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OCPAMTVEMT Of THE tWieC*J*'T Waste Management Paper No 6 Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Wastes A Technical Memorandum on Reclamation. Treatment and Disposal including a Code of Practice l ondon Her Majesty's Siutionery OHice <A Z o  Crowncopynjfii !76 Frs!putf*>447976 Thirdimpression (Stpterrtter) JS3N C 11 751000 9 CONTENTS 1 Background 2 NttvrtofmslM *nd intingi 3 Toxicity aspects 4 General discussion of mathods of treatment and currant disposal methods 5 Recommended handling procedures to facilitate reclamation, storage, treatment and final disposal 6 Possibilities and recommendations for reclamation and minimisingwastes 7 Treatment and disposal methods | Code of practice for PCBs Annexl Tradenames Annex! Quantities of PCBs Annex 3 References page 1 3 7 9 11 12 14 17 IB 19 SONS 0 5 1 3 *3 FOREWORD This is a technical memorandumwinch deals with the possiblesowces md the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) wastes arising m. or imported into the UK. Napplies.in addition, to analogous substances such as alkylated chlorobiphenyH and polychlorinated ler - and higher phenyls, which have as yet only restricted uses in the U K The memorandum has been prepared by the Department's Wastes Division. It is based largely on the informal report ofa Sub-Group of the Department of the Environment's Working Group on Waste Disposal Legislation. The membership cf the Sub-Group was as follows: UrfAwsrr. Central Umto* Erwonmental *giiurton Department of the Environment at ereseni Direct*. Roya* Sociatv fo> ,h Piowciion of B4t Secretary MfJPGiKrov*. CentraiUmton Cnyvonmenul PoSunon Deeanrmnt of the tmnonment OrHA VoHdtn Monsanto Chemicals Ltd DrPPmn Marketing Director. Redlz-tdffVij Ltd UrHPvfhn*Hoof Redtand/Purfe (jnrndcJonone ocCvs-j -i MrR L StanfryOirecto'. 66AMATr*Psmi*nn*rid Distribution Association MrCtwmoptmatlendtd in Mr Stanky splKe on one occasion MrA WDrrmCh**f Pollution Off<c*r. Glamo-gan RiverAuthority MrG Daves afsa or Glamorgan River Authority filed ttm posuon on MrA W Davies'* apoomtment to a regional waterauthonry KtrM S(*rs4tfOeptnmeM of Industry MrA WKmny. Mr R GO OtnonttndMrJ Bertt/ry of Ote Department of the Environment aho pamepated. The final chapter comprises a Codeol Practice prepared in a form suitable fer those requiring direct answers about disposal of PC B wastes. 1 BACKGROUND 1.1 PCBs area rangeof substances consisting cf a biohenyl molecule wnh Or without afkyf or ary) substituents in which more than one Cbtonne atom is substitutedm the b*ohenyl nucleus As marxrfactured todaythey are matures of comoounds chlorinated to varying degrees accodmg to the intended useand may a>so contain fcrw levels cf such highly tox impurities as chtorobenzothioxins and oolychtorodibenzofutans 1.2 It is belved that PCBs do not occu'naturally They are very resistant to chemical and biochemical degradat on. their stability increasingwith the degree of chlorination and the-efor*theyoers'Stinthe environment They are soluble m fats and o>fs and since they are only metabolized ar>d excreted slowly, they accumulate m the faity tissues of Irving organisms 14 The oatternoftheir environmental behav cir and distribution is revealed by present environmental levels consequent on the previous uncontrolled use and disposal. They are wtoely distributed with high levels occurring m industrial areas (up to several hundred pom m sediments near some industrial outfalls in the USA having been *ecorded) and very tow levels elsewhere, typically 0 00001 ppm * in air and Sea-water, less than 0 001 ppm in fresh water and less thanO Of pom-n soil and submarine sediments. 1.4 Hcv.ever. aquatic O'oamsms take up PCBs from v.arev The mean concentration in North Atlantic plankton is about 0 2 ppm Levels up to 01 ppm,n lobsters. 0-5 oom in mussels and 2 epm ir herring have been reported Predatory birds, particularly those feeding on aduat>c organisms at the end of food chains, show the highest levels 900 opn has been reported m the liver of a UK heron. 