie will not be confronted all at oike wiilia large and expensive paint dig project. Let him lav om a eon t imiuiisma iiHenancescheduk I or each operation, so as to eliminate ilie bulge in exjKruse at one particular ik u 'h k !, a schedule ihat will keep ihc properr-cs m good condition at a minimum repair cost. Tvsi-irnoNS This plan can be made effective by a systematic, periodic msjxTnon of mill properties and villages. 'To assist in making these survev.s, mam paint manufacturers employ experienced paint engineers who will be glad :o inspect the pro pert ics regu hi ~lv. Them reports will usual! v confirm the advice of the mill owner's own employes. No surface will dun he prrmined to go bemud die time when repainting is necessary . Repairs and replacements will lx: reduced t o a tnmmitttn. I? is, of course, dofinift to set a definite peril id for the inspect ion of all surfaces, tor in lextile nulls some areas uv subjectrd turvirena lv severe exposures. Dilicrcni'cs in cons! nice ion mala sals, comae i s w ir hsteam, o arei or cl ient teals, as in a dve house, for example, mav cause paint films to fa il tp.iulcer in one place than It - another Bin ;; is necessni v in find die faux m each case first, and then to provide {he right kind of paint protect ion as, where and when it mav he needed. A Jon i o r . Ifxin.ices To start such a program, we suggesi having a riiamifavi h u t n pamf engineer survey the ennre operation, iiu hading the villages- His work should cover every surface recjuirnur the use o! pa ml or paiai tiutcnals. 1 fc will t hen orrpai'e a chan showing various surfaces in need ot .mention and wi I specify the proper product and color for each one. We can at! rr.xall in \ ears gone bv \\ hen paint w as just paint. Then an ordinary ml house paint, tor i im.h k e, was often applied to pipe Hites, even tlnuigii that particular t vpe of Jim ferial fright be rust pioinormg in Mead of riisc-preseufii.-g. Today, mic must h:ne mure than a lavinaids knowledge of paint pre-ibicis I o a void on-.king unwise select ions. In iol low uig t! a' chan reie*':"cd to, von can he mrc i ii gen mg the prnjxa' marcn.il h>r each surface, with rcMilring economies to ptnvhj.ws and in re|laccruem*. Reproduced on page hmruei- -s one of tht:*c charts ,m example of actual rgwieitatir tm pre pared lor the manager* id a well known buuthi.ni wxiilv mill croup. C iovis Asm Et SC LTs Next. consider \ 111age pun! `tig. Lei us reduce costs to n dollar basis ami Ldc't? fhidri-n The DU PONT Mazing for the kitmor rimingof t^ir^ini^s explained. They have observed that it pays to do so. a marked jin iroveincnt in working efficiency, anc. in wclUiglirec! plants investment: is we have indkited 'is two views of a weave room, before ccdint pales. They illustrate better corics a light-reflecting paint. ' ' value as to the best methods of sur face preparation anti application. In a word, mill owners will find that following a systematic program The fact that more and more textile systematic painting programs, is easily A typical chart prepared for a group of Southern miffs by the da Ponl! Company, Note the fist of surfaces on which paint or paint materials should be used, and the specified products for each purpose. Beside their names are chips shawms the standard cobri. Pave FauitecJi Ap"nt ? 0 3 :> Whats New Brief notes about development products, booklets, and the like The latest netdirfon to X R,iv film products nf 11ic Du Pom Him Mj iiu i.it [ uring Corporation, Xknv York Ui v, is a line of packaged developing .iik I fixing pern ders. These n impounds hd\ c iwuuufMmiding eh,mu rerisiics; I lie Developer is exfremeh active m ns action wit horn the danger of undesirable fogging, and the Fixer has an especially long life. ''Pontmninc" Dhirm Ormige GR is che name uf a new, patented du Poor d vc ft >r silk, rayon or tot ion dress fabrics. As a sell color it pro duces bright, cka*, orange shades with a decided reddish tone. When used as ,i shading Color, it enables dyers to obtain those rich, warm shades * if brown so much in demand. It is vm~ level dyeing, discharges well, possesses verv good fastness towards acid, htsl pressing am! crot kNiip arid lias good last ness to light and alkalis. * * He `Akiimhel" B and "Duohet" B are the names chosen bv the du Pinu (-om pans' lor two new explosives which have passed the pemussihi hi v tesJx of the U. X. Bureau of Mines for use in coal mining operations. Held t vpresent ames of the Kx plus ices l)c panirem are in position to pom! out the advantages to he gained hr the use of i hescspeci.il forms of dvt\iniiu\ "R1 is the trade name oi a new h vdrocarhon resin rctrni I v annouru ed bv 1 h<* l,R \ 11 " { bemit a Is Departtneirt of ihe du Pom ('onr.xmv. The fact rliat it is a practically water white. odorless, tasteless, thermo plastic substance iiiduatcx that ii Ulay have: a number of industrial applka;ions. Its proper!to arc more hillc descrilved in an *'U \ I Techimal Bulletin, copies of which may he obtained on ropiest. The F. W. Dod/u- Corporation. 