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LIA22897 i 1 0 -. **9* ' . J miitt*^ rtiir^MjtS&ttJiatiiitefaa. rWAVA'*al*nl^<fc^SAaXlttiM^uo Materials the Railroads Buy *7he &t&uj, of Jlead Posit 2 Reprinted front RAILWAY PURCHASES ASD STORES Febnuuy, 1B5S pnniwiiwunninuni P " ..... w i . Distributed by LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 430 Lexington Avenue New Tori 17, N.Y. 0 myyyrtv N 2008.01 '' " - --lilnrtr^^Ti "ifr ---- LIA 2 2 8 9 9 t* ^ <i/i * \x - -J~jr't JiLlmi,.r!**2xC-'*U-.--^ ftttil't r'trJtl1> ilfitta&fliti 9 ;! Sfordord A. A. A. solid typo toodbcto Lsaringt molt posa/bf* fb# roif iotar-cbon?* of froighi coft in cJou'flroboft yord* ! os shown bar* Materials the Railroads Buy No. 18 of a Serie* The Story of Lead--Part II ROBERT L. ZIEGFELD AND DAVID M. BORCINA WU KTMt AVX> kMltun TO V4MTAIIT. MW.T8HT, LM nfiCTTMa AMCUnM As urfl as bring the principal trad producing coun try of the world, tlx* United States, as can easily he imagined, is the largest cnnsunxT of this most \rrvaNle metal. Industrial comumjition of lead in tlx* United States has averaged roughly 1.100 000 tons a year since 19lfl with about a third of this consumption attributable tc its use in leadack! storage lutterie*. The second largest consumer for Hie* three years has been tlx* pniductkm of trtrH4h\l fluid. a usr that lias grown from notIung in 1925 tu morr titan lflO.OHO tons in 19 >4. Tlx* cable industry, in third place, easily outdis tances thr many other uw*s as indicated in the talde of United States consumption shown on page 68. As old at lead it. thr tahU grai>hical1y portrays tlx* fact that the hulk of thr h ad consumed today is In uses drvrloprd In thr twentieth century. Van at U4 Some <rf the important develo|NTxnits and uses of recent years, not Indkatrd in tlie consumption table, include lead snap* fix grease*, Ind in stiel (or lletter machlnealtility, leaded fnts fix purcrtaini/Jng alumi num, lead molds and hail compound stahdirrrs fix plastics and of course its use as a shielding material in akwnic etwrgy imUlLtw*m and ship|>itig oxitainers fix radioactive material. The use of lead in bearings has Leva fair!)' consist ent in recent years requiring In the neighborhood of .10.000 tons of lead a )ear. It is a strange parados tlut lead, one of the heaviest of the common metals, plays such an important role in lightening the task of transporting our goods and ourselves. Leads anti-lrictkmal properties are being utilized to some degree in practically every modem mode of transportation in which safe, efficient and ecomnnicnl operations depend on a hearing surface. Lead hardeiK'd and strengtlirned with small amounts of rin, antimony and arsenic, or even smaller percent ages of the alkaline earth metals, Is a standard strtifrirtkm mate-rial for many hpet of hearings, and one of tlx* major consunx-rs of lead for this purpose is our vast railroad system. Mam- years ago the Association of American lUilmads standardis'd cm lead-base hear ings f<x frrigld cars used in interchange, like the cars Hirtnsrlvrt, tlxne railroad lx-arings must he com pletely intmluingrahle. Tlx*y must provide depeodalde -!1 weatlier performance with simple maintenance and minimum standby Inventories, Lead-hate lx*aring metals oC*r high resistance to compression yH are mft enough to pre\i*nt wear of the more c jifly and lunl to rrjdacr axle. They poasew the plasticity neerrsary to absorb foreign particles wfiich normally would tctxe the shaft. Should the 6 9 UllWIg.' w mj .. 