1.5 Fortunately the end of this food chain is not of imoorUnce toman In the great majority of his foods <n the UK. the levels well aglow0 05 ppm. 1.8 PCBs are sold under a variety of trade '-ames which are g-ven in Annex 1. ' P#rtoermillion. 16.1 Pno*to 1973 thyv w*r used *s dielectric herds. hydreuhc hyids. he?t kmsfp fluid*. HjVicanfc advacuum piano Hwds and as otat'ccers n adhasKas. sealants. pamts. plastics *-d c*toenle$s cooymg pacef. 1.6.2 In February 1973 the Como* of the OECD agreed con?-~i t^e-r tne Wdielectricand hydremic fh*tte. r*i* .'acrer aoof<ca r-on bemg r--, ted n use <r rtwwrig equipment for special dut-s hhe UK. the sole manufacture' has ooerated a more stringent voluntary control since 1971. restricting its sales to dielectric apolications although arz .:d<^g samples -or research oirocses. 1.7 The general conclusionu that the use of PCBs should be resected to aodicat'onswhAia th* mc'evr-r*r - f.hst.t-jt r*cducts v.Ov'd c-esem greater overall hazards and that dscosat s^eu'd accord with the Code of Practice herein (section H). 1.8 The EEC will shortly be out' =h -g 'a: dire:J'-es retasngto PC8s;one dealing with ihe restrictions on marketing, and use which is c'osety aligned to OECD and U< production controls: and the oth-jr is concerned with the treatment and disposa of PCS waste. 2 2 NATURE OF WASTES AND ARISINGS 2.1 the .vastes requiring disposal a*e: 2.1 1 thesearming m the manufacture o* PC3s. both solid ngi,gy.d 2 t 2 d'c'ectricflj'dre'nr'-edfronit-.-cause'-f decradafo" or conta-ni-at-?n 2.1.3 _> ty.vc lms;racoed ra-s........ 2.1 .4 d'c!ectncofscraoocdcaocitorss*r^a`u{i!-'-'.a: eOU'Omcnt a"t 2.15 fluids replaced m 'historical' nc- z;vv~ ,e jsosor.n stressed ecuiomentie ore 1971 foraool'Cai'onse-noio/ ng C3sof L'ko'-a"> and or* 1973 fof those employing PCBs from CECO. 2 1.6 PCBcontaminatedmateriaifgscMo taoac.torwmdings. absotben1; mater a< used in cleaning equipment v to Us 217 imoorted wastes 2.2 In the manufacturing orocess. the c . "vnerctal matenal >i d jHiedfrum a mixed chlorination product leaving it*-.- h-yhe' bcimg haefons and substances formed by polymerization These st'll boiloms range from tars to glasses. they are highly chlorinated, stable and therefore very persistent in the environmentbut are relatively'^mobile In addition there are unwanted liquid tractions and contaminated cloths, oaoer. sawdust. Fuller $ Earth, etc used to mop upsoillsand leaks arsing in transfer and use and to cleanout equipment. There is only one manufacturer in the UK. Curre"tmanufacTu,'ng waste erijmgs are about 400 ten- t <:! c .v"fhi'.h l',*d is''Quid thedemamf for PCB <s static a<d : '* ' 15 '"ra5" 2.3 Because of then high bo'img pc t.::; ' on f jmm3f;.iuy and dielectric characterises. PCBs have bee" us"'.! <?> vansfoimeu smee the 194Cs Prior to 1971 only some units cain-K,* label'- warning use's cf the r*ed for adequate disposal S>nce197l new tMnsIc'nws have been so labcCed and some manufacturers have contacted all their customers even those who purchased units in the 1940s. advising themo? the neeC for adequate d'socsJ Some retrospective labelling 'de-tifyng th<s i red has bee" ca^ed out on the elder equipment still m use 3 HOMS 0 5 2 3 2 * 2.4 Tr--:-.j retn Ll*my-./};?-..efSCfTrr;: --erawhose crmbmed uh?I :* "K* h-q'-ivchte-i-a-ed ira-sf-jr-ter ore *' ds is about 300Tonnes ca of v.h*ch about *tfs n fur t** h m market. thedemand >s HM>c *mce the grov-.i-.g dr'r-iwtrr5f:'*t in ih-s a-u is bangmet try Ore c'-*c* !*-gs d'.-d-elecf: T.-ces ardc#'**::"ryed^ecr^njids such as those based cn j'trcones. th qy?h the changeoveris slow due to their higher cost. PCB-Mted transformers **e ormcipany usedwhere inconse quences at hre fromigrriton of the d-t'ectrc. dueto arcing orfrom an external source, would be serous eg m shios. basements of buddings and (but rot m the UK) mines. However thedense fumes which are evolved when PCBs are subject to high temperatures makes then unacceptable in some Situations eg wndemrou"d public transport sy;.:;r*s. 2.5 Transforrrer dielectric flu es m.jy be adverse!