1 l V Wot 40ih Si reel, New York City, announces a service catalogue for people i on tempi.i ling building new homes over $7,AtM in \ abte. It lists all products i hat enter into home I a hr ca t s on a.id. f urntsh i ng, a nd includes tnanv new in.ucrtab and ap purarus. Am*one interested is invited to write lor this new book, giving the name of architect and builder. The catalogue, iIhtsrrifed below, is bound in Du Pom PX Buckram, Much informal ioti of value rs con tamed in i he tr.ulc Heraturc ssued lw unions divisions of the du Ikj ih ( c mipsiiv. A mong recent pub! u at ions of ibis kind are the following bulleuns ami booklets prepared by the binei ilicinicals Die isltm : />-J/rto,' NY, !. Organic Chemical Sjxctali ics, which dtsulhcs the prop erno and uses ol seventeen products of particular interest to mumdaetur ers l textiles, leather, pa per and various other hues, ik'/H-fh/ S-K a. Brilliant *` A vi rol/ "LansC-ann" and ' Duponol. * These registered trade marks idem ifv sulfa; cd fanv alcohol produets, The nfh W1 leu deals with their j.'plK.u ions m processing C;n :oi:, hren, wooi, silk, tavmg Lafher, paper and mjsceli.mc m s mater ia Is, /W/rOe ,\Y. - Organic AolvrnW and Plassici/era Following a dc.wnriiiisi of im:e pioduefs, three chapJcrs .uv devoted to a discussion oi du Pom soln c eh s I in the textile mdistrv: 2- for soaps and detergents, H in the paint, varnish and Napier itnho tru:s. I .ihles lor ref ere ru c are j ih hide d /hv//r/;e ,-V/. . " `Tetraltri' for the 1 ha ludlisltv. A IWiMO! i;if a bookler derail dug ilie u>e> of tins sob me It is puls; ishei ami civtnbu led lor the * nloniuJ jnu of e.is an; meers. i. "! "Gurdmol" '( his i^ooklet issuai bv the li.trJmoH .orporatJi>n presents a iw io v of t]ic uses oi alcohol sut fa "es in t lw text ile iiivluM i v, descr ibes tile three types of "Cbirdmor" mid m ihi es low each should be used for best reMtlls. Quarterly Price List J he ' fv. \ II," ( liemix als Deparniiem is d ;s irhunut?, rile \pr!U PHS, number of' t his puhiie.n urn. t opics ma v be oh t.u netl fremi the 1 Xwr! nu.aif upon upplu a: urn t.u he Wdmmgtun CXi-ca t>utstiinchnp: in the liiu- ol ntu f;ii-i'u-s Uiei'cd hv more than a Si'orc ui mad t ti cT res ic h f a hr u In. h is c 's , a s s]i o v> n in I heir displays iv.entl v held in Paris, is an nu xising jrtav of m.i h t i.iIs made if! tavnn afhl acetate y. rns and mixtures con minim; sbr cellulose him. The adlaiiom w<re reooewed b\ a re preNem a 11 ve of ihe du f\mi Si\ fi: Sermcc, vvho includes in ihe Iim oi [ rench >pnr-n a?u! sum mer la ^rics Jicarlv PiH'J Npcubcally (i.ifUCil ma!en,iIs The DU PONT Mo.js;r.e THE DU PONT MAGAZINE VuhhxhrJ ,w4 uipyrit/'ttJ hy k, p nr p u n t h e Ne mo u r s & c:n, ik c . VJI.MIS'u Ic j K, s. A. S'u?/'<:Ttf!(itm% $/.{/() iht year i.., vf^Kumsma.................. ........fasr isblisllct vRidtf ic|:; i'il, with Credtf, J.I1 cjii. ff* aid llluttrat iiiiia except rbi-t ^rfi'k:cir:ecuKiif'yM5i:. l-.kuioryp:* *iH. whrii j'-mtliic, hr Rrnjshnl on tsiji.ru: Vo:-. XXIX Armf,, lW, No. A The Penalty of Leadership TiiE e-'-r ipp-.irid ,i-, an ;hl-crriK- rvr.:- in 7'/- S.-HAr.l, i iiv.-ithi? Puit. junmio ?mE jr du v-m i'Jlv t'-npv- i'i:*tn, C.ri.tilLu; Mi:mr i.ar . In every field of human em'ea vort he that is Irrsr muM perpetually live in the white fiqhr of publicity. "Whether ihc leadership he vested in a man or in a marmlarmrn! prod uct, citmhniun and envy are ever at work, "In arty m literature, in music, in industry, rhe reward anti rhe punishmem arc always the same. ' The reward is widespread recugnirion; flic punishment, fierce denial and detract ior. "When a man's work becomes a standard fur tile whole world, it also hetnines a caigct fur the shafts of the envious rcw. "If his work be merely mediocre, he will he left severely alone if he achieve a masterpiece, it will sei a million tongues a-wagging. "Jealousy decs not protrude its forked tongue at the artist who pro duces a commonplace ['aiming. "Whatsoever von write, nr paint, or pjav, or sing, nr build, no one will strive to surpass or lo slander you, unless your work be stamped wuh the seal of genius. "Long, long a her a great work or a LJutH.i work has been dune, lliose uho are disappointed of envinns tontmuc i m.ry ouf that i r c a mint be dune Spiteful little voices in thedumam of art were raisesI against our own Whistler as a mountebank, long after the big world had atchtifned hint its greatest artist ic genius. `j\dt 11ifHi!< s flocked In Haymirh m worship at the musieal shrriic nf Wagner, while rhe iirile group of 11 i >se whom he had dethroned and displaced argued angrily -hat he was no musician ai all. "'*] lie hu fe world c on11 uued to piotest ih.ir J'uhon could never build a stcaiaho.ii, while i he h i g world flocked to flie nver banks to see his boat steam bv. ' `The leader is assailed because he is leader, and the eft oil to equal him is nierelv added proof of that leadership. ''Ir.tifiirg to espial or to excel, die follower seeks to depreciate and to destroy but only confirms once more l he superiority of r hat which he strives to su ppLirn. "There is nothing new in this. "It. is as iId as ihe world and as old as ilie human passions envv, fear, greed, ambition, and the desire to surpass. "And it. all avails nothing. If the leader truly leads, he remains ilie leader. 