Document By2rZaQo88dMdo1bBgvGyq8E4
FILE NAME Talc TALC
DATE 1968
DOC TALC046 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Journal Article - Fibrous and Mineral Content of Cosmetic Talcum Products
RR
ce RRR AIRE
EN
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Hygien aN
ose American Industrial
<p
pk
Fibrous and Mineral Content of Cosmetic
Products Talcum Dometic
Dometic Free
ory bh
5 SiO
Co
aleve
L. J. CRALLEY Ph.D. M. M. KEY M.D. D. H. GROTH M.D. W. S. LAINHART M.D. and R. M. LIGO M.D.
Occupational Health Program National Center for Urban and Industrial Health
1014 Broadway Cincinnati Ohio 45202
sic,
esto
uae
@ In searching for sources of fibers ubiquitous to our everyday environment and of
respirable size the authors examined 22 talcum products commonly available on
we
retail shelves and found fiber contents ranging from 8 to 30 by count with an
average of % Fibrous particulates were generally under 1.0 in diameter with
ot
lengths ranging from 1.5 to 6.0 ...From 0.3 to 3.0 quartz was found in 21 of the
oe
samples and the remaining sample had 54.4 quartz The samples were also analyzed
for metals with four exceptions the levels of cobalt nickel chromium and manganese
were low Further research will be needed to assess the significance of these findings
0.3 0.3
0.4
0.2 2.2 0.6 1.5 2.1 36 53.4 0.9
10 67
10 21
ND
91
11 25
1.4
18
1.3
10
1.7
ND
N286645G268-
1.3
10
N286645G268-
28
1.9 8 101
N286 45G268-
12
1.2
<4
N28645G268-
1.7
N286645G268-
16
0.4
16
N286645G268-
18
1.0
<
N286645G268-
16
1.2
22
N286 45G268-
25
3.3
10
N286645G268-
14
0.5
14
Microgram of metal per g
Milligram of element per
EPORTS OF FINDING pulmonary age of respirable fibers and was a potential
MgSiO10 i estonation
fibrous bodies previously referred to as source of the ferruginous bodies observed in
a
9
ahi
asbestos and now as ferruginous bodies the lungs of humans This observation led to MgSiO10
Talc mineral
in the lungs of persons coming to autopsy in further study to characterize cosmetic talcum
hydrothermal alteration of
;
vasta hospitals in a number of cities have recently products
tremolite or directly from
been increasing The first report of these
The major purpose of the investigation re-
ultrabasic rocks Talc may 4
vasta charcterist vasta
morphologically distinctive fibrous bodies in ported here was to develop and present data
the thermal metamorphism
vasta
the sputum and lungs of asbestos workers was on some of the constituents found in cosmetic
mites The characteristi
vasta made in 1906 by Marchand Current inter- talcum products and to discuss their health
deposits vary widely from
mula and from each other
' est dates from 1963 when Thompson et al aspects in the light of today's knowledge It .
vasta
found these fibrous bodies in the lungs in is not our intent to make a general appraisal '
mineralogy involved Some
k^'tanut 26.4 of the autopsies in a series of examina- of health factors in the use of talcum prod- |
tain varying amounts of tic
k^'tanut
Bilborom
2
tions in Cape Town Subsequent investiga- ucts because of the many variables involved
pyrophylite or serpentine of
terial from which the talc
tions- provide evidence that the occurrence and the limited data available on the con-
of these bodies in the lungs of urban residents sumption of various sources of talcs in the The deposits may also
amounts of metals such as ir
is not restricted to those in isolated localities formulation and use of cosmetic talcum prod- -&
and is not a time chance observation
ucts The potential health aspects of some of
chromium and manganese 4
The identity of the fibrous core of these the data however are discussed
erals as well as silica Cosm
coated bodies however was never determined
Twenty cosmetic talcum products re-
be basically pure talc or m
by the investigators The fibers were routinely presenting body powder bath powder and all :
tion of talc with other mate
considered as asbestos bodies on the basis of
|
purpose powder purchased shelf were
chalk stearates etc. Zinca
their morphological structure
analyzed for fibrous content selected metals .
ganese and iron compounds
In searching for the sources of these ubiqui- and quartz The data and a discussion of their .