-, a'iected by entry ofwater and the eotnomem operators are tf'cr *? rre advised to samoto and analyse the fluid periodically. (The manufactur?rcf PCB provides an analytical service.) It may be necessary toreoiace the f!u*d because of contamination or breakdown. Smce the life of large transformers is about thirty years, the UK s just coming to the period of substantial repiacementof PC8-filled units At present a few are scrapped annually with an average dOectnc charge per unit of 1 tonne. It is expected that about 130 tonnes of PCBs will arise for disposal in 1985 (from both sources: rejected dielectric and scrapped transformers) andaboui 250 tonnes m200C. 2.4 Large capacitors are used to smooth out large (shock) load fluctuations on industrial power supply systems Many large factor** are equipped with banks of them. The four major manufacturers use about 600tonnes Da of Ihe lower chlorinated PCBs for this purpose. The average content per unit is about 3kg with a range over all units of 0-75 to 30kg 2.7 These capacitors firstwent mio service in the late 1950s and since their life is about twenty -five years, waste from them t$ not vet significant However, it isestrmated that by the 1980s 130 tonnes PCB pa and by 2000*00 tonnes Oa will arise for disposal 2.8 There is no parallel to the transformer cose of occjiional replacement of the fluid in large capacitors due to deterioration. 2.9 Sma;l PC6 - filled capacitors are f nod to the st,.' units of fluorescent lights and fractional horse-power motors of the type used in domestic and light-industrial electrical equipment Typically they t obtain about 50 g of the lower chlorinated PCBs. mostly absc'bed in the windings They carry no label identifying the ^CB content. There are upwards of lOOmillipn fluorescent fcghtsinuse Thewpste<ntmacai>caf>yn:-anseswhendieequ'oment scrapped o'(as rejects)durmg manufacture ofthecsoacrorv Owing to the development of aftemnwecapecilers end motor system*it is understood that the use l*efy to decrease. At omsen; theestimated use is S00tonnes pa PCB m some 16 mflion umts with a waste productionof 250 tonnes oawhich, tis estimated, will peak at 600tonnes m 1950. or oessrbfy sooner, andthen decrease to 100 tonnes by 1990. 210 The use of PCBs for purposes other than those detailed above was about 100tonros m 1972/73. It has not been possible toestimate thecurrent waste oroduction for the historical uses but a study cf Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act notifications suggests that there is now little waste from ttvs sotece. 211 In recent years up to 250 tonnes pC B ca wastes, both from manufacture and use. have been imported from mainland Eirooe because of insufficient adequate disposalcapacity m this area. 2.12 The annual waste arising*, present 3n<j ced'Cted are summarized in Annex 2. MOWS 0 5 2 3 3 0 3 TOXICITY ASPECTS J.1 as deduce J frv-i animal e*ct-ments. the *- -fe o'*-' toxrctv ;f PC 8s to man n lew. brrg similar to DOT The chrome toxicty !smcJe*a!e. t" a-> mc-dent mJaoan in which PCB cor- tarmnated need was estimated 10 have been consumedbyrne'e than 15.000 oeoole. of 5 he 1.000confirmed cases the average dose associated w:th s>goificantchmrel symptoms was 30mg/dj/ but effects wc?cnct.c*d in these who had raicen m 3 mg/dav o\e' several months 3.2 tt is also known however that some aquafeerganisms mivbe killedat very few levels, lor example certain freshwater shr.mos at 0-001 onm or less in v.ater, accnseguence of the factors noted m 1 ,-J and it has been reoorted th.it no threshold level was found celow which shnmpsdk) nol accumulate PCBs The accumulation of PCBs m tha livers of o edatory birds feeding on aquatic organismsmay interfere with the shell-forming grocess leading to thin-shelled eggs ard a corsequc-iticl high mg'toiny amongst chicks 3.3 Thereissom-unceMa v.