Document BywX0mR21N1breO7xR7eDZ61w

Wt'% mMS*'-', UNITED STATES DEPARTMEN .. . HAROLD L. ICKES - BUREAU OF M R. H. SAYERS, D MINERALS Y 194 Hr- Prepared under the E. W. PEHRSO Economics and Stat C. E. NEEDHAM V / UNITED ST GOVERNMENT PRIN WASHINGTON P;For tale I17 the Superintendent of Document#, U. S. G N49769 LEAD LEAD1 By L.Al f r e d Ra n b o me General summary..................... Saliont statistics..................... War agency regulations.......... Reciprocal trado agreements. postwar outlook......................... Production............................... Imports.................................... . Consumption.......................... Price........................................... Domestic production............... Refined lead........................... Antimonial lead................... Secondary lead...................... Lead pigments...................... M Inc production........... SUMMARY OUTLINE Pago . 160 .. m157 . iS3 . 150 . 159 . 159 . 159 . ICO . ICO . 160 . 161 .. m163 . 162 Stocks.............................................. ................................... Producers' stocks...................................................... Consumers' stocks.................................................... Government stocks.................................................. Domestic consumption............................................... Prices................................................................................... Salient statistics on premium prices................ Foroign trade................................................................... Imports........................................................... ............. Exports........................................................................... World aspects of the lead Industry....................... W orld prod action,,............... .................................. Review by countries........ ...................................... Page 164 164 165 166 166 187 168 169 189 171 172 172 172 GENERAL SUMMARY The outstanding feature of the lead industry in 1944 was the decrease in new supplies, which failed to balance a high level of con sumption. Production from domestic mines, which is the principalij source of now supply, continued to decline, largely owing to a severe| shortage of manpower. Imports of refined lead--a ready source of] immediately usable metal--were lower, consumption was maintained I at a high level, and Government stocks of refined lead were steadily] reduced to a point considered below the margin of safety. At the] end of the year a sweeping revision of existing General Preference] Order M-38 was announced by the War Production Board to restrict] consumption further and thereby help to ease a situation that had] grown critical. The end of the European phase of the war in May] 1945 was accompanied by signs of gradually diminishing military j] requirements, but the bacldog of civilian needs for lead during the| period of partial reconversion will maintain demand at a high level.! The prospect for 1945 is one of the continuing insufficient supply fori all potential consumers but of adequate supply for military and! essential civilian requirements. la Refined primary lead production from domestic and foreign ores! and foreign base bullion decreased 1 percent in 1944, the total being! only 4,849 short tons less than the 1943 output. Year-end stocks at] domestic refineries (physical inventory) were less than half the total! at the beginning, and consumers' inventories were 22 percent lower'd Total imports of lead in all forms during 1944 showed a gain of lestl than 1 percent. An increase in receipts of lead in ore, concentrates* and matte--largely from Newfoundland and Australia--offset (1 decline in imports of refined lead, the principal source of which wsffi Mexico. A substantial amount of reclaimed lead and lead scrap from Australia partly balanced theabsence of base bullion from thaH country. l9 The established price of 6.50 cents a pound for lead at New Yon remained unchanged throughout 1944. * This report deals primarily with the smelifng, refining, and consuming phases of the Industry. (JH full details of mining operations, see separate reports Issued for the various States. 156 W J025-2W (avorago) 1941 uuuuuon at rclincd primary lead: From domestic orva anti ooso bullion . From foreign ores and baao bullion___ 000, 525 123,104 433,065 470,617 100,114 | 100,450 Recovery of secondary load.............................. imports.1 Lead in nigs, bars, and old..................... Lead In baso bullion.................................... Lead In ores &Dd matte........... .................. Exports of roflncd pig lead............... ........... Lead remaining in bonded warehouse at o d c I of period......................................................... Refined primary lead apparently shipped to domestic consumers................... .*.............. Estimated consumption of primary and secondary lead................................................. Prices-. New York: Average for year 783, 029 280,000 4,592 95, 747 40,096 98,048 m, 909 090,916 900,250 633, 179 I 570, 967 260,346 ] 397,410 153,563 19,624 111,300 *49,079 274,305 24,704 82,116 14,369 211,376 166,230 833,989 812,663 782,000 1,060,000 cents per pound.. Quotation ol end of year___ do____ London anvcerraegre.i. tJo____ MId c production of recoveraoio lead____ World smeller production of lead.............. 7. 47 8. 26 5.87 004,230 1, 850, 000 6.18 <5) .60 467,392 0) 5. 79 6.86 () 461,426 (*) 1 Revised figure. ! P^a^DC^ude lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus matorlal eu includes 25,324 tons of foreign refined lead rcoxported, according to Ameri official figures not available. * Includes 3.874 tons of foroign lead reexported in 1942 and U,258 tone in 19 Department of Commerce. - `Data not available. Official maximum price fixed by British Ministry of Supply at 26 per lo Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic lead i --- * P 600 United Slates /domestic) percentage ot world production Total refinery production From foreign ores end base bullion ^ o /New York price WOl 1900 1910 1925 London price m ferntr sSSsa'^&s: riM*/or 1944. i^ataon lead exported In .SS l6aa 158 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 WAR AGENCY REGULATIONS Lead remained under Government control throughout 1944, under War Production Board General Preference Older M~38, which pro vides for the regulation of shipments, deliveries, and a reserve pool for allocation. In actual practice the control of lead was confined to the allocation of Government-owned stocks of foreign lead and to prohibi tion of the use of lead for certain purposes; all essential uses were free from control, subject, of course, to limitations imposed by virtue <r regulations on the use of other materials needed for the manufacture of lead-containing products. As a result of a decrease m new supplies, Government stocks of refined lead were steadily reduced. I o help ease the resultant critical supply position the War Production Board amended Order M-38, effective December 2G, to restrict most civilian uses of lead to an annual rate of GO percent of the 1944 level of con sumption. Under the revised order, restrictions and availability of lcfwl were defined under Uirco listings; A, prohibited uses, 1$, cud uses for storage batteries, cable covering, tetraethyl, ami ammunition for military use only (for which lead was made available, 100 percent) and for solders, bearing metals, brass and bronze for which the use of lead was unrestricted; and C, the greater portion of civilian uses with the restriction mentioned above. Greater restrictions were placed on oilier than essential uses by an amendment to the order on Janu- , ary ]5, 1945, followed by the prohibition of certain end uses m the . order by another amendment on February I. Because the lead supply became increasingly critical, permissible uses of the metal were again curtailed, in an amendment to the order on March 31, to include only end products. A list of 04 permissible uses was sub- I stituted for the previous lists A, B, and C which covered -restricted , uses, unrestricted uses, and quota percentage restrictions To conserve further the foreign supply of lead available to the United States for war purposes, War Production Board General im- < ports Order M-63--governing imports of strategic materials--was amended, effective February 14, to place collapsible lead tubes, stor-j ago batteries, and lead foil under import control. Later, in April,, another amendment included lead disks, slugs, and other scmifabri-s eatod forms manufactured in whole or in part from lead or lead alloy. Limitation Order L-180, affecting storage batteries, was amended in April 1945, to insure that the lead shortage was not reflected in theJ quality of replacement storage batteries produced in 1945 und toj prevent the sale of batteries except under conditions in which replace-! menl was imperative. . .1 The Premium Price Plan for ovorceiling payment for production! of lead in excess of quotas was maintained throughout 1944. A briefa outline of the Premium Price Plan and an accompanying table giving! production and payments from 1942 through 1944 arc given in Iniaj chapter under the heading Prices. J RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS | Marked opposition was voiced early in 1945 against certain prt8 posals embodied in a bill (D. R. 2652) placed before Congress t| extend the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. The lead industiy &fl a whole opposed the proposed delegation of power to the Presided to make a further cut of 50 percent in the rates of duty pievaillM LEAD oil January 1, 1945, and asked that any extension to 1 year. The cause for alarm was certain langu which could be interpreted to make permanent per-cent reduction under the existing Mexican T 1942. As finally written and passed by the Sen bill extends the act for 3 years and allows for as reduction in the rates of duty prevailing on Jan porary reduction under wartime agreements rema ever, and any cut in the duty will oe with respec lished by the 1930 tariff act. Under the "tn policy, any reduction embodied in a reciproca apply equally to virtually all countries. POSTWAR OUTLOOK The outlook for lead for the few years followin upon the interrelated factors of production, impo sumption, and price. These in turn depend to a end of the war in the Pacific and how soon the ductive capacity as a whole--can be directed to under competitive conditions. Production.--Mine production during the wa reach the peacetime 1925-29 average of 664,230 t tion of ore reserves in certain districts and to a manpower. A considerable proportion of the ou produced at the expense of the prospecting and sary to the sustained economic operation of a m availability of labor will not make up for dep some time will elapse before development can be normal position in relation to actual mining. Co mines could fill the demand for new lead for a adequate price and tariff protection, but the past on foreign lead is expected to continue to an incre resources are drained further. Imports--Postwar readjustments of internatio accompanied by an inevitable competitive world lead. The smelting countries--particularly those imported ore, such as France, Belgium, and the .will be actively seeking for such raw material in that were the source for much of our supply dur in all probability such supplies as we may need from the Western Hemisphere--principally Mexi Jenned lead, as indications point to the'production 'being absorbed by expanded industry at home telsewhero than the United States. Any future i Soun5C wil1 ,iavc its effect upon the flo the United States and upon domestic'production. . Consumption.---The pent-up consumer demand unmediato postwar period will result in an annu ew lead as metal and in ore of at least 500,000 tons Or some years. Aside from the large potential con atteries and tetraethyl for the forthcoming resum cture of automobiles and their operation, the qua fStT' . 