pigments and opacifiers
tous fibers Cralley et al reported that tal- possible significance follow
The particle distribu
cum powder contained a significant percent-
age by count of fibers in th
Analysis of Talcum Products
lates were determined by
cum in water filtering the
Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference May 13-17 1968 St. Louis Missouri
Talc is a natural mineral hydrous magnesium silicate with the general formula OH &
an AA membrane filter
with a phase contrast m
350
Material may be protected by copyright law Title 17 U.S. Code
t of Cosmetic
S
GROTH M.D. IGO M.D. ban and Industrial Health
45202
everyday environment and of ducts commonly available on
to 30 by count with an
nder 1.0 ...in diameter with aartz was found in 21 of the
he samples were also analyzed el chromium and manganese significance of these findings
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
351
TABLE I
Designated Analyses of Cosmetic Talcum Products
Talcum
%
%
Free
ppm
ProducNot. Fibers SiO2
Co
Cr
Ni
Mn
mg
Zr
/fl Zn
Fe
Mg
Si
Al
1
222286
0.3
13
9
13
926230
10
0.9
ND 8278432
10
10
50
2
0.4
10
10
10
926230
" 0.5 3830 10 - >>
6
3
222286
0.2
10
10
20
926230
>>
0.3
3830
8278432
"3
4
222286
2.2
67
240 = 1270
926230
5
222286
0.6
10
10
14
926230
6
222286
1.5
21
14
16
926230
35 0.8 3830 8278432 "
""
0.2
3830
8278432
" 0.1 : 8278432 "
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
A^ a^NG64508wu8t
"
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
"
:
"
>>
2.1
ND
10
17
-
0.4
10
A^ a^NG64508wu8t
&
2
3.6
<
329
479
7
9
**** 53.4
11
ND
10
-
" 0.3 20 20.0
:
15
ND
8
"
33
A^ a^NG64508wu8t
0.5
100
10 **** 0.9 25 12 24 8672228094843 10 30.0 582 12 10 " A^^a^NG645058wu8ut a
11
****
1.4
18
20
8672 28094843
"
20.0
582
50
"
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
22 ths 12
****
1.3
10
13
17
8672228094843
0.8
ND 10
"
"
A^a^NG64508wu8t
oe
13
52
1.7
ND
10
10
8672228094843
" 0.8 " 10 " "
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
t he 14
52
1.3
10
10
10
8672228094843
0.8 2 10 33 "
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
" 15
1.9
10
10
16
8672228094843
"
2
"
"
0.3
10
A^ a^NG64508wu8t
0 16
224503
1.2
11
11
16
8672228094843
" 10.0 2 20 " "
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
0 17
224503
1.7
10
10
19
8672228094843
"
30 10.0
20
>
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
18
224503
0.4
16
<
14
8672 28094843
10
"
"
5
15
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
0.5 19
224503
1.0
10
10
21
8672 28094843
"
"
"
0.7
ND 10
A^ a^NG64508wu8t
0 20
224503
1.2
22
10
8672228094843
"
0.8
"
10
"
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
29 21
224503
3.3
10
9
19
8672228094843
"
0.6
"
"
10
A^^ a^ NG645058 wu8ut
22
0.5
14
1170
1210
8672 28094843
"
0.3
ND 30
"
"
A^ a^NG64508wu8t
Microgram of metal per gram of sample Milligram of element per gram of sample
pirable fibers and was a potential .
