Document ByJdGJEjdrxwBEM014KbvMyMJ

WVW ;" - : . :. V- a ".'' -a r'inr % '*/b ' - V:'-1:- ; + ' ..." ; . .`x'-vW.UZirfil ' '. '" vCy-V .:.'j ..5`i.Trvj :/ INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS . .'../; 'fi",. i^v".. : ' . '..(' ,. LITERATURE ABSTRACTS .................... ,, .......... ., ...... ^ '"" 'V-':';' MEDICAL*. .. V;, , .. -J'1 ; >.-;tyKi-A'.it'Wa RSstWfv ../' , . ,.- i.' '-' ... '.' ; . .v- - .. PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT wy-. in'-- m&s* * -AirifKg | NDUSTRIAL HvqiE EATURES For a discussion on health and person;ality see Abst. No. 228. Ml m. ' What isexpected of the professional person in litigation? See Abst. No. ^ :........... Wf'vNY''' Abst.* No, 233 is concerned with car<- t i-diovascular studies on lumberjacks. ; " '> '"' rtivX'fStudies on-occupational physical exer- ^v.iion.andcoro&ary atherojclerotic heart : K.^diseasV are .presented iri'Abfct; No. 234. - _____ ;-v5V',';'.: t-v^r-v . m Ahst. No/-238 discusses, brucellosis".' (..<>/v^-i^f-the .bones and joints./-v'> . \tK. : ^ij,*"?.>`*-Ce'ntrllobuiar Lethphysema. lai surveyed jjWSV'V'l,' Ab.t. Noi'Z.l.' J'f'vr * .V^ {& Consult Abst.' No. '242 for information |j;^:^I^CT^7l;1'Oh''the "toxin--antitoxin" phenomenon m' . :^;-Mn burned and injured human subjects^-.-*-.-. i. -i 'i;/-' 4^* ^Effect 'of environmental temperature The production of myocarditis by allyl- " amines in animals is described in Abst. . No. 254. Toxic encephalopathy apparently relat- . ed to the use of an insect repellent is the title of Abst. No. 256. Data on the relation between lung dust. , and lung pathology in pneumoconiosis are given in Abst. No, 264. ' " - ' - !' Abst. No. 266 describes investigations. ' on connective tissue- in experimental**, sillcosis-and anthracosis. . '*&& See Abst.1 No. 266 for the prevention of "silica shock" by elumlnurnt/;'^v'\(0'jt''. . ,, Abet; No. 272 Is concerned with the' '-tty;? physiological'effects of .carbon black*'. .So*;- '/: h' . Syxnpt welde Abst Will flit! I APPOINTED MEMBERS OF I-H-F TECHMICAL COMMITTEES: ^Chemical- v/'Toxicological. - H. H. .'Fawcett, General Electric Co. - George C. Reed, Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. r William J. Wiswesaer, Willson Products Div. , Ray-O-Vac Co. PV.5'' !,'*-*VEng'ineerihg- si:i P. J. Sherwin, Penna. Mfrs. Assn. Casualty Insurance Co. * Herbert T. Walworth; Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co. - iii'-S..-;?i. ' . *. Dr. J. P. Hughes, Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. Dr.- S.-D. Steiner, Gdheral Motors Corp. .. s---1 Ti:- "AS -V: f ,0 ini - m TRANSACTIONS OF'SILVER ANNIVERSARY MEETING of Industrial Hygiene Foundation held In Pittsburgh, Pa. on October 26-27, I960; have been published as the complete March 1961~iesae~of the Archives of Environmental Health. Copies of these' Transactions will be sent to all members of the Foundation. NEW RjEPRINTi"-,MTuberculoslllcosls: : A Study of Its Synergistic Mechanisms*1, by '. Gross, M/ L.` We Strickland J.M. McNerney, Journal of Occupational Medicine '` .M 2,`:571;. (Dec. -1960). `r'.This1 reprint is available from .the Foundation upon request. * -'> -T j./'i'i.i-v1-'?-I ; :'It - * !'. ' ---------- -- ------------- ------------------- . ` J-. v'': ' i'J -;i "'i-!.!: ` -'-'itth" annual'-meeting -'^OCTOBER1 25 M'26, iKlViSW 5, :V V . / l - V' TABLE OF-' CONTENTS News Item*................................. 2u*jv;W/ , , ,S\ Coming Events ... Occupational Disease Statistics . Legal Developments .** Book*! Pamphlets and Notices Industrial Medical Practice . ' . Skin Diseases And Burns .. . .'Chemical Hasards . *. ..V V W/ ? ? '.*./> f\ < 'j-i ," 'SvVV*.*"'--^Industrial Dusts . ; \ ,r...* . : >:; r.; -s ;`iAfr '^Physical Aspects of the Environment! - .t/. S': .Radioactivity and X-Radiation ' - :; v-^ vv' -; Environmental Measurements * * .-Tj'Y Preventive Engineering >! . ; ^Community Air Hygiene * `i- - : ..... ;:;S '. 1 ' ....!, j- j..-. ..`../A-e * *.vLit>>_.-'.WSa . <r VM.'v} 'Management Aspects A'* i-V- *. Accidents and Prevention . Miscellaneous* . *!.*. Index. \!rV'UV-i $ l%\ :ijfy.V,Vv ; . ;V, ;;ij rs.. \S`v'.'. 'V.'!*'.t'i:: -l - -S' Industrial Hygiene Digest Mifcr., I 'it', state and local government* 32%. The committee was appointed by Surgeon General Leroy E, Burney, ai the request of Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Arthur S. Flem ming, after the National Conference on Air Pollution in November 1958. Copies of the re port are available at the HEW Press Room, Washington 25, U.C. -- Science 214 AEC Series on Radiation. The Atomic Energy Commission has published the first in a series of pamphlets describing its biomedical program, which is directed toward the accumulation of knowledge of the effects upon living things of nuclear radiation from any source--natural or man-made. The booklet, titled Marine Sciences Research, was prepared under the direction of the Com mission's Division of Biology and Medicine. It summarizes work in progress at 13 institutions through 28 research contracts. The new publication ia available at 50 cents a copy from the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. The second and third series will be devoted to AEC genetics and cancer research programs. -- Science 215 Gerontological Journal. TheGerontological Society, Inc., has authorized publication of a new quarterly j. journal to be known as The Gerontologist. It will be similar in format to the Journal of Gerontology. Publication will begin in 1961. The new publication will feature review articles,; theoretical articles, historical articles, and articles dealing with current action programs. A dozen countries will be represented on the editorial board, emphasizing the international character of the enterprise, Oscar J. Kaplan, San Diego Statu Coll ege, San Diego 15, Calif. will serve as editor-in-chief. Manuscripts should be sent to him for consideration by the edi-: torial board. - - Science I COMING EVENTS l r ii- 1. 216 Mar. 26-31 Apr. 3-15 Apr. 4-6 Apr. 4-7 Apr, 5-7 Apr. 5-7 Apr. 6-7 Apr. 7-8 Apr. 7-9 Apr. 9-13 Apr. 9-13 Apr. 9-14 Apr, 9-15 Apr. 10-14 Apr. 10-15 Apr. 11-13 Apr. 12-13 Apr. 12-14 American Association of Anatomists, Chicago, 111. 1 1th Medical'Conference, Nassau, Bahamas Electromagnetics and Fluid Dynamics of Gaseous Plasma, International *. Symposium, New York, N. Y. Society of Automotive Engineers, Natl. Aeronautic Meeting, New York Cityj Annual Conference and Corrosion Show of National Association of Corrosionj Engineers, Buffalo, N.Y. j Symposium on Ground Water Contamination. U. S. Public Health Service, ' Cincinnati, Ohio j Council on Medical Television, Annual Meeting, Bethesda, Maryland ' Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia, Pa. American Association for Cancer Research, 52nd Annual Meeting, Atlantic. City, New Jersey American Association of Cereal Chemists, Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas , Annual American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Detroit, Michigan American Industrial Health Conference, Los Angeles, Calif. American Institute of Nutrition, Atlantic City, New Jersey American Society of Civil Engineers, Phoenix, Arizona Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 45th Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey Institute of Environmental Sciences, Annual Meeting, Chicago, III. information and Decision Processes, 3rd Symposium, Lafayette, Ind. Agglomeration, International Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa. ! 2. on* industrial Hygiene Digest March, 1961 Apr. 13-14 Apr. 17-19 Apr. 18-20 Apr. 18-20 Apr. 18-21 Apr. 20-22 Apr. 20-24 Apr. 23-27 Society ol Technical Writer* and Publishers, Kth Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California 7th `tional ISA Symposium on Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Houston, Texas Annual Convention, American Welding Society, New York City Chemical Reactions in the Lower and Upper Atmosphere, International Symposium, San Francisco, California American Geophysical Union and American Meteorological Society, Wash ington, D.C. Association of Southeastern Biologists, Lexington, Kentucky Microbial Reactions in Marine Environments, International Symposium, ' Chicago, ill. 39th Annual Convention of the Oil Heat Institute of America, Washington, D.C. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS 17 Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases Reported to the Respective Health Departments. ) Conn. Dec, Pa. Jan.-Feb. Tenn. Jan. Total Adhesive fumes A nthraco- silicosis Anthraco-silicosis (suspected) Bronchial asthma Carbon monoxide poisoning Dermatitis Fumes (unidentified) Paint fumes Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis (suspected) Poison oak Polycythemia Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) Tuberculosis Total 18* 1 1 1 19 id 1 1 1 24 1 90 2 1 3 1 2 145 1 I1 18 1 :1 1 12 132 :1 1 .1 90 2 1 1 1 ;5 2 2 15 179 * Causes are listed as follows*. Connecticut: Occupational dermatitis due to oils and greases and metal cutting compounds 4; occupational dermatitis due to solvents 2; occupational dermatitis due to other chemicals: glues 1, synthetic~re~sli>-or- resin compounds 3, miscellaneous 1; occupational dermatitis--other: infection 4, miscellaneous 1. & 3. ...... Industrial Hygiene Digest LEGAL developments 1" 218 Illinois Radiation Installations arc Chocked, Radiation exposure, that may affect tin: public health and safety, is of growing con cern to the State Department of Public Health, llliuuid is one of the first states to enact and implement a radiation protection act (July 1757). l<rn|MMiuiljility for radiological health lies in the Division of Sanitary Engineering, Rules and regulations arc being formulated and plans made to facilitate regular and periodic investigations and inspections of all radiation installa tions in the State. This includes nuclear reactors as wi.-JI as industrial and medical installa tions. Total registered installations in the State now number 7,361, which includes hundreds of users of radioactive materials, such ;t9 cobalt, radium, iodine, gold, etc. An adequate in spection system is being initiated to follow up on licensees to determine if they are performing in accordance with their license for the use and possession of the materials. Toward the im mediate goal of sufficient inspectors to carry out the new law, 14 qualified x-ray technicians have been employed by the Department. Prior to being placed in the field, these technicians have undergone a comprehensive training period consisting of lectures and demonstrations, re view of basic nuclear physics, mathematics and instrumentation, all necessary in thorough checking of radiation installations. -- Am. Soc. Civil Eng. , Sanitary Eng. Div. News ... ''1 : -`I; 22 219 Commissioners Approve Pollution Survey of Washington Air. Dr. Daniel L. Finucane, Director of Public Health, was given responsibility by the District of Columbia Commissioners on October 25 for a project to survey and monitor air pol lution in the District of Columbia. The study, to be underway in a few months, will provide a continual check against pollution buildup to hazardous levels as well as data on extent of pollu tion, trends in air quality, and identification of agents responsible for definite injury, damage or nuisance. The Public Health Service will cooperate with the Weather Bureau, Department of Agriculture, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Maryland and Virginia Departments of Health and agencies of the District Government in carrying on the project, -- Am. Soc. Civil Eng., Sanitary Eng. Dlv. News 220 Massachusetts Governor Approves Air Pollution Control District. 3 M n j On October 3, 1960, a bill passed by the legislature of Massachusetts was approved by the Governor, thus establishing a Metropolitan Air Pollution Control District which includes the City of Boston and adjoining Communities. The State Department of Health is given authori ty for control of air pollution.in the District and for promulgation of rules and regulations re 'V/i lated to such control activities. The Act, among other things, provides for reimbursement to the State by taxing the residents of the communities comprising the District, Authority is given < for the formation of other air pollution control districts within the Commonwealth of Massachu- . setts. -- Am. Soc. Civil Eng., Sanitary Eng. Div. News | 221 No Benefits Advanced. --------- ---------------------------------------- v/?,; `i-t : Is danger of future disability equivalent to disability? Vincent Glodowski, a grinder and sandblaster for Universal Rundlc Corporation, developed silicosis, in its early stage, as > a result of his work. He was not disabled and could have continued his regular job. His physician advised him, however, in order to prevent disabling silicosis, to change jobs. The em-. ployer let him do odd jobs, like cleaning the roof and cutting weeds. This involved a wage loss of more than $1.00 an hour. Gladowski filed a claim for disability benefits. The company in- . isted that he was entitled to recover under the State's Non-Disability Silicosis Statute, but not: .> ;-`r . UJU-LUOL11WA1A IJ UUb\LWi-A^ n- reMVS Ior disability, since at the time of changing jobs lie was not in fact disabled. He could have continued his regular work. The danger of future, not present, disability caused the change, Glodowski insisted his present health condition forced the change in order to prevent future aggravation, and he was therefore already disabled. The court held that loss of wages is not the determining factor. Glodowski could still do his old job. His only recovery, therefore, was under the Non-Disabling Silicosis Statute, Glodowski v. Industrial Commission, Wis consin Supreme Court, 1 05 N. W. 2d 833 (Nov. 1 , I960). -- Occ. Hazards 211 Personal Work Compensable? Robert Maheaux was a handyman for Cove-Craft, Incorporated. The company manu factured wooden sporting equipment and toy's. On October 9, 1957, Maheaux was making a checkerboard for his own use. He used a table saw during his lunch hour. He had never used the saw before and was not too familiar with its operation. A flying chip gave him a permanent eye injury. The company maintained that since Maheaux was on his lunch hour and engaged in a personal project .when, he- was .hurt, his injury, was-not compenaable. Maheaux argued that he had never been forbidden to use the saw for his personal use, that it was customary for employ ees to do this, and that his straw boss was talking to him at the time of the accident and said nothing about stopping,. The court concluded that personal use of the saw was so common.a practice it was a custom. Unless the employer expressly prohibited its use, any injury like Maheaux's was work-connected. Claim allowed. Maheaux v. Cove-Craft, Incorporated, .New Hampshire Supreme Court, 164 A 2d 574 (Oct. 4, 19601. - - Occ. Hazards ol! iws . . ..fej'v" .Mi; ' ` id ies wort-. ''"to '. iTCn , ; hu- . ws m- / )i* >'. Inaot V BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES *23 A Progress Report on the Photochemistry of Polluted Atmospheres. E. A. Schuck, G. J. Doyle and N. Endow. Report No. 31, Air Pollution Foundation, 2556 Mission St., San Marino, California. 