160 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1044 for postwar construction at home and reconstruction abroad will go, B LEAD far toward balancing the decreased use for direct military purposes. Price --Bonuses and premiums probably will be dropped eventually and prices freed of all control and allowed to return to a condition of normal fluctuations in a competitive market. In the absence of con Of the 464,763 tons of primary lead produced Brand base bullion supplied 85 percent, and 15 per Kforeign ores ami imported base bullion. In 19 percent domestic and 13 percent foreign. Ag trol the price for lead immediately after the war may rise above the established wartime ceiling, but it is probable--taking the longer-, term view--that the price will be lower than at present, although not. as low as the general prewar level. Assuming that some tariff pro tection will remain in force, the factors of demand by consumers and higher production cost to smelters and refiners will tend to keep the price on a plane relative to an expected generally higher-cost level for all commodities. The marked reduction in stocks during 1944 has largely precluded any possibility of postwar dumping of excess inven quantity of refined lead produced from fore negligible. Imports of this material, from Mexic to only a few tons. This suggests that practica Lj ^a,se bullion (a large proportion o Hto the United States each year before 1942) con Mexico. The following table gives the product country of origin of the ore. Details of the domestic ores are given in the section on Mine tories of lead on the market with a resultant depressing effect upon the Refined primary lead produced in the United States, by c price. Further protection against such a possibility is given by the. . in short tons Surplus Property Act of 1944, which provides for stock-piling excess : materials owned by the Government. Source 1940 1941 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Pig lead is produced at primary plants that treat ore, base bullion) and small quantities of scrap and at secondary plants that process scrap exclusively. Both types of plants may make refined lead or antimonial lead. Because of the large quantity of hard lead--such as battery scrap--melted at secondary smelters, the output from this type of operation is essentially antiinonial lead alloys, rigures for the production of refined lead and alloys at secondary plants are given in the section on Secondary Uead. The 17 smelters and tenners in (he United States canvassed in 1944 (including one smaller smelts which reported for the first time) consumed 477,765 short tons (lecontent) of ore, only 15 percent of which originated m foreign countries REFINED LEAD Despite the continuing labor shortage, the 10 primary refineries the United States were able to produce 476,131 tons of refined le 1 percent above the 1943 output of 471,475 tons. r Domestic ore and baso bullion.. t foreign ere: fc>.\ Australia......... |f1 Canada............. fe Europe.............. Kt Mexico............ RjL South America.. Ej, Other foreign... foreign baso bullion: K* Australia....... W Mexico............... k ,South America... B other foreign....... avUed figures. 433,066 14,856 9,009 3,060' 1,303 34, 744 20,001 83,663 16,161 366' 16.661 To o .i h 633.179 470. 617 19, 661 6,708 123 390 27,173 21,211 74,160 831 26,358 47 46 26,284 100, 450 670, 967 ~ 6 ft ANTIMONIALJLEAD SAntimonial lead production at primary refine Refined lend produced at primary refineries in the United Slates, by sources, 19/,0 in short ions 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944' Ucflm'.il liifut; P'rom domt'Sllc ore's ami base bullion . From foreign ores............................... ............ From foreign base bullion.......................... 133,065 83, 663 10,551 470,517 74,166 20, 284 407,367 61. 485 17,087 Total from primary sources.. From scrap..................................... 633, 179 16,588 670. 967 13,454 666, 830 12,850 Total refined lead.................................... Average sales price per pound........................ Total calculated value of primary refined lead i........................................................................ 549,767 $0.050 $53,318,000 684,421 $0.057 579,095 $0.003 $65,090,000 $71,422,000 i 106, 544 G2. 930 132 471,475 $0,064 $60,110,000 $69,4"' j Kxchrdc-s value of refineu lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. t?,Lfcf 5n 90? tons.1,n 1944' The distribution , ?wmg table> according to source. T L! 1 1ad,content recovered from scrap in 1 Ugely. to the greater quantity of battery lead Production of antimonial lead. T ttowed an increase for the first time since 1940. ^crease to 8.1 percent antimony in 1944 is the decrease in small-arms ammunition nUcCOnsequen t smaller demand for the lower p NKLUsed for bullet core rod. In addition to anti ^byproduct of the process of refining base b MUlty was obtained from smelting antimonial BHgpelters. Production data from lead-sme Kffipiateriais. exclusively are summarized in lBpussed m detail in the chapter on Seco Fv 162 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 Antimanial lead produced at primary lead refineries in the United States, I940-H, 1940... 1941... 1942... 1943.. 1944.. rrolw.' lion (short Ions) 29,702 40,237 51, 762 63,515 57,902 Antimony oontrnt. Short tons " - - 2,1M4 3,510 3,524 3,371 4,670 9. U 8.7 0.8 5.3 8.1 l,rft.l c'.nnlmt hy tlilU-mit-u (short Inns) From tlo- From n^rstin oro foreign >rr 1'olftl 7,:i4 M, 852 24,512 i 10,674 13.280 3,023 s, on 12. irs I 10,583 5,477 HI, 431 13, 862 11,561 ' 32,887 34.475 'Hovised figures. SECONDARY LEAD Although some scrap lead is treated at primary smelters and^ refineries, the greater part is received at a large number of plants' that treat secondary materials exclusively. Secondary lead is recovered in the form of refined lead, antnnomal lend, and other alloys. Recovery at primary and other plants' in 1943 and 1944 is shown in the following tabic. Secondary lead recovered :n 1944 was .'{ percent loss than in 1943 and was equivalent to 71 percent of the total refined primary lead produced in the United States, further details appear in the chapter on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. Secondary lead recovered in the United Slates, I9/f8 44, in short tons 1944 As refined metal: At primary plants.. At other plants........ 1,803 56,169 I 68,322 I 1,368 In aiHlmoninl lead: At primary plai At other plants In other alloys. Grand total: Short tons.. Value............ .12,887 14.4,040 342,004 $43, 788,000 1,478 1,343 180,81 95, 331,4 $42,421,1 1 Revised figures. LEAD PIGMENTS The principal lead pigments are litharge, white lead, red lead sublimed lead, leaded ziue oxide, and orange mineral. 1 hose produc are manufactured for tlie most pari from lead ore, and metal. Deta of the production of lead pigments and salts are given m the chap on Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts. MINE PRODUCTION The mine production of recoverable lead (including that made in lead pigments) in the United States and Alaska decreased 8 peicent 1944 and was 16 percent under the war-penod peak reached m 194 Of the 23 States and Alaska where lead is commonly produced,! States ami Alaska showed a decline in output, 7 States records LEAD gain, 1 remained the. same, and 1 showed no p Consecutive year The reason for the dec rirrmniy a critical shortage of manpower. ;Ahne production of recoverable lead in the United Sl #.............. ... 1940-44, by States, in short ton ...... State 1025 29 (average) Westero Stales and Alaska; Alaska...................................... Arizona................................... California............................... Colorado................................. Idaho....................................... Montana................................. Nevada.................................... New Mexico... ................. Oregon................... .............. South Dakota...................... Texas............................. .......... Utah......................................... Washington.......................... Wyoming............................... 982 0. 743 2,070 30,112 141,610 18,871 9,807 6, 730 6 21 213 140, 509 1,323 779 13, 206 1,772 11,476 104,834 23,036 7,499 3,822 35 7 205 76, 088 2, 665 15 3 12 104 21, 9 4 69 3, mtral States: 246, 38 2(i. 512512 135 202, 240 58.300 1,746 289,137 1. R25IO0 064. 230 65 1,508 J 1.927 360 172,062 21,240 445 207, 587 1,973 573 2, 2R6 4.831 457, 392 2, 14. 106, 25, 1, 209, 2, 3, 5, 461, Lpad mining is centered largely in thre issouri; the Tri-State area (Joplin region), e issouri, Southeastern Kansas, and Northw e Western States (principally Idaho, Utah, ontana). Of the total produced in the Un t is supplied from a relatively small numbe utheastern Missouri district continued to toducing area, supplying 41 percent of the espite a 5-percent decline from 1943. The g fiction from this district, as in the past, came v Joseph Lead Co. The Tri-State area--p Hrict m the United States--supplied 7 perc ' tes lead output compared with 8 percent iducer in the region was the'Eagle-Picher M )e Western States contributed 50 percent of tion in 1944, Idaho being the largest prod nd-largest in the United States, notwiths ne of . 13 percent. Ten properties in I jjSfip^ef the State total lead output, and o ' was from zinc-lead ore and old tailings 164 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 principally from lead ore. Utah again ranked second among the Western States and third in the United States, although the output of 52,519 tons of recoverable lead was 20 percent less than m 1943 and the lowest production since 1921. The United States & Lark property in the Bingham district, operated by the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co., was by far the largest lead producer in the State. In Arizona, four mines furnished two-thirds of the State total lead output which advanced 22 percent above that for 1943. One-half of the production from Colorado and Montana came from three mines in each of these States. Additional details on pro duction by mines and districts can be found in the State chapters. Mine production oj recoverable lead in the United States, tny districts that produced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 19/,0-44, in short tons District 1941 1942 1043 1944 Soutbcnstern Missouri region. Coour rt' Alone region................. West Mountain (lllnghnin). . Joplin region.................................... Park City region........................... Leadvlllo................... ....................... Tlotic................................................. Metalino..................................... Central...................................... AustlnvUlo....................................... Old Hat............................................ Plochc................................................ Warren.............................................. Warm Springs................................ Summit Valley (Butte) . .... Rush Valloy.................................... Pioneer (Rico)................................ Coso........................... ........................ Pima (Sierrltas, Papago, Missouri.......................................... Idaho. ............................................. IJtuli . . Kansas, Southwestern Mis souri, Oklahoma. Vtah.................................................. Colorado........................................... Utah.................................................. Washington.............. ..................... New Moxlco.................................. Virginia..................... ................. Arizona............................................ Novada........................ .................. Arizona............................................. Idaho................................ .............. Montana.. ............... Utah................................................ Colorado.. .................... ........ .. California ..................................... Arizona............................................ 160,603 Oft,600 37, 857 35,311 164,342 06,620 34, 612 41,080 19, 740 704 6, 636 2, 495 3, 245 i 2,286 1,008 5, 620 692 6,050 8,850 4,700 1,028 40 R 19,094 1,112 0,424 3,810 3, 002 3,300 2, 172 6,822 070 5,334 8,630 4. 108 2,525 700 4 07,291 00,474 311, MR 34,341 15, 278 3,348 10,176 4. 553 3,026 1,661 1,801 2, 764 813 3,783 7,206 3, 088 2,282 755 11 70,012 80,813 36, 437 34,722 16,022 4.950 8,261 4, 681 3, 671 1,700 3,140 2,942 712 3,635 3,200 3,606 2,560 2,448 678 169,223 76,811 31,160 28, OM 11,660' 5,763 6,319 5,271 4,428 4,231 4,101 4.0 3.4 3.3 3,251 2,601 2,82$ 2,609: 2,446 Twin Buttes). Heddlcston................. ..................... Animas.............................................. Harshaw........................................... Daynorso........................................... Kentucky--Southern Illinois. Montana.. Colorado.. Arizona... Kentucky, Southern Illinois... Upper Mississippi Valley. ... Upper Sen Miguel.............. .... Smcltor (Lowis and Clark Iowa, Northern Illinois, Wis consin. Colorado............................................ 60 2,471 4,68! 935 1, 870 1,073 66 453 067 3,045 6,541 1,378 2, 638 2,581 2,100 424 1,346 1,710 1,408 1,627 2, 200 2.124 6.132 1,644 2, 540 4,044 2,434 804 008 2, 240 1,716 1,088 2,360 2,657 3,406 1,481 2.199 2,938 2.355 1,320 1,004 1.761 2,074 2,389 2.4 2,2 2,2 2.0 2,041 1,800 1,6" 1,6 1.5 4U County). Utah ................................................ 504 3,204 2,408 i 1,601 1,437 366 22 f 1,637 3 2,824 953 1,000 1,056 1,026 1,623 26 I. 712 1,044 614 I, 145 1,580 1,302 509 1,461 116 1,633 316 i Total for Virginia, hut almost entirely from AustlnviUc district. STOCKS Producers' stocks.--Lead stocks, as reported by the Ameri Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in the following table. Sto of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary re ers and by 6ome of the refiners of secondary material who produce s. LEAD lead, plus foreign lead smelted and refined in entered for domestic consumption. Accordi ports released by the American Bureau of Me stocks of refined lead and antimonial lead flu 4 months of 1944, but for the remainder of downward. From 27,996 tons on hand at the stocks advanced to a year-end total of 33,090 increase to 37,590 tons on January 31. This to 34,379 tons by the end of March, with a to 39,830 tons on May' 1, the highest point rea out the remainder of 1944 stocks steadily decli oi _ a minor increase at the end of Novemb being 19 536 tons, a net decrease of 41 perc to end of 1944. r Lead stocks at end of year al smellers and refineries in in short tons 1940 194 Refined pig lead................... AntlmoDlal load............................ YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. I; .lead In base bullion-- At smelters and refineries.................................... In transit to refineries...... .......................!!!!'![ ; j In prooess at refineries............................ taad in ore and matte and In process at smelters. 32,468 8,468 40,026 16, 4, 20, 9,166 3,457 18,141 30,764 71,722 143,412 8, 2, 17, 28, 51, 100, ' The results of the Bureau of Mines annual lelters and refiners showed stocks of 36,464 blants on January 1, 1944, and 16,788 tons Lt these same plants antimonial lead stocks short tons (lead content) at the beginning to 3 JU44. In terms of lead content, stocks ofore a and refineries (including 1 small plant not canva 19 percent from 50,935 tons to 60,480 during . ventory of base bullion at refineries that re aw material and at smelters that produce bas : reflnenes totaled 8,110 tons at the beginnin ns at the end of December 1944. Stocks Ullion or work lead at 5 combination sme pt included in reports to tho Bureau of Mine rn can be made between these data and the f ureau of Metal Statistics. Figures report lnes represent physical inventory at the ership, and do not include material in proce onsumers ' stocks.---According to reports Qts 89,743 tons of domestic and foreign refi December 31, 1944, a 22-percent decline ,tory on hand at the end of 1943. 166 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 ('onavmers' storks of refined soft lead at the end of WAS and IO4/1, by grades, in short Ions 1 )o j iicstic ami foreign Corrotltng Chomleal Cornmoil Other Total Foreign gra(adells) I III. u mh '. I *-c. m. JH44 .. an,k h i 2H, m IH,892 L(, (I!*) 44, 425 4, -118 2, :n nr., i'>2 8(1,74.1 I.V20I 10, uxi KevJsH Ak is . Government stocks.--111 addition to industry-owned stocks, 11 sizable l luiugh diminishing supply of Government-owned lead was held at various depots throughout the United Slates for release through alloe.alion lo consumers as needed. According to reports submitted to the* Tin-Lead-Zinc Division of the War Production Board, Government Flocks totaled 90,454 tons of refined lead on December 31, 1944, com pared with 173,875 tons of refined lead on January 1,1944, DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION A survey of 570 plants in 1944 (530 (corrected figure) in 1943) repre senting an estimated 90 percent of the consumers of refined lead showed ft total consumption of 722,820 short tons of refined lead, a gain of 7 percent over 1943. Some secondary as well as primary refined lead is included in this figure. Antimonial lead, unrefined scrap lead, and lead in alloys are excluded. The additional number of plants cov ered in the 1944 survey include for the most part small consumers that did not report in previous years. The lead consumed by these plants was small in relation to the total and does not measurably affect the I rends indicated by comparison with the 1943 data. Of the total consumed, 22 percent was used to make red lead and , litharge, 15 percent for cable covering, 11 percent for tetraethyl 10 percent for storage batteries, 4 percent for sheet lead, 4 percent for ammunition, and the remaining 34 percent for a variety of products and uses shown in the, accompanying table. Ammunition............ .. Hearing metals................ Brass and bronze............ Cable covering................. Calking lead..................... Casting metals ............... Collapsible tubes............ Foil....................................... Pipe, traps, and bends. Sheet lead....................... Solder................................... Storage batteries............. Terne plate....................... Type metals..................... White lead...... ................... Ked lead and litharge.. Tetraethyl lead. Chemicals and' insecticides. Annealing................................... Galvanizing. Lead plating................ Weights ana ballast. Other......................... Total...................... Included under "Other." 11)41 32, 959 10, too 0) 141,101 32,380 0, 243 3, 720 51,510 32, 946 35, 480 36,030 73,982 2 000 2, 975 83,230 143,496 48.327 8.861 () (') () (') 64, 600 812,047 1042 48,025 H, 4M 5, `294 128,535 9,047 3, 10G 0, 000 0,350 21,411 31,70ft 13.371 02, 004 2, 33G 943 50, 470 100, 503 50,152 0. 208 6,229 484 (') e> 33,740 f07. 111 1043 04,023 10, 180 f), 748 117,802 8.618 3,072 11,425 5,810 18,724 27,738 15, 172 08,23U 815 812 30,800 124,715 65.320 8, 172 5,987 810 041 0, 260 04,040 075,405 1044 31,479 15,941 7,846 `110,417 9,411 4,426 12,482 11,190 24,387 31,546 22.390 08,768 2.190 1,268 54,333 157.08C 83,081 10,701 6,711 1,071 494 22,964 33, Ml 722,81 L--EAD A distribution of the total consumed by percent consumed for metallic products, 31 p percent in chemicals, and 5 percent in misc annealing, galvanizing, lead plating, and weigh Reports to the Tm-Lead-Zinc Division o Board indicate that the consumption of prim secondary lead totaled 1,119,000 tons in 1944 co tons in 1943. Tlie following table shows the calculated refined primary lead to'domestic consumers ments of 775,095 tons in 1944 are probably m the actual receipts of 697,411 tons reported by incomplete coverage of the survey. . Apparent shipments of refined primary pig lead to do in short Ions Bu^p'y: .flocks ot primary refineries on Jan. 2 Government-owned stocks on Jan. 1i Production..................................................... Imports............................................. Total available. Withdrawn'. 8tocks at primary refineries on Dec. 31.. Oovemment-owncd stocks on Dec. 31 * Exports...,..................... ............................... ' Total withdrawn............................................. Apparont shipments lo domestic consumers. <0 633,179 149,860 683,068 (0 670, 9 274,1 (') 49,079 49,079 633. 989 (0 17, 9 14, 3 32,2 812,8 1 Official figures not available. Estimate based upon American Bureau o! Metal Statistics data J Rev1srednfiSurerePrt5 submlttcd to the Tln-Lead-ZIno Division of th officIa? figure^not\va!(a'b,(ore'gn rcnncd )oad sported, according to A Department ofCoramcrce,reiBn reflned l0ad ree,polted in 1942 and ; PRICES The two major markets for lead in the Unite and St. Louis; much of the lead produced in prices normally based upon quotations in thes , pension of the London Metal Exchange dealings London market has had no direct influence on . and the differential between St. Louis and ^remained at 0.15 cent a pound, an amount app ..charges between the two points. $ " The ceiling price for common lead---6.35 cen . and 6.50 cents, New York--remained unchan . hor companson it is of interest to note that the by the primary producers for all grades of r ltunoniol lead) sold in 1944 was 6.4 cents a po same as in 1943. The 1944 price of 8.0 cents f n the separate State chapters, represents the a nee received for refined lead plus the increme er pound based upon the total domestic mine ead---of $13,745,815 in overquota premiums acts paid by the Metals Reserve Company. 168 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 The Premium Price Plan, whereby producers (miners) of lead (copper and zinc were also included in the plan) receive increments above the ceiling price (through Metals Reserve Company) for over quota production, was maintained throughout 1944. As the plan is operative only until July 31, 1945, Congress passed the HaydenMcFarland bill, S. 502, on June 14, 1945, to extend the time limit to June 30, 1946. More complete details of the scope of the Premium Price Plan--which was effective February 1, 1942--can be found in the chapter on Lead in Minerals Yearbooks for 1942 and 1943. In May 1945 the Office of Price Administration released a comprehensive compilation of data showing production of copper, lead, and zinc under the Premium Price Plan since February 1942, at the various quota levels and the payments made. The salient statistics from this report, with reference to lead, are given in the following tabic. Salient statistics on lead with regard to the operation of the Premium Price Plan, 1942 i 1944 Tri State district United States exclusive of Trl- Stato TrlState district United 8tulcs exclusive of TrlSt8t0 Trl* Stato district Uni tod States exclusive of TriStato Total production of recoverable lead 1 short tons. Ceiling production at 6.50 cents a pound, .do... Percent of ceiling production to total produc tion...................................................................percent. 30,746 416,310 10.811 358,447 35.10 86.10 34,830 409,170 1.863 294,001 5:35 71.85 28,956 3,138 10.84 381,060 200,619 52.65 Production under Premium Price Plan: "A" quota (9.25 cents a pound).short Lous, "ji" quota (12.00 cents a pound)........ do... 19, 700 235 56,321 1,542 20, 250 6,614 83,023 32,146 19, 404 5,633 142,925 37,518 Total premium production................ do... Metals Rcscrvo Company mine contracts do... 57,863 32.773 191 180,441 Total overccillng production........... do-- 19,935 57.803 32,967 115,109 25,818 180,441 Percentage of overceillng production to total: Production under Promiura Price Plan: "A" quota...................................................percent.. "B" quota......................................................... do__ 04.07 0.77 13.53 0.37 75.39 18. 70 20.29 7.86 67.32 19.45 37.51 9.84 Total premium production................... do__ Metals Reserve Company mine contracts . percent 13.00 94.09 0. 50 Total overcciling pioduction....................do. 3. W 04.65 Poymcnts under Premium Price Plan:3 12,010"A" quota................................................dollars.. 1,006.435 3,182,450 1,802,407 6.334,273 1,381,983 9,924,261 ; '*!)'' quota................................................... do.. 84,780 358, 270 1,768, 050 300,813 2,003,364] Total premium production__________do__ 1,109, 345 3, 207, 239 2, 160.770 8,102,323 1,691,700 11,987,625 J Metals Reserve Company mine contracts 5 dollars 16,127 66,304 Total overceillng payments .do.. 1,109,345 3,207,239 2,176,003 1,758,190 II, 097,625 0 Average prices per pound of lead:* Average premium production_____..cents. Metals Reserve Company mine contracts cents. Total overceillng production................. do... Total production.........................................do... 0. 232 0. 282 8. 304 9.323 6.892 10. 651 0.802 9. 625 10-018 7. 400 11.307 9. 905 9. 530 9.8221 9.8221 8.0731 > Premium Price Plan effective Feb. I, 1042; data refer to February-Dccembcr, Inclusive. * Production of Tri-State lead from Metals Reserve Company agency, Joplin, Mo., all other from Bureau! of Mines monthly reports. These date are preliminary ana do not exactly equal final annual totals for thea United States. *m * Data on premium payments and Metals Reserve Company mine con tract payments from Metals Reserved Company. All payments shown are subject to correct-ion due to additional payments as a result of retro** active quota adjustments, late reports by smelters and custom mills, etc. ^ * All averngo prices sho\?n include Office of Price Administration ceiling pi icc of G.fni cents a pound fo^ lead. . LEAD The official London maximum price of for Empire and foreign lead, remained unc Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lea London, 1942-44, in cents p Month 1942 8t. Now Louis YoVk Lon don St. Louis January.............. February........... March................. April.................... May..................... June..................... July..................... August............... September........ Octobor.............. November......... December......... Averago. 6.12 6.36 6. 35 0.36 0.35 0. 35 60..3356 6.35 0. 35 6. 35 6. 35 I. 33 0. 27 6.50 6.60 0. 50 6.50 6. 50 0.50 6. 50 6.50 6.50 0.50 6.50 6.48 (0 <) 6.35 6. 36 6. 35 6.35 6. 36 0.35 06..3365 6.35 6.36 6.35 6.36 6.36 I ` St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1944, p. 477. New York: Metal - London Metal Exchange dealings suspended for duration o British Ministry of 8upply at 25 in December 1939, FOREIGN TRAD ( Imports.--During 1944 imports of lead virtually the same as in 1943--but conside f 1942. The greater part of the total pi rexico, as usual, but a substantial tonn marked drop in the quantity from Mexico r in that country duo to the strike against panies from June 8 to August 11 and to th of the railroads and rolling stock, which h ore from the mines to the smelters. Receip .Which constituted 30 percent of the total i higher than in 1943 owing largely to a m from Australia, Newfoundland, and Peru substantial decline from Africa and Bolivi bullion dropped to only a few tons, owin Receipts of this material from Australia. F percent of the total lead in all forms impo m 1944: Mexico 53 percent, Peru 20, Newf 0,.compared with 68, 7, 4, and 10 percent 9 percent in 1943. iFfiiggures on Imporls unci exports compiled by M. B. Price, of O. 8, Department of Commerce. -12? 