'hViasrer ooet, inasrcr-pa mrer, master workman, cadi in his turn is assailed, and each holds his laurels through the ages. "Tiat which is good or great makes itself known, no matter how loud the clamor of denial. "T.iai which deserves to live lives." South American Rayon Tm.du Pont (,onipany h unannounced its in.ctiiion to expand fun her mdus Inal acnvhies in Argentina. With its assoc-arcs there anti a bicndi group, represented by rhe Comproir des Tex tiles An diddles, a new company wi 11 l>e formed, m be known as "Ducilo" 8, A, Productor.i de Rayon, widt h will engage in 1 he mai'iulaet me and sale of viscose rayon, Construe t:ioti work will shortly be started on a {borough Iy modern plant o he Inca ted neat Buenos Aires. There is at present no ravnn mam-ha lured in Argentina, the entire rupitremems being imported, ddellv from liiunipe. Approximarely one thousand em ployes will he required when the plant get s into full opera don. An Educational Exhibit l Vmi*. rears ago the librarian of t he b.ngtneering t ollegc, Cmvcr.Mtv ol .Vlieniguii, it: a lusturaal discourse on materials, said that the "Age of 8 led" was improperly named, that 11 should have been called [lie Age of Explosives," lor without the use of blastiny' ageiiLs, none of ilie: great ach cvcniuti-s for which so:el is given the credit wouh.l have been possible. Whether you .subscribe to thin viewpoint or not, explosives a re important tools in carrying on an enormous volume of work initialed by I coer.il, soire and countv agencies. In i i is cor meet ion a du Pont exhibit reproduced on the facing page draws ailemion to certain phases of these works. Uriel explanatory legends hardly more than suggest the kinds ol service explosives render. In efforts to control mosquitoes dial carry malaria germs to plague ilmusauds of our citizens, explosives arc used efleet ively. Land ilia mage is rmegood way in eradic. ale these pests. Hundreds of dams arc built m rivers and streams to insure control of water in times of Hoods and to conserve it during jx'Hnds of drought. These structures impound water and serve ro meet i he needs o! navigation, irrigation and power development. 1'cdeT.ii elfor's !.u control soil cro sinu have Ixxn rekircd to before iu this puhlicanon. In this work rhe fh e r rion of explosives is to supple mem the nciivines of thousands of young men who are fighting to keep fertile soils in [dace on American farms hy i hock mg water flow in gullies and bv relores!aiion. It is of Course not possible Co include m one small exhibit the cm ire lange of public works in which explosives are helpfully employed, but tin>se shown arc ai least repre sentative. And it should he under stood, roo, rliar blast ing is resorted ?o only where work cannot he done eihcient.lv by other means, liven so, iedeiEL projects under way last year accounted for the use ol approximate!) tliiny million pounds ol explosives. The exhibit will be plat ed on view with in a few weeks in the Hu Pont I'.xhibii at. Adam ic ( aiy. P,<ge S-zlt en FXPLOStvrS IN FFDFRAi. WORK 1. Dilrhr.% rm< hlu'tod wilii rfyucift.s!(" hi dicin lf*<; *;'.v imps wG-'C l>r i k- -I \ 1 U tHOHvi.O Li |'iiibh-.. b'ClG. 9, fN'fi-sGG *:. G bfrLl dvinr*'h \i\ G*' | ccnirol d* mi; in n;p;t/ p.ifii ^ ih*-. coonny, ir oncGo {Gy; ko. k i tli j J* ;< f from tmrn Go is nv>;j for bmldi.-Ki do no arm hinliwav', and ilv.M s' t ir* m. !of ;.u< h i''oji.'t h om..< if woy. <1, Gully c.'irv.ron i': No-pT>' 'd Uv bui din i i*y>pn< irv d ?nr, hhhirio - oil inio iinMy hntG-n-: <nid ihon p'untins i heot. in if i* bb .kb .od. S. Brood for ri" - cb<:!- f j im-find ; uri-i--. rtcyMyr- /ii i I b r.!v-j"! -d h f- is,.-'.- i . rA .--f -.fu-ro - -.1 ro :-s/;hf- i hi.- dijnr.o; an. ;r\ r.j *..i. iu-.vs h- ?. fpvl' col-- (.!<' bl 1..I H ib.sil -i'-'-ti.:. ilf-yh ,V!C !o , . uo -h'id-'o ...rid i.j -- if*.' i . hi: --it G'si h -Hi." .. H ! -*.rdo\!V--`- -j :'! :i =..!. j ' -i.j P-il-i ; .! ao-d o jrnair.ir. luhv::' .vJudi O' *1r .--r-? r i j 'i --n. P.h*r 5c -eTrieen Ihe DU PONT /iru?. A new metallurgical tool, the use or which prevents certain (laws in casting brass By e. A. WE1MER -Ir^j 1i k , vc-ns cue o{ the most persistent: and iron- |psTM" hlesumc problems in the Wi^.... mm-krrous mera 11 urgkj I held Jus ixvn rh.ir of -;.. uvtde and gas uu'fusions HE ^ in brakes, w;; h their eon - B com ham rambles, such us blow-hck-p spitjs, und ...........mu.... similar easting faults. The Jcnsiili/cr cnimmailv used in ilie past has been phosphor copper, which, wbile quite dkc- i j ve 13] rediu 11154 inirsullit ovules, is somewhat hunted in its scope am! must he added in careful! v-con mailed amounts, lor over dosage markedly alters the* physical anil electrical charactenst ivs of the treated metal, Forward- looking metallurgists in rhe brass indnsm have long desired a merhod of dintinaring casting llaw