112 pp. (Dec. I960). No price given. During the photooxidation of olefins, 3 reactions appear important: the reaction of ' olefins with oxygen atoms, with ozone, and with active intermediates. Active intermediates may be free radicals or zwitterions. The rate of disappearance of olefin, over and above'that accountable by reaction with oxygen atoms and ozone, has been termed the "excess rate". The importance of active intermediates in the mechanism of olefin photooxidation is suggested-by these observations: (1) Some products cannot be accounted for by simple rupture of the double bond. (2) The excess rate is proportional to the square root of the light intensity and to the square root of the initial nitrogen dioxide concentration. The major products of the photooxi dation are produced by rupture of the double bond, leading to various carbonyl compounds. However, significant amounts of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are formed from olefins in certain cases in which these compounds could not be formed by simple bond rupture. Secondary photooxidation of the initial products can also contribute to the products. Alkyl nitrites were identified among the minor products of olefin photooxidation. These nitrites are probably con tributing to olefin oxidation since alkyl nitrites promote destruction of olefins as well as does nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. Other minor products identified were alkyl nitrates and epox ides. The amount of eye irrltatftftr*caused by photooxidation of auto exhaust probably may be reduced most efficiently by control of olefins rather than by control of oxides of nitrogen. Ap proximately 50% of the eye irritation measured in auto exhaust mixtures results from the photo- oxidation of ethylene and propylene. The sensitivity and precision of the present method of measuring eye irritation and of the analytical methods available for measuring products must be improved If the results from synthetic experiments are to be correlated with conditions in the Lqi Angeles atmosphere. -- Cond. from authors' summary I I T IiuIuMm.u '.ivi;.iih: jii|;Lu M .11 ch, i bo 1 224 Alcoholism. Anon. Metropolitan l.it'u liisn r.iiico Company, New York. H pp. (1959). Alcoholism, a serious hcullh problem, in <* condition th.it is characterized by un controllable or compulsive drinking Until very recently it wan common |o think of alcoholics as people to be shunned, reproached, or ridicul'd. They wen: considered by many to be im moral, weak-willed, or obstinate, lint iihum.I.ivn physici.mu and olhnra who have made a study of alcoholism approach the problem difl rently. They reali/.e that there ia no point in scolding, shaming, or urging the ue of will power alune hecanno they know that once an alcoholic has taken a drink, he is literally unable to u.iilml hin ilrinl'ing < v--n though he may realize that he is harming his health, endangering his job, anil Imrlinn people rlodcbt to him. Some business and industrial concerns are aware of Ilu- noroHully for tin* study and control of the alcoholism problem, and have encouraged employee** who need it to week help. Those firms which have maintained alcoholism progranm for i*casnnald- Ifoglli* of lime agree that such programs are' well worth the effort. In the absence of ^leolml imo programs, co-workers and supervisors often cover up for the alcoholic in a misguided .utcmpl to help. Moreover, fear of detection and possible dismissal keep many alcoholic employees from doing anything about their problem early when there ia the best chance lor recovery. Companies with alcoholism programs re port that the programs more than pay n.r themselves in: (1) increased savings in terms of higher productivity, less waste, absenteeism, and fewer accidents, and (Z) the creation of ------ better employer-employee relationships which, in turn, lead to improved morale and greater' efficiency. 2; 225 Industrial Radiography. Anon. Occ. Health Bull. New Jersey Dept, of Health, Bureau of Adult and Occ. Health 5_, No. 7, 8 pp. (No date given). . Industrial, radiography is fast becoming the most important means of non-destructive testing and inspection of materials for the detection of tlaws in castings, forgings and welds, - as compared to the fluorescent and dyu penetrant or the magnetic and ultrasonic inspection methods. .There are numerous reasons for this. The Z most important are the lower cost and the fact that a radiograph not only indicates'a flaw but also shows the actual nature of the] imperfection. However, the uses of radiation for radiography make up only a small percentage of all the uses of radiation in industry, but probably warrant closer control and more stringent steps for safeguarding personnel than do the other, uses. There are many reasons for this, some of the most important being the large quantities used, high workloads, unskilled labor | which is completely unfamiliar with radiation, and the wide variation in jobs in the case of open radiography. This, however, docs not offer an excuse for high exposures. Those days; are over -- or should be. Today, there are no martyrs to the cause of developing a new and unknown field of radiation. i ft# .. f'iitW - if M 3a: 'M r d .5 0 j 221 ZZ6 Health Statistics from the U.S. National Health Survey. Series B-No. Z5. Hernias Reported' in Inte r\ iew a. United States, July - June 1959. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, i-HS Publication No. 584-B25. 2Z pp. (Dec. I960). ; For sale by Supt. 0/ Documents, U. .5. Gov't. Printing Office, Washington 25, D. G. 25 cents, 3# This report contains estimates of the number of persons with hernias and the dis- ` ability resulting iron) this condition. It should he noted that the estimate of the national pre-. 'j'} t4r- valence of hernias shown in this report. I !. 9 cases per 1,000 population, is based on cases ' reported in. household interviews. Thus, it includes only cases which the respondents are a-: ware of, and which have given them some concern, in general, thescarc likely to be cases . in which the hernia is visible, has caused discomfort, or has been detected by a physician 0.1 physical examination. No doubt a higher prevalence rate would be obtained if physical examim V'iJ 4 229 ations for hernia were carried out on a representative sample ol the national population. No, effort was made to determine the specific type of hernia, since it was believed that most re-; spondents would not be able to provide such information. Hence, in this report all forms of i i hernia are grouped together. ics .1* udy ling, t he m e .re a lem f :live .he tg gent yf ' v.' ml" Mo INDUSTRIAL M EDJCAI, PKACTJCK 227 Sickness Absence Among Forestry Workers in the North of Scon and. 195H. I). McGregor. Brit. J. Ind. Med. j_7, 310-318 (Oct. 1960). Sickness' absence records of l, 115 forest workers in the highlands of Scotland during 1958 were examined. Only absences of 4 days or more were considered. Two hund red and seventy of the workers were established and were therefore entitled to retirement pensions. There was a high proportion of older men among the established workers; but the sickness record of these men was generally better chan that ol the unestablished workers ex cept in respect'of cardiovascular disease, rheumatism, and arthritis. Among forest workers as a whole, accidents off duty accounted for more sickness absence than accidents on duty,:- a reversal of the finding in the male working population'at large. The second most important cause.of sickness absence was back trouoles of all kinds. Among the male working population at large, the second most important cause of absence was bronchitis, a disease which among forest workers comes 13th on the list. A comparison was made between (he sickness absence record of the highland forest workers and a group of'telephone construction gang hands per forming broadly comparable work (as regards health hazards) in the same area but whose : members were drawn from more urban homes. In general, fewer forest workers than tele phone gang hands went sick in 1958 for all common ailments except cardiovascular disease, a finding perhaps related to the greater average age of forest workers. When this difference in age was allowed for, it was found that the greatest difference between the 2 groups of sick ness records was in bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, and peptic ulcer and gastritis, injthat order, and was to the advantage of the forest workers. Next came the upper respiratory tract infections. The least difference was in accidents, septic conditions, and rheumatism and ar thritis. - - Author's abat. 228 Health and Personality. A. A. Hutschnecker. Ind. Med. it Surg. 30, 66-68 (Feb. 1961); Health is a state of balanced functioning, an inner drive of adaptation to the stresses of life. As long as an individual is emotionally and physically able to adjust to stress he can maintain a state of balance and will remain whole -- that is, healthy. If a situation proves to be stronger than the individual, then something in the personality must break. This can be a physical or mental break. It will depend on the individual's ability to find his way out of the dilemma, by either breaking the situation, or by a process of readjustment--which means not simple compromise but a positive acceptance of a life situation or situations --without inner rebellion, resentment, or unconscious hostility and thereby allow his system to regain a state of balanced functioning. It is safe to say that the individual who Is capable of accepting re sponsibility and can relate to his environment will be able to fulfill himself creatively, and because these people are capable of building mature goals of themselves, the chances are that they will remain wholesome. -- Author's summary What Is Expected of the Professional Person in Litigation. N. S. Symons, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2_l_, 502-510 (Dec.~l960). The author discusses the subject under the following headings: Who is an expert witness? Necessity of cooperation. The meaning of "opinion". Importance of preparation, ^reparation by the expert. Purposes of pre-trial conference. The hypothetical question. ' Qualifications of the expert. Conduct of the expert witness. Role of the industrial expert. Conduct of the lawyer. Conclusion. The author suggests that the legal, medical and other scientific professions could be more vigorous in policing their own membership in order to eliminate, or at least minimize, any tendencies toward distortion and exaggeration, and in the presentation of either spurious claims or wholly unjustifiable defenses to obviously valid i i S | ! i i I _____ -i 7. 1 * - V* .---j- i Occu'J.ltionul Physical K:.u.rtiun aim 1 hi .-nna rv ............... .. jT'Occ. Mud. \ 54 H II ). i .t r '{.. t : ii :. . :jp;,in. Current studies iiiuiuatc that denl.iry n. associated with >:oryiiiry athe niscle retie iir.'ivr dii<c:i*i- i!i;>u iic nei-.i phvni'Miy Job ` Lotegorieu. Sudden or uxceauivv physical uxertinu iirm'' in :lm inum: -.i ,-nviti- coronary occl'i* iior. does not appear with auv lrequeue v rente r Juni me in * gut expert. . r- >:n i.-nincidcnee. The frequency of coronary throivihoniit in I'nron.i. v .uherosi.!eroNis :n .-.^national phy- steal activity or physical exertion. A >: tho>r'6 summary- i, Seedy of Diet, 131oud Lipids and Vascular Diei-nse in Trappist Monks. K, ?. !/cC'jlUgk > 4nd L, A. Lewie. New blngl. J. Med. Si.'? (l'fbU), A detailed study of the niei, hlouu lipid patterns and ctmic-.l findings was carried: out on members ot Z Traupist monasteries. While `.heir diet was not extr< mHy low in fat, it lid have a very low animai iat content. The blood chcdestorol levels :n the monks were, on: the .twrage, considerably lower than `.hose oi healthy men ui comparable ages in Cleveland, Ohio. ri, relatively low blood cholesterol levels apparently did not uparo these men from arterio- I'lrrosia or hypertension; indeed the data suggested that hypertension was more frequent in ti.em than in comparable men of the name age in the general American population. Though one :*>*v accept that abnormally high cholesterol levels accelerate the progress of cardiovascular ie^ciicration and arterial hypertension, it does not necessarily follow that, in the average per- 'ii, diets unusually low in animal fats are ueneticial. in the monks subjected to this study, it rpvarud evident that diets low in animai fat and associated with relatively low serum chole's- Ilt; levels over a long period of years were not sufficient in themselves to offset the advance - I c j - diovascular degeneration and arterial hypertension, -- ('-an. Med, Assn. J. Abate1, h * '''.I ;i!* ry Aihe roscle rosis as a Cause of Unexpected ar.d Unexplained Death. `,f - 1 SV. D. M. Spain, Victoria A. Braacss and C. Mohr. Ain. Med. Aslv.. 17h, 3B4-3BB (Sept. 24, I960). An Autopsy Study The frequency of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease ns .< cause of sudden un-ii;vd and unexpected death in adults .vas determined in a scries of 1,329 consecutive iu1 i'si'.'i. 