677702-40- 170 MINERALS YEARBOOK, ID-M Tolnl lend imported into the United States in are, matte hate bullion, pigs, bar ' V and reclaimed, 1940-44, by countries, in short tons . Country Id ore and matte: Africa-----Argentina Australia Bolivia Canada. Chile Mexico. Newfoundland Peru.................... United Kingdom * Other countries In base bullion: ` Australia Mexico Peru Other countries In plus nn<l burs Australia Canada.. Mexico. Peru... Other countries. In reclaimed, scrap, clo Australia Canada.. . Panama, Republic of Peru...................... Other countries-- , u,u include lead imported"for immediate consumption plus malarial entering the country under . UnUcd Kingdom 0r Oreat Britain and Northern Ireland. Lead 1 imported for consumption in ^ Siales' b,J forv's Lead in ores, flue dust, and mattes n. s. p. f. i Short l tons 1940 ... 1941 .. 1942 . 194.1........ 1944 .... 70,027 *4 0511 445 9,992 $929,940 H`2, 345 5 343,577 17,579 1,743,350 87,377 5,715,251 48.589 4,285,425 83,153 100. 723 6*. 590,21fil 6,741.418 4,511 2621 557,545 29,346 i In iwldii U>n In Muanlitles shown fyolm-s held In slock piles. 395 toVis $137 393; 1043: 496 tons, $56,168; received hy .he Oovcrnment iiir LEAD iiscellaneous products, containing lead, importe States, 1940-44 Year Babbitt metal, solder, white me and other combinations con ing lead Gross weight (short , tons) Lead content (short tons) Valu 1,308 702 971 230 20 429 $1,028 241 711 274 66 09 330 18 12 lExports.--Under the restrictions of the exports of pig lead in 1944 continued to 16,523 tons exported, 92 percent went to Republics. Reexports of foreign refined ^.mounting to less than 1 ton. Lead exported from the United Year Pigs and bars Short tons Value Foreign lead exported In manufactures with benefit of draw-back 23. 755 $1,704,690 14,359 1,169,148 1,640 285,354 Short tons 16,604 21,063 26, 248 1943.. 1644. D.ata not available. lead exported from the United Stales, 1940- Destination _ntrics: fBrstil....................... Chile........................ (China....................... It Colombia................. KCuba........................ (Finland.................... | Prance..................... (Hungary.................. (Japan....................... IKwantung............... (Netherlands............ Manama................... (Philippine Islands.. (Portugal.................. (Sweden.................... IF. 8. 8. R................... united Kingdom (Uruguay.................. ^enetuela..... ,,........ Dtber countries...... ,,nents: Mirth America. ~ Qth America, ope.............. land Oceania. 1,669 492 617 188 279 112 1,120 437 11,968 330 2.362 638 460 C3S 301 2 360 244 1,882 23,766 86 3,07 6,40 13,38 2 jjdltlon, 26,324 tons of foreign lead were reexported, acco urea not available. Utlon, 8,874 tons of foreign lead were reexported In 19 1 Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 172 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 WORLD ASPECTS OF THE LEAD INDUSTRY The rapid succession of events in 1944 and early 1945, culminate in the unconditional surrender of Germany in May 1945, opened th3 door to revealing greater detail regarding the lead industry in foreign countries than had been available since 1939. Censorship restriction^ ---imposed for reasons of security--have been removed by the govern! ments of most of the lead-producing countries, and unrestricted information regarding European countries formerly under Axis control is beginning to flow by way of official channels. Neverthe less, it is not yet possible to present a complete picture of world pro duction and consumption of lead during the years of the Europcai phase of the war. The lead position of the United Nations wa satisfactory in 1944, and, although consumption probably did gain, somewhat, this increase was accomplished at the expense of accumujj lated stocks owing to an indicated over-all decline in production. World production of lead, 1988-44t tn metric tons 1 (Compiled by 1). B. WaldbauerJ Country -1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 U. fi. S. II......................................... United Kingdom............................ 10,200 14,000 226,155 269, 590 04,170 82,000 80,166 77,220 181,783 172,880 2,000 < ) 3 10,000 * 5,000 (') <*) 41,753 42,000 171,700 } 181,100 9, 280 fi, 050 4,026 i 150 (*) 10 6 43, 287 38,102 3 12.000 3 12,000 273, 529 213,G75 277 163 323 321 28, 478 10.073 24,310 (3) r>, j o o 3, 214 4, 283 31,800 25, 991 23,916 23, 421 19 11 (18. 400 74,80(1 10,000 330.063 (') 404, 257 8.040 10, 662 12,864 275,000 * 55,000 *83,000 199,662 (>i (*) 20,000 * 200,000 (*) (*) (3) 3 35.000 * 15,000 191,980 293 <') 31.131 * 23, 000 (3) 690 45,991 (*) <>) * 75,000 (*) 468. 675 (*) 18,021 (*) * 20,000 c) 201.976 (*) (>) (>) 10,000 * 225,000 (l) (3) (3) c) 3 17,000 151, 107 378 (>) 32,871 * 26, (XX) (*) 40.805 <3) () (*) (*) 494. 126 (*) 20, 700 <*) ('> to 220,726 * 1,315 (J) c) <>) (>) () () (*) w (*) 192, 089 (*) <*) 37.915 (*) ci () 41, 149 (*) (*) * 100, 000 (J) 497. 90H (*> 23,800 (>) (*) <>) 203,658 * 1,179 c> (*> 13,724 <'! c <>) (>) (>) 212,452 ( ) <>> 43,171 (V (*) (2) 36, 700 (*) (> 3 125,700 <*) 425.903 (>) 1,700,000 1,734,000 < > (*) c) c>) 19,1 o m c) 130,4 4I 8 4,1 ci ci ci < ) 178,2 ()' C) 38,1 m <>) 34,7 (* (0 (<) 121, < ) rt i By countries where smelled, hut not necessarily refined. * Data not yet available; estimate Included In total in 1030. 3 Approximate production. 1 Unoccupied China. * Exclusive of secondary material (Metallficscllsclmft, Frankfort on the Main). * Includes small tonnage of lead contained in exported ore and concentrates. Separate figures not avi able. 1 Figures cover lead refined irOui domestic and foreign ores; refined lead produced from foreign base bul not included. REVIEW BY COUNTRIES Argentina.--The Aguilar mine of the Compafua Minera Aguila S. A,, subsidiary of the St. Joseph Lead Co., continued to be leading producer in 1944. Lead concentrates totaling 37,887 met tons containing 75 percent lead, were produced in Argentina in 19| of winch approximately 35,000 tons were from Aguilar. LEAD , Australia.--A shortage of manpower c dustry during 1944. A reduction of ount of ore treated by the Zinc Co -por--was counter-balanced to some e e grade. Although normal exploratio cnficed to meet production requirem emained at rouglily 4,000,000 tons, av .3 percent lead. The_ p. roblem of useeed ;much' concern. Th` e "lead' conte 944 was reported to total 75,834 sho 1943. . . Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., is reported t ead-zinc ore in reserve avoraging 8.6 pe his total excludes a much larger tonn ow as 4 percent lead, which is not c nditions. > Production data are being released b ut official figures had not been receive 1945). Data from an unofficial sour reduction of lead in Australia was 197,3 *ns in 1943). 5 Bolivia.--Mine production of lead in . etric tons (lead content) in 1943 to nd concentrates are exported, some go and some to the United States. Again ecause of an increase in prices of ma culty ao#f it.r.a,,n--s--p--o--r_t_in_g___o_re_sr_fr_o__mi.i_th__e_ 'ear Lai1ke Titicaca, owned b.y Com.pafif ..ave-y-as of 1944--some 4,000,000 me ntaining an average of 18.7 percent jercent copper, and 1.75 ounces of silv 6 Brazil.--A new lead smelter was buil t Panelas, State of Parana. The plant ace sintering hearth, a No. 4 .Mace ocess refinery with a capacity of 20 m bis smelter is the second to d c constru pilot smelter at Apiai built and opera ent. The Apiai plant, which !.ud a ed lead, shut down in October 194 though a new refinery is reported und a Burma.--The famous Bawdwin lead- efore the war produced 80,000 tons ecaptured from the Japanese early in 19 f tne mine the property was bombe esferves last reported before the war in emaining to this centuries-old mine, do reopening if damage is found to be s Canada.--Mine production of lead 2,030 short tons (revised) in 1943 to 44) The output of refined lead in 19 ) compared with 224,493 tons in 1 ?4*8 production of lead was from the ed Mining & ^melting Co., which op ter and electrolytic lead refinery. hia! 174 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1044 In 1943 ft 250-ton mill was reportedly to be built at the Sherbrooke, Quebec, property of the Aldermac Mining Coip. Production was begun at the completed mill in July 1944, on ore averaging 7 percent zinc, 2.5 percent copper, 2 percent lead, and containing some gold and silver. r In July 1944 the Department of Munitions and Supply announced suspension of operations at four high-cost lead-zinc properties which had been producing for the Metals Reserve Company, an agency of the United States Government. The. labor and materials formerly utilized at those properties, the Twin "J" mines, Duncan, British Columbia, ICootcnay-Florence mine, Ainsworth, British Columbia) Lake Geneva mine at Benny Siding, Ontario, and Tetrcault mines. Notre Dame dcs Angcs, Quebec, have been released for more urgent needs. V France.--The lead-smelting industry in Franco depends largely oQ imported ores, but in recent years new mines have been developed, and the output of lead*concentrates has shown an increase. Pro duction of lead (content of lead in ores and concentrates) from 1938 through 1944, in metric tons, was as follows: ' Production. 1938 J940 104! 1942 5, 410 2,440 3, 870 5,770 In 1943 Germany ordered France to increase mine production up 1,000 tons a month, hub the policy of the French was to reduce ou put when possible and divert labor for development, thereby product less lead for export to Germany. The lead smelter at Ccilhes w taken over by Soci6le Mintere at M6laJIiirgi(pic do Penarroya an reopened at the end of 1944, but operation of tins plant will do,pen upon the obtaining of imported lead concentrates and the avnilabilit: of coke. French Morocco.--Production of-load from 1940 through J944 w as follows, in metric tons: Ore and concentrates, taad content................. 1940 30, 739 22,132 13,918 10,020 I 11 1 3 m 9, 000 Q.ftOO 9, 570 0,890 Mexico.--Production of lead in Mexico declined from 218,126 me' tons (lead content in ore) in 1943 to 185,282 tons in 1944 due to c cumstanees unfavorable to mining. A general labor strike aga'. some 140 mining und smelting companies was called on June 8 was not completely settled until August 11. The Labor Minis announced that, with the str ike settled, a general increase in min* production at most of Liu; properties was expected. However, sev floods in the fall of 1944 interfered with mining operations and shipment of ore to smelters. The shortage of railway cars generally run-down condition of the railway system further c q plicated an already critical situation. Newfoundland.--The mine production, in terms of lead content all concentrates produced, amounted to 29,661 short tons in 1 LEAD Compared with 32,940 tons in 1943. The bul BCeutrates continued to go to the United State lead content of concentrates p 1944 .was estimated to he 52,501 metric tons Rons m 1943. I his estimate is based upon re producing companies. Imports of lQad fro United States--amounted to 56 lana 11,195 tons of lead contained in ore, conc Blots. Comparable totals for 1943 were 20,69 respectively. g^The greatest part of the lead produced in Itomplex gold-sdver-lead-zmc ores mined by lv0PPer Corp., Department of Junin. Cia M Jan important producer of lead, reported the imetric tons of ore in 1944, averaging 13.5 per Knt zinc. gj|The Over-All Metals Agreement between IEmuegnutstan8d, 19th4o4, UefnfeitcetdiveLaSstatocfa JCuloym1m, e19rc4i4a,l wC Bnent expired The latest agreement provides Igliase by the United States Commercial Comp t i? electrolytic lead at the sam Pef,uvia? Government was EL l j t' t'kat 3 months after this date lead Bww Pur|phased at the rate of 10,000 metr Klhe Uroyo lead smelter--which constitutes Ke P,rogrfs f thef mining industry in the ||906 metric tons of lead m 1944 (43,171 ton jrcent of the lead produced at Oroyo is der Han the Cerro de Pasco. Mfipain.--Production of lead concentrates mounted to 43,000 metric tons (47,913 tons i JUtput was 32,000 metric tons compared wit Kne drop m output was due in part to inter B/pmany. Owing to the great declino in lea Bcades, smelter capacity is about five times c Mnges are made in the internal economy of t pntmue to supply its own needs for lead, bu Hjjnportant. The completion of a new lead s HIy 194.f brmgs to four the number of pla Kfden, with a total capacity amounting to a mjjxal prewar consumption of approximatel Hfibn^w plant uses ore obtained from mines i new mme m the northern Province of Vae ^trates were formerly shipped to German MB.Jha.t before the war lead was not smelted H&it - Official data from Russia hav Hr *past several years, but recent reports p; tons of lead were produced in 1943 n - LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC SALTS By M. W.He l e n a Me y e r a n d Al e t h e a Mit c h e l l Qeneral summary........................ Salient statistics....................... War agency regulations........ Postwar outlook........................... Production.................................... Lead pigments........................ Zinc pigments and salts.. Consumption by Industries. White load................................ Basic lead sulfate................... Red lead..................................... Orange mineral....................... SUMMARY OUTLINE ' | Pago Pajs. 202 Consumption, by Industries--Continued. 204 Litharge......................................................................... 204 Zinc oxide...................................................................... 205 Leaded sine oxide...................................................... 206 Llthopono...................................................................... 