dillictilues by some simple means, a method that would not alter the actual phvs:ca! pn p perries id rhe parrualar brass being made one itt whu h slight errors in dosage would nut result it: harmful cUkus, ami a Yi-fhw htmi No lorfiunwmc nwf Two ingots nf totHurn-xinf affoy sad a slats of xhne treating method that would not be too expensive ro employ. To this end the (Ine-.sel li (.heimc al i .vu patty and the "K A M " ( hemil :ii Division of the du Ptnu Company have jointly developed a new re search and working tool it) Grasselli sodium-zinc alloy. This alloy inav be used in all non-ferrous alloys where a content of two per cent or more nf metallic zinc may he toler a ted or is called for. 1'he Constituents o! Vic alloy are nine- y eight per ecru intermediate grade zinc and two per cent metal I u: sodiam. h is cast in ingots whit It are serni cvlindi ival and fitted with breaking notches for the sake of . AB readvdivisibility. The ap pearance oi the ingot, and iis size as compared with a stand, rd slab of zinc, may read dr be seen by a glance a! 1 he illuStratiofi. Its mdring point... and cuomisfy enough, too, since t he melmig point of sodium is roughly the temperature of boiling water is ahum 140 (k higher than that of pure zinc. The ingots nun he stored wit hoist anv partuiilar precautions other than those which would Ix j observed in the storing of slab zinc; for rhis alloy, despire its sodium eomeni, is h o i in the least unstable, h is much more brittle than straight metallic zinc and is t\h o readily fractured for use, being re dmed ro sr/e on a shear or by break ing on a bucking hoard. The use of rhis alloy Is simplic ity itself. After the brass hatch i* almost ready ro nnur and u is made up with less than ihe final de si ltd amount of zinc m order to Yr'hw hrm% - 3 p<`t C"rrl sediUm-aJHC mttf P,ice .rtghtern eompetisme lor i he additional Aik c ll a rgo { m Hie jllov- t he rc.jmsiii: amount ol .sodium ruic alloy is added in solid (firm. These haignu ms sink iu the hofiuin of the hath and then, at ihe hi/;11 iciiipcrarrc encountered Jo; kommcrvial brasses :t r.nigcs (rum 9U0' su ucartv .1 UXV* (..', aiic all nv breaks down into iIs compo nents The sodium, wit It a fteinendoiis aUmuy lor oNv^ni,cncn;c! wall v reduces any meuUn; oxides ilia; are pi eseni in ilie hath, regardless of llieir Male; the side products of fhe reaction I ic: in ** sodium oxide and pure reduced copper, tm, tone, o" ivlur ever the metal may he whose oxidv w ;m present in (he bath before the add Irion ol the deoxidizer. IT sodium oxide, which has a normal hulling point of S.>0 `i.., hods tun ol' the Haiti with great vigor, result mg in a bubbling anil stirring action. Tht S is highly hci idle oil to tile lnclal, reducing segregation and imparting a Tieeness" which is tjniic iiiiriceahie even when the metal is pouted imu the mold. hid ic a uve of what can he accom plished hv the simple substitution of this alloy for a portion ol the iota! zinc, rcijuiicments of a brass, the photomicrographs A and B should he consulted. These pictures were i a ken in the metallurgical Inhorato ries of the Scovill Mamifai hiring (..ompauyg Waterbury, C.omiecticut, unct were taken from allovs prepared by William IV Price, thirl chemist and metallurgist- Phonmiicn'graph Ojoper^iftcon bronze Ns sodium- line used A is a to pical section o! a sixty so: pvr cent copper, thin e hair pcni'm alii alloy, winch ss usual l v know a .s a m ellow brass 1 hr nnv black spots whali ,re scat rrred rhroughotii l he mi tiou. both enclosed. bv and run mug through the u vsia) honed .mu x, arc due to oxide os' gus occ Iu mo u s . This should he comp.ired v\ nil photo inii'rograph B, wlmh is tif a brass of k he same tomposiuon. with the ex icpiiou that three jvr l c iu of sodium /.me ;il 11 > v was subsotu Led Jor a similar amomit of tncial 1 ic /.me. it shou Id kr tiniol that I here is no Mg mlk am diuercncc in rim metallic su tics ure, vc r the t my laubs and blow-holes are almost tompk-dv eliminated. d he ohysic.il propel lies ui tile brass arc iso harmed in any way hy ihe use ol sodium- ziiu. alb>y. In general, slight increases in elastic 1 mots, tensile srrcmdh, ansi elongarion un dcr fracturing lead are to be expected . thus effect ol increased sirengi h is due, however, to the elimination 11| hin ts rather than to a sigmli i ant l hauge in the auual meialla. smiLUre. The use of tins alloy is not limited to straight brasses. By ionsulting phiuau iii rographs C. and D, wlu,h are also reproduced In* the aurtesv ut the Scovill Manufacturing Company .1 at hormones, one mav readily see the siguiluant dillcrence m llaw ocmr retire in a cop|\:r sihcen alloy. Iiki Jciuallw this allov is a very dithculi one in casi sat isbictonh , due to the excess! vc! v f ropicm i h ninvm v. of 0 shrinkage holes. The effect of the sodium zinc alb>v is to ,.o_rt.we die \isCiisity of tile incial, when poised, ;.s wvU as to <-l.minati- iHi .n ionoxides. thus resulting ui a muchloncnx! mVimocv of th-isi shrink age ;isud'les. While in some rases oxide and gas oCt Iusic*ii dnhcuf l :cs base lx.cn mis mounted hv .six li pin su.a i i >r nn\ h.mii.il expedients as i 'he as re.sM.