1 G UIA22900 * 5S-TW A rad 4e^ primer protects ffie iteef svrloce* el this railreol bof(r reedy fer fovnchmc of the ItrtJs hem Steel Company's 9 0 axW journal itself lanum* Iwdlv scored. tlir Wad hear ing imljll.ilM>n permits it to hr turned titmn u much M I 2 inch ia-hm' tlir oricnat duinrtrr and nwd. TV mv with valiicdt h`,ul hjv la'jrific metals coo* form and ad|iiv| autniiutuMlIy to din)it irregularities in Utr Muc-himttg am! alignment ol the shaft and the fact tlut tin-** Iwarings pmnit a 10 pT cent tolerance in the diamettr of tie* car jiainuK to wiiich th*y are applied, simplifies maintenance and nulrt pouililr rapid repairs and rplaciim-nt at railroad rrpatr yards. Not only freight ami |uwn^f cars make use of lead's anti-frictional propTlks he Iwaring purposes I rut dicsd Uimiotius, <Utik' liotfiKti\<at and mu]* tiple unit cars arr al* iquipped %%rtli WadduM* bear* ino In tlr* form of tr.utieei motor `i;pprt l**aringx. Of particular interest to cnstHiuvioMi operators h tlir fact that tlhs' vilid bearings lair High strap \alue am! after serving a long and useful life, can be reclaimed. Tetraethyl Tdractlisl trad, the second largest consumer offcad. Lewd Commmpti+m hi tW Irild SWw (a) 0* Short Tem) IMS kliVlml 22.900 Rrd lr*d mm| blkarfr ffi) 70,700 SCarigr UiiifH 331 .non OlJr ICJB0 Ruikitnc 36.100 THrarth)! 146.700 AmnNsMtot 2no m BrwriifnHal Solder T)TmrUl r~>iuu( f*l-r on 1,100 insert 72,700 27.400 45100 112.900 Tout t.VJI.flflft IMS 17X10 **.600 367,000 146.600 59.100 162.400 45.100 4.400 3*j0OO 711.700 36.700 46.200 11*200 UliUU KsHmttmi 1954 20.000 76.000 330,000 115,000 32.000 166.000 39.000 4.000 17.000 72.000 27.000 vo ono 106.000 T1MAB U< (U--d ne VS. Rurree td Mtari sUtttfca. (Ti* Kvfi;Mc nf crudrs fur Uuratfr btltrvfce. is a heavy cobirWst liquid containing approximately M> pif cent lead. It U the active component In the anti knock umipiiiiKl and adtled to gasoline ia minute |u.-.ntitw*s, 0.5 to 4 cc. per gallon. pmsidn a subetan* tial mi|irmcmrtit in tlir antiknock value or octane rating of the gasoline. The basic ingrvdfcmts of trtrarthyl lead are pig Wad, salt. hsdmgen. aUxihot and refinrry gaset. The pig Wad is melted ami mixed with sodium under a blanket of hydrogen to form a Wad-sodium alloy. It b thro solidified ami ground and reacted with ethyl chloride to form trtracthvl Wad. Tills is steam distilled and ntlirrwite purified and tlim hlmded with ethyWne di* vhlot i<W, etlnlcnr difirumMc and d)*e* to form the anti knock (impound. The Slorajre Battery Tlie Wad-acid storage battery, a most efficient and economical source of electrical energy, was developed lw: wi u PWWVW * .9! W.VWi-1 ^" "M Wgp tIMJJUt. i !1 .*. ,S 1 H'lMptwuwwgiiw l . ,iw. jjiyjawBii1 igapyi rfrifiYirftfifra LIA22901 "1 . *. laod-ocid tforoga bat* for** svpp/y conftoat fot/rra of powar for petMftfer car IlgltiAg eet air cood*iomnf LAKE W by Gaston Plantl in 1&59, after a tcrin of experiments that prmcd battery rlrctnales or plaU*s made from Uo different forms of lead were superior to eVxHnxh** made with other metals. Today's batteries are constructed essentially tlie same MOMEI (P4nl tiiiMnlf, TTf4K Tf** Ml For Stvrl Cwplrtilr Fiw at Mill ScaW md lUat (Feet Dry) THAi b t Wavy duty, full ini lrl pcinwr iblrolrd for utr om utdiJotri Snduni and factory fahriratrd etfuiptnnt iurh a railroad cm, wiadnw mK signal nyulpnrvt rtr. Comnmittnm frrCrmi Ftmmit Gafinas n|MdW.' Rt L~d(FrA Sf-. TT-R-HU T>pr 1. Ch O Abaaiiaum SCrarake 90.7 03 TTOB 12730 03 I7J0 0.46 the sulphuric acid rlntroljlc converting them to lead sulpliate. (Purging tin* batten' is just the rrvvTsr. The lead sulphate Is converted to lead peroxide and sponge lead and the sulphuric acid is regennab'd, increasing the concentration of tin* clct4rolvte. This cycle is cote tinuouUy taking place wlten the hattery is conorctrd to a generator such as h found in every automobdr and on railroad cart. The voltage of each cell remains constant, approxfmat \y 2 volts and tltr addition nf plate's to a crO only increases its capacity or lift- rvp^tancy. TV or* dinary 3 cell-6 volt automnliilc Itattcry contains roughly flO to 70 pT cent lead r alnait 20 pounds. The lead contained ft split nnr.'hly Italf and half hetmcmi mrtalhc lead ami k*jd ovklr. Lead c o v <t t I calde jv a prxlmt of extrusion. Mot* VrUdn Atk>d IWSo Snbcttoa (Fed. Spoc Tr-R-S98, T>pr til Aromatic fVtrulruio Spirik Cdalt Sadw--k Drtat m Goj Antiouiisti and W<tif Ayrats 040 1U on ij 