20f> Zinc sulfldc................................................................... 207 Zinc chloride................................................................ 2ltf 211 211 212 211 21S 208 Zinc sulfate............................................................ 208 Raw materials used in innnufacturo of lead 200 and tluc pigmonls and r.lnc salts................... 209 Prices................................................................................... 210 i Forolgn trade........................................-......................... JI,i 2H 2i JU 1 QENERAL SUMMARY Further improvement in sales of lead and zinc pigments was evident! in 1944 over the generally low performance of this group in 19421 Conditions that applied to the earlier war years continued in 19441 In large part these conditions included outstanding war requirements for many items and shortages of essential crude materials and ofl manpower. For several years sales of the various pigments have non indicated actual demands for any of the items, because all the pigment| have been influenced by manpower shortages and all have been affected in varying degree by shortages of necessary primary anffl subsidiary crude materials. The crude materials used for certain pigments have been in more abundant supply than for others; as.,s result, during the war some pigments have benefited--temporarily h least--at the expense of others. In 1944 war needs took a prepondefl ant share of total sales of pigments, with the proportion mcreosiifl over the earlier war years. Pigments manufacturers continued to bi hampered by restrictions on supplies of linseed and other drying oul and of slab zinc, and by limitations on containers. At the end of tK| year consumers of lead for the manufacture of pigments for civilian requirements faced sharp cuts in the quantities of this metal thn could he used. Late in 1944 it was announced that, effective Jaffl nary I, 1945, the quantities of fats and oils for use in the manufactaj of protective coatings, coated fabrics, and floor coverings for civiliw consumption were to be reduced from 70 to GO percent of the averM| quantities for 1940 and 1941. For over a year, producers had beH trying to build their civilian accounts as a safeguard against prospja tive cancellation of war orders, but these efforts did not comeaB fruition in 1944. Late in the year supplies of paint, varnish, ul lacquer materials were bolstered by limited releases of surplus stein 202 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Some branches of the Government. As r demands as a whole did not indicate th ximum. .. I Is in 1943, paint, varnish, and lacquer ord rate; the 1944 total was 9 percent ese data, compiled by the United States rer 680 establishments that contributed ;he total value of the industry as reporte tures for 1939. The value of sales tot npared with $568,620,999 in 1943. Trends in the supply-requirements posit icated in the chapter of this series for These trends were toward larger supplies i jor zinc and toward more stringent supplies ^kplained, in part, by the fact that lead than zinc. As a consequence, more gener had been made available for civilian use ment had been given in the early part o lead for some metals in relatively sma Hie zinc situation continued into the th jnovement was accompanied by a tende jSn' zinc.. Meanwhile, despite the fact gjpverely in 1944, ample supplies of met nakers until late in the year. The fou Ifought military disappointments, cau government viewpoint regarding w&r requ :flr orders along many lines, andf remove .civilian requirements. Not only we .owances of zinc discontinued, but contr arkedly by a revision of War Produc lecember and by further revision in Ja .d order and other orders that affect the ort are discussed later. ecord-breaking production and sales o jimally compcto for markets supplied b established in 1944, but even the incre fell far short of supplying all requirem an needs. The Bureau of Mines es covering pigments of this class. yect throughout 1944 to the restriction he feature of sales of lead and zinc pigm fd quantities of litharge and red lead s a consequence of this outstanding con dead established new high rates of ,W; margin only because of a decline for 1943 was the large amount of z purposes. Sales for this use rose fr and continued upward to 28,00 0 tons in white lead and of 20,000 i^ant in 1944, plus smaller gains for lit 204 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 it is possible to ascertain, sales of zinc sulfate for agricultural purposeal were also at a new record rate in 1944. For the most part, sales of;i pigments for the manufacture of ceramics rebounded somewhat from.] the low rates that prevailed in 1942 and 1943, but white lead did notj share in the gains. Use of zinc oxide in the manufacture of rubber! receded in 1944 from the relatively favorable rate that prevailed inis 1943; distribution of litharge for this purpose, which had been gaining? in recent years, also declined. 4 Two articles 1 concerning experiments in connection with war uses| of paints were recently published. The Bureau of Standards 2 issued) a report which is the third and last of the series covering the investiga-i! tion of pretreatments and paints for protecting plain and galvanized? steel surfaces against corrosion. ' Salient statistics of the lead and zinc 'pigments industry of the United Slates, i939--441 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 Production (sales) of principal pigments: White lead (dry and < oil)...............short tons.. Litharge.................. do___ Red lead.................. do___ Zinc oxide................do___ Leaded tine oxide..do__ Llthopooe............. do l... 98,429 89,618 39,976 114,662 42,684 142,769 80, 562 80, 841 42,200 113,213 45,362 151,802 113,000 122,280 53,838 148.833 68,920 170, 642 83,639 91, 613 48,369 99,677 48, J 28 137,320 76,167 113,091 63,378 143,402 43,828 135, 723 85,726 3 138,2084 63,973 J 140,6783 64, 398 b 142,908] Value of products: All lead pigments............ $35, 485,000 $32, 628,000 $46, 572,000 $39,383,000 Ail tine pigments.............. 28,794,000 28,747,000 39,210,000 30,785,000 Total.......................... 64, 279,000 61,376,000 86,782,000 70, 178,000 78, 167,000 85,889,0001 Value per ton received by pro ducers: White lead (dry)............. Litharge............................ Red lead........................... Zinc oxide......................... Lead tine oxide................ Llthopone......................... $138 123 140 117 114 73 $137 126 141 118 114 07 $147 134 161 125 118 71 $100 160 171 138 129 79 $163 162 171 137 . 132 79 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports... Value of Imports.. Zinc pigments: value of exports.. Value of imports.. $716,000 10,000 925.000 280.000 $604,000 $1,228,000 14,000 12,000 1,685,000 46,000 3, 625,000 22,000 $067,000 4,000 2, 741,000 8,000 $1,337t000f e.oodj Export balance. 1,360,000 2,119,000 4,719,000 3,686,000 4,168,000 WAR AGENCY REGULATIONS , Lead was subject throughout the year to the limitations imposed bVj War Production Board Order M-38. This order was strengthened markedly in December by revisions that were expected to reduce! civilian consumption to about 60 percent of the 1044 rate. A further,1 revision on January 15, 1945, placed the lead pigments covered bi this report (except litharge for storage-battery manufacture which ral mainea under Order M-38) under a new chemicals order, M-384I i Journal of the Franklin Institute, Exterior Paint on Temporary Army Buildings: Vol. 238, No;'.| December 1944, p. 455. .. m The Paint Industry Magazine, Paint, Its Durability and Use Under Field Conditions: Vol. 60, NotU January 1945, pp. 18and 20. m National Bureau ol Standards, Building Materials and Structures, Painting Steel: Rept. BMolol Oct. 16,1944. ',u LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS W' Ihe sweeping M-384 order restricted the :0 put into process irf any calendar qu asic carbonate of white lead to not mor ito process in the first 6 months of 1944 26 percent of the white lead (not lead con |the entire year 1944. Lead used in vari Bcides, was similarly affected. The red ^process in any calendar quarter in the pr ?and lacquers (including paste red lead) ftto not more than 30 percent of the amo /content) similarly used in the first 6 mon ajthat could bo put into process in any c |going purposes (including paste white le )cent of the quantity of white lead (not abase period. Ceramics manufacture for 26 percent of the amounts of lead consu each case there was the option to use 1,0 Quantity were greater than the stated me hinventory restrictions on white-lead cons tWhite lead is defined in the order as mea |white lead or basic sulfate of white lead. 4' Zinc metal is controlled by War Produ M-ll-b. Consumption restrictions on .the year, as was indicated in the summa |ftt.tth&lieorVtednlSdfel,pnTc^'fyo"iTn'to4tmimeeKannst4esn thine4-t_cVh_.o_e__v_f_e_fn_ral:i_n1l_l_g_._o_o_f__rtdj1Ae_9_1r_4 ([subject to 1 Jrder M-ll-a, which was am |tory reagent chemicals, cellulose nitrate toilet soap to the list of permitted uses. Bfied the type of paint-in which lead-free o "fine oxide, which had escaped control u )rder M-ll-a in an amendment dated Sl-WS, which referred to zinc sulfide p imperative, was revoked in June 194 K>rder, M-353, was amended to include z |July 1, 1944. Thus prioritv ratings of A :or the purchase of all of these pigment ave, with the exception of material need Services, in which case such orders had (Certification set forth in M-353. The November to provide that only those ra tiled by military certification would be preferred orders. , POSTWAR OUTL . ... . The inability of pigments manufactu ... . their business in 1943 and 194 founts of these products that will have gg * stated that deferred maintenance re paint, have been estimated as high g^elt justified in predicting a rapidly ex * and lacquer industry because: ; Ernest T., After War--Whet?: Paint Industry Mag 206 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 In the first place, we have no reconversion problems. With reasonably speedy victory over Germany already assured and with victory over Japan in much, clearer prospect than seemed likely before Germany's impending collapse, we are! fully equipped for a head start without necessity of awaiting the final victory in] the Pacific theater of war, while many other industries will have to reconvert! their factory operations and cannot get started in new production for a consider-! able time to come. However, no matter what other industries do, they will need! our products for practically any activities in which they engage. .1 As civilian production gains headway in catching up witli the great backlog of! deferred civilian needs, the demands upon the paint industry may be expected toj Surpass the records achieved in the peak war years. . The expected gain in postwar production of automobiles untill pent-up requirements arc filled was outlined in the report of this! series for 1943. This gain and increases in production of other! civilian equipment retarded by the war will call for pigments fori finishes, storage batteries, rubber, and other items that are large! pigment users. Railroads will need large supplies of pigments, asl pointed out by Trigg in the article already cited, to rehabilitate rolling! stock, stations, bridges, and other properties and equipment. He! indicated also that a large merchant marine and the biggest Navy in^ the world will provide a largo postwar market for pigments. The^ pigments export market for the purposes itemized could provide &J postwar outlet for very large tonnages. . There seems to be little question regarding the size of postwar r& quirements for pigments. The main question concerns the proporj tions of the market that different pigments will supply. In this coni nection, the prewar shifts from certain pigments to others are expecteij to continue in postwar years. PRODUCTION Previous reports of this scries have indicated that sales are a better! guide to activity in the pigments industry than production because! completo data are not available on stocks and materials classified asl production of one item are sometimes disposed of under another! classification. Moreover, pigments produced under one classification! at a plant aro sometimes employed at, a plant, of another company foij blending into another pigment in the lead and zinc group. Th^ Bureau of Mines attempts to eliminate all possible duplication and i tabulate products only in the form in which they enter final use fi pigments. Thus the quantities of basic lead sulfate and zinc oxid| that are blended to make leaded zinc oxide are omitted, except ai leaded zinc oxide. Duplication caused by other blending, which is on a considerably smaller scale, is also avoided insofar as possible Pigments consumed by the producing companies, however, to makl products beyond those covered by this report--that is, paint, stora batteries, and other articles--are considered as sales. The value of lead and zinc pigments in 1944 totaled $85,889,00 a gain of 10 percent over 1943; it was the largest since 1929 and ei ceeded 1941 by a narrow margin. ' LEAD PIGMENTS As in 1943, litharge and rod lead made the best showings of the pi merits covered by this report; sales of both items were at higher lev; than ever before, being 22 and 1 percent, respectively, larger than! 1 .' LEAD AND* ZINC PIGMENTS 8.943 and. 13 and less than 1 percent a tablished by both classes in 1941. W Earned the pace set by most other pigm 1,3 percent over 1943 they were far belo years since before 1900. In 1944 the ggained 11 percent over 1943 and were ^average for tho prewar period 1936-39 pas larger by 8 and 46 percent, resp [received by producers for litharge and kas compared with 1943. As there was [quotations for these two classes of pi [explained by shifts in delivery points producers' values refer to values at pla Lead pigments sold'by domestic manufactu Basic lead sulfate or sublimed lead; White.................................................... Blue.......................................................... Red lead...............................................1/... (Orange mineial......................................... IXith&ige.................................... g.tybite lead: Ii:'Dry........................................................... * iooin............................................ 