- of mold m/c , lor example, siuh expcdiem s %-u not Ion e i he same \ i-'k acs i.s the use of sodaim-ymr. In (hr ill's L I'LtuC, : lie Use id Lllgcr t!?ldd> IN of 3H' advantagr where rhe merai is to he uset, in the as vast lot ni lo lice one ex.impfc, lor pump rasmgs, wlicte the apjxxiraruc i*l a bltsrer on Hie mrbee mil cause rcrcVTXoo < d da e.iSi.og, trie use ol' largci rrioid si/cs xxmihl, ol course, be v able less. I he second disiikivantage is ihe increase in piwcr u^r when the m.tten.O is K.nt in billet form, due to the nixes si tv ol eifeciing a gre.oer cneiall led net ion in pip sital Jitnctisions ^'hcrc the cxpedieiu id using a larges hillu-moid si/a. has ahead) hero adopted, however, ir ts rcusonahlc ro heheve that the use ol sodium >ine will efieci still furiher redtierxiu m segregation, o c c Iu mo is and soudar srouhles. 1 he cis! id this alkie is v l t v low as compared with the results sevured bv ts use. After all, meetv-eigln per cem bv wetgJ'H ol rhe alloc is seif in i he smiT as alloyeO '/u'n . It tlappm-silicon bran**--" S,9pf <#rt sodium-xint; ut+d PtiCt? Nif'i-'h'vn ihc DU PONT Maqjantt Tht! Smiths could net affoid a et-w car this year, so they did the next bp$t thin? had the old one refmished In "Duce/' in me of the bright, new color schema appearing on the 1935 models Car Colors Are Brighter The new 1935 automobile colors are as varied and brilliant as the rainbow and I hey are available for refinishing the old m ode I By j. W. LOGAN TTn i: growing apprec Os ion of uJor jr'i ; j U!* modem world seeing to he UK H V Mumgl V IClk*WcJ ill ;i U (i Jlljf)- hilcs thw season I hail ever before. In general, l he 1955 trend n toward i 114 h ter and more cheerful huo. There in nothing depressing about the autos i m the road i It s year, and those w ho are huriug new cars or refresh ng ok1, ernes will do ve 11 l.u chouse their Sinisites fmm sin* sure of liver]y and aruaci ive colors now available. The cars displaced in the slums rhis vear include roadsters In ydtow, Hid it green, brilliant bine, I igh t cream, hri*4hr brown, with the c-ver- pnpular gr;-v; holding rhdr own, A grav v\ n 11 a bluish Urine is one of (he in- m imeresm-g. .A not her 1 imd v color nlU:n tg that s-.ill douhrkss be much used (or rclinisliing is a blue wish a somewhat greet ish unite, called Nakhota. I bis is a dark 1dm. purp-c bine of great brilliancy and can he .successfully accented with an e x irc'ud y wide nnii'c of 5: ripe nosnhilit io. Oilier dmic.es include ; gunmetal flanked with ret I gold bron/c, or an exiieindy Ii 14ht and ]sri;*hr variation of bodv inlurs, wilh hair lines of yellowish orange, or even plain /hyn Iwp.niy while. Green, relatively little used for several years, gives a new note for those: who do not like maroon, blue or black. Two new greens are Dartmouth, a brilliant, colorful Tin ish which should prove popular, and Bosphorus, a somewhat lighte r green hiiie-g'eeii, which is most pleasing to 1 he eye, A decidedly new and different com hmntou is ltd accented by a silver striping that should ImJ favor among those who seek novdrv in autotno live finishes. And there is .1 brown of a reddish shade, rather low in bril liancy, called Lunge hamps Brown. Its natural red undeirone can be vivtdlv enhanced by using a plain c.:op|xjr striping. There s not h mg blatant and hold about these new reflui,siting colors. Instead, rhev are d.eep and rich in tone whether ni the light or dark register. They run the gamut of grays, beiges, blues, maroons, greens or browns. They contribute to an elegant simpitch v, 1 lie keynote of t lie smart mode. 'Ihc 1 rend generally is lor a single all-over color with cm he! bshmeiits as simple as possible. When color is used for accent, it is generally :i thin line treatment always very discfcrl. Public opinion us registered bv a qtiesfionnatai sent out by the leading automobile mamifauums indicates iliac maroon is much favored, par ticularly a variety known as ` Dung" Regent Maroon, of medium value a ml intensity. Several beautiful maroons were seen at the automobile shows tins year. Light, bright marnot will be effective as a color rcplucenicnr fur old black or dark blue, finishes. A combination snipe of copper an<l silver provides etJcci ive ornament. Maroon's complement, blue green, with hair-line sin pcs of brilliant wrmilioil, is another orna ment possibility that will add an up-tn dale feeling to the old car. Just as pleasure cars have enjoyed (he fashionable tomb of new t. olnr (('uuanuhi >m }>.*;./ , Apr<it f v*i6 f'&m Twmiy-Om Ih* DU PON 1 Away Down South in Arkansas The Camden Furnituro Company refused to let a business cepressicm interfere with ils business-building plans . . . x.kis years ago fl. C. Rothcrt amt his son were iitrivc j11 flic business of the IJmringhcrg Indiana: I urnintre (.ompanv. Perhaps the industrial outlook i here.