5210 6730 00.0 11.70 IJ 020 7j 0 094 Prdj.fl imff firm = trr.n. VrMri* 3 *.rv wt.'cL 3 19 lb. rv s a* Dry for hantftfwg -- about 1 bow. Dry fa rrmiabj - ihuat 4 boon a that developed by Want4 and consist of grids cast from a lead alloy containing small amounts of antimony and or sihrr or other metallic cumtilmuti, A paste made of oxides and finch- divided mrUtlic lead is thro applied to the Interstices nf the grid and with different mixtures, the negative and positive plates are formed. The ceC is then assrmhtcd, using varying numbers of plates, and sulphuric acid added. The plates are then activated by passing an electrical cur rent through tliem to convert tle positive plate Into lead peroxide and (he negative plate into finny dtvhled sponge lead. lo use, the haftrry plates on discharge read with rfa rofflpsptas of tbs bran bod of o bright cor booring is bet ba*nf fariad for lK# p*opor pfOporiorw of toppar, food, bn onf iia c . Seodor to. `i ora toofvtftf far tha lisiog malof far load, la and erttmotif 0 UJ-k' J- j i JIMS') y t9 ipjyju.m w -V IWniWU M*OBIMU U'J WP HWUU.U HWWff -w- ^j 111 - ' .^^j j .1w z mj pbl ' -' pi liy.! -,fll!H-'J! -jfWfj' '"" US*- nvt,w %* j ^ ;< L ^22902 '-- v? ./* ; -. ,. * sujjrv - -' f j ,, i i i 1 1 o ten lead is placed in the diamber of a hydraulic press and allowed to solidify under pressure. Witliio the dumber is a hollow mandrel through wliidi the cubic core passes. When pressure is applied the lead b extruded through a dir controlliiig the outside circum ference carrying the cable core along with ft. A pres sure of somewhere around 55,000 lb. per sq. in. required. Lrad m a PaUl Plparal Lead in an entirely different fono. as a paint pig- mmt. also finds extensive use on tailroads. Many rail roads protect and preserve tlreir signal towro, Inxlges and ot!*rr right-of-way structures from corrosion by painting them with red lead primers. Desrlopmrnts in this field iticlude better and more economical paint syshfm, from slow-drying formulatiom to primers that an* dry* for hamfling in one hour and ready for recoating in atmut four hours. This par ticular formula may be found on page 60. Many railroad* an* involved in the construction mik I maintenance of freight-carrying barges and of particu lar interest to tliem an* the various paint formulatious that Iu \t bin devebq*d for this type of service. In asmuch as flic service rrquirmwnts are so stringent, no one particular formula can be recommended witliout d<-Ui!cd Vnowkdgr of the various romfitions that may be cncountiTvd. However, the gmrral composition of the following primer may be of intrmt:i rRriUJMMr Prr Crvt hfiMat: Red Lnd Zinc Osidr SUfcwtr and SuipkaU 560 80 360 TOU VrUcW: PbrnoUc VirwA linrrd Oil Tltinorti and Drim Pifurat = 7V'. V4*4* = SI*;. Wt *C*L 16 0 380 460 77^7} ttl lb. Besides railway structures. much rolling stock h j>rim<*d with ml lead base paints and research in tUs particular hp* of application has not been overlook'd. Two low-cost primer* liaxe bcifi desdoped that arc dry for handling in four to sis hours and ready for rccnating in aWmt 18 hours. Despite tlxrii low cost, fi ld t<-*ts have indicated tlut these particular formula tion* luxe an unusually high degree of desirable char acteristics for particular use. AH of tlvese nciHnmrnded primet formutatiore are the result of extensive field testing and research by the Rd I^ead Technical Committee* of the Lrad Industries Association and an- inchided in tfwt committees Tech nical lettrr Nu. 8--Primers for (Uilroad Structures and Bolling Stock puhlistird by the laud Industries .Asso ciation, 420 la*xington Avr,, New* York 17, N. Y\ White lead, anotlne highly regarded paint pigment is tlw* base fur a nmnUt of high quality multi-pigment paints uwd for beautifsing and protecting wooden and otlier structure** maintained by tlie railroads. Tlw authors are indebted to R. G. AKiwr, Magnus Metal Corporation, for assistance in the preparation of this artidr. i i II l" 1 A! 1 IWM'wr I