the ferruginous bodies observed in =
of humans This observation led to &
dy to characterize cosmetic talcum
MgSiO10 Talc mineral is formed by the hydrothermal alteration of serpentine and tremolite or directly from unscrpentinized
magnification The percentage of free silica was determined by ray diffraction Cobalt
chromium nickel and manganese were deter-
jor purpose of the investigation ree was to develop and present data -
'
ultrabasic rocks Talc may also be formed by the thermal metamorphism of silicous dolo-
mites The characteristics of the mineral
mined by means of atomic absorption spectro-
photometry Zirconium titanium zinc iron and magnesium were determined by means of
the constituents found in cosmetic
oducts and to discuss their health
the light of today's knowledge It intent to make a general appraisal factors in the use of talcum prod-
se of the many variables involved mited data available on the conof various sources of talcs in the
on and use of cosmetic talcum prodpotential health aspects of some of
however are discussed
two cosmetic talcum products rebody powder bath powder and all
deposits vary widely from the pure talc formula and from each other according to the mineralogy involved Some deposits may contain varying amounts of tremolite chrysotile pyrophylite or serpentine or other basic ma-
terial from which the talc may be derived
The deposits may also contain varying amounts of metals such as iron nickel cobalt chromium and manganese as associated minerals as well as silica Cosmetic talcum may be basically pure talc or may be a formulation of talc with other materials such as clay
chalk stearates etc. Zinc titanium man-
quantitative emission spectrography Table I gives analytical data on 22 differ-
ent cosmetic talcum products Figures 1 and 2 are representative photomicrographs of two talcum specimens showing the presence of
fibers
Size Distribution of Talcum Particulates
Seven of the twenty talcum products
were selected for distribution measure-
ments of the fibrous and fibrous particulate components
The diameter of 80 to 95 of all the par-
wder purchased shelf were
or fibrous content selected metals
. The data and a discussion of their
gnificance follow
ganese and iron compounds may be added as ticulates in these samples was under 5.0
pigments and opacifiers
microns M The median of the diameter of
The particle distribution and percent- the fibrous particulates in the seven prod-
ee
age by count of fibers in the talcum particu- ucts ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 ...with a median
A ete f Talcum Products
lates were determined by dispersing the talcum in water filtering the mixture through
average around 1.0
fiber is defined as a particulate having at
eae a natural mineral hydrous magne- |.
an AA membrane filter and measuring least a 3 ratio of diameter to length The
ee
te with the general formula OH
with a phase contrast microscope at 430 fibrous particulates in the seven products were
Ngadish
we
Material may be protected by copyright law Title 17 U.S. Code
August 1968
American Industrial Hygiene
The aluminum and silicas w
ability associated either with
cule or additives such as kao
material from which the talc w
Known Health Effects of Talc ;
Much of our knowledge from
effects of talc is derived from
pational exposures industrial use In
mini in its
extrapolat
edge to the cosmetic use of ta
tes
must be recognized that the
oben
posures in the use of talcum
peN
tet!
markedly from person to pers
Pae
frequency of use but also in
cn Sates
location
to
:
ok
In contrast to industrial n
ae yolRHE
FIGURE 1. Photomicrograph of talcum specimen
FIGURE 2.
the pattern is likely to be n
Ode
showing presence of fibers 430 x
s
Photomicrograph of talcum specimen showing presence of fibers 430 ^ )
with accompanying peaks
produ use of cosmetic talcum produ
scutesagP
mittent with peak exposures
conti waite
exposure pattern may
especially if the use of talcu
So
generally under 1.0 u in diameter with million by weight ppm chromium under 22
in the earlier years as a
tag
lengths ranging from 1.5 to 6.0 M.
i
ppm nickel under 29
and
habits The borne
a dosage The 22 talcum products analyzed showed
under 78 ppm
ppm
manganese
Product No. 4 had a nickel
industrial exposures to talc th
erere
fiber contents ranging from 8 to % by content of 1270 ppm chromium 340
in injury to health were un
count of the total talcum particulates with
and cobalt 67 ppm
ppm Product No. 8 con-
higher however than wou
ee
an average of % Although the specific tained 479 ppm nickel and 329
chromi-
from the use of cosmetic
tale ae
fibrous materials were not identified they
um
ppm Product No. 22 contained 1210
mo,ee Indus were predominantly fibrous talc as shown by
ppm
nickel and 1170 ppm chromium Qualitative
Mining Milling and
ray diffraction with the probable presence tests showed some of the chromium in the
The clinical entity of
talc in minor amounts of other fibrous minerals talcum products to be in the hexavalent state
talcosis has been observe
such as tremolite anthophylite chrysotile and The nickel chromium cobalt and manganese
workers with long exposure
us
pyrophyllite
in the talcum products may have come from
ing milling and industrial us
The electron microscope with its higher the talc mineral deposit,,"or from the alloy
terminally clubbed pulmonal
power of resolution shows a number of sub- metals of the pulverizing equipment used in
both segmented and unsegm
micron diameter particulates not visible by reducing the talc.13
in morphology to ferrugine
means of phase contrast microscopy
been found in talc workers
The zirconium content of the products was
Free Silica
all under 10 milligrams per gram mg
had received a mixed expos
except for products Nos 9 and 17 which had
molite anthophyllite and
fr In 8 of the 22 talcum products Table I 20 and 30 mg respectively The titanium
study20 the mortality rate
the presence of quartz ranged from 0.3 to zinc and iron ranged from a few tenths to 50