'Sudden deaths" were ditided into J categories according to the duration of the fatal P-iodc: less than one hour, between one and three Pours, and undetermined (unwitnessed). -he -iciilii episodes lasting less than one hour. Ail of 463 adult white males and 32 of 66 white '*::i ih.i died from coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. In the nnwitnessen fatalities and 'v the episodes were over one hour, coronary .ithcrnsclerosis -.vas the cause of death in than 60Cerebral humorrhaiic as a cause of sudden death was similarly studied. There only l-l cases of cerebral hemorrhage of 534 witnessed Judder, deaths. - - Authors' ebst. '*-'V'J-1*'tmatiijs. G. E. Morris. New Kngl. J. Med. 263, 30 !Julv 7, I960). Allergy to nylon fabric may be due *0 dyes, finishes, c-r . ir ir. nylon. Six cases of rioatiiis with positive patch icsi1* to virgm nylon arc reported One :! these cam*' 'hMtional, due to contact with a nylon telephone <..ord. J, Occ. Med. Absts. n- Med. Assn. MM, 347 -3S3 (Sept. 24, I960). UruccJloeis of the hones and joints ..ppears to be primarily disease affecting men <n occupations related to .inimal kusbanrirv. No single criterion leads to the working tif hrecellosis of the hones or joints be to re uurologic or cultural moiliodi of diagar,: ,,aed. The presence of any inflammatory disease ol the hones, joints, wr bursae `luri the physician to the possibility of brucellosis, particularly if me patient i i a i;r>r mont handler. Perhaps in no other orthopedic infection is a curclul occupa;.'.history Industna 1 ll^gicm- Digcal ao important. When cultural diagnosis ia necessary, tissue and not just fluid should be ob tained. Anemia, leukocytosis, or a high o rythroc ytic sedimentation rale occurred in a email percentage of the 36 patient* encountered at the Mayo Clinic. In the 12 patients with cultural]-. proved skeletal brucellosis the agglutination titers of scrum often were low or absent. Drurcl aula and B rue ell a abortus u c.re the str.i ins must coimmnil y i aol.i ted f nun skeletal lesions, tor patients with brucellosis of the hones and joints aggressive surgical treatment is usually Indi cated. The one exception is patients with brucellar Hpondylilis, which usually responds to >.fc. and to use ui braces or Casts logoi he r with cmiihund to true yc 1 i nr... si rej-loinycin therapy and in the authors' experience, has seldom required surgical intc rvenii.in. However, in one of t|,,. p atienta with spondylitis studied, a large pa rave il hra I nhscru.H m tIn: thoracic portion of the spinal column needed adequate drainage. Joints and bursae respond well to excision of the si,bial tissue and therapy with cc-odiinutions of antibiotics, brucellar osteomyelitis requires wb-,, drainage, saucerization, and i,.re to prevent secondary pyogenic infection. Osteomyelitis is the hardest of all the lesions to treat successfully. Results of treatment with a combination tetracycline and streptomycin were satisfactory in the cases treated by the authors. -- Authors1 summary :f '4 si a :* 239 Staphylococcal Wound infection in Surgical Unit. P. Rountree, ei al. 'Uancet Z, 1 (July 2, 1%0). During b months, 217 consecutive surgical wounds in one department were examine: for clinical and bacteriological evidence of infection. In 196 clean wounds the infection rate n,, 1-4%, while in the 19 dirty wounds the cross-infection rate was 66%; 35 wounds were infected with Staph, aureus. Of 171 wounds covered with a plastic seal at the end of operation, 12 (7*ii were infected. In 5 of these, the patient on admission was already a carrier of the organism , /i which infected his wound. In 27 wounds dressed with a gauze pad, and in 19 wounds with drain, ing sinuses, the infection rates were 56% and 66% respectively. Investigations in operating- theaters revealed little evidence of infection during operations. Investigations in wards show*; that patients and staff often acquired antibiotic-resistant staphylococci of phage-type 47 in their noses. These strains were isolated from the ward environment and were responsible for most . of the wound infections. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. Abu- M. & cd bs * ci fir P ia kit 243. IS Al 240 Bullous Emphysema. A Long-Term Study of Natural History and the Effects of Therapy. D. J. Stone, A. Schwartz and J. A. Feltman. Am. Rev. Reap. Dis, 62, 493 (I960).. The observations in this paper suggest that bullous emphysema is an acquired dis ease due to imperfect communication between the bronchioles and alveolar spaces. The relatio::-f -Vjy ships .between this air -trapping, mechanism and symptoms, signs and functional abnormalities : 1described. Because of the many individual variations, long-term observation is stressed, and this has revealed inconsistency between symptomatology and the extent of bullous emphysema. This has been related to the significant role that bronchitis plays in many of these patients, an; a method for appraisal of this factor is suggested. Detailed serial pulmonary function studies reveal that ventilatory insufficiency and hyperventilation are the most consistent findings. A significant, although mild, defect in gas exchange may accompany large air-trapping bullae, t but greater abnormalities are undoubtedly due to generalized bronchitis or obstructive emphy sema, Serial observations in some p/iticnis suggest that medical therapy designed to control bronchial inflammation may be of definitive value. It has also proved to be of adjuvant value in surgically treated patients. The decision to perform resectional surgery on a patient with bullous emphysema must be carefully considered on the basis of numerous variables and theo : V.'i) retical factors. ; ;?-- Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. haj Aar ix its of 244 C zx dec oh- 241 Centrilobular Emphysema. J. P. Wyatt, V. W. Fischer and H. Sweet. I.ab. Invest. 10, 159-177 (Jan.-Feb. 19d1). The purpose of this study wan to determine the existence, morphogenesis, natural histury, and heart-lung interrelationships of centrilobular emphysema as observed in a geo graphic uccii, where the clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is made infrequently but the 10. *'A x Industrial Hygiene Digest________________________________________________________ Murch, 1961 autopay label of emphysema is relatively common. Using the whole-lung parchment and the supplemental techniques of corrosion castings, post-mortem hronchoangiography, serial his tologic examination of the diseased lungs, and ventricular-septal weight ratios of the associ ated heart specimens a more penetrating analysis of this distinctive form of emphysema has been possible. The subject is discussed under the following headings: materials and methods; macroanatomy of the secondary lobule of the lung; macroanatomy of centrilobular emphysema; microanatomy of centrilobular emphysema; and cardiovascular lesions. -- Authors' summary SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 242 The "Toxin-Antitoxin*' Phenomenon in Burned and Injured Human Subjects. S. R. Rosenthal, J. B. Hartney and Wilma S. Spurrier. J. Am. Med. Assn. 174, 957-965 (Oct. 22, 1960). The presence of toxins in the blood of burned or otherwise injured patients was In- dlcated by the demonstration of cytotoxic effects on HeL>a cells, cytolytic effects on red cells of other burned or injured patients, and precipitogens against serums from patients with healed burns. Such serums were ahovfcn to contain antitoxic-antibody-like substances by demonstrating their ability to neutralize the cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells and by demonstrating the presence of hemolysins and precipitins. In preliminary clinical trials and transfusion of blood or plasma from donors with healed burns to critically toxic burned or Injured patients was followed by prompt improvement. Serums obtained from the recipients after such transfusions were no longer toxic to tissue cultures. The authors recommend further clinical trials of antisera of known titer from persons with healed burns. -- Authors' abet. pihydroxyacetone: A Suntan-Simulating Agent. H. I. Maibach and A. M. Kligman. Arch. Dermatol. 82, 505 (Oct. I960). A recent cosmetic development indicates the possibility of acquiring a suntan with out exposure to the sun. Dihydroxyacetone, the active agent in these suntan-simulating pro prietaries, is a trloae sugar, which is an intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates in higher plants and animals. Dihydroxyacetone is a colorless substance which was found to com bine with some mainly water-soluble component on or near the surface of the skin to bring about a brownish discoloration of the horny layer. This Is a chemical staining reaction which does not involve any normal physiologic activity of the skin as synthesis of melanin, enzymic reactions, or microbial action. Some vitiligo patients found it a useful concealing agent. It did not act as a sun screen, nor were sensitization or toxicity noted. -- J. Am . Med. Assn. Abats. Cutaneous Porphyria in Turkey. R. Schmid. New Engl. J. Med. 263, 397 (Aug. 25, 1960). About 5, 000 cases of cutaneous porphyria have occurred in the Turkish provinces since 1955. The syndrome resembles porphyria cutanea tarda and consists of bullae and epi dermolysis of the exposed skin, hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, hepatomegaly, and por phyrinuria. Epidemiologic studies incriminated hexachlorobenzene, a fungicide used treatment of seed wheat. The wheat had been used for human consumption instead of for planting purposes. Laboratory studies showed that 0.2% hexachlorobenzene, when fed to rats, produced urinary ex cretion of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin. -- J. Occ. Med. Abate, i I. 1 11. '**T Industrial Hygiene : _____ _____________ ______ _______________ ______________________________ March, jg-j 245 Extensive Dermatitis !;> t(} Warfarin S.ulium (.~oiimiuin;, Circulation .'2, ')\1 (Y%oT C. `X. Adami and B. j. pa Tin# report vie 3C ril>i: s a cast: of beve re do rnialll i, involving the akin and mucou membrane# which followed the ua of Warfarin ao.inu.i (G..um.ntin). The lesions disappear* with corticosteroid therapv but ocurr. it -iion rla!l.*ng. with Warfarin jodium. Upon cjj tion of this drug, the skin and oral lemon* li-j..ppca TI- pa'iunt had no allergic manife *' tations i'ollo'V ing the /idniinj ic;; hi:;l:yi) ro:.1.1 iii.. -Can. Med. A sen, J. Abt, * 246 An Unusual Occurrence oi Sporotrichosis. II. D. Garrett and J. n. Robbins. Arch. Dermatol. 82] 570" (Oct. 19tTo")7" Several cases of occupational sporotrichosi* occurred ir. a group of Mexicans fr0rp injuries received while unpacking pullrrv, `.Vise pottery had been packed in a native gi-nas c<it taruinatec with Sporotrichum schencki . -- J. Occ. Med. Abata. CHEMICAL HAZARDS ..to Ef* A. AT* 247 Poisoning by Nitrous Gases. A. Proptft, Wien. med. Wochuchr. 110, 591-596 (July 9. I960). German. Poisoning by oxides of nitrogen -- NO*. Nj04, NO and N2Oj -- and also by the forma. `.v, tion of nitrous and nitric acid# may be a risk to workers in many industries. Numerous fatali. i -'V` ties in industrial workers have been reported in the literature. Opinions on the toxicology of .' it,'* these substances are not in entire accord. Some observers consider that the chief effect is or the pulmonary system through the local formation of nitric acid which causes pulmonary edenu but others take the view that a general systemic poisoning is brought about by the formation oi -nitrite.-- This paper contains a detailed report of .1 man aged 45 years who was engaged at a k steel works in cleaning out a drainage prl which contained some steel plate, with nitric acid #'ry,v and additions of salt and sulfuric acid. After the end of his shift he was taken ill with giddi- r'.'V. ness and some difficulty of breathing and cough. Hi# condition deteriorated rapidly and he died after 3 days from pulmonary edema. There .# full account of the post-mortem finding!, including photogfaphs oi the microscopic appearance# uf the lung and the results of spectro- photometric examination of hlood taker, from the heart. The chief toxic changes were found tc be those of local pulmonary irritation caused by the formation of nitric acid. Evidence of sys- temic poisoning, however, was found in the general dilatation of blood vessels, blood stasis and fatty changes in the liver which resulted from the formation of methymoglobin, nitrogen oxide hemoglobin and nitrite demonstrated by spectrophotometry. -- Bull. Hyg. loir iva pois lose' whe heal fflOV tem Mlc avid) with Mlc and ject talit mar loss non lead 251 Dot, You 248 Bone-Marrow Activity and Erythrocyte Destruction ir. Chronic Cadmium Poisoning, with Fe-59 on Rabbits. M. Berlin and 1.. Friberg. Arch. Environmental Health 4`iB-4x,i (Dec. 19601. Studies /!*{ TUis investigation showed that pccelerated drstruction of the erythrocytes and de- !- .V\. ficiency of iron in the bone-marrow contribute to the anemia of cadmium poisoning in addition (tfCnj to the earlier demoubtrated increase i.i U.c volume of blood plasma. No evidence was found for diminished bone-mar row activity wi-.'.i roapeji to urylhvopoiesis. Some of the observatloai }""; suggested increased bone-marrow aciivitj . 'i'hu r-rduced 'ife span of the erythrocytes was not in essential degree attributable to toxic iul'tuciu:r on eryihroooiesis. The authors' studies did not elucidate whether (lie iron deficiency in the ho-'ic-m..rrow is caused by Increased utillratR' of Iron as a result cf the intensified crytnvocyto destruction and consequent loss of iron or by disturbance of the rnecf.ar.ten- for transportation of iron. it was demonstrated, however, that ' \\ such disturbance in irun transportation was not situated between the blood and the bone marro* -- Authors' conclusions ; coai wit! pait youi cr. '-bl Par Mec dev. fact jus ired mink' ifesata. i from con st*. - ih< Use of Dimercaprol (DAI.) in the Treatment of Cadmium Oxide* Kiihh: Poisoning. H. N. MacFarland. Arch. Environmental Health I, 4>T--Iv* (Lee. I yC'J). Dosage-mortality data have iiccn obtained from 00 g. tVialai /alo subjected to a a>nglc, 15-minute exposure to arc-produccd cadmium oxule fume. Analysis i.f the results by the probit technique yielded an estimate for the l.(Ct)50 of 666 nig. min. /cu. ns. , with con fidence limits of 533 and 764 at the 05% level of probability. For the L(Ct)95, an estimate of lOdtfmg. min. /cu.m, was obtained, withiimits of H96 and 2,265. Thcefficacyofdimercaprol in reducing mortality and in prolonging survival time of rats exposed to 3, 1 to 4. 