-i-imterprctirgda'.jcotoxicityductothe oresence in early commercial v -rations of $ig- hcant levels uf inourmes. notably cNorobenzodioxms j*vl colychtorodibc colurans It is therefore difficult to set permissible le .els for PCBs The US Food and Drug Administration have set interim l-o.els nfoed ranging from 0 2 Dpm for spec-jl infant and juniCT foods to 5 pom for poultry and the edible pat cf fish anJ Shellfish. The US Environmental Protection Agency has recommended nat dischargeto surface waters should be controlled so that levels do not exceed 0 00001 com in the recipient waters. 3.4 Whilst ihemoi'er.it*! tn^ctv> f pCBs<ti that theprec -=s.iCio-*s *--ec-d nut bo extreme but :h-' concc-nuticr up the anujTi--oci chain and sca-'se no.- ledge of t~.;ch:c-r^e:f-;:!ii- man (as ir. n.x 'nusualwth substanc- s .-.111 1 do rot. o ur '-.-t . i .) .V for urai_:...l ..'Iitiols 4 GENERAL OISCUSSION OF METHOOS OF TREATMENT AND CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS 4.1 Incineration 4.1.1 Most of the curentiy generated pC8 wastes are destroyed by incinera tion. this bemg done >n units registered in the UK under the Alkali Acts as Chemical Incinerators These units ae fitted w'th wet gas scrubbing systems and are caoableaf achieving sustained temperatures of 1100'C. There are at present four or oossrfc'v five such units the UK The wastes disposed of m this wav mcii.de a L'Qu'd waste from the rianufactgrr'g process and from transformers and large capacitors. b Solid wastes from the nanufactun-g process, usually cast indiums. c Miscellaneous sol'd wastes including waste from the manufacture of small capacitors and contaminated raqs. sawdust. Fuller's Earth etc arising at manufacturing and han-jlnn olants 4 1.2 Ansmgout ofmetal'ecoveryocjrat-jns somefu'ther t>ut unknown Quantities of PCB wastes are subjected to varying degrees of heat treatment These areprincipallyassociated with scrao. small capacitors which are recovered from domestic waste when it passes through a transfer depot or treatment plant and from industrial seoarotion ooeranons. Though the principal metal used in small capacitor construction is aluminium, the metal saturation process is notcomoletely effective and some PCB associated with non-ferrous components finds its way mtT ferrous scrap, ft isftkefy that the PCBcontentof suchscraa wh r`i im`i ; r --,-^ef furnaces. where temperatures 'o-i- ` -'i . - -- mayescapetoat-no.ah.--; " 4.1 3 Little PCCs will be d-'sl-u. a f . f ' -t t some will escape to the avnosohe-*: i .i be - ; t''u exhaust system and after release to tf-e atmosohere. Some break down by virtue of the material acting as a chlorine dmor will probably occur. 4 1.4 Nowadays a major proportion o< metal scrap is treated at fragmentation plants where items are fed in intact, and after cleaning, which mav involve t m o snow nvrhe fe-ous scrap > separated t? "ct-cW Th c*c*c*ton won*d po6ato*y beshar:*-9d MiThec'Ccessar'dso-i--- 3CSswow'd escape t9:*e 4i Undfin 4.2.1 A high proportion cf the s~*aBcacac ;: sc'ap. arising f'cm use n the Starter C^CU*U cf fluoresce"t !,cht f "mgs and `'JCi'Otai hCVSS - power 9<ectr c mote- applications. is d-scrse:! cf to landMl separately cr n* redyr.gant acpfia-ices Ci'eo'the m, - "r^:-a >3 viadc"ost'crefus*wh ch s taken d"9Ct tola"is:'l. wt>e'9 cte~% :ictf>cieou'9'n*ntts^ot-i2rmailv re.pve*ed 5cr sc-'aca-i?--5 t> djr-edai U'-.'bottomofa<>, :<clause 4.2 2 Small Quantities of c.-t^mir-ated ran;. pacer, sawdusr. Fuller's Earth etcar.sngat r-a-Jaciv-t ^ i rangimg picr-ts also go to la-dtol 4.3 Recovery A small but increasing amcuvf PC8 waste. c'mcipally from transformer applicationsand tcsomextei ; from large cao-jotors. is recovered bva process involving clarification a.d vacuum d'St'llation In the case cf targe capacitors >t % worthwhile draining off excess fluid for recovery and incinera tion. Some PC0 s recovered horn small capacitor manufacturing rejects by vacuum disuHaiion and the change from paper to polypropylene windings (which do not absorb PC8) is creasing ;he>r recovery potential. 4.4 Other methods 4.4 1 Some materials have < . stored pendi 'g the availability of acceptable disposal methods and the accun-jlated backlog is still being dealt wuh mainly by incineration. 