* was mu fun msv. \i anv rare, rhey r:h ought the time had come to seek, a new factory location where limber would lie more readily available. The Soui Invest seemed to be the tnosr promising region, and so rhey finally decided id establish iheinseb.es at. C amden, in southern Ark ansas, and numufuuurc solid wood furniture. A suitable sue was acquired and on it M. H Roflicrt, tlien twentyone, built a new factory which lie de signed himself. In Uctoher, .192.6, the first car of furniture was shipped, fur a sime the (uituden Furniture Company was operated as an asso ciate o! ihe Indiana concern, bur hard, purposeful work during the next rbrec years put the rnrerprise on its feet. It cot.Id anil did stand alone. Then came the depression dun ruined many long-established businesses. The Rotlu'ifs cnnrmm'.d to manuhictuic inexpensive, smart I y-de- signed furniture, and to i liangc styles wiih each market. And the** ad vertised and merchandised the line so dlcmvelv ihai :i strong demand a i osc for Camden-made pn idnvis. Thev were good values. When a du Pour ismsh was adopted ax stand ard about two years ago, that, too, helped sales irctncndouslv. As a result, i lie sales curve has shown unlv a slight tendency to drop during the depiession years. 1 he present hiatus is shown by a few facts obtained in a recent inter view. The company now manuJuCiurcs (KH) cars of luminux a vc.n, employs twenty salesmen; shops its piiiduias l o every state in the Umnn as well as rn Canada, Mexico and C uba, and rlic sales forecast for this year is $SOO,000. Ah hough the elder Rot hurt is no lougei active, ihe business is being capable duet led by N.`. H. Rot hen , manager, and his sister Louise Ihe vigor of youth characterizes ihe per sunned of ihe orgnnr/arion. In the factory ihe average age of rlic fore men is thinv years. Altogether they have mill a strong foundation for future growtli, and even as tins is wrim-ji, the factory output is being stepped up by ihe addition of new kilns, machinery and production lines. Manager Roihert is well pleased with the present location of rhe business and with the general outlook for the furniture industry. Mmtrxting (our piecfil of a hmjiavm wife th<$l has fsmnd a ready sat bosom* af ils simple dcsifn, s<rsl warkmamhip and durable dit Pant finish jgJfcjL f\}qe iwi'.n1y*lv/o Apt >!. 19.IS A Chemical Family III H -.-kiish-r. ; \r>;>: / 4} chemist gi\es to unwhirtg he canr.uf ex plain in order i:ot to discUisc fits 1 i hit ted !< nmvlcdgc. 1t might he 1% ifiller^ ami a In tie inure helpful, to liken a cat.il vsf u the foreman of a laboring crew. While he is on ilie job, even i hough he appears smt in do any work himself, she i >s hers buckle rrS4I1 r down Jo rfie task m hand. to hen hi: ib; absent, ihcv i?';iv Inal or ntm working entirely. In anv ease, results count, and *1 is enough that thcdiem in i* has learned how to make ami use certain catalysts to help him get the results he wants. Another astonishing thing J'bour this process is dial, by changing the gas mixture, oilier products, highlv useful and important in themseh es, can be obtained in addition h i ammonia. Prominent- among these are cerraiti synthetic alcohols, which are made by varying the high-pressure proce dure. Nea rly every motorist is familiar with ''Tyrone" anti-freeze, the chief ingredient of which is medianol. Dynol," a power lubricant lor two cycle engines such as those m outboard motorboats, and "Ovmtx," a rating fuel for the same type n! inoior, are also deroeil bom tins Manic. ,\ limn her of t he higher alcohols aie wnle'v employed as sohents in various industries. The carbon monoxide gas produced ar one stage, when treated mulct heat Thata towars rnprnsc-nt one tf the Irtif tfppt in the /nartufattlirr 0/ nitric and. I t<-t* (he gain termed by burning a mixture of ammonia unci <tic in the prp-.t?r>eo if a catalyst on? absorbed in neuter fa yield acid and pressure with caustic soda yields sodium formate, wlm h in turn is con verted into ionnu acid, used ;n textile finishing and lea the: itmtmf.K line. 1 he e.trhun dioxide, when uunbsrcd with amnonia and water, pi ounces aismumium carbonate nik! biwirhou:;ie, used by bakers fn give die desired "puts" fit their dough. Also derived from amnonta and carbon dioxide are urea and urea ammonia liquor, which find extensive appltca:ion in the* fenilt/rr industry. Usher p*odnets include loam inhihitors for the beer sugar and paper industries, frothing oils for esc in ore flotation, dimethyl sulphate, used bv manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and 01 her fine chenm als, ami a wide group of hydrogenated substances. Ammonia use If has many xahuble uses. Large quanrities are used in refrigeraiion equipment. The various salts of .miniwmu inelude ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate and ammonium nitrate. The latter is an explosive ingredient in an tm porfaiit variety ol dynamite and is produced by combining nitric acid w ith die wry ammonia from which it is made, i low ever, hv far the most important derivative is nitric acid itself. The oxidation of ammonia 1:1 produce this acid is therefore the last: chapter in our account- of its pa si and