lung and pleura was four ti
1.0 in 13 products 1.2 to 3.0 quartz mg of talcum and were probably present
group of talc workers than
1
and in 1 product 54.4 quartz
as pigments or opacifiers The magnesium
population In pulmonary o
content of the products was over 10 mg
tos the role of fibers and ti
Metals
gm except for product No. 9 which had
certain Some investigators
only 0.5 gm The magnesium was prob-
fibers play a dominant and
With the exception of talcum products Nos ably present as an additive in the formulation
recent investigations indical
in 4 8 and 22 Table ) the cobalt content of or as a part of the talc molecule or other
may have been only an
4
the products analyzed was under 25 parts per amphiboles in the products
spectrum of unidentified ,
arb,
&
tionship.13
an
Material may be protected by copyright law Title 17 U.S. Code
we
ee
er
ey ee
August 1968
comicrograph of talcum specimen of fibers 430 X
t ppm chromium under 22
der 29 ppm and manganese Product No. 4 had a nickel
ppm chromium 340 ppm ppm Product No. 8 connickel and 329 ppm chromiJo 22 contained 1210 ppm
ppm chromium Qualitative
ne of the chromium in the to be in the hexavalent state
mium cobalt and manganese
roducts may have come from
. deposit or from the alloy alverizing equipment used in
C.15
1 content of the products was lligrams per gram mg cts Nos 9 and 17 which had In respectively The titanium nged from a few tenths to 50 n and were probably present opacifiers The magnesium products was over 10 mg
product No. 9 which had . The magnesium was prob-
n additive in the formulation the talc molecule or other
e products
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
. 353
The aluminum and silicas were in all prob-
ability associated either with the talc molecule or additives such as kaolin or the base
material from which the talc was derived
Surgical and Cosmetic Use
The only reported cutaneous reactions from the use of talcum powder are talc granulomas
and these have been rare Talcum pow-
Known Health Effects of Talc
Much of our knowledge of the health
effects of talc is derived from studies of occu-
pational exposures in its mining milling and
industrial use In extrapolating this knowl-
der however is no longer used on surgical gloves and should not be applied to broken skin Occasionally perfume oils used in talcum powder formulations sensitize the skin
and produce dermatitis
edge to the cosmetic use of talcum powder it _ must be recognized that the pattern of ex-
posures in the use of talcum product varies markedly from person to person not only in
frequency of use but also in amount and in
location
In contrast to industrial exposures where
the pattern is likely to be more continuous with accompanying peaks exposure in the use of cosmetic talcum products is very intermittent with peak exposures dominating The
exposure pattern may continue a lifetime
especially if the use of talcum is established in the earlier years as a part of personal
habits The borne dosage to workers from industrial exposures to talc that have resulted in injury to health were undoubtedly much
higher however than would be predicted
from the use of cosmetic talcum products
Conclusions
With the exception of 4 of the 22 cosmetic talcum products analyzed the levels of free silica cobalt nickel chromium and manganese were generally of a low magnitude and
within a narrow range It is not known
whether the four products represent a significant proportion of sales in the industry or to
what extent the sources of the talc in these four formulations are the same as sources of
talc specified for use in other talcum products in the competitive market The levels of silica chromium and nickel in these four products are sufficiently high however to be of concern in their potential to cause disease
All of the 22 talcum products analyzed
have an appreciable fiber content ranging
Mining Milling and Industrial Use
from 8 to 30 by count of the total talcum
The clinical entity of talc pneumoconiosis talcosis has been observed repeatedly in
workers with long exposure to talc in its min-
ing milling and industrial 14-15 Elongated
terminally clubbed pulmonary fibrous bodies both segmented and unsegmented and similar in morphology to ferruginous bodies have
been found in talc workers but these workers
had received a mixed exposure talc tre-
molite anthophyllite and silica In one study20 the mortality rate from cancer of the hung and pleura was four times greater for a
group of talc workers than for the general
population In pulmonary cancer from asbes-
tos the role of fibers and trace metals is un-
certain Some investigators have assumed the
fibers play a dominant and direct role more recent investigations indicate that the fibers may have been only an index concealing a
spectrum of unidentified agents and rela-
tionship
particulates and averaging % The fibrous material was predominantly tale but probably contained minor amounts of tremolite an-
thophyllite and chrysotile as these are often
present in fibrous talc mineral deposits Cos-
metic talcum products should be included as
a source of the fibers from which may be derived ferruginous bodies observed in the lungs of humans The meaning of the presence of these ferruginous bodies however is
uncertain
Industry has the know to safely handle
fibrous material as well as toxic metals such
as nickel chromium cobalt and manganese once adequate criteria have been established
Unknown significant amounts of such materials in products that may be used without precautions may create an unsuspected problem For this reason continued research and
investigations and communication of findings
are necessary in this area
Material may be protected by copyright law Title 17 U.S. Code
TENS
vn
we
siet
5
ares
~3
aes
Ee
.-
wy
eg
354
August 1968
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge with appreciation the technical assistance of Harrold B.
