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210 CHAPTER 11 : : ,1949 Guide smoke pipe, to less than 8 microamperes." The commercial standard also requires that during a test after installation, the burner shall operate with out visible smoke at the chimney top. A method of evaluating smoke produced by pot type oil burners was developed for the Institute of Cooking and Heating Appliance Manufac turers by R. N. St. John. A glass rod is interposed between a light source and a photo-sensitive cell both before and after being exposed to the fiue gases from a heating device. The diminution of the light transmitted by the rod due to the deposit of soot on its surface causes a reduction in the cell emf which is taken as an index of the concentration of smoke in the flue gases. A description of the method is contained in National Bureau of Standards Commercial Standard CS104-4646*7.* * * 10 11 Sound and Vibration Measurements Approximate measurements of sound intensity can be made by aural methods. The ear is used to compare the measured noise with sounds of known strength. Electrical devices in which the ear plays no part furnish the most satis factory means of measuring noise intensities. The sound meter consists essentially of a microphone coupled to an amplifier designed with an ear-like response. The output of the microphone is read on a sensitive direct current milliammeter graduated to read directly in decibels. Instruments of tips type if connected with suitable band pass filters can be used to study the intensity of the sound over its entire range of frequencies. . Electrical instruments are available for measuring the frequency, ampli tude and acceleration of a vibrating mass. They are usually more con venient and accurate than the vibrating reed tachometer and the seismic type displacement meters and accelerometers which can also be used for this purpose. Sound level meters are discussed in several text books89'" and standards81. REFERENCES 1 Standard Code for Testing and Rating Steam Unit Heaters (A.S.H.V.E. Trans actions, Vol. 36, 1930, p. 165), adapted January, 1930, by A.S.H.V.E. * A.S.H.V.E. Standard Code for Testing and Rating Steam Unit Ventilators (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 38,1932, p. 25), adopted June, 1932. 4 A.S.R.E. Standard Methods of Rating and Testing Air Conditioning Equipment, A. S.R.E. Circular No. 13. 4 A Survey of Testing Methods and Rating Limits for Domestic Heating Devices, by R. S. Dill (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 51,1945, p. 185). 6 For a comprehensive treatment of temperature measurement the reader is re ferred to Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, a symposium sponsored by the American Institute of Physics and published by Reinhold Publishing Corp. * Errors in the Measurement of the Temperature of Flue Gases, by P. Nicholls and W. E. Rice (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 35,1929, p. 473). 7 Temperature Measurement (A jSJH-E. Power Test Code, Part 3). * Investigation of Warm Air Furnaces and Heating Systems, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz and V. S. Day (Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 120). * Measuring Heat Transmission in Building Structures and a Heat Transmission Meter, by P. Nicholls (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 30,1924, p. 94). 10 Parallel-Connected Thermocouples for the Testing of Gas Appliances, by Walter B. Kerk and George J. Paoanovsky (Gas, September, 1939, p. 61). 11 American Standard for Indicating Pressure and Vacuum Gages, Round Dial Type, with Elastic Pressure Chamber, B. 40.1-1939 (American Standards Association). ^trwnents and Measurements 211 u Standard Test Code for Centrifugal and Axial Fans, Edition of 1938. See also Standard Code for the Testing of Centrifugal and Disc Fans (A5.H.V.E. Transac tors, Vol. 29,1923, p. 407; Vol. 37, 1931, p. 363). . iIIi FJIaSUn Engin-e---e---r--i-n--ag,, Buffalo Forg-e Company, 5th Edition, p.165. ii Illinois Micromanomete' r (Un-i'v--e---r--s--i*ty of Illi--nois, *E ngineering iExperiment Sta tion Bulletin No. 120, p. 91). ii The Weathertightness of Rolled Steel Windows, by J. E. Emswiler arid W. C. Randall (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 34,1928, p. 527). u Pressure Measurement (AJS.M.E. Power Test Code 1936, Part 2, Chapter 2). o The Measurement of Static Pressure, by C. J. Fechheimer, Mechanical Engineer ing, August, 1927. .`. ii peychrometric Tables for Vapor Pressure, Relative Humidity and Temperatures of the Dew-Point (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Washington,. D. C.). ii For technical data refer to Fluid Meter Reports, Parts 1--1937, 2--1931, and 3-- 1933 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). id Technical Notes No. 546 (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Novem ber, 1935). n The Characteristics of Double Pitot Tubes, by F. R. Ingram, E. Diez-Canseco and L. Silverman (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Condition ing, November, 1942, p..708). n Discharge Coefficients of Square Edged Orifices for Measuring the Flow of Air,, bv H S. Bean, E. Buckingham and P. S. Murphy (Bureau of Standards Journal of. Research, Vol. 2, 1929, p. 561). Flow Measurement by Nozzles and Orifice Plates (A JS.MJ2. Power Test Codes, Chapter 4 of Part 5, 1940). - *Air Flow Measurement in the Laboratory, by D. D. Wile, Refrigerating En gineering, June, 1947, p. 515. A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No..1204--Entrainment and Jet-Pump Action of Air Streams, by G. L. Tuve, G. B. Priester and D. K. Wright, Jr. (A.S.H.V.E: Trans- . actions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 241). 44 A.S.H.V.E. Research Reports Nos. 857, 911 and 966--Measurement of the Flow of Air Through Registers and Grilles,>by L. E. Davies (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 36,1930, p. 201, Vol. 37,1931, p. 619, and Vol. 39,1933, p. 373). 47 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1162--Air Flow Measurements at Intake and Discharge Openings and Grilles, by G. L. Tuve and D. K. Wright, Jr. (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 46,1940, p. 313). 14 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1092--The Flow of Air Through Exhaust Grilles, by A. M. Greene, Jr. and M, H. Dean (AB.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 44, 1938, p. 387). * AB.H.V.E. Research Report No. 936--Investigation of Air Outlets in Class. Room Ventilation, by G. L. Larson; D. W. Nelson and R. W. Kubasta (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 38, 1932, p. 463). " A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1076--Air Distribution From Side Wall Outlets, by D, W. Nelson and D. J. Stewart (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 44, 1938, p. 77). . .- 11 Measuring Air Flow, by G. L. Tuve (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, December, 1941). ' .' ** A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1140--The Use of Air Velocity Meters, by G. L. Tuve, D. K. Wright, Jr. and L. J. Seigel (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 45, 1939, p. 645). - . 44 Temperature, Humidity and Air Motion Effects in Ventilation, by O. W. Armspach and Margaret Ingels (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 28,1922, p. 103). 44 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1165--Development of Instruments for the Study of Air Distribution in Rooms, by A. P. Kratz, A. E. Hershey and R. B. Engdahl- (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 46, 1940, p. 351). 45 Development of Testing Apparatus for Thermostats, by D. D. Wile (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 42,193Q, p. 349). " The Heated Thermometer Anemometer, by C. P. Yaglou (Journal Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 20, October, 1938, No. 8). 47 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 959--Indices of Air Change and Air Distribu tion, by F. C. Houghten and J. L. Blackshaw (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 261). /