4, 762 846 63,378 79 113,061 30, 626 36,042 3700, 66 126,10 9,136,01 16, 73 17,146,67 0,441,60 8,326, 45 Weight of white lead only but valuo of pasto. t. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers short Iona I SL Year Whllo load Dry In oil Basi or su Whi ........................................... (941............ ......................... 1943.1................. ............... ' 10?! 30,116 54,689 36,865 39, 626 60, 447 58.311 47.774 30,042 4,7 jfr.' ...ZINC PIGMENTS AN Leaded zinc oxide registered the larg fie1 pigments covered bv this report, e nge mineral; sales of leaded zinc oxid es of leaded zinc oxide in 1944 were 41941 and failed to equal that record ime oxide (lead-free) sold had the la [[percent), but it declined 2 percent i pigment during much of the w 6T8 to other pigments. Litliopone ') but the rate was not high as comp 208 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 1925 and 1941. Producers' average prices showed some variation in| 1944 from 1943 levels, but these changes do not reflect revisions in| average quoted prices. Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1943-44,1 1943 1044 Pigment or salt Short tons Value (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Average Short tons Vaiuo (at plant* ex clusive of container) Total A verage } Zinc oxide 1................... Leaded tine oxide 1.. Lltbopone..................... Zinc cnlorJde, 60 B. Zinc sulfate................. 143,402 i 43,828 135,723 63,707 16,649 319,712,413 6,801,840 10,748,305 * 2,777,998 1,261.801 $137 140,675 132 ' 64,395 <479 142,905 i 62 I81 17,166 i Zinc oxJde containing 6 percent or more lead is classed as leaded zinc oxide. Includes a small quantity containing less than 6 Percent lead. * Revised figures. 4 Satisfactory data not available. $19, 582,487 8, 496, 579 11,208,891 <> 1,431,487 113392y1. 0) Zinc -pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Slates, 19/tQ-MA in short tons a Year Zinc oxldo Leaded zinc oxide Lflhoponc- Zinc cMorldo (60 1L) Zinc suJfeUi 1940. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 113,213 148,833 00. 677 143,402 140,675 45,362 08, 020 48,128 * 43,828 64,305 151,802 170,042 137,320 135,723 142, 005 h 62, 374 63,707 (') 11,937 19,201 14,331 15,649 17,15$ Data not available. , ^ ., . i Includes a small quantity containing less than 5 percent lean. * Satisfactory data not available. Figures covering zinc chloride for 1944 are not available because? of the refusal of one company, believed to be large, to give reliable data. Sales of zinc sulfate failed by 11 percent to equal the rate for 1941J but except for that year they were the highest on record. CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRIES i WHITE LEAD Sales of this pigment, which declined in 1943, returned virtualW to the 1942 level in 1944. Total sales for the dry and "in oil" varietia increased 13 percent in 1944, but amounted to only 84 percent of th| annual average for the prewar 5-year period, 1935-39; they were noj much more than half of the average for the period of high industna activity in 1925-29. The dry class gained 18 percent compared will 7 for the "in oil" grade, and it has fared much better, on the wholi for many years. .11 By far the largest part of white lead sales is for consumption in tU manufacture of paints, ordinarily over 90 percent entering this u m 93 percent was reported as having gone into paints in 1944. Iti believed that a break-down of the Other class would raise the pain total. Sales of white lead for the manufacture of ceramics declinl in 1944 against the trend for other pigments used for that purpo| Production of white lead totaled 76,191 tons in 1944. . a fa .... "V LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN distribution of while lead (dry and in oil\ sales, 1940 f Industry 1040 1041 Other............................................................................ 73,137 - 3,026 4,306 80, 662 100.666 3, 704 8,031 113,000 The Eagle-Picher Lead Co. commented [conditions in its report to stockholders, as f ft' The White Lead Division continues to face alm i.ditions. Recent drastic reduction in tile allocation Kpaint pigments, coupled with a long-standing limita roil, has reduced the permitted production of this D vpitely precludes any hope of profitable operation. BASIC LEAD SULFAT The chief use of this pigment is also in t .large quantities, likewise, are used annuall |in tne manufacture of leaded zinc oxide. T {counted as finished basic lead sulfate but Hinder the figures for leaded zinc oxide. A SKinc oxide also it goes chiefly into paints. In Dead sulfate wero sold for use in the manufa [compared with 6,100 tons in 1943. Leade ported having used 5,600 tons of basic lead su lata for 1944 are not available. ^Production of basic lead sulfate totaled 4 Industry mo mi Points.................................... . Jobber.................... ... . itor&se batteries........................... . 1128 475 '200 it1' fen---------- 6,200 10,370 1 RED LEAD /.Trade *n rc^ lead was heavy in 1944, and hrpales was established by a narrow margin *$?, enjoyed great activity in the war yea gslrability as a construction paint. The pa ffiient less red lead in 1944 than in 1943--its ^jage-battery manufacture, which regularl miages, took its turn at establishing a new Wed. lead. Total red lead sales were less yious record in 1941, but sales for stor pjlO percent above the 1941 peak. reduction of red lead totaled 53|398 tons ftt: 210 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 Distribution of red lead sales, 1940-44, by industries, in short tons Industry 8torage batteries...................................................... Paints........................................................................... Ceramics...................................................................... Other............................................................................ 1040 . 1041 20.718 11,949 1,117 2,416 42,200 27,405 20,130 1,503 4,710 63,838 1042 23, 545 21,017 030 2,868 48,300 1943 20,616 22, 271 622 3,869 63,378 1044 1 30,4 is, 4, a 3,j ORANGE MINERAL There wa9 a noteworthy gain in sales of this small-tonnage pigmeijj in 1944. With the increase, the principal use changed from thl manufacture of ink to the manufacture of color pigments. TIT advance in 1944 was made over the smallest annual total since 1888 Production of orange mineral amounted to 280 tons in 1944 con trasted with only 3 in 1943. " Distribution of orange mineral sales, 1940-44, by industries, in short tons Industry 1040 1941 1042 1943 1944 i Color pigments......................................................... 18 26 Ink manufacture..................................................... 51 98 Other............................................................................. 08 122 7 93 28 137 246 128 8 49 22 79 LITHARGE A new peak rate of sales of litharge for storage-battery manufactu in 1944 carried total sales of litharge to record heights; they were! percent higher than in 1943 and 13 percent above the previous pe in 1941, and they thus made the best showing of the pigments cover^j by this report. Battery manufacture took more than half of the tot a condition that has existed only once before, in 1932, since the Bure of Mines began to collect data on distribution of sales; in 1932 tojjj sales of litharge were only 80 percent of the amount sold for bath manufacture in 1944. In addition to the litharge used to ma batteries, the storage-battery manufacturers themselves produce] black or suboxide of lead which they use as a substitute for lithari The amount so used in 1944--01,000 Lons--equaled the record tom for 1941 and was 1,000 tons above 1943. In 1944, 58,000 tontijj pig lead were required to manufacture the suboxide, compared 57,000 in 1943. Black oxide figures arc not included in the Burl of Mines totals for litharge. Insecticidal use of litharge also ml a new high record for the second successive year in 1944, surpaa the previous peak of 1943 by 28 percent. Ceramics took 25 perl more litharge than in 1943. Other of the larger users of lithffl except oil refining, took less of the pigment in 1944 than in la the decline for rubber contrasting with the uptrend of recent yef The drop in use in chrome chemicals is explained more by restrift allowances of chrome than of lead. Production of litharge amounted to 146,900 tons in 1944 compl with 112,037 tons in 1943. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS ' i-' ' PUtribulion of litharge sales, 1940-44, Industry i batteries.......... Bcldes.......... nlcs....................... JdtD0 pigments......... fig**1*............ bb'""";:;.... ibfleovtn.............................. 1940 38,303 16, 041 12, 072 8,468 6.876 1, 690 3, 003 418 3,082 89,841 19 4 1 1 1 12 ZINC OXIDE t!USiipi?ment receded slightly Jjy, ii . rLrfIa!. 1_ecL1^.1943' bL>uU jhthe amount of sales in neither year Iconsumption rcqmrements. Consu oses gained 27 percent over 1943 a paints the other principal classes of ihfftrf m*6 sfon^,mos.t important out of rubber declined 12 perce d 16 pefcent Th decrease for er; percentage use of zinc oxide' fo Leaded zinc oxide was taken f sthereon gra<^e W0U ^ lave been spe Sym.S'd'S1TM" m. """" ^Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1940-44, b Industry I warfare.... fobverings and textiles.* ........... 1040 70,070 23,268 4,752 6,362 7,862 113, 213 104 00 30 6 8 12 148 LEADED ZINC OXI j}/of leaded zinc oxide rose more sha other pigment covered by this r .were second only to the record rlftss than in that year. The prep paints. This pigment was no $44 as was the lead-free class, w 3tances where the lead-free class a It will be noted that sales of mjereooxfidpeaiinnctsludd,eeclbinaesdic 1l-e6apd-erscuelfna under. Basic Lead. Sulfate. 212 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 Leaded zinc oxide production totaled 64,432 tons in 1944 coml pared with 39,515 tons in 1943. The totals are broken down b$ Follows (1943 revised data in parentheses): Over 5-35 percent leads 52,022 (33,144) tons; over 35-50 percent, 8,364 (5,908) tons; ana] most of the remainder in both years, 5 percent or less. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, 19/fO-44, by industries, in short tons Industry 1940 44,341 I,02i 40,302 1941 67,472 1 1,447 09.020 1642 47,052 1,070 49,128 1943 42,303 42 1,483 43,928 1944 J 62,223 110 2,053 64,301 LITHOPONE The lithopone statistic? in this report are given on the basis ol ordinary litliopone sold as such plus the ordinary lithopone conteni of the high-strength product. This method of publication is used conceal the operations of one company wliich always dominates thi output of the high-strength product and is the only producer in somj years. In 1944 three companies, operating four plants, produce< high-strength lithopone, but one company made a negligible contribu: tion to the total. Lithopone sales in 1944 were influenced by thi historic peak in total sales of all paint, varnish, and lacquer materials]] over three-quartern of the sales of this product regularly going into] paint, varnish, and lacquer channels. It is significant that lithopone sales for paints rose somewhat less than total sales of paints, varnish, and lacquer materials, inasmuch as lithopone would naturally benefit from restrictions on sales of other pigments, such as zinc oxide an< titanium dioxide. Floor coverings and textiles take the next-mos1 important amounts of lithopone, and sales for this purpose dropp 8 percent in 1944. A separation of the quantities for 1944, baseef oj somewhat incomplete data, indicate that 9,578 tons were for floqi coverings and 5,168 for coated fabrics and textiles. Use of lithoponl for the manufacture of paper lias been gaining and amounted to 6,48' tons in 1944, compared with 4,043 tons in 1943, 3,423 in 1942, an! 5,559inl941. The 1944 total is a peak rate since 1937, the first year foil which separate figures for this use are available. The consumption of titanium dioxide for paper manufacture was also at a high rate iig 1944, the gross weight of titanium pigments showing a peak rate sine before 1935 (the first year for which separation is available) but th| Ti02 content lagging behind that for 1943 and the even higher total ft: 1941. Printing ink took a large amount of lithopone (1,216 tons) ! relation to most other years since before 1936 (the period for whid data are available); the total for 1941 (2,301 tons), however, w| considerably above all other years since before 1936. Exports f included mainly under Other, but one company at least classifies pa of its exports according to the end use. Plant capacity for the production of lithopone was reported to to 155,000 tons in 1944 or relatively the same as the 157,000 tons for 1948 Production of lithopone totaled 133,960 tons compared with 132,6ST tons in 1943. Stocks were reduced in both years. The plant of t ffl LEAD AND ZINC DldMEN ie and Pigment Department of the rly-'United Color & Pigment Co.) jd;po production is planned there for frb {PF , Distribution of lithopone sales, 1940-44 m/} Industry 1940 rFaInts. eto........................... .. Floor ooverings and textiles................................ Bobber........................................................... ` J17,075 18,738 3,387 12, 602 151,802 Includes a quantity, not separable, used (or printing In frThere was little change in consump {tone in the manufacture of titanated lith about 15 percent TiOj), as 8,3Q0 tons Tlth 8,400 in 1943. Production of tita Mjs in both years. The lithopone fig deluded in the totals for ordinary lith !JSlonaled lithopone produced in the United Sta R'-i ` manufacture, 1940-44, Year SMI......... Titanated lithopone produced Ordinary lithopone used 18,100 ` 16,800 11,700 15,200 14.100 9,900 194 1944 ZINC SULFI POnly one company produced zinc s 942, and the Bureau of Mines is not a hiB pigment. ZINC CHLOR Ihu. t > ,. . . (fine Bureau of Mines is unable to p fccause of the refusal of one company, jge, to give reliable information. ZINC SULFA 3ales of zinc sulfatd increased 10 pe to those for 1941, being 11 perc lly accounts for the largest part o ^Stood first in 1944 with what appea (record for one year. A more precise B for 1941, however, might easily pl 0.944 total. The agricultural use o Scent years, and the indication that Ifnc sulfate in 1944 seems likely to led application in agriculture. Som "-^re: As a fungicide in a variation 214 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 zinc sulfate is used in place of copper sulfate; with lime to spray peaw trees for bacterial spots; more extensively with limo as a safcner wh| arsenate of lead is used as a spray; with lime as a spray on varioq trees to make up for zinc deficiencies in the soil; alone directly in th soil to make up for zinc deficiencies; alone as a spray where the foliag will stand it; and to a certain extent for weed eradication. The shar| rise in sales of zinc sulfate for paint and varnish processing in 194 was more than counteracted in 1944. The use of zinc sulfate for tg manufacture of glue continued its substantial decline in 1944. Distribution of zinc sulfate sales, 1940-44, by industries, in short tons Industry Agriculture............................................................... Chemicals................................................................... Paints and varnish processing.......................... EloctroRalvanlzIng.................................................. Tcxtlio dyeing and printing............................... 1040 3.649 2,366 2.161 1,509 241 320 348 64 1,209 11,937 1041 1942 6,170 3.038 6, 655 1,422 312 1,203 502 130 1,809 ' 19,201 3,149 4,123 2, 605 1,017 . 355 750 219 00 1,103 14,331 1943 4,537 3,329 1,642 2,439 1,282 635 187 213 1,385 16,649 19441 >3 1.1 ill 1.1 17,i RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AND ZIHj PIGMENTS AND ZINC SALTS Figures covering the raw materials used in making pigments salts were not available when the report of this series for 1943 w| prepared. Data for 1943 are given below, and those for 1944. appear in a subsequent report. ._ Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured froj a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and such seconds materials as scrap and waste from various industrial processes. *f 1943, 93 percent of the lead in pigments was derived from pig 16 and 7 percent from ore. Of the lead in ore used to make leaded oxide, about 10 percent was from foreign sources. The proportjg for zinc pigments in 1943 was 78 percent from ore, 8 percent from su zinc, and 14 percent from secondary materials; about 14 percentj the ore used was foreign. ` Metal content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domestic manufacturers, 194&*A by sources, in short tons ` . Source 1042 1943 'i Lead ( Zinc In Lead In Zlao, pigments 1 pigments pigments 1 plsnl Ore: Domestic....................................................................................... Metal...................................................................................................... ' 18,185 707 206,680 2 * 225, 574 103,445 9, 636 8, 252 21,663 142,900 14.356 1,168 202,783 213,307 | * Revised figures. * Zinc ashes. sklminings. drosses, and old metal. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND jhe following tables give the source of the jfure f each pigtnent and salt. Pig lead lei1 directly or indirectly, in the manufactu llead, and orange mineral and is used als ie lead sulfate. The load content of leade lie lead sulfate, which in turn was made f jrt^ig lead in the table. Zinc oxide is the nsiderable slab zinc is used. Ore is emplo ''Zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zin .fate. A substantial proportion of the zin Mithat in zinc chloride made in the United Tjj&ondary material. For a number of years Btered World War II there had been a large M'Secondary zinc used in the manufacture of rBupplies of both metal and scrap caused th iide made by the French process to drop ontinue low in 1943, despite the fact that th tat process rebounded somewhat in the latte tad content of lead and zinc pigments produced by dom by sources, in short tons 1942 , Pigment Lead In pigments producod from-- Ore Do For* mestic elgn Second' Plglcadl ary ma terial Total lead in Pig ments Le Do mes ftlead.. llead... ige mineral., lead sulfate... 4, 760 didtlno oxide 13, 426 1 16,185 73,767 45, 228 86, 667 81 827 707 120 707 206, 73,767 45,228 86,667 81 5, 687 4,1 2 1 14, 264 10,1 2 > 226,674 14,3 AVlsed figures. content of zinc pigments and salts produced by dom v by sources, in short tons 1942 at or salt fe Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes tic Foreign Slab tlno Second ary ma terial Z Total tlno In mpeiga-ts end salts Dom tic 9 oxide. 74,289 19,687 9, 469 (?) 671 313 5,666 3, 768 (*) 1,260 __8_,24_7 5 10 36 5,686 328 15,760 11, 777 2,161 88,434 26,570 28,992 (*> 11,787 4,108 70,06 16,66 11,60 <>) 1,73 `ware higher than those shown In the report on Second 6 tecovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., not cla ( Mines not at liberty to publish. 216 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 PRICES The total and average values reported by producers for lead and, zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the first part of; this report. For most of the products covered there was little change' in average prices received, but those for both red lead and litharge declined. The lower values for these two products can be explained), only by variation in delivery points of portions of the total sales.' Producers' values are reported on an f. o. b. plant basis. The ceilingi prices established by the Office of Price Administration for the pig ments and salts covered in this report, and likewise those for the metals lead and zinc wero unchanged throughout 1944 at tho levels that; prevailed in 1943. ' ' Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts at New York (or delivered in the East), 1941-44, n cents per pound Product 1841 1842 1843 L844 Basio lead sulfate, or sublimed lead, less than carlots, barrels............................................. ................ White lead, or basic lead carbonate, dry, carlots, barrels.................................................................. Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels Red lead, dry, 85 percent or less, less than car- lots, barrels............................ ........................................ * Orange mineral, American, 9mall lots, barrels.. Zinc oxide: American process, lead-free, bags, carlots.. . American process, 5 to 35 percent lead, bar rels, carlots............................................................. French process, red seal, bags, carlots.......... French process, green seal, bags, carlots____ French process, white seal, barrels, carlots.. Llthopone, ordinary, small lots, bags................... Zinc sulfide, less tbau carlots, bags, barrels___ Zlno chloride, works: Solution, tanks................................... 1.................. . Fused, drums........................................................... . Zinc sulfate, crystals, barrels................................. . 6.50- 7.00 7.50 7.00- 8. 25 8. 50- 9.25 11.00-11. 75 0.50 0. 25- 6. 75 7.75 8.25 8.00 4.10 8.00- 8.25 2.25- 2.50 4.25- 0. 60 3.15-4.40 7. 00- 7. 75 7. 50- 8. 25 7. 35- 8.00 8.75-10.00 11.25-12.50 7.25 7.00- 7.3S 8.50 9.00 9.75 4.50 8.60- 8.76 2.50 5.00- 6. 60 3.05- 4.00 7. 50- 7. 75 8. 25 8.00- 9.00 8.50-10.00 12.00-12.50 7..26 7.25- 7.38 8.50 9.00 0.75 4.50 8.60- 8.76 2.50 5.00- 0. 50 3.86- 4.60 7.60- 7.76 8.26 8.00-0.08 182..5000--J102.J00* 7. 7.25- 7. 8. 8e.0.r0 4. 8.50-8. i: 6.00- 0. 3.66- 4. i Quotation was reduced to 3.00-4.40 cents por pound in the September n Issue, which added "workl freight allowed," to the description. ` FOREIGN TRADE * The average annual value of foreign trade in lead and zinc pi ments has remained relatively high during the war as compared wit prewar levels. The principal trade is under the export classifications no import item reaching $30,000 in value in cither 1943 or 194* Lead pigments export values declined 4 percent in 1944 as compar~ with 1943 but were 142 percent above the average for the 5-year p riod 1935-39, whereas zinc export values declined 26 percent and w 275 percent above the prewar average. Total exports of both class, (lead and zinc pigments) in 1944, however, amounted to only 4 perc ' of the value of total production in the United States. Figures on imports and exports compiled by M. B. Price, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of U. 6. Department of Commerce. ' ...x ., . l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s If' ' . ' RValue of foreign trade of the United Stales in " 194S-44 fcLfcad pigments: , White lead gjV Red lead ` ... Litharge.______ Orange mineral ... Other lead pigments /t Data not available. Lead pigments and salts.--Imports o Iponexistent. White lead is the prin gheading, with red lead and litharge fo |amohg the pigments, and lead arsenate ^Shipments of white lead from the coun Hollowing a comparatively high rate of gw all of the other items specified ros 'rsenato did not equal half of the 1941 . |tad pigments and salts imported for consum Year Basic carbonate white lead 8b I Red load L () -TLess than 1 ton. Sllncludes also suboxide of lead, n. s. p. f., as follow *^8 pounds); 1942: $3,221 (13,228 pounds); 1943: $2,283 (6 irt" $4)77762- 218 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 4 Lead pigments and salts exported from the United Slates, 1940-44 Year Short tons White lead Ked lead Litharge Orango Sublimed Lead mineral lead arsenate Total 4 value i 1040........................................ 1941........................................ 1942........................................ 1943........................................ 1944........................................ 1.300 2,901 2, 249 4.002 3,052 1,336 2,060 1,301 1,636 2,117 1,680 2,892 1,090 1,010 2,391 ( > (') 7 7 13 !'> (') 06 71 82 1,450 4,797 290 1,627 2,133 $830,23) 2,100,336 1,030,473 1,814,613 l,888,ia i Not compiled on an annua] basis before 1042. Zinc pig_ments and salis.- -Zinc sulfate is the principal import item] under tfliisi class, 'but it amounted to only 542 tons in 1944, virtually! the same as in 1943. Lithopone and zinc oxide are the principal] products exported and their individual quantities largely exceed each] of the lead classes. Exports were smaller in 1944 by 33 and 8 percent,] respectively, and the virtually constant rates for 1943 and 1942 were] below those for 1941. Principal zinc salts exported, shown separately on an annual basis for the first time in 1942, are zinc sulfate and zind] chloride. Available data are covered in the footnote to the second) table that follows. Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1940-4* Short tons Year Zinc oxide Dry In oil Lithopone Zinc sulllde Zinc chloride Zinc sulfate 1043........................................ 273 122 13 10 0) 45 11 1 ll 5 () 10 245 cl 1 1 162 362 640 C) 642 > Less than 1 ton. Zinc pigments and salts 1 exported from the United Statesf 1940--44 Year Short tons Zinc oxide Lithopone Total value Year Short tODS Zinc oxide Lithopone Total 3 value ^ 1940...................... 1041 1942..............;... 3, 239 8. 264 6,013 14.2U8 21, 527 17,030 $1, 584, 007 3. 525, 380 2,013, 696 1043................... 1944................... 