5 times the L(Ct)95 of cadmium oxide fume has been examined in 3 factorially-designed experiments. : Nearly complete protection against the lethal effect was obtained with a daily dose of approxi mately 100 mg. of dimercaprol administered subcutaneously in divided doses. Two factors, amount of dimercaprol per injection and frequency of injections per day, were varied in these experiments; however, the protection afforded was found to depend on the total daily dose of dimercaprol. These results have been discussed along with other relevant published data,1 and it is concluded that a reconsideration of the clinical use of dimercaprol in acute cadmium oxide lame intoxication is warranted. -- Author's summary Effect on Environmental Temperature and Humidity on Lead Poisoning in Animals. A. M. Daetjer, S. N. D. Joardar and W. A. McQuary. Arch. Environmental Health 463-477 (Dec. I960). Mice exposed to an environmental temperature of 95*F when injected with lead : intraperitoneally or intravenously began to die sooner, had a higher mortality and shorter average survival time than mice at 72*F. This effect of high temperature on acute lead poisoning was more marked when the exposure followed immediately after the injection of j lead than when exposure to heat also preceded the lead poisoning. The results were similar whether a high or low humidity accompanied the high temperature. Prolonged exposure toj heat preceding the injection of lead did not reduce the harmful effect of heat exposure. Re moval from heat at.nights alleviated the effect to some extent. Exposure of rats to high temperature similarly increased their mortality following the intravenous injection of lead. Mire exposed to an environmental temperature of 60*F had a higher mortality and longer ; *v<rdgu survival time than those exposed to 72* F temperature when injected intraperitoneally ***** lead, but no significant differences were found when the lead was injected intravenously. Mice with chronic lead poisoning, produced by repeated injections of lead, began to die sooner *'<1 had a higher mortality when exposed to a high temperature following cessation of lead In- Severe dehydration produced by restricting water consumption increased the moranty of mice from acute lead poisoning at all temperatures. The effect was much more narked when thu lead was injected intraperitoneally than when injected intravenously. Weight '*' And decrease in activity which occur upon exposure of mice to heat, when produced at- Mi:al temperature by food restriction and isolation, did not increase their susceptibility to '** -- Cond. from authors' conclusions -~LtJL;nmation of Lead in Paint Scrapings as an Aid in the Control of Lead Paint Poisoning :in - E. Kaplan and R. S. Shaull. Am. J. Public Health 51 , 65-69 (Jan. 1961), In order to prevent lead poisoning in children caused by ingesting paint from surfaces ^ wuh paint containing lead, public health authorities are requiring warning label s on' paint . , ' 'll excyBS of 1 %, they are prohibiting the interior painting of dwelling units with such **.(. they are ordering the removal of paint containing lead where it presents a hazard to * children. A simple and inexpensive procedure is described for rapidly screening paint *,,nlSs at the 1 % level to determine compliance with these regulations, -- Authors' abst. :i 1 i i 1 i 1 `Vfclu|ed r,'gry 1 U hUtOFy an<^ neurological findings described in 5 patients show that parkinsonism datively short exposures, from 6 to 24 months, to manganese fumes in a n<tnneaburg where ferromanganese steel is produced. Apparently the oldest was 13. Induct rul II) gic m- pi^rM___ ,M .i i' : >, i %,i,: i4!' indttji. a European a^cd 43. His nonrulogical symptomu had appeared uuddor.ly when ho had a severe cough, and the pus nihility ol manganese pncinnuuitiH ia m:nt ioncil. V.'ln-n hokh ') month* after exposure had ceased, the lieu rol og ic nl disc,iuu static. >f 1 Alrie.imi, L had signs peripheral neuritis, not previously described in mangam-Hc |>iHoning; no oilier etiological fue ler was found, though there was a possible history of alcoholism in one. The rha ractnristic features were excessive tiredness and sleepiness, mntoul.ir paiim, ioip.ii rioenl of speech and difficulty in swallowing, and -ilmorma) gait and extreme facial ............ I.ilily. Several ol the fea. turd are uncommon in postencephalitic. and a rte riosele mi n: purl' imo.io sin, though typical of manganese encephalopathy, and some are usually only seen, in the <) f; c-<(: ribed, in the final stages of cutra-pyramid.il disease, and not in relatively early eases sm h as these. -- Hull. Hyg. 265 S Ar Th co cy- 256 To D. 253 The Response of Guinea Pigs to Inhalations of Jm> rmaldoliyde and Kor^nnc _Ae.id Alone and with Sodium Chloride Aerosol. Mary O. Amdur. Intern. J. Air Poll. 3_, 2U1-220 (Oct. 1*360). One hour exposures of guinea pigs to formaldehyde or formic acid produced an increase in resistance and a decrease in compliance which were statistically significant at con* .- centrations as low as 0.3 ppm. A decrease in respiration rate and minute volume also occurred but these factors did not change significantly until concentrations above I 0 ppm were used. An increase in respiratory work was observed, the greater proportion of the increase being in the resistive component. These changes became statistically significant at l to 3 ppm. Evaluated ) by these criteria, formic acid is a more potent respiratory irritant than formaldehyde. The ' resistance values returned to pre-exposure control values by the end of an hour after exposure ' except at the highest concentration used (40 to 50 ppm). When the protective effect of the upper airway was by-passed with a tracheal cannula, the response to a given concentration of formald*. hyde was increased. The resistance change was again reversible in an hour after, the exposure ended. The response to formaldehyde was potentiated by the presence of an aerosol of sub-micrr; :yM` particle size sodium chloride which was itself inert. The response to this combination was < greater than the response to the gas alone breathed through a tracheal cannula. A tracheal can- ?*.' nula used with the gas-aerosol combination produced'an increase exactly accounted for on the basis of the increased response to that concentration of gas alone. The submicron sized aeroaut would not be removed by the upper respiratory tract, hence, the potentiation due to the aerosol v-'f entity would be the same in normal and trachcotomized animals. Formaldehyde was used with `-.'tf-i 3 different aerosol concentrations, 3, 10, and 30 mg, cu.m. The potentiation increased with increasing aerosol concentration, but attained a limiting value at each aerosol level once a crl- >,; tical gas concentration was reached. The response to formic acid during exposure was not po- tentiated by the aerosol. -- Cond. from author's abst. } '* i i 254 Myocarditis Produced by Allylamincs. Experimental. Arch. Environmental Health 62-73 (Jan. 1961). R. J. Guzman, et al. A 'v abc spe ext infi m-1 labi -7 Son Arc auxJ hem of w Six clea of m vert effe< tion The authors have demonstrated, for the first time, consistent production of myo cardial lesions in rats and rabbit? by exposure to the vapors of organic compounds. The effective compounds were monoally), diallyl, and triallyl amines, and bis(Z-e:hylhexyl)allylaminc. The lesions had both a vascular and a muscular component, the former occurring earlier and giving way to myocardial degeneration. In the experience of the authors these lesions were confined to the vessels of the myocardium and not found in the aorta or elsewhere. These lesion could be produced by relatively short-term exposure to Low concentrations, but there was de finite individual as well as species and routine variation. The lesions were accentuated by phy siologic or other stress. So far, the effect has been shown only with allylamines and not with other closely related amine analogues or allyl compounds. Electrocardiographic abnormalities, characterized by elevation of the ST segment, occurred when the lesions were extensive enough; transaminase levels were not elevated sufficiently to be of diagnostic value. Good industrial hy giene control should be exercised in order to prevent undue exposure, -- Authors' summary 258 Field J. Al samp Aeroi long rectic that.t; 'veil l with 1 slide,also.a In the ampl air fit tmili 1 March. 196i apectrophotomctric Determination of Cyan-.unide. D. A. Buys'*'. and V. Downing, Anal.-Chem. 12, 1798-1800 (Dee." I960). * Cyanamide in blood, urine, and soil is determined by epectropho*.ometric procedure; The sample is reacted with pentacyanoammincferrati: in a carbonate buffer at pH 10,5. The color produced is measured at 530 millimicrons . The usual impurities and additives found in cyanamide preparations do not interfere. -- AC Briefs 256 Toxic Encephalopathy Apparently Related to the Use of an Insect Repellent. Joyce Gryboski,: p. Weinstein and N. K. Ordway. New Engl. J. Med. 264. 289-291 (Feb. 9, 1961). A case of encephalopathy is reported id a 3-year-old girl that may have been brought about by an agent in an insect repellent. Signs were disorientation, staggering gait, slurred1, speech and episodes consisting of stiffening into a sitting position, crying out, extending the . extremities, flexing the fingers and dorsiflexing the toes. Therapy consisted of intravenous infusion of fluids and anticonvulsant medication. The assumed toxic agent was N-N-diethyl- m-toluamide, which, in considerably higher doses, had produced similar signs and death in ; laboratory animals. -- Authors' summary i iron A J57 Some Effects of .Epoxy Compounds on the Blood. J. K. Kodama, et al. Arch. Environmental Health 2, 50-61 (Jan. 1961). The less complicated polyfunctional epoxides, and monofunctionai epoxides with ; auxiliary active groups, were shown to be capable of producing deleterious effects on the j hemopoietic system. Erythrocytes were sharply decreased by 5 of the 13 compounds, one I of which did not alter the leukocyte picturcor decrease the number of nucleated marrow cells. Six compounds decreased the leukocyte count significantly, and 4 decreased the number of nu cleated cells in the femoral marrow. U was possible for a compound to decrease the number of nucleated marrow cells without decreasing the number of circulating leukocytes and vice versa, under the conditions of the experiment. The authors recommend that the radiomlmetlc effects of these epoxides be considered when assessing the hazards involved in their applica-; tion and handling. -- Authors' summary- i [' INDUSTRIAL DUSTS Field Evaluation of Ragweed Pollen Samplers. E. C. Ogden and S. Raynor. J- Alle"i^7 2!' 307"3lt (Jufy-Aug. 1900)7" The authors' experiments have shown llmt pollen capture by the standard Durham sampler is determined by several factors, in addilknt to the concentration of pollen in the air. Aerodynamic factors are responsible lor (be greater collecting ability of the slide when its long axis is placed parallel to the ;iir flow. Orirul.iliun of the slide with respect to wind di- - fiction may result to a 5 to I difference in :.ili-b between adjacent slides. It was also found that the amount of pollen c.iptured*is ;r~Aniclion of (In- amount of air passing over the slide as well as the concentration of pollen in the air. .TIihh, an increase of 3 to 4 mph in wind speed m*y give more than 50% increase in the pollen r.iplmcd. .Since wind speed normally increases with height, elevation of the sampler iilmvi- the g round determines the wind speed to which the slide is exposed and effects the count. Tents of a filter sampler showed that this device was also affected by wind speed but in an opposite manner, since efficiency in capturing particles In the pollen size range decreases with increasing wind speed. Improvements in the standard sampling technique might include vane orientation of the slide sampler and measurement of the flow which could be used to correct the count, or the use of round or square slides with similar correction of wind speed. -- Public Health Engr. Absts.  ?Vk Inrijatri.il Hygiene Dige-tt K! ii r i i., 259 Industrial Gab Cleaning. N. Pilpul. Brit. Chom. Eng. 5, 542-8S0 {Aug. I960). There arc 5 principal methods which arc employed on an industrial scale for re moving small particles and liquid droplets from gases and vapors. These are filtration, electrostatic precipitation, inertial separation, wet scrubbing and agglomeration. The pur pose of tlie present article is to review recent developments in the theory underlying these methods and to describe equipment which is in current U9C in industry for the treatment oi smokes, dusts and mists. -- Public Health Eng. Ahslt, 260 Experimental Byssinosis, P. Tuffnell. Ilrit. J. Ind. Med. L7, 107-309 (Oct. I960). The symptoms of byssinosis were produced experimentally in 1 of 3 cotton-mill workers with pronounced byssinosis, by a*duet prepared from the leaves of cotton plants. Dusts of calcium carbonate, bacteria, and fungi did not reproduce the symptoms. Two fi t; cases of byssinosis and L cases of chronic bronchitis did not react specifically to any of rr.<.pi. dusts. -* Author's IitfiHl P t* *4 l c 261 Experimental Bagassosis, (2) Enzymes of Lung In Vitro. Enzymologia 2_l, 350-355 (I960). V. N. Singh, ct al. The present investigation on the effects of bagasse (sugar cane fiber) dust on the enzyme systems of guinea pigs in vitro is meant to form a background against which the e/fectof bagassosis on the enzymatic pattern of the lung in vivo could be reviewed. Using * ;(`i; Warburg respirometer and freshly-prepared guinea pig lung, studies were made of the effect of bagasse dust on the respiratory quotient and on the activity of malic dehydrogenase, lactic " dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, fumarase, adenosine, tryphosphataee, and tranaaminat... 1 1 There was no noticeable change in the respiratory quotient or the activity of the first 4 enzyu.-i but there was an appreciable enhancement of the latter 2 enzymes in the presence of 1% baga. - se dust. In the case of succinic dehydrogenase the effect of the whole bagasse, as well as tbc water-soluble extract, was studied. The former inhibited but the latter did not have any efiec: at all on the activity of the enzyme. -- APCA Absto, 262 The Relationship of Byssinosis to the Bacteria and Fungi in the Air of Textile Mills. P. TuffnelL Brit7~J. Ind. Med. 1_7, 304-306 (Oct. I960). The principal causative agent of byasinosis lies in the dust of cotton mills. This dust contains baqteria and fungi. An attempt has been made to determine whether any associa tion could be established between the numbers of viable bacteria and fungi in the air of 2 cotton and 2 jute mills, and the prevalence of byssinosis. No association was found except between the numbers of live organisms of B. pumilua and B. Subtilis, and the occurrence of byssinom This association does not establish a causal relationship, but it is suggested that am attempt should be made to produce typical symptoms in byasinotic subjects by means of organisms of the genus Bacillus. -- Author's abil, 263 Dust Diseases in Dundee Textile Workers. An Investigation Into Chronic Respiratory Disease in Jute and Flax Industries. A. Mair, D. H. Smith, W. A. Wilson and W, Lockhart, Brit. J. Ind. Med. 7, 272-278 (Oct. I960). '4r A survey of respiratory symptoms and function was carried out in Dundee among 123 '-V,'men and women in the jute industry and 242 in the flax industry. The selection of workers wu* : biased in favor of those working in the dustier departments as judged by eye and those In the older age groups. A group of 72 men m a heavy engineering firm were also selected as contn'- . for comparison. Chronic bronchitis, as defined by Ogilvie and Newell (1957), was recorded i'! 