present ungin. One of the plants m, tint allied lor this purpose is located in :hr avid area of the du Pont dvn.unite plant at Itcp.tuno, New Jersey. I wre am ihoma and air are forced at high velocity into a chamber where; the gas is hurrr in the presence of a rata li si. There is a hole window in fins bulbous 1 f-amber through whnh one can see the red hot mixture glowing at about 9-X) degrees ('em igrade. Ihit wh.ir h.uyvus Jtrer char lias ro he assumed from the tesuhs obtained; Htic p the pkotajtaphnt has f01 used his cesrntns upor v small detail in orda tv ffi*v same idv<? of the cotppkx equipment needed in converting a-nmania to n>tnc acid lwvt}`, y Ihit'i: one soon loses track of the itinerary m j maze of weirdly fw-xnng pjjx'S, tali lowers and other odd- look mg items of eqti pment. \U` know, how ever, that the ammonia has been converted into gaseous oxides of nitrogen, which are c.trr cd to cool ers, and from there ro absorption rowers, where they arc dissolved in water to form nitric acid of sixiv per tent strength, Mroag acid for mira tion is obtained. by conccncration, a sepui'uie o|vt\mon in wlm h the water ts removed bv means of sul phuric acid. We have now looked into the past and presum source of the nm ii id 1 ec|iif 1 ctl in ; iTi;im du bone nperm ions. We have also tombed upon some of rhe materials rlur were n bra fed in comic; i ion widi cxnlosi ves and o\ Iter fines oi mainbat ure. prominent among these being ce-lhilose, give erire and the coaf-tar derivatives. Now b is ; 11 i merest i ng para He I 11 at in the pi oi ess lor flu: iix.ua mi of annospherit Jiiuxigen, considerable tjuantirivs o? tfu-se Coal-ur dciix.i toes arc obtained as a result el '\okmg" coal. It we tulUm this male lial \%e again nice: om old Iriend. rhe ultra i ;on jv-,.x css. A in.I In h x :l kriowlege cf Jnrrarion ;echm\|Ue fed i 'i: on Ihmt ( onifvuw, during the vc.ou tolhwvmg 1017 IS- info die tasmnaiing held oi i.ul mr xidors, is a srorv in itself, hut that sforv must be lett for a later chapter. th>; DU PONT MdW:mc Zinc Found Essential to Plant Growth ,, ;;v i 1*1 Certain P.u <iic. Goast stares, p.r nciilarlv Calr omia, large acreage cl walnuts, cimis frmrs, <*v:\ i\s, apples and | Hatches u ere being rendered un profitable hv disorders known locally as lirele leal, ruscue and chlorosis. The evpcnmcnr station in that state has rcCCiirh' ad op red xmc as a me.ms id preventing these losses. Fjlceii\c Control of die little-leaf dhorder H fruit trees, lor uisrartec. was secured by placing y a ik snip-bare crystals in holes bored into cite trunks. Bend its were secured on grapes and citrus fruits by spraying wi'h a /.pie su: phutc soluuoin The work done on the West (oast has wired Hie wav for the solution of puzzling nuu tional piohknis among various import ant e rop plants in other pans of rhe country, The U, h. I)i: parrinem' of Aoriedture, working with tile lodotna Hv peri merit. St at ion, showed chat zinc sul pliatc lessened the damaim caused over a wide area hv bacterial run ol jx,'achcs. One peach grower recently used twentyfour inns m his orchard, which gives some indication of rhe p-racrir.d effect elds research jiuy have on the chem ical industry. The Honda Fx peri men l .Station found z.-nc sulphate efiec i i vc b sr the m-.nmrm of tuny oil trees aJiec Ted with n disorder known as bronzing, which causes dwailtuy and premature defoliation and results in lower vigor and proem rtvenes*. Bench!s were nhlaincd both by applviny the coni pound to the sni 1 and hv xpnoirg the trevs. \ lie treu-men? w.ih aho found cislincd}' hene;ic.i;il to orar.gc trees affeued with ntonle leaf and ivi an ifees riikvtcd ss ie 11 mx u c . Sodium-Zinc Alloy ( *;/:}. y J i r< will, when Used, under proper eon bilious, inueh more than repay its toe hv rhe reduction tn rejects. In ad dition. it eh minutes the necessity for mechanical puddling or .Slirring ro prevent segregai ion Anyone trnercsted in rids alloy can secure Technical information, sumpies, or asiv other data desired h\ writing to the New Products Di vision, The (Tassel I i (.hi.mical (liitiii'.im , hit.., (Jeo eland. Ohm. Another Masterpiece Goes PX T,1 -- tililiuR isl. !Ilf l-uriite V,/o, published hv ScnhncrTol New York s is beautiful!]- hound in Do Pom PXCloili Some fundi hook adieuors huv editions u thoimd and then hind them in colors id their own chooAng, Americans prefer fo have their hooks hound lor permanency Hi the parser one reason why 1 )u hooi Tuihrikoid'' PX (doth has a from pT.i.r in the- pubi slimy held. Car Colors Are Brighter line:*, s. i M 11 a \ c delivery i.a?'-. 