4.4 2 With respect tc dumping ,,-t sea PC6s are m effact proscribed materials under the Oslo and London conventions to which the UK is a signatory and n consequence of this a licence to dump at sea required by the Oumpvtg at Sea Act 1974 would not be granted 5 RECOMMENDED HANDLING PROCEDURES TO FACILITATE RECLAMATION. STORAGE. TREATMENT AND FINAL DISPOSAL 5.1 LabefBng ofproducts and wastes Modem transformers and large car jc tcrjcontammg PCec*-ry lateL mfc'mingp-xchasersofthe need' r edeouate disposal. Profc n-15TMj; however w^th he d'soosa* of o*d9* :* ' :h9's9d equipment. Ref'sceo .e labeling bvmanufacturers shou'd to '.a--ed out where.er possible tut with units for which there are no adeoua:? 'ecords identification maybe assisted by examining the original capital cos' and suing of the unit an<j by tfe tact that the operating and maintenance procedures for PC9 -f4*ed units are different from those filled with hydrocarbon oils. 5 2 Methods of storage and containment Special care should be taken in the transportation of as manufactured bulk liqurd PC8s and waste liquid PCBs They should be carried m adequately sealed and well-labelled heavy-duty containers and preferably not in standard drums Precautions are especially important m the case of the highly chlorinated type of PC8 used m transformers. Labelling of containers shoutd be consistent with the recommendations ol theCIGRE Code of Practice on the transportand use of dangerous materials. (Conference Internationale des Grande* R4seaux Etectrrgue a Haute Tension: Study Committee No 15: Working Group 02 The Properties of Askarels and recommendations for their use in electrical equipment* 1974 ) It 1$ essential that PCBsfor reclama tion should be kept in sealed containersto avoid contamination of the external environment S.3 Handling 5.3.1 A good standard oi housekeeping shoutd be maintained when handling PC8s. 5 3 2 The transferof liquid PC 8s from portable containers to storage tanks in the factory orto the incinerator at the deposat site shoutd be caretutty conducted, and the containercompletely drained to ensure >t is not a residual source of pollution. 9 MONS OS2 1 3 2 5 3 3 ft ?c rdnits^s ?> :uh) bi iwJwJ l^drt't working *u bt flooredw:h so>^ tww. wi# a statablecom**) >fnKsav supervision a~i mamtenence. 5.34 Where thereare large auan;t>esofPC9s.t!undsand(fcjmo tanks should be provided to prevent PCSspassing into thedrams 4 the dielectric hutd is rmshan^ed. Strict precautions shotid be takento enstxe that PCBs do notenter sewerage systems or water courses 5 3.5 When handing PC Bs protective gloves and ck)thmg should be worn and care taken to avoid contact with *km and eyes: cuts and abrasions n particular should be caretuiiy covered. Smoking, eating or dunking should be forbidden aid the hands washed thoroughly after the operation. 6 POSSIBILITIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECLAMATION AND MfNIVIZlNG WASTES $.1 Possibilities for extending reclamation 6 1 1 Aioresent It TS not profitable lorejss C5s from some aoet'Catons For example. the bulk of the liounJ m sna" casactors a ma^r PCS aooi*catn. >s absorbed on the paperwmdrrgs and a'though the PC 9 can be distilled off and recovered the ooeration reourescare a- alternative orocess involving solvent extraction is used n Geima~ v 612 Reclamation ofliauid PCBsiS'cad^yachievedbyclarif'cationand vacuum distillation at a cost substant-ailv -owef than the cost of manufacture In some dielectric Hurds the PC Bis mixed wth other materials such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and mineral oils and stabilisers which make recovery by normal separation techniques difficult Also the service is only offered at one centre in the UK and transport costs mayin some cases make recovery only marginally cheaoer The process >s test suited to transformer fluids and should be considered as the preferred method for them f.2 Useof aharnativematarials 6.2.1 Transformers The use of transformers containing PC B >n potentially high-risk situations is not expanding significantly due to the development of alternative dielectrics and transformer deskfns The substantially higher costs of these alternatives are however inhibiting a geneia'change-over to their use. 6 2 2 $ir>ollCactc '~r5 ThcryisanacceleMt o.