27% of those interviewed, whose average age was 49. Byssinosis of various grades was re corded in 30% of all working in flax; of these 35 had cough alone worse on Monday, 34 had nth*' respiratory symptoms worse on Monday and in only 4 persona did the exacerbation persist lcm? ' B is . t -CT o: fj tfc lc .in P* ' fc :6 A- at cc o Cl oi in P&h 16. 961 j-uhistnal Hygiene Digest_______________________________________________________ ____________________________ 1961 aur88 Of tl. nild the ae abst. in the week. In spite of the oo-urrcnn: <>f bynsincisis, eh runic hrnm.mli* w.is no more pre valent among flax workers than .uminn llw olliers, Hi-.- ,iv.-i-.-ge ventilatory function was nr. worse, and radiographe of the cheat revc.iled nu !iffc rcm'.j s. uh.i mi:t.: riatic fall in (*- piratory flow rate during tin: course of exposure in fl.< <lus* ,:> Mondays is Hir:iiler to th^l found in cotton workers, and is absent in jute workers and in .::ux workers nut admitting to symptom* of byssinosis. -- Author s' abat. 2^4 The Relation Between Lung Dust and bung Pathology in Hnuumucnriinsi., C. Nagelschmidt. brit. J. Ind. Med. 21'i'-259 (Oct. I'/nO). Methods of isolation ar.d analysis of dust from pneum-x uniutic lungs are reviewed, and the results of lung dust analyses for different forms of pnvumciconiosin are presented. A tentative classification separates beryllium, aluminum, abrasive fume, and asbestos, which cause interstitial or disseminated fibrosis from quartz, coal, hematite, talc, kaolin, and other dusts, which cause a nodular or local fibrosis which may change to forms with maaslve lesions. The data suggest that in the first, but not in the second, group the dusts are relatively soluble; only in the second group do amounts of dust and severity of fibrosis go parallel for a given form of pneumoconiosis. In classical silicosis the quartz percentage is higher, and the amount of total dust much lower than in coal miners' pneumoconiosis. Mixed forms of both groups occur, for instance, in diatomite workers. The need for more research, especially in the first group, is pointed out. -- Author's'abst. f/eet fctic ilnaae. ozymei bagas. the effect iits, 4 oclacotton een Inoeia* opt . of abet. isl ! ' 123 * th'a rontrol* led is re- ' 1 other tlongf 265 Connective Tissue in Experimental Silicosis and Anthracosis. Histochemical Features of Development. A. I. Strukov and N. T. Raikhlin. Arch. Pathol. J\_, 142-150 (Feb. 1961), The development of the connective tissue in experimental silicosis commences with the appearance at the sites of silicon deposition of non-differentiatud fibroblasts rich with ' ribonucleic acid, which is rapidly transformed into fibrocytcs. Apparently, in connection with the features specific to the mucopolysaccharides--component of the complex procolLagen -- the surface of the collagenous fiber has weak bonds with the rest of the fiber, in the sillclous connective tissue there occurs formation of incomplete collagenous fibers, as a result of which they undergo considerable readjustment and become disarranged. Accumulation In the tissue of products of the collagen complex and their subsequent combination are conducive to conditions favorable for the appearance of hyalinosia. Necrosis of silicious nodules is closely connected with poorly formed collagenous fibers, which are produced under pathologic conditions. . During experimental anthracosis the development of sclerosis proceeds at a low rate and never reaches the degree attained in ailicosia. The manifestations of hyalinosis arc also pronounced to a lesser extent, while necrosis of the fibrous-dust foci is of very rare occurrence. Of major Importance in the mechanism of collagenous fiber production is the acellular type of sclerosis. Procollagen (the surface phase of collagenous fiber) is united more strongly with the remaining portion of the fiber (collastromin) and is not removed by collagenaae. The disclosed features peculiar to the connective tissue in experimental silicosis and anthracosis are of importance for the classification of certain aspects of pathogenesis in pneumoconiosis. -- Authors' conclusions ^66 Prevention of "Silica Shock" by Aluminum. G. W. H. Schcpers and A. 3. Delahant. Arch. Environmental Health 9-15 (Jan. 196!). The intracardiac~injection.of.40 mg. of particulate quarts causes splanchnic hyperemia and death in guinea pigs* This silica "shock" can be prevented by adding from 4 to 26 mg. of colloidal aluminum hydroxide to the suspension. When precipitated aluminum hydrate is added to the silicon dioxide the splanchnic vascular reaction is intensified. Metallic aluminum parti culates, oxidized or unoxidized, arc inadequate antidotes against silica "shock" though capable of preventing silicosis when inhaled as aerosols. Colloidal aluminum hydroxide Is nontoxic on intracardiac injection within a therapeutically effective dose range. This fact, coupled with its proved antidotal action against the circulatory disturbance induced by silicon dioxide, suggests that aluminum hydroxide may mitigate disabling bronchiolar spasm and pulmonary hypertension in silicotic patiunts. -- Authors' summary 17. j I I .1 ' :i*w 267 The Cl,gasification ut~ Chest Radios rn pli e for t.w.i) Worker*' HncumaconiuBin. Performance of Two Readers Over a Period of _i>ix Years. J. R. Ashford. liruVjT'lnd. hi,:dr'wT'^;T-T03 "(Oct. 1 V<))* A Study of th* This paper is concerned with the* pio'lonnance over the past 6 /cars of the 2 doctors responsible for the classification of chest radiographs obtained by the National Coal Board's Pneumoconiosis Field Research. A brief description is given of the categories of pneumo coniosis used in the Research and of Iho procedures adopted to decide the final or "definitive" classification. The readings obtained are then considered in detail and 3 main points emerge from the analysis. First, it tu shown that there have been marked systematic fluctuations in the reading levels of these 2 very experienced observers. In Bpite of these individual varia tions it is found that the standards applied on the definitive readings, which are based on the joint discussion by the 2 doctors of films on which their individual readings art inconsistent, remain remarkably constant over a perjod of several years. The third main feature of the analysis IS the considerable differences in the magnitude of thu reading errors between the various categories nt pnuum.oconiusi s. it in concluded tliat, although the existing procedures provide a satisfactory way oi estimating the prevalence of pneumoconiosis, it would Lc de sirable to increase the number of fiim readers. The beneficial effect of the system whereby a running check La kept on film reading standards .s also established. -- Author's abat. ."fei 26B Emphysema, Soot, and Pulmonary Circulation. Macroscopic Studies of Aging Lungs. C. P. Ode"rr~ J7~Am~. ~Med. Assn. ~T72, ~l991 -1998 (Apr. 30,~?bo7- Two hundred Jungs, obtained from persons dying of diseases other than pulmonary tuberculosis, were fixed in the inflated state to permit study of the relation between emphyaem* and deposits of soot. The evidence showed that chronic emphysema usually develops first in small areas of trapped parenchymal aoo', deposits; it is manifested by abnormal fenestrations in the interalveolar septums and by increased diameter of the alveolar ducts. The emphysema accompanying deposits of soot can be explained as resulting from tissue defects and disarrayed mechanical forces. Precapillary vessels are found protruding into the air spaces of the al veolar duct level, providing a possible mechanism for correlation between aerodynamics and hydrodynamics in the lung parenchyma. The morphological basis for an extensive aemishunt mechanism is demonstrated in thu periphery of each lobe. -- APCA Ab6t#. 269 Radiological Diagnosis in Asbestosis. R. Williams and P. Hugh-Jons Thorax (London) j_5, 103 (June I960). The authors studied the lung function in 40 patients at the Royal Free Hospital, Lon don, who had Lec*i exposed to.asbestos dust in their work for varying periods of time. Of these; <<4 asbestosis had been certified by the piieumoconiouis medical boards in 21; 10 patients with a prolonged exposure did not have definite roentgenog raphic signs of asbestosis; in the'remaining 9 patients the diagnosis of asbestosis was doubtful. The changes of pulmonary function ob served in the patients with.asbestosis were those common to patients with other interstitial fibroses, and consisted of a lowered diffusing capacity together with a reduced inspiratory capacity, hyperventilati on (often accompanied by arterial desaturation) on exertion, with no evidence of air-flow obstruction except in patients in whom asbestosis was complicated by asthma or emphysema. Many patiunts'also showed inequality of ventilation and ventilation- perfusion ratio. These functional changes were related to an independent grading of physical : signs and roeiitgenographic appearances. Changes in lung function, specific for an interstitial fibrosis,-often precede definite changes in the chest roentgenogram, so that finding them in patients with a history of exposure to asbestos is suggestive evidence of asbestosis whatever the rocr.tgencgraphic appearances may he, -- J, Am. Med. Asun, Ab9ts. 27t (j :tor rd' ioltive" lerge ns in ria- the :ent, he he urea ereby abst. ry lysemi it in :lons semi rrayed al and aunt eta. ,on:;thee* hi lining 11 rrV "'. no'.'.. ieal itltUl In. /r. . Mil Asbestosis and Abdominal Neupl.ianib. E. K. Keul. l.:m<-i:t 2, 1211 frjbd). In >953, an impression wan farmed at the London Hospital that wdiii'.'ii suffering from pulmonary asbestosis had ovarian neoplasms more often than other women. On the basislof this suspicion and because of the occurrence ol oilier cases, the hospital records since i'/4H were investigated. During that period, 23 women and I1/ men were admitted with a diagnosis ofasbestosis. In this series, there were JO deaths (15 men and 15 women). Of these, 14 died with lung cancer (10 men and 4 women). This high incidence in men is partly due to selection, but this does not apply to the women, who were all non-smokers. Death occurred in one man with peritoneal cancer and in 9 women with ovarian or peritoneal cancer. This appeared ito be mote than a chance association, and spread from undiagnosed lung cancer seemed unlikely. At least 4 of the tumors were not of ovarian origin. Some evidence of hematogenous spread of asbestos libers was adduced and it was suggested that a combination of mechanical and; chemical factors may determine the peritoneum as the site of inflammatory and subsequent neoplastic change. No single satisfactory explanation tor these cases could be drawn from the available material though they appeared to form a clinical entity of statistical significance. ,, -- Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. ii\ Occupational Medical Investigation in Cement Works. Jenny M. Battig, t al. Schweiz, med. Wochschr. 90, 705-709 (June 25, I960). German. j This is the first systematic investigation in Switzerland into the possibility of res piratory complaints arising from the inhalation of cement dust. No free silica is present! In Swiss cement, so silicosis is not a risk, a fact confirmed by the radiological examination of some of the workers. In all, 4gU employees at 3 factories were studied. The absentee rate at one of the factories was much higher than at others; the percentage of men complaining of cough and of those with sputum was also higher in this planL. The cause of this might be partly due to social factors, epidemics, etc. A study of smoking habits shows that exposure to bement dust does not increase coughing in smokers. It is suggested that those who are resistant'.to smoker's cough are also resistant to dust. Non-smokers show a surprisingly high proportion with chronic cough as compared with figures given by another author. Perhaps a better com parison would have been with a non-occupational group studied by the authors themselves: However, it is concluded that this shows that cement dust is irritating to the respiratory pas sages. Physical signs found did not lead to any definite conclusion. Vital capacity was not in fluenced by the length of dust exposure. In a few workers the maximum expiratory force was reduced. An attempt was made to relate the findings to the intensity of exposure by dividing the workers into 3 groups. The 2 groups most exposed to dust showed a tendency to increased pathological eigns, but the difference was not statistically significant. -- Bull. Hyg. A Study of the Physiological Effects of Carbon Black. (3) Adsorption and Elution Potentials; Subcutaneous Injections. C. A. Nau, J. Neal and V. A. Stembridge. Arch. Environmental Health 512-533 (Dec. I960). Neither blood plasma nor gastric juice elutes any significant adsorbed component when a channel black is suspended in either medium for as long as 7 days. Neither blood plasma nor gastric juice elutes any significant adsorbed component when a furnace black is suspended in either medium fur as long as 7 days. Channel black "binds" benzpyrene adsorbed artificially" so firmly that it cannot be removed "in luto" by benzene extraction. No signifi cant extraction of either channel or furnace carbon black w.ia accomplished with gastric juice to which 10% cooking oil was added-wheii contact was maintained for 7 days. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection in mice of channel or furnace carbon black leads to no significant changes from the normal. Benzene extractives of furnace blacks when injected in oil into n>icu lead to tumor formation. Carbon blacks, channel or furnace, can absorb and bind known carcinogens so effectively that no tumors are produced when the adsorbed material is injected subcutaneously. Tricaprylln when injected subcutaneously in mice may cause tumor formation. -- Authors' conclusions Industrial Hygiene Digest PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE EN VIKONMENT !' !s^ 273 Symptomatic Pulmonary Disease in Arc Welders. F.. Friedo ;m<l l>. O. K.achow, Ann. Internal Med. 54, 121-126 (Jan. 1961). A case of symptomatic lung disease in arc truldcrs has been discussed. The clinical picture is that of pulmonary fibrosis and advanced c nphyseina, with polycythemia, secondary features of pulmonary hypertension, and right heart i.iilurc. There is evidence that the ex- planation for the lung changes is excC8aivo*and proli nged exposure to fumes containing a com- bination of iron attd free silica. -- Authors1 summary 277 } 274 Old Age and Hypoxia. N. N. Sirotinin. Klin. Med. No. 8, 72 (I960). Russian. Certain observations suggest important similarities between mental and even phy sical changes occurring in old age and the changes in people who are exposed to high altitudes or to hypoxia of other origin. The author suggests that periodic living in high altitudes is one explanation for the longevity of some shepherds in mountainous regions. He points to the un usual energy and endurance shown by Swiss mountain guides, 75 to 78 years old, who are still . carrying out their work. Acclimatization to high altitudes may contribute to longevity. Re cently the author received a communication from the laboratory of E. M. Krebs, where it was found that rats exposed to long periods of hypoxia are known to live longer than control rats. -- Can. Med. Assn.. J. Absts. 275 Effect of Geographical Origin on Performance in' Heat. C. P. Yaglou. Arch. Environmental Health 2, 1-8 (Jan. 1961). A comparison of the performance of young? southern Floridians with that of a similar j group of New .Englanders, walking in thehumid heat of Homestead, Florida, indicated that the i Southerners had a more efficient heat regulating system, which enabled them to perform the standard exercises with distinctly leas sweating, and a smaller rise of body temperature and ! heart rate. The Southerners required a shorter period for physical conditioning in the heat, and lost acclimatization at a slower rate than the Northerners during periods of cool, rainy i weather. The superior performance of the Southerners is ascribed to their long-term accli matization, and their knowledge of living and working in their accustomed warm climate. It would seem that in selecting personnel for duty in hot areas, the geographical origin of the in- ; dividual should be given a high priority, possibly next to that of physical fitness. - - Author's summary 1 at Si th d> 276 Ecological Factors Affecting Efficiency and Health in Warships. F. P. Ellis. BrltTJ. Ind.~Med. IJ_, 318-32_6 "(Oct. i960). The environment of those who live and work in warships is closely related to the way : the ships are built and employed. In stating the requirements for the atmosphere between ' ' decks the emphasis has swung during the past 50 years from the need for controlling the chemi- M$ cal constituents to the control of the factors which comprise the thermal environment, and noi with the advent of the nuclear-powered submarine, to the need for achieving, as nearly as pos sible, complete physical, chemical, and microbiological control. Between 1944 and 1953 the thermal factors between decks were investigated in a series of studies carried out in H.M. Ships. The average effective temperatures on the mess decks and in the work places of 11 ships in the Eastern Fleet in 1944 exceeded K4*F (28.9*C). In compartments where radiant heat was an added factor the average corrected effective temperature levels were 1* or 2*F (0. 55 to 1. 1 *C) higher than the corresponding effective temperatures. The effects of climatic g* ef 279 R* -At ge th. or th. fa. lie do T1 leal ary :OmY idee one UHstill vai ta. nllar : the he and at, Vf sll- !xt e In- way *eoi* j no . po** the 1' .nt F . IfttiC ... ^Svrjtxji ',;, \y^*CT- .^ tir-al Hygiene .^gcj. conditions on naval personnel wur investigated by psychological studies to determine the ; ;evele of warmth at which performance deteriorated; by physiological experiments to show the levels of warmth at which the collapse of men working at different work rates might be! expected; by comfort surveys in ships and on shore to determine the levels of warmth at which the majority enjoyed optimum comfort; and by relating the monthly incidence of the common causes of ill-health to the average monthly upper-deck temperature as recorded at noon each day in order to determine the temperature level above which sickness increased; It was concluded that the upper desirable level of warmth to consider when designing shlps: for hot climates was an effective temperature of 7(}*F (25.5*C). -- Cond. from author's abst; :77 The Tonometer in the Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma. S. M. Drance. Can. Med. Assn. J. 84, 224-225 (Jan. 28, 1961). , Routine use of the Schiotz tonometer in people over 40'years of age will bring to light very early cases of glaucoma and will result in a better.prognosis. As an aid to making a correct interpretation of the tonometric reading the common causes of error In interpreta tion have been outlined. Two of these arise from the nature of the disease and one from the method of tonometry itself. A raised intraocular pressure almost always means glaucoma. A normal reading, though reassuring, does not exclude glaucoma. -- Author's summary A Study of Two-Stage Air Samplers Designed to Simulate the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract, E. C. Hyatt, H. F. Schulte, C. R. Jensen, R, N. Mitchell and G. H. Ferran. LA-2440. Los Alamos Scientific Lab., New Mexico. 50 pp. (June I960). Office of Tech nical Services, U. S, Dept, of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. Industrial hygienists have recognised for many years (hat there is a need for a suit able air-sampling device that could, in effect, be used to simulate man as a duet sampler; Such a device should be capable of distinguishing between the fraction of inhaled dust which wuuld be retained in the upper respiratory tract and that in the alveoli. This study was made to determine the effectiveness of sturdy, low-volume two-stage air samplers suitable for en vironmental air sampling. Four two-stage air samplers utilizing inertial collection were * studied with uranium aerosols. The standard against which the samplers were evaluated was the selective action of the respiratory system in dealing with dust particles of different aero dynamic sizes. The first stage of the two-stage sampler should be 90 to 100% efficient in-the range 5 to 10 microns' and approximately zero at 1 micron. Detailed results are presented, giving particle-size data obtained on each fraction of the two-stage samplers studied and the efficiency of the first stage in the range 0 to 10 microns. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. ' * ?^duction_of Fetal Irradiation in Felvimetry. T, A. Kendig. ^-diofogy~i, f.OH^bTi~(<7clT960)~ It is important to recognize the growing concern as to the possible significance of general body irradiation of the fetus in the course of pelvimetry. To reduce this appreciably there are only 2 really satisfactory alternatives, either to eliminate the procedure entirely or to refine the technique so that the fetus obtains only a fraction of the exposure incident to thl.e more conventional method of pelvimetry. This latter object was achieved to a highly satis- factory degree by precision coning, precision centering, masking the area where the fetal head lie* and.protecting the remainder of the fetus by a leaded apron placed over the maternal ab- dome - Nuclear Sci. Absls. Inch.6trial Hygiene Digcat 280 A Prospective Study of the 1,_e.n_ktm> mJA < >rt:d 11 y of Children Exposed to Ante- Natal Dlagnogtir Radiography. A lJ rol imina ry Report. W, M. C. llrown and It. Dull. "* ProcT Jtoyr".SoJ7"Ped."_M7 7hl'-7f..`. (Sept. I960). A survey was made of (he mortality from leukemia of children exposed lnutero to diagnostic x-rays. It was concluded that if a leukemogenic rink is incurred by prenatal x-ray exposure, the risk is very small, -- Nuclear Sci. Abate. TndUJ. let eo* act n' ini* 2H1 Practical Application of Radioactive Metals, l,, K. Karr, :t al. Bull7"NT"iT. A"rd~.''MeJr 36," 51U-637 (Aug. I960). The transcript of a panel discussion on Ibc practical applications of radioactive metals in medicine is given. The effects of r.fdinisolopea on tissues; their therapeutic use fulness; sonni specific approaches used in isotope therapy; the properties that make isotopes desirable or undesirable; the control and care of malignant diseases through the use of radio, isotopes; and the development of methods leading to more precise localization of radiolaotopeB for therapeutic purposes and resulting in a better untierstanding of the effects of radioisotope* should they contaminate body structures were discussed. -- Nuclear Sci. Abate. 282 Urine Radiography of Excreted Iodide, A New Renal Function Teat. B. P. Grant and R. Vijgj, I J. Am. Med. As9n. 174, 1304-1107 (Nov. I960). A new technique, excretory urine radiography, for estimating organic iodide excre tion after its intravenous injection is simple and inexpensive. Its accuracy was proved by com parison with chemical and isotopic measurements of iodide excretion. It facilitates measure, ment of glomerular filtration. It adds to excretory urography an important needed feature or may be employed as a separate renal function test. The range of normal values is provisionin', considered as chose above 20% excretion of dialrizoate in 30 minutes. -- Nuclear Sci. Absta. 2oo of a cf c dep ten oht* 237 A N ten Ana 283 An Industrial Gamma Irradiator for Medical Supplies. J. H. Frankfort, S. Haram and ' ' tx *b* ! S. Wallach. NYO-9433. Associated Nucleonics, lnci. Garden City, N.Y. 139 pp. (Feb. !9, 1960). .\;$j vldt cw Criteria were developed for the gamma sterilization of medical supplies and pharznaceutlcais. Preliminary design data and cost figures are presented for a gamma irradiator. riat the.. Both Co-60 and Co - 137 are coii9idered as gamma sources. Photographs of a model of a pro posed irradiator and diagrammatic sketches of design details are included. , ?, -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 284 An Experimental Gamma Irradiator for Hospital Sterilization. J. H. Frankfort, S. Haram and S. Wallach. NYO-9432. Associated Nucleonics, luc., Garden City, N.Y. 94 pp. (March 7, I960). Preliminary design data are presented for a gamma irradiator for use as an experi mental hospital sterilizer. A photograph of a scale model and schematic sketches of design details are included. Initial-cost and operating data are considered for both Co-60 and Co-137 sources. Among the materials particularly suited to gamma sterilization are bone transplant*, rubber gloves, dressing packs, petrolatum gauze, and mattresses. -- Nuclear Sci. Abets, 285 Environmental Radioactivity Prior to Nuclear Power Plant Operation. J. V. Nehemias, G. H. WhippTe'arid N.'c". Kothary. J."A7n. ~Water Work Assn. 1291-1302 (Oct. I960). ;4- S 'i When any major nuclear production facility Is planned, the possibility that radioactive materials may he inadvertently released into the environment must be considered. Evah'atior. of the impact of plant operation on the levels of radioactivity in the environment implies know- 288 Solv com The mini is a: 8 Com Thii exas ess* coal this 22. .`I, >61 HvKicne Digest March, 1.9 6 1 astlc < J to x- ray te. ( i 3 3 ledge of radioactivity levels present before operation begin*. A pre-ope rational survey of environmental radioactivity has been in progress lor L years in the vicinity of the power re actor being constructed in Southeastern Michigan by the Power Reactor Development Company, Environmental radioactivity haa demonstrated a general increase throughout 195b, continuing into the spring of 1959, and a general decrease thereafter throughout 1959. -- Nuclear Sci. Abets. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS ise:opea radiototopes otopes bats. R. Wigh. xcreby com>aaur> are or visional'? Absts. I dlator. :* projkte.t.. P-' ' tv fcftlD . fh aco-13' Dibit*. te60':- till it*. Improved Smoke Density Recorder. R. Lambie. J. Sci. Inatr. 37, 144-146 (Apr. I960). A smoke density recorder is described in which high stability is achieved by the use of stabilized circuits for the light source and head amplifier. A method of calibration by means of optical density screens standardized for the type of photocell used is given. Drift caused by deposition of smoke on the optical system was overcome by the use of hot air jets. During ex tended testl on laboratory and industrial installations, stable operation with negligible drift was obtained. - - APCA Absts. S7 A New Gas Absorption Device, Its Application to Tltrimetric and Conductometric Micro iDe- tennination of Carbon Dioxide in Air.- lb Holm-Jenaen. i Anal. Chim. Acta 23, 13^27 (July 1960). | A gas absorption device is described which is capable of absorbing gases from p. tream of air (up to 15 ml. /min. ) in a small volume (about 0. 5 ml. ) of absorbing fluid. The absorbing area of contact between air and liquid is about 150 sq, cm. The apparatus is pro vided with electrodes for measuring the electrolytic conductivity of the absorbing liquid. It can be used in the determination of carbon dioxide in air by means of conductometric titrations; visual titrations with air by means of thymolphthalein arc also possible. No back-titration of the strontium hydroxide is needed. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING `Ji^Your Air Pollution Problen , Gould. Power 104, 69-71 (July 1960). Typical partial analyses of coala, oil and gas are given. Pollutants accompanying ^inujetion include smoke and fumes, fly ash, various gases, organic vapors and acid mists, '* 2 basic techniques for air pollution abatement are to minimize formation of these and to jn|nimlze those formed. Variation_of.heating values in coals is significant --in gas and oil It * f much lees importance. Sulfur In coal occurs as Iron sulfide and organic forma --in oil t^ercaptans, sulfides and disulfides. Sulfur dioxide is obnoxious and can be detected in ^nccntfstions as low as 1 ppm. Sulfur trioxide reacts with moisture to form sulfuric acid. ' la is irritating to the respiratory system in concentrations of 3 ppm. Some relationship ^ >ts between volatile content of fuel and smoke. Rapid and complete combustion of fuel is ^*titlal. High ash content increases the air pollution possibilities of the fuel. Dust from ,t_o*ge and handling Is a problem. Wetting or treating with oil will Assist in controlling nuisance. High moisture content in coal can cause heavy smoking. - Public Health Eng, Absts. 