6,019 6.511 17,320 11, 551 ' $2,898,1 ' 2, 1W,4 > Zinc sails not separately recorded on on aunual basis before 1042. * Includes also--1042: Zinc sulfide, $0,328 (37,091 pounds); z id c chloride, $42,074 (648,343 pounds); zlncd fate, $53,624 (1,026,554 pounds); other zinc salts and coin [founds, $76,023 (610,458 pounds); 1043: Zlncsuiflijj $29,623 (78,387 pounds); ziuc chloride, $57,390 (751,801 pounds;) zinc sulfate,$81,750(1,830,508 poundshotl)' zinc salts and compounds, $22,087 (139.940 pounds): 1044: Zinc sulfide, $7,105 (40,223 pounds); zlnccblork! $47,133 (711,063 pouuds); zinc sulfate. $82,820 (2,027,201 pounds); other zinc salts and compounds, $46,$ (167,474 pouuds). r ! THE MINERAL INDUSTRY (MINE REPORT) . By H. Fo s t e r Ba ------------------- SUMMARY OUTL General conditions.................................. ......................................... pta] production.............................................................................. NonmetaJIic production................................................................... GENERAL CONDIT I? The demands for men and materials wi. II caused a major dislocation in Alaskan value of the mineral output dropped to $7 it was at the beginning of thus century always been the leading mining industry over a million ounces, decreased to ap the smallest yield since the historic disco being at least virtually all of the modern has meant so much to Alaska, was wiped o *ot all of this happened in 1944, but th ear. Tho descent began early in the wa bases, roads, and other war facilities, b pyed almost bodily out of the mines a ngs. This was particularly upsetting ining has long been the leading inland askan industry away from the coast d e mines. It was a war sacrifice no Stat e degree. It had, naturally, some com eat sums of money to create the new wa jnporary prosperity, and some of the ciuties will be of permanent use. Not crush that the times demanded much essary in some places, and some, perh t of it all will have come a very great ^communication and transportation wh Bt insistent needs of the Territory. Th t that the whole economy of the regio ction period is sure to be difficult and p he closing of the great Alaska Junea rld's greatest low-cost producer--wh ded $80,489,823 to the world's wealth `toric event of great magnitude, bo ai_______ ' detailed table on Alaskan mineral production, see cha ~al Production. 802 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 Exports,--Almost the entire quantity of titanium concentrates and_ alloys exported in 1944 went to Canada. Mexico received 90 percent! of the pigment exports; Cuba, 3 percent; Brazil, 2 percent; and others countries, 5 percent. Exports of tetrachloride dropped from 694'.| short tons in 1943 to 372 tons in 1944; 57 percent went to United. Kingdom, 30 percent to Australia, and 13 percent to Canada. The total exports of titanium products (including coventrates) in 1944 were valued at 2% million dollars. : . -TITANl . i v'1'- *1 : idiminished consumption of rutile^was , Shack in welding-rod output; 73 perce K^elding-rod coatings, and nearly all the VP '.: -V ^Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the Un ` in short tone, Product Ur Exports of titanium products from the United Statesf 1940--40, by classes Year Concontratcs Short tons Valuo Metal and alloy (Including ferro alloys) 8hort tons Value Dioxide and pig ments Tetrachloride and othor compounds Short tons Valuo Short tons Value 1940................................... 1941............................... 1942.............................. 1943.............................. 1044.............................. (0 i 432 018 676 290 0) 1*70,013 117,880 103,947 46,797 0) * 160 422 700 793 c> * 336,087 60,038 117,402 > 127,146 4,902 7,821 8,870 9,765 10,926 3807, 636 1,009,071 J, 707, 433 1,830,344 1,861,467 0) 17 24 728 376 o *36,792 13,666 442,691 215,696 < Data not available, i Data cover last 6 months only. * Data cover last 4 months only. STOCKS Although inventories of ilmenite at the end of 1944 were about one-fourtn larger than a year earlier in terms of TiOa content, they? represented only about 5 months' supply at the 1944 consumption rate. Stocks of rutile increased about 12 percent by the year end and were probably more than 6 months' needs in view of the declining welding-rod output. - Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United Stales at end of year, 1943--44, in short: tons V 1943 1944 ' Stocks Mine................... Distributors . - Consumers___ Government.. IHmenltc Hutlle Illmenile Rutile 1 Gross weight Estimated TIOi content Gross weight Estimated TIO content O ross weight Estimated TIO content Gross weight Estimated >" TIOi 4 content 3, 753 * 6, 638 118, 203 . 1 127, 654 1,771 1 2, 492 67,786 100 * 1,012 1,871 3,253 1 02,049 ' 6, 236 94 i 941 1,745 3,058 1,572 4, 642 161.672 722 2, 310 72,814 *................... 6, 838 167, 680 76. 862 252 2,632 1,720 2, 600 7,004 236 .V 2,380 { 1,670 o 2,350<] 6,636* 1 Includes Ilmenite and rutile content of mixed rlrconlum-tltaulum concentrates. * Revised figures. CONSUMPTION AND USES The 19-percent increase in use of ilmenite in 1944 over that of the! preceding year may be ascribed to the unsatisfied demand for titaniumj pigments. Consumption for pigments was 97 percent of. the totalj most of the remainder going into alloys and cemented carbides. Thff 1943 Pigmonts (manufactured titanium dloxfdo) >. fl Weldfng-rod coatings *................................................ E` Alloys and carbide........................................................ : Ceramics............................................................................. k Miscellaneous 1..................................................... .. Total ooQaurhptloD......................................... 1944 f Pigments (manu/acturod titanium dioxJde) \ Welding-rod ooatlnga *............................................ i AUoya and carbide...................... ............................... ^Ceramics........................................................................... f^MIscellaneoue *................................................. Total consumption......... 290,673 194 10,683 1,472 302,822 349,606 148 10,174 ......... 380,Ml % 1 "PlgmeDta" Include all manufactured titanium dioxide, o liras *,700 tons In 1M3and S.WO tons In 1944. g,i' * Consists of Umenlte used asa steal flux and rattle used In la Titanium pigments.--Both productio Iments continued on an upward trend ^higha. Thoro was no pronounced cha fpattern, which in 1944, according to a ^percent for paint, varnish, and lacquer, f.cent for welding-rod coating, 2 percent for textiles, 1 percent for rubber, and 8 imand for pigments continued very stron ^maintained under War Production Bo | by means of preference ratings. The o |an amendment November 4, 1944; it w shut was simultaneously replaced. by ^Miscellaneous Chemicals. The use of jtinued to grow at the expense of both lith |bf its exceptionally high hiding power. Jtype in 1941 and the chalk-resistant ru phew pigments with 20 to 40 percent'.h "ianatase form that was the only titaniu kcially available before 1941. Hiding Jchalk resistance have led to the widesp fcamouflage or protective coating on sh fUnited States Government during the w 1 Welding-rod coatings.--Production of |in 1944 was 382,000 short tons compare 1943 and 321,000 tons in 1942. Th Jr r Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Report on Pal K944. p. 123. - .,*581 804 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1944 > in use of titanium dioxide mirrored changes in armament- and sh^gB construction programs and impending further cut-backs. iivjjM Titanium, alloys.--The titanium ferro-alloys are important additiyaffl 'in the production of rimming and killed steels. Tho titaniumTM treated steels are cleaner, give higher ingot yield, and have generally* better physical characteristics than untreated steels and some of9 those treated with other deoxidizers. In these applications there isn little or no titanium residual in the finished steel. Titanium is alscij used as an alloying element, especially hi stainless steels where itsS ..main effect is through carbide control to inhibit intergranular corrosion* and embrittlement. A titanium alloy steel, now in commercial! production, has made possible the direct application of white or! light pastel vitreous enamels to steel without tho use of a ground-coatl enamel. This one-coat enameling steel possesses exceptional cold-3 drawing characteristics and resistance to sagging or bending at enamel! firing temperatures and is reported not to age-strain.8 8 '8 Other uses.--Titanium tetrachloride was used as a screening smoke! during the First World War and has been employed in substantial! volume during the present conflict. At first it was usually prepared! by chlorinating rutile in the presence of carbonaceous material?! Subsequently and during the current war, titanium cyanonitride--<-3 an electric-furnace product--was reacted with chlorine to make the! tetrachloride. These were high-temperature processes requiring care-| ful controls, and the product was likely to bo contaminated with| impurities contained in the raw materials. Later, better results were| obtained by substituting pigment titanium dioxide briquetted with* finely ground charcoal and a binder in place of the cyanonitride. | PRICES f] No price changes affected any form of titanium in 1944. IlmenitejS and rutile prices were fixed by the Office of Price Administration! February 22, 1943 (Regulation 327), at levels prevailing in March,] 1942. Ilmenite, 60 percent Ti02, was nominally quoted St $28--$30 a long ton, f. o. b. Atlantic seaboard, and rutile, 94 percent TiOj, at 8-10 cents a pound. Steel quoted ferrotitanium, ton lots, at $1.23 per pound of contained Ti for 40- to 45-percent grade and $1.35 for- 20- to 25-percent grade; and fcrrocarbontitanium, 15-20 percent Ti, at $142.50 a short ton for 6- to 8-percent, carbon and $157.50 for-i 3- to 5-percent carbon. Titanium metal, 96-98 percent, was listedr' at $5-$5.60 a pound. The base price of manufactured titanium] dioxide remained fixed at 14K-16K cents a pound. - TECHNOLOGY | The Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey made field studies on j Wyoming titaniferous magnetite. The Bureau conducted laboratory? research on metal and alloy production and on ore dressing of various] raw materials. '5 The Humphreys spiral concentrator has efficiently separated heavy] minerals from natural sands, with high recoveries. It is reported to] be relatively insensitive to changes in pulp density and quantity and-' Comstock, O. F,, and Walner, E., New Titanium Steel for Vitreous Enameling: Iron Age, vol. 166,j| No. 7, February 1945,pp. 60-63,152-163. '8 Comstock, O. F., strain Aging of Killed Low-Carbon Steel, with Particular Reference to the Efleot oo Titanium: Proc. Am. Soo. Testing Materials, vol. 43,1843, pp. 621-641. ,m v . .. 1 ;t it Xn ix t m4W ppv ' . /' ' fade of feed, and to particle size or shap implication--Oregon chromite-bearing bef patio of 2.26 : 1 was obtained, with a rec lorida beach-sand spiral feed has 6K to Phe concentrate ranges from 88 to 96 perc 'menite and rutile, but was held close Iceeds 95 percent.11 . WORLD PRODUCT r Data on world production of ilmenite a jjjhown in tho following table. - %tyorld production of titanium concentrates (ilmenite in metric tons [Complied by B. B. Waldb Sfe. Country 1937 1038 1939 ILMXN1TK ^Australia: > New South Wales....................... . 681 0) 742 Queensland.................................. . [Brazil (exports)............................... . """120 "'i66' .... io' |Canada............................................. 3,836 f-Fe&ted Malay States (exports). 317 0)188 8.361 90 0.290 6,462 I India, British.................................. . 182,142 266, 268 B Norway............................................ 84,209 62, 724 *' Portugal........................................... 1,133 668 Senegal............................................. . 3,076 8,436 (011,098 2 66,027 (0602 'Spain........................................................... f/Onlted States.................................. <) () 13,247 ... HUTILB K Australia: New South Wales........................ - Queensland.................................. . South Australia........................ * Brazil (exports).................................. w,Cameroun (French)........................ j Norway................................................. ?8outh-West Africa........................... fc.United States..................................... 11,141 768 103 187 16 (*) 400 377 118 124 (O' 790 2 469 169 166 jji.* * Data not ovatlnhle. Subject to rovision. January to November, Inclusive. 1 Includes 20 Urns of gamet-ilmentte. Bureau of Minns not at liberty to publish figures. ;.. In addition, zlroon-rutlle-Umenlte concentrates were produce j' *J Less than 1 ton. * Exports. Australia.--Beach-sand deposits simil |Wales, which have been worked for a n ^prospected and developed along 60 mile .Queensland coast. Approximate mineral usually called ``black sands," is as follow [rutile, 30 to 35 percent; and ilmenite, [Deposits Syndicate in Queensland is no Imonazite concentrate. The product fro ;mixed concentrate, but.efforts are bein ..concentrates of individual minerals, main EIWS^PP. 8S-86. .. I* Oieeson, George W., Why the Humphreys Spiral Works: E V n Humphreys^ I. B.. and Hubbard, Judson 8.. work cited In f , ti Engineering and Mining Journal, Queensland: Vol. 146, No