-' . > ` ...................... cao^jit forfiun-v^'.c- t :h''f :J polvu'O-p'/icne has Iicu-t troduc-.-i-i - -< ;'v u r: c - <_ f - - fittings although it >sat present at c-it 1r- ce> tmeri e <c*; >si.e tha=> the PC B -filled type It is possible that ti * PC3-f'Ucd capacitors m this application may be largely t:>3CTtir' nth.* thr-a to I: ;e yoars 6 2 3 Motors Theie is also some evidence that theusoof caoaC'tor start motors in domestic appliances is diminishing due to design changes. 11 HOMS 0 5 2 3 3 3 7 TREATMENT AND OlSPOSAL METHODS 7.1 CB .-.j.e .-e-Ed 7.2 Fa''"3"' st-rs.-shc. .. p?*-: -.adisocs-:: vt temperature '>: r'9-afio'--fitted wti'. g-as scrubbing s,stems ar-d Capable of ach:*. ngsusta *55 -ign te^C9; ru`9S Uumcw1 --ci^er;v's areno.su'ta&'e fc-rthisoirocse Forcomo'stcdestruct'cncf PC3sb,- incinerttion.th a-apjur m jstc-jnamiame:: f .r asufftcar* t r-e at a *uHicentivhigb:9-floratjr.-.tth sufficient excess oxygen m the combust; .m gases A US cyblcanon. (Pefe-ence 1). indicates that satisfactory destruction Of PCBs maybe achieved by incineration fo- two seconds at 1100'C with 3 oar cent excess oxygen and further suggests that stack ermssons should hot*ceed 1 mg'n' PCB Most incinerators do not achieve-he appropriate condirons but m the TJ*C th?fca:ct leas; fou-operated bvor<vat< contractor V'h. 'f 'scia tted. do i.-.? r` these are car of handle gboth bcu'ds and Cut Other j.. o (.* i-il-/ acceot Itft-.; !.. Tests on enronsf'Cm one 'iT.ii J a:*u c*'o hjfjij dIuss mcmerah'' t cated than1-: units were caoofcle of a'.iveMng ie.c'! ,r than the- : jted above I he UK manufacturer cf PC8s use: -n method In* t wastes arising in manufacture and '.v!! recommend a smiat:, incinerator. I incinerator '3 registrable under the Alkali Acts on account not dnly of th h . nogen chloride emtentof the jaseous discharge, but also ciassilicat - ts a chemical incinerator. 7.3 The wastes arising from manufacture f^inusesasadielectncn transformers and from imports may be dis;'-' , ;n of by reclamation or incmeraticnbut about a .hirrtef rhe PCS v.ave arises from cococto's and i? a minor extent from the cl de: uses of PCBs '.`.'ith large power correction caoaotofsitisworthvwhiletod'am off the excess fluid for recovery or ncineraticn it isooss'bie ;o incinerate the residual core material either directly or after a preliminary (vacuum) distillation or solvent wash to recover me PCS fiom the windings 7.4 Recovery cf PCBs $ tv.' teimoracncac'elcr the small caoacitois fitted to electncal aophances "hey cu-mot be easily identified. smee they are not labelled, and in any case the tek could be unduly laborious Sometimes capacitors attached tc electnc motors are ieused when the motors are recovered but more usually the articles are disposed of through the ordinary 12 orocesses d refuse d>soosaf and sera? recovery 'd*soo>al W*e~ domestic refuse t takendect to le-'dhW. e^ectnc i*g*n and domestic electrical eou-oment contained m it are not ncrm.iityreco-eed fer scrap andthe Hems arebuned at the bottom of a layer cf re'use "*'< ,s no inormat>o on de prooon>on of smalt capacitor* contar^g PC 9 wh<h goes to landfill. 7.1 There is no dree; evidences? irry^`.T."z~ c* pCBs >n iar*df*H. though slowdesradat'on may wy'i occur it see-si <. given t^at the PC9$ (which have'ow water sri-.b''-; .) j'-.' -s i-ori fel.'"C v.iMbes1'. /. a*'r< ; a; free ''. 'f,dmscj r-ru.^ei m , 1 tard`--'i Sites pose noc. tc- r-?i .vid ti-.-r i.r-jf >d,?c.'t-a' -a sa'isfactory method The extra eP.'tf-' cen'ena-e thecasavt'.rs $n-jt justd-ed. (see paragraph 7.4). It 13 suggested ho ?r t"*et undue cv .? -tra* - s at am- onelandMIsueshcu dbeav-'id"-' is a '-.-ugh cu d.' a if 5 million items are scrapped a-ouaiiy. and b d theyared'soosed ol w-th 35 miit-on tomes of domestic and industrial waste annually - one may expect one item me.c'.