23. I I |. Industria} Hygi-n<` I)tcat M.trcn, > 289 New Advances in l-~ 1 y -- A ah Control- H. D. Alford. Combustion ^Z, 45-49 (July I960). The ever increasing demand for cleaner stacks, to meet anti-air pollution regula- tionn, has resulted in improved boiler and fly ash collector design, Resistivity of the ash particles is one of the major factors which determines the case of electrostatic collection. Particles of over 20 microns are easily removed by mechanical Cyclonic collectors but electrostatic collectors are required to remove particles of smaller size. New precipitator design provides maximum electrical stability, minimum dust erosion, maximum thermal stability and better gas distribution qualities. Recent improvements on "Rapper" controls, power controls and mechanical power controls provide an impetus of major significance in the constant advances in fly ash collection. -- Public Health Eng. Abjta. 'V' lnd 290 Garage Health Hazards and Ventilation. C. R. Ross and 1.. Rispler. Occ 'Health"Re~v~~(Ottawa! U\ T^L (7960). /' Carbon monoxide exists in gasoline engine exhaust gases in concentrations ranging from over 10% at idle speed to about 3% at full speed. The amount of carbon monoxide In the ' -exhaust of diesel engines iy less than in gasoline engines. Local exhaust systems remove air ' .. contaminants at their points of origin before they can escape into the general atmosphere. These syateme should bu considered because they obtain positive control of contaminants with ' a minimum amount of air. An exhaust system consists of hoods or enclosures at the sources . .-./% ' of air contamination, branch and main ducts through which an air stream transports the contaminant outdoors, a fan to produce the required air flow, and in some cases an air cleaner. -- A PC A Abets. 294 291 Activated Carbon Filters Control Radioactive Vapors. T. T. Porembski. Air Cond. Heat, and Vent. V7j 97-98 (Nov. I960). 'l* '* A newly designed activated carbon and-stack system to handle radioactive iodine . \f-\ vapor is operated in conjunction with existing air cleaning facilities at the Radioactive Ma- i'/sp teri&ls Laboratory. The new facility will permit immediate sectioning and chemical and cor-. r'-'-'A. rosion testing of irradiated samples which otherwise could not be handled until the-samples i ?W'.: had sufficiently decayed and are safe to handle. Proper operation of the ventilation system v 7^ depends upon the following factors: (1) Assurance that all isolation boxes are sealed, (2) Proper equipment operation. (3) Proper air balancing. (4) Assurance that the isolation boxes are under negative pressure. The activated carbon filters, 95% efficient, used 2 in a series, provide a concentration reduction of 4 x 104, The system has been found very satis- factory for the Containment of radioactive effluents. - - APCA Absts. `-.*7 H 295 ' COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE 292 Evaporated Metal Films as Indicators of Atmospheric Pollution. J. P. Lodge, Jr. and Bernice R. Havlik. Intern. J. Air Poll, 3_, 249-252 (Oct. I960). I As a substitute is proposed for present techniques of measuring atmospheric cor rosiveness, namely the use of evaporated metal films a few hundredths of a micron in thick ness. Glass slides covered with films of aluminum, iron, lead, copper and silver were pre pared and exposed in the Cincinnati area. Corrosion products were identified by means of x-ray diffraction and microchemical methods. Corrosion results in an increase in light trans mission by the film, which can be taken as a quantitative measure of corrosion. Preliminary results showed aluminum to be the most dependable indicator of general atmospheric corrosive ness, although silver appeared specifically sensitive to a small group of pollutants, such as "7 fv;" : k is 293 "Invisible Injury11 of Bush Beans by Atmospheric and Aqueous FluuridcB. H. G. Applegate i and D. F. Adams. Intern. J. Air PoTT. i, 231-248 (Oct. 1960K Bush beans, Phaseolu vulgaris var. humilis, when subjected to either gaseous fluo ride or solutions containing fluoride, have abnormal oxygen uptake when compared with similar plants not subjected to fluoride. Plants given gaseous fluoride for 24 hours prior to harvest consistently had greater oxygen uptake than their control counterparts. Plants given continuous fluoride from time of germination had, with the exception of a short period around the fifth day, greater oxygen uptake than their control plants. Between the fourth and sixth days, continuously fumigated plants had a lower oxygen uptake than the unfumigated control plants. There appeared to be little difference in respiration patterns between gaseous jluoride-mediated respiration, and aqueous fluoride-mediated respiration. This physiological disturbance induced by fluoride which has been demonstrated is considered to be an example of "invisible injury", by classical de finition, -- Authors' abst. 294 The Influence of Smelter Fumes Upon the Chemical Composition of Lake Waters Near Sudbury, Ontario, and Upon the Surrounding Vegetation. E. Gorham and A. G. Gordon. | Can7j7"Botany 38, 477-487 (July I960). j Analyses for sulfate, calcium, and pH have been made on surface waters from 102; lakes and ponds in the Sudbury metal-smelting district, and data are presented for 35 of the|se. Sulfur pollution is frequently high within 5 miles of the 3 smelters, many ponds exhibiting more than 3 times the sulfate concentration normal for this area, and 3 waters more than {0 times this level. Outside about 15 miles distance the influence of smelter pollution upon sulfate con centrations in surface waters is negligible. As expected, many of the most polluted waters:are strongly acid, with pH values going as low as 3.3. Sulfuric acid from air pollution has also led to increased weathering of calcium from soils and rocks, so that this ion tends to rise in con centration not only in waters above pH 6 but also in those below pH 5. Damage to terrestrial vegetation is frequently marked within 5 miles of the smelters, while it is seldom obvious to the untrained eye beyond this distance. Severe damage occurs chiefly within about 2 miles of the smelters. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. . *95 Why Industry Needs Performance Standard Zoning. Dorothy A. Muncy. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. J_0, 282-284 (Aug. 1,960). Zoning controls are required to guide the development of open land in the suburbs Which still lack the protection of ail air pollution agency. The use of performance standards in a zoning ordinance is a necessary measure tn protect vacant land for future industry. Eight trends in industrial land use are significant to the prevention of air pollution and to the pro tection of land for future industry; 4 of these trends result directly from industrial manager ment decisions and ehould guarantee the cuiup.i rahility of future plants. The next 3 trends in suburban growth could handicap industry's etforts to improve its location. The 8th trend in. *uburban growth illustrates the critical need for performance standards in land use zoning. These trends are diacusaedTrTdetallT--Standards formulated now to guide new industrial growth' can be a major preventive measure, until the time when the whole region is protected by a full- cale air control agency. APCA Absts. ii 9 25. 1 niduitrial Hy^ien<; 13in< st March, 1961 296 Studies on the Sanitary Nuisance of Smoke-Gasea from a Sulfate Cellulose Factory. Interview Study. l. Knberg, K. Juuution and H, Ccdcroflof. NoTd" Hyg. Tidskr. 4l_, 41-50 (I960). (1)__An This article presents the results of an interview study covering about 400 persons selected at random from the population living within 20 km, (12.5 miles) of a sulfate cellulose I. factory. The main purpose of the investigation was to study the inconvenience caused by air ( j pollution from the factory. The "sulfate smell" disturbed 36% of those interviewed, and one- third of those interviewed described their discomfort as severe. Despite the complaints only 5% considered it disadvantageous that the factory was situated in the tract. Comparisons be tween different parts of the area investigated indicated the existence of a correlation between the situation uf the residence of the individual interviewed in relation to the factory and the U'f comparative incidence of persons disturbed. The investigation showed that certain groups of people were more discomforted than others. Women were disturbed more than men and youngs more than older. Moreover, there was some relation between the discomfort caused by the o(j0r and discontent. It was also evident that persons disturbed by the sulfate odor complained about the odor from the. factory in the area to a greater extent than persons not disturbed by the sul. fate odor. -- APCA Abuts. 297 Studies on the Sanitary Nuisance of Smoke-Gases from a Sulfate Cellulose Factory. (2) Pe te rm inat ion pr.thc Olfactory Threshold for Smoke-Gases. L. Friberg, R. Cederoflof and E. Jonsson. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. 4^1, 51-62 (I960). A comparative investigation was made of the intensity of the odor of 5 smoke-gases of varied character and deriving from different processes in the production of pulp in a sul fate cellulose factory in Southwestern Sweden. Thu investigation was carried out to provide a basis for the technical planning of rational air-purification measures aimed at decreasing the distressing odors emanating from the industrial area. Twenty men and 20 women living in the area, half of whom were under 50 years of age and half over that, were selected as test subjects. The olfactory threshold determinations were based on so-called paired comparison and each subject needed only to decide whether one of the gases in a given pair smelled more ; strongly than the other or if they were of equal strength. The comparisons were made between the different gases, 2 by 2, in concentrations corresponding to their volumetric proportion ! (from lO'^ to 10-2) in the mixed gas emitted from the top of the chimney, and fresh air. The. results showed that it is possible with this simple method to determine the relative intensity of the odor of the gases and that an approximate measure of the olfactory threshold for the different gases could be obtained with a degree of precision that satisfied the practical de mands placed by the technical problem to be solved. - - APCA Absts. - 1 298 Absolute Judgment of Odor Quality. T. Engen and C. Pfaffman. J. Exp. Psychol. 59. 214-219 (Apr. I960). A series of experiments were carried out to determine how well the human subject !$5can identify odor qualities by label (the subject's own association to the odorant) with different kinds, intensities, and numbers of odorants. Analysis of these identifications yielded approxi mately 4.0 bits of information. The results were influenced by variations in the sample of odor qualities but not appreciably by intensity characteristics of the odor qualities. The information transmitted for a combination of 1.5 bits obtained for intensity earlier and the 4.0 bits obtained for quality did not exceed that for quality alone. The discussion of the results compared the span of absolute judgment in olfaction and other sense modalities with respect to unidimcnslonal and multidimensional stimuli. -- APCA Abets. 299 Experimental Research on the Link Between Atmospheric Pollution and Lung Cancer. L. M. Shabad." Intern. J. Air Poll. 2* 221-230" (Oct. I960). In this paper the experimental study of the carcinogenic effect of air pollution and its' role in the etiology of cancer of the lung is discussed with particular reference to the work in the. U. S. S. R. The carcinogrnic hydrocarbon 3:4 benzpyrene has been shown to be present in ' te, t4;S>X.-.. v pjv^;jS. . ose Ir ne nly be* i of hunger le odor about ult. la >g >g test iaon ore tween The uy 'Vt'vV:* . >. ' ct; rent iroxi' if odor nation tba i.ion*1 t-.H.ntrial Hygiene Digest rs the atmosphere and in the smoke from Kiibtmtii cigarettes. Tarry products from air pollution have been tested by akin painting and subcutaneous i-vpi-nmcnl a in mice and malignant tumors were obtained in about H% ot the caeca. Adcnomaloua lung tumors were also produced in mice Earlier experiments had also shown that painting the skins ol mice with tar increased the num ber of lung adenomas. Further, when the progeny of those painted animals were themselves painted with tar, lung adenomas occurred twice as frequently as in the parents. -- Author's; abat.