'it IS year finds a real udvarue made inward Is i i a h r o m 11 up vomnim ia I cars. The trend is :o make the <odor scheme express, as far as possible* the vehicle's use. As in the pas*, it is likely rlui! florists' delivery vehicles* fore mon pie, will he finished me hi tc, pink, brilliant gr.il, or with sonic of rhr Hghnr shades of Mur Tnirks will be finished in red, yellow nr rich blue, using i he >.oloi.s in their iiiuM brilliant chruni.gsvf. oli fyyfaurv stripes and other ornnmenraiions. FXdtveiV cars seem to inflow a liyhftTcolor range than m pint vc.irs. There never was am good reason why grot tries had to be dcliwrcd in a Hat k or deep-hhie finished rnsek when so nianv other lighte \ cleaner and on rc at i racl i vc tailors were a van I aide. X`so, more carc will he taken ibis '.ear to make the u:l teriny, luiifurm in iiilor ami design in ihe general finish of the vchide. Hicrc always has been an opportunit v I nr improvement in the i se of color cm coiuiHctciaf veil ides, la line with the current trend toward lighter, nunc cheerful colors, many fleets will lx lingu al I v blushed, a.- well as refill ished, in livelier hues. Because ol rheir speed and the l.icf That duo should be idble -if some ilisrame away* busses have ai\vavs taken td vantage of hrigln colors 1 ndicaiurns arc sliai ihev will adtipt Still brighter hue*-. Pure, rich etvlurs of rhe deepest hrtlliancv, am! m Jightcr rones than ever, seem to he I he order. Indeed, the growing ap-preci.u Ion of co:or in the nutninoiivc wtuld is jm ire strongly reflected today i h.in e \ cr he hire. And w.ieslier it he plea sure car, commercial vefm: e or bus, the new moiic in color has definitely i. cjucred aiuiind a nev^ inierest in r;i. reimi'diing. Woh ;he simjdifieil proccsst-ss of rdmishi ug, atal the wealth of "Duco1' colors in their rich, deep brilliance, ti is no rrkk at all rn keep abreast of the fashions and convert I a si svar's model min one that look-, as rh.mgfi it had just mine oil i he: preduk ! ton line. (oior, ro manv people, dares an article, hut ihc person win; cannot allurd a ntov car tins .spring has a friend in fin; color expert. Ik: can repok.1 in e all i he popular cub ns in rditHsluiu* the oh! bus into a riling of beauty which will deligdn the eve d Ms owner. There arc du Pont. lT:fmi.d:erx in almost every town; they base all the latest colors ui s mk k ready so give an old, shabby, weat Ik r heareu car rile chic and glossy appcarana: of ihe IvXI moik ls ar It s*, oisr cb.m von might think. Hire Twei fy four *D HESS M A KE R,;/ : THIRSTY FOR NEW CLOTHES with "dressmaker" softness. Weor-a-Beau Prints are born for it. This mellow, fine texture is developed entirely from DuPont Superfilament Rayon. Clear-eyed prints. Supple "hand." Even the simplest dressmaking looks like a million dollars. And what economy! The Wear-a-Beaus are as bright as new after much washing and ironing. To top it all, they're easy to sew. No wriggling, raveling, no pulling at seams. See the galaxy of patterns--the Easter parade of colors in the finer stores from coast to coast. James McCreory, Now York . . . Marshall Field &Co., Chicago . . . Woodward & Lothrop, Washington . . . J. W. Robinson, Los Angeles . . Halle Bros., Cleveland . . . Famous & Barr, St. Louis . . . The Dayton Co., Minneapolis . . . Stewart's, Bullimoro . . . Sanger Bros., Dallas . . . Frederick 8 Nelson, Seattle . . . Solfridao ft Co. Ltd., London . . . Wear-o Reat Prints are a Beau Monde Iabric by Marshall Field ft Co., Manufacturers, Chicago . . New York. WOVEN OF DU PONT RAYON DEFACE cmd DESTROY! TWO IIA NDS--soft arid beautiful. Surely t heir touch can only be velvety--soothing. But watch these same hands in the kitchen! Though they touch ever so lightly and capably, they are hands heavy with damage. Oft repeated, their touch mars and discolors. That refrigerator, for instance. It started out a clean and glowing white. Then, hands tipped with household greases touched it, touched iL over and over again lefl their unseen marks. These grease spots turned rancid and formed acids which ate into the finish, softened and dis colored it. Gradually, the refrigerator lost its shining beauty and was no longer white. IIow could it be kept white? How could il be given a finish that would not only withstand the effects of acids, but dirt and bumps and knocks us well? Here was a problem that du Pont chemists solved only after months of unremitting study and research. But when they did solve it, they had developed an outstanding finish for refrigerators. Its name isDlLlJX. Since its introduction, DULUX has been used on more than 1)00.000 household mechanical refrigerators--out standing proof that this finish completely answered the finishing problem. This achievement, a distinct service to both industry and home, is only one of many in du Pont history. In their efforts to obtain finishing materials of greater service value, du Pont chemists have been responsible for many of the major developments in finishes in the pasL ten years. You know about Dueu, of course. Then there's Auto motive Dulux. And Du 1 iix Mill While for mill in teriors. Dulux Marine Finishes for boats. Brush Dtico and DuPont Paints and Varnishes to beautify and pro tect the home. Home owners everywhere--and leaders in industry--rely oil du Pont for more lasting, more economical, more beautiful finishes. K. J. du Pont do Nemours&Co., Inc., Finishes Division, Wilmington, Del. #P0Nt> "EG. U.s. PAT.Orr FINISHES for industry ami home DUCO. . . PA INTS... VARNISHES. ..DULUX PRINTED IN U. S. A.