- 7 ton-.v eoprc,r~.v.-<!v:tui.,al9''! to between-orty-five andS'xty 'K-.s i:`:< 1 .CiOCm'cfland*-' . ! -Jomejtic refuse. If theleve<as revealed b,-o' a',''~iiobser.st ..r.cTDr-;e item per tonne or greater the*e ; he a ".?? *pt h-o rhe causa and.if reasjnahly practicable furd vtrt.nys.'.merjf items s!$cwhet?. Such undue concentrations could he oresumed to be the result of an industrial disposal. 7.6 Small intermittent quantities which cannot be conveniently handled by incineration may be disposed of bv andfitl provided similar guidelines on levels and concentrations as at (7 5) above are observed. 13 MONS 0 5 2 3 3 4 8 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PCfci In the fight of the forgowg h f;>cw>r:g * D'-"-r":ed as a ss:! ; ."tamed Cod of Practice gvteg basic rules v.'T"Out supporting arguments. ? -t the purposes of tfs document wastes ce* ta n-->g mere than n \ g# centc C a s a?e regarded as PC6s. 6.1 Polychlorinatedb*ohenvis (PCBs) are a m>* rare of chiorm ated btphe-iyis the degree of chlorination bemg a-Lusted to the use (the higher chlorinated PCBsm transformers, the lower n capactors) andfor preourocseof control this description also mcKses chlorinated ter- and higher ohenyts. Theyare excellent dielectrics, are stable to thermal, chemical and biological degradation and are frreresrsian; Annex 1 gives a list of trade names under which theyareor have been marketed (1.1.1 2). 6.2 Following the wrdesoread detection of PCSs m the environment and particularly m predatory buds feeding on aquatic organisms, a consequence of their resistance to degradation and to their fat solubility, and following an incident in Japan where the ingestion of PCS-contaminatednc caused injury to humans and death to poultry, the Council of the OECO u* February 1973 agreed to regulate their use by its members by a abandoning their use in open systems and dispersive uses b limiting then use in closed svstems to cases where they are recoverable or non*f)ammabdity is an overriding requirement, or there >s no adequate substitute In the UK the control is further reinforced bv a voluntary scheme imposed m March 1971 bv the sole rnanufacturerwhorestnctsitscommerciaisales to dielectrn; apolicatigrs end research ou'poses (1 3-6.3.1-4) 6.3 In consequence. future use; m the UK are now confined to oouer correction capacitors and transformers (called controllable closed Systems), because they are sealed, big. of long I-le and con'am sufficient PCB teeffer the incentive o* economic recovery. Their use m non-controlled svstems (small capacitors) is being abandoned as adequate substitutes become availableexccot where fire resistance i$ of overriding importance (2 4-9.6.1.6.2). 6.4 Theacutetowotvs fewsi*-*-.*- " etef DOT.thewcnictccttV'S moderate Someattuatrcorga^smear .ervs*^sit' .e tothen-presence m water PC8s concenwat m the livers c* Vgs *** forms due to the* *at sofub*i-tyand affect predatory brds a-d other ergansd^ecthrandewdence -s ava*fab<e to suggest *hy can also affect ***e breeding success of ese and mary o;hr soeces The a<msofcontr?i v? osposa* of wastes are: a to resbret levels m human foods tc t-e lowest practicable, and. b to reduce the levels in iheenvironmrt. esoeca'ly die aquatic enwonmem.by all reasonably pract*cab*< measures (3 1--*). 6.5 Ar estimate of present and future waste a-'S'ngs'sgiven m Annex 2 8.9 In all operations mvolvmg transfer cf CBs eg durwg draining of transformers and power cipactors o fjnster to store to await drsoosal. care should be taken to avoidcontact with skin and eyes Cuts and abrasions should be covered and protective clothing and gloves worn. Hands should be washed after the operation. Smoking, dunking and eating should be prohi bited m the operational area Transfers should preferably take place on hard, undramed. bunded surfaces. Spills should be absorbed at once m sawdust or other, preferably flammable, absorbents Every precaution should be taken to prevent ingress of PCB into sewerage systemsor water courses (53) 8.7 Liquid wastes from transformers and power correction capacitors should be removed as completely as possible and sent for reclamation or incinerated to the standards specified in 8.9 below (41,4.3, 7 2.7 3). 