~ 300 Health Insurance and Comprehensive Medicine. M, R. Stalker. Can. Med. aTstT. J. 84, 155-158 (JaiTT 21 , T961 3. A successful program of comprehensive health insurance cannot he provided without sound basic medical service. The development of such a service requires a new outlook in undergraduate and postgraduate training of the basic physician. As the pattern of specialized medicine was developed in the field of education, so the leadership in this new outlook must be educational. Adoption of these concepts of medical education and practice will provide for a united profession which, in conjunction with the economists of organized medicine, will ^e in a sound position to negotiate with government. In this changing and troublesome world scien tific medicine has made and is making remarkable progress in the healing of the sick. Through the long pages of history.the medical profession has maintained a revered and preferred posi tion because of its integrity, humanitarian outlook and intimate association with people, I This will be continued with unity and sympathetic understanding. -- Author's summary 101 Unemployment Experiences of Older Workers -- Impact on Political and Social Attitudes.! H. L. Sheppard. Geriatrics 15, 430 (I960). This paper reports a study sponsored and financed by the Joint Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations of the University of M ichigan--Wayne State University. It concerns; the unemployment and re-employment experiences of 500 workers over 40 years of age who lost their jobs in 1956 owing to the permanent shutdown of a large American automotive company. Among the factors involved were age, skill and race. The major automotive companiesMn the area discriminated against older workers. The group hardest hit were those between 55 and 64 years of age. Their chances of obtaining employment were one-quarter of those for the worker under 45. Moreover at least 40% of those workers fortunate enough to find some type of work again, regardless of whether they kept it, were required to accept jobs at skill levels below their previous jobs. Race seemed of no significance, possibly because discrimination racial ground is prohibited in Michigan. Their experiences had a deteriorating effect on their morale, expectations, and feelings of importance m the community. The decrease in P*rsonal morale was just as great for those rw-employed at a lower skill level as for those not re-employed at all. The feelings of social alienation were positively correlated to length of unemployment. The responsibility for such a situation is a social one. Suggested remedies Include a program of adequate unemployment compensation, a program of special retraining and counseling for older workersT-andlhc outlawing of discrimination on a national level be cause of chronological age. - - Can. Med. Assn. J, Abets. accidents a ms prevention 302 Safety -- Ita Relation to Cost and Production. A. L. Anthony. Natl. Safety News a^J, Journal 6 --Journal 10 (Feb. 1961). There are 2 costs involved in any personal injury accident -- the direct cost, and the indirect cost. Thu direct cost is also known as tho "insured'* cost. For the present purpose this can bo considered as the amount of money paid to insured employees for workmen's com. psnsalion benefits uj established by state law, plus the cost of medical treatment. The in direct cost, which can also be called tho ''uninsured'' cost, may be, and usually is greater than the direct cost. It ih "hidden" or "incidental" and thus indirect, because much of it car., not be easily determined in dollars and cents. Many years ago a study was made which r>;. vealed that on national averages, the indirect costs arc 4 times greater than the direct costa. In recent years, there have been articles in trade journals which indicate that this 4 times factor may no longer be true. They indicate that in most cases, thi* figure is conservative, .Safety men who have made studies of their operations have stated that this factor is now be tween 7 and 14 times greater than tho direct costs. This becomes a very significant cost of operation, and one which can easily be overlooked unless safety accepts its responsibility to make it recognised. Ten items concerning indirect costs arc presented. The paper further includes the following topics: Who pays for accidents 7 Ten-year frequency, severity rates; increase in workmen's compensation; compensation rate index; provide management with Iom data; and safety, cost and production. Data are illustrated by graphs and tables. -4 \J 305-i 7 b 303 The High Cost of Slips and Falls. Anon. Occ. Hazards 23, 37-39, 60 (Feb. 1961). Falls from one level to another are the most expensive accidents in industry. Ex- perience in 6 states shows injuries caused by this kind of fall cost roughly twice as much as injuries involved in other accidents. However, slips and falls that take place on the same rj\ 306 R i level should not be discounted. Accidents to people who skid on grease or trip over pallets W that stick out into aisles can cost plenty. Their compensation demands slightly more per ij; case than ordinary accidents, and there are 12% more same-level falls than falls from one level to another. The number of claims due to falls on the same level about equals the num- ,.v>( ber caused by accidents with machinery. Even compensable automobile accidents take less B I" per case than falls. In Florida, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina, compensation benefits for injuries from fall s between levels averaged SI, 129 per l- by .. P? case several yedrs ago: benefits for injuries from motor vehicle accidents averaged 31,066. '" Costs are higher now, because of increased benefits; but proportions probably remain the ' n< All this does not consider the human factor. It does not tell how much pain, paralysis, wage . ' \-- ' bt loss, personal bankruptcy, family upheaval, emotional and mental wear and tear, comes to fl. those who get hurt in falls. Yet the human cost is, in the long run, more important than the : V-.t of immediate financial costs of falls, Business and society alike suffer with the injured workeri tr and their families. r* t 304 How Much Safety Factor? R. F. Schoof. Natl. Safety News ti^, Journal II -- Journal 14 (Feb. I96i). ' Many safety requirements have been established by governmental bodies, standards , associations and industry groups to protect the public against injury and Loss. In addition to complying with prescribed safety requirements, the designer must provide an acceptable pro* duct having a long service life. At the same time, the designer is called upon to make ef/icit& ./ use of materials. The author presents a simple six-part analysis in which the following factor? ; are discussed: (i) Loss factor. (2) J.oad factor. (3) Stress analysis factor. (4) Fabricsiif--'.; and assembly factor. (5) Time factor, (n) Economy factor. This six-step analysis of a sp<:-?;* H; .m Pi P lit 307 Cl W na ce he iee om- of to ier industrial llygimy M<`< r<.h, ! 'ff, | application can give a definite uaaie fur tint bcIo n>n -if a nil':ly (-ir.tur. ft here large prb- duction volumes arc being contemplated, there i lte'i a desire to reduce a factor of saf.ety and thereby cut initial coats. Any reduction run v atauli shed f.urnia should be made only with a full understanding of ail the factors invulv <!. A major decrease in a previously ac cepted factor of safety can rarely be made. However, decreases of 10 to 15% are often fea- 7 oible and safe. For common designs, expe riciiC-ul designers develop standard stress levels baaed on accepted safety factors. These factors may be established from a variety of sources. The selection of a safety factor is frequently governed by accepted standard design stresses or by municipal or state codes. However, many times, partii marly on machine parte and devices, the selection of a safety factor is required in the early design stages. By reference and:use of the six factors listed, this choice can he made using a comprehensive methodical analysis. True safety factors relating the damaging stress to the actual design stresses can be established, accurately representing the safety level intended by the designer. 305 Eye Injuries Due to Power Lawn Mowers. D. Barsky. Arch, Ophthalmol. 64, 385 (Sept. 1V60>, Five cases of missile eye injuries due to power lawn mowers are reported, cohering a 4-year period beginning September 1955. In 3 cases, vision was totally lost. The need for safety features in the rotary type power lawn mower is stressed. Public awareness of the eye hazard should be aroused. - - J. Am. Med. Assn. Abets. I! 11 MISCELLANEOUS i ss >er )66. * /age to the liter* l; >. .<U. a to . , proJllclo"' facto" rlcatioo |*P*C` 7 306 Research in Water Pollution. F. C. Livingstone. Water Sc Sewage Works 107, 126-128 (Mar. I960}. i This is a brief report of the research being conducted in a special laboratory for water pollution research of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research In Great Dritain. Tests were made on a new anionic surface-active material that had been developed by detergent manufacturers seeking to find a biological soft substance. In trickling filter pilot plants, it was found that about 90% of the new type of detergent was removed as com pared with about 68% of the material presently being marketed. Owing to the fact that the new laboratory is situated in a community where domestic sewage and industrial wastes can be kept completely separate, precise studies were made of the characteristics and rate of flow.of domestic sewage. The laboratory has investigated possible methods of pre-treatment of tannery wastes to remove suspended matter, toxic metals, and sulfide, and also to neu tralize excessive alkalinity. Waste flue gases could be used to form calcium carbonate, to strip out the hydrogen sulfide, and to neutralize alkalinity. The waste gases containing hydro gen sulfide could then be passed through coke-packed filters irrigated with weak tannery wastes. Hydrogen sulfide is absorbed and oxidized biologically to sulfuric acid. Studies are also being made of treatment of tannery wastes by trickling filters. Simple cyanides and less stable com plex cyanides may be treated with ferrous sulfate and an alkali prior to discharge to a munici pal sewer. Where a higher degree of treatment is needed, chlorine and caustic are used. Al most complete removal of cyani3*e~was- affected from a solution of NaCN equivalent to 90 mg./ liter HCN at a flow rate of 700 gal./cu. yd./day, with temperatures above 10*C. -- Cond. from Public Health Eng. Absts. ' Chemical Coagulation and Pressure Flotation for Aircraft Oil Wjst>wate. Enj. TT, 434-437 (AuB. 1960)7 Malhood. The waste flows in the United Air Lines Maintenance Base at San Francisco inter national Airport originate from numerous cleaning uperations of engines, engine parts, ac cessories and air frame parts as well as paint stripping. The average workday wastes flow fp r*i. a i ln'lusl rul Hygi.-in- l)i M. rcc. , Indtii was 190 BP*" with peak flows rebelling <190 gpni. The wastes had a concentration of total oil varying I'rom 500 lo 1,21)0 pj*m of which 250 to 700 ppi~n were highly stable emulsified oil. To hreak ami h v pa rat e the nil, . nmnb-r of comnie rcial coagulant aids were tested and found to be ineffective, .is were simple acid or alkaline treatments. Eventually pressure flotation, preceded by vhejnie.il coagulation with ,iJnm and activated silica was found to be effective and selected as the appropriate treatment. A flexible, compact, and neat plant, designed to carry out the p rocc ss, occupies a site 9 2 feet' l>y 45 feet and ha a been in ope ration successfully for a year. A flowing-through diagram is presented. Design requirements and details are briefly described. - - Public Health Eng. Abats. 308 Plating Waste Treatment -- No Longer a Necessary Evil. L. A. Greenburg. lnd. Eng. Cbem. ``I, .'<3A-d4A (Aug, I960). Absej ] Acc Id " ey* hig Aeroa A process is described for aimulntncoua treatment and removal of the liquid film of plating solution which adheres to the part ;ia it is removed from the plating bath. A treatment wash tank is substituted for the first rinse, tank. For cyanide plating wastes, the wash solution is maintained at pH 10 to 1 I by addition to the caustic and chlorine feed rate which is set to maintain 300 to 500 ppm available chlorine to completely oxidize the cyanide waste on the work piece. The wash solution then flows into a reservoir tank where the insoluble metal hydroxide* and oxides settle out. An integrated treatment system, providing for continuous addition of chemicals and recirculation of the wash solution, is more economical to construct and operate than a batch unit. Non-toxic salts slowly accumulate in the treatment solution, and a fresh solution is made up after 2 to 4 months. -- Public Health Eng. Abats. let' and'. mea phot' Sol V; ' .f Alcoho I aims .it'-.. Alumin 309 What About Laundramal Detergents 7 Anon. Wastes Eng. 31, 338 (July I960). Laboratory tests were sponsored by the New York State Water Pollution Control Board as described in detail in their Research Report No. 5, which indicated that by batch tank chemical treatment with alum, soda ash, and activated carbon, the effluent concentra tion of synthetic detergent can be reduced to l to 2 ppm. - - Public Health Eng. Abats. 310 Glass Drainlines for Disposal of Corrosive Wastes. E. K. Lofberg. Ind. Wastes 5, 62-63 (June 1960). Anthrar xpa> '.'A. ?& v Asbesto and a: radial i; Atheros ;;vi Hagasso Pyrex glass drainlines arc now available which are guaranteed against corrosion or joint leakage for the lifetime of the building. The glass pipe is resistant to all corrosive age&ti except hydrofluoric acid or hot alkalis. Corrosion-resistant teflon is employed as the gaakctioj >-M? material. Glass piping is easy to assemble, readily dismantled, transparent, and everlasting. \'j* Over-all cost is low. The use of glass pipelines has been approved by the Western Plumbing \< j1.'; Officials' Association. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. :vi Books J alcoho induet photoc survey Brucello ."5V tlyeajnoa .'V-.V; . experii :- relatioi in 30. g* * i .* IrtjuHvgiene Digest Fo rni aide!: v*lu , resnonse of guinea pigs to Formic acid, response of guinea pigs (l> Frostbite, treatment Garage health hazards Gas cleaning Glaucoma, early detection Health insurance and comprehensive medicine and pe r sonality survey, U.S, Natl., hernias Heart disease and diet Heat and humidity et/eet of geographical origin in warships Hexachlorobenzcnc and cutaneous porphyria 253 15 \ 23 1 290 259 277 300 228 * 226 235 275 27b 244 PtitMimuc unio si a in jute and flax industry lung dust and lung pathology Pollen samplers, evaluation Radioactive vapors activated carbon filters for March, J.Hl a, ?9l Radioactivity prior to nuclear plant operation Radioelements, radioisotopes application in medicine for hospital sterilization for sterilizing medical uupplies urine radiography Radiographs, classification 281 Hi 1*1 Zt! Radiography, industrial (bk, rev.) U\ Safety factors in design relation to cost and production Jo: Hospital sterilization by gamma radiation 284 Insect repellent, and toxic encephalopathy 256 Irradiator for medical supplies 283 Lead determination in paint scrapings poisoning in children ' effect of temperature and humidity 25 1 25 i 250 Litigation and the professional person 229 Silicosis . aluminum therapy experimental histochemical features Smoke density recorder Space flight, aerospace medicine Sporotrichosis, occupational Suntan-simulating agent Surgery staphylococcal wound infection 2b*. 29t 210 Ul 241 lYi Lumberjacks, cardiovascular studies Manganese poisoning and parkinsonism Nitrous gases, poisoning by Nylon dermatitis Odor(s) judgment of quality olfactory threshold for smoke-gases from sulfate cellulose factory 233 252 247 237 298 297 296 Trappist monks vascular disease in Waste disposal for aircraft oil wastes glass drainlines laundramat detergents plating waste treatment research in water pollution Welding and symptomatic pulmonary disease 233 33331001001604! 2H Old age and hypoxia Older workcr(b) unemployment experiences Parkinsonism and manganese poisoning 2 74 301 252 Wound infection in surgical unit X-iay(s) classification of radiographs leukemia mortality of children reduction of fetal irradiation 214 22216S4?i