8.8 Wastes should be transported m labelled heavy-duty, specially secured containers, preferably not in standard drums (S.2). 8.9 Manufacturing wastes andOther contaminated solid wastes (eg capacitors from which the liquid PCB has teen drained) should be destroyed in incinerators fitted with oas sen.ht -- i '. - >- *,r"*,atmc at sustamed tempcratu'esit''^t*'' - s* /J be at least two seconds wins r. - StackgasesandgasscrubberiicuiCvs^ j:. - i-ij'idac -it.-* schedule agreed with the regu'atnrv .ii;hvit-rs (Aikait lnso<3'.to*ate and the appropriate Water Authority or. in Scotland, the R-ver urif ication Authority (4.1.72) 9.10 No special precautions need to be taken m the disposal of small capacitors unless there is undue concentration at one particular landfills'te or scrap recovery facility. If theconcentrat'enis mere than one capacitor cs' MOMS 0 5 2 3 9 5 to""* o* mhrr*. (acstojumatsfy renter.;*o 3C0eoc em Dt 1 .OOOn*5 r nwst>gstCT> she^db*md to ascertam treason. *vJdrscosaiv*ig*dso t9 aopioach n averagecorcentraaon 9f net **>99 tAan on* umt OS'7 tonns of refuse {7 5). Wastes r-ss Jiscussec aoc.e s^o-JC be a recovered where at alt possible b destroyed in a suitable incmerator >f recover.- :s imtvact'Cabie c bv^ied at lor.-concentres p-s - ia.-t.jMi rf ne ther recovery ror incineration is possible. 16 ANNEX 1 Tradenames Principaltrade names used for PCS -based J-eiectnc fiords which are usually dassifiedas ASRARE LS AROCLOR (UK. USA) PYPOCLOR (UK) INERTEEN (USA) PYPANOL (USA) PYFALENE (FRANCE) CtOPHEN (GERMANY) APIROUO (ITALY) KANECLOR (JAPAN) SOLVOL (USSR) Other names were used for PCS products intended for historical applications: these include: SANTOTHERN FR (UK) Heattransfer prior lo 1972 THERMINOL FR (USA) Heattransfer pricr to 1372 PYORAUL (USA) Hydraulicappitcationsbefor1972 PHEN0C10R (FRANCE) FENCLOR (ITALY) The trade names SANTOTHERN. THERMINOL and PYORAUL *?. .dim use but these nowrefer to non-chlormatud products. In thacaseof SANTOTHERN and THERMINOL only the FR series contained PCBs and present-day products are not labelled as FR. in thecase of PYDRAULS. the present series ofhydraulicfluids which do not contain halogenstedcompounds are designated B C or E. NQNS 0 5 2 3 3 6 ANNEX 2 OmWw of W>i M~v?isr*'9 T<a-iio~P9i la-;e S--J- Hr*:o*ta! Ton* PC9*---! 9*' r'*'WH j "O Wltrin* 6Mwin (hi ;fv ( No.of amis ma-utaeTmefi p annum Avcrtgcwtof PCS per unit Lifeofwnil Quanmesof wntti'iBting 0M) Estimittf futuie oujntiM OfwMM ronly 200 !o-hrn mrkt) 1 lonr* 4C0 tonnes (bouid) 30vts 10 tonnes (bouid) 150.000200.000 IS-** 3 kg 50g {-ange07$ -30kJ 2Syeari 5-10y*fs ** 250 lOOlonnes tonnes 1972-73 Not likely tOH'CrOKC 1985 130 tonnes 2000 2SQ wines 1930 130 tonnes 2000 403 Wvhs 1990 600 tonnes 1990tOO tonnes * Plus up 250tonnes of imported material. * * Cwrenity Kttle waste OS capacitors notbroughtinto sennet untH 19SOs IS ANNEX 3 w deferences (1) NatwWEIectncel Manufactures Assooa:n 1373 Ofhcwt Standa-ds P-oposal PUSmeCPPt-73 TPP3-73 lSecro-2 sage8) Someforth*-.daWed ntonnstioaabout the soce's. use andC*aat of pC3s'seete",,etf>n tbet>t*<ttt'Sedb*to*: (2) OGRE {%) OCCO (4) J FrcuOenthal and PA Grave (5) KlCKaiter tndPTSWong (6) O Hutzange* SSafe VZitka 1974 Proot't-esflf Askarefaand tcanmendabontfee tbeeuse m leefncat MWtW StudyCommmsmNo. IS tVertongCm&OS. 1973 OocuK*nt*tsAa3)o4FetnrvU. PotrcMenmttd Btuttrryft todtht invwpruntm' (COM-72-10.419) datribirtedby the National TechnicalInformation Service. US Department of Commerce. 5295 Port Royal Road. SeringfeM V2215t.USA. 1973 `PotychfenfletedWpfWtytcnthe Bud. fitwraa. Cormm Tone Volume 10Np. 2 pp. Iflt-m. 1973 *OacteriiO9'adawnofPoiyct4onnaiad (phenyls I. Identificationot son* Wabolic products from A/oclOff24r Butt, fnvwon Connm Fen?Volume f I No. 3. 1974 . TtuChmsuyetPCB Chemical RubberCo. 1974 Amies . Ee*fi4tar HarMainui Sweden Oiticekr 8rt0<"t 6 MwiatH*aa *m 04 sat*** re 'om MOMS 0 5 2 3 3 7