Norris who made the free silica determina-
tions Patricia L. Maurer who made the
atomic absorption spectrophotometric determinations for nickel cobalt chromium and manganese John R. Carlberg who made the emission spectrographic determinations for zirconium titanium zinc iron magnesium and aluminum and Stephen Bayer and Ralph Zumwalde for the fiber determinations
References
1. MARCHAND .: Uber Eigentumliche Pigmentkristalle in
Den Lungen
Dtsch Path Ges 10 223 1906
Verh 2. THOMSON J. G. R. O. C. KASCIULA and R. R. MAC-
DONALD
as Modern Urban Hazard S.
Asbestosis Afr Med 37 37 77 Jan. 1963
G. 3. THOMSON J.
and W. M. GRAVES JR Asbestos as
an Urban Air Contaminant Arch of Path 81 458
May 1966
4. Cauma D R. S. TOTTEN and P. Gross Asbestos Bodies in Human Lungs at Autopsy J. Amer Med
Assoc 192 371 May 1965
5. WEBSTER .: Annual Report of the Pneumoconiosis Research Unit of the South African Council for Scien-
tific and Industrial Research Johannesburg South Africa
6. MEURMAN LAURI Asbestos
Bodies in a Finnish Series of Autopsy
Supplementum Microbiol Scand
and Pleural Plaques Cases Acta Path 181 1966
1965Montreal and 7. ANJILVEL L.
W. M. THURLBECK The Incidence
of Asbestos Bodies in the Lungs at Random Necropsies
Canad Med Assoc J. 95 1179 Dec.
.
8. COOPER W. C. and I. TABERSHAW To be published
L. J.R. G. KEENAN J. R. LYNCH and
CRALLEY S. LAINHART Source and Identification of Respira-
~
W. Fibers Amer Indus Hyg Assoc J. 29 129 Mar.-
Apr. 1968
&
10. DEER W. A. R. A. HoWIE and J. ZASSMAN
Rock- Forming
Vol 3 Sheet Silicates p 126 John
Minerals Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1962
11. KIRK R. E. and D. F. OTHMER Encylopedia of
Chemical Technology Vol 13 565 The Interscience
1954 Publishers Inc. New York 1954 -
12. Ibid Vol 6
357 1965
J. 13. CRALLEY L.
Metals Exposure to
R. G. KEENAN and J. R. LYNCH
in the Manufacture of Asbestos
Textile Products Amer Indus Hyg Assoc J. 28 452
14. HOGUE W. L. JR and F.
MALLETTE A Study of
359 RubEbxeporsed Other Workers
to Talc and
Dusting Compounds
Industry J Indus Hyg & Toxicol 31
G. 15. MESSITE G. REDDIN and M. KLEINFELD Pulmonary
Talcosis a Clinical and Environmental Study AMA
Arch Indus Health 20 408 1959
16. SCHEPERS G. W. H. and T. M. DURKAN The Effects of Inhaled Mining Dust on the Human Lung AMA Arch Indus Health 12 182 1955
17. SECLER A. O. J. S. GRYBOSKI and H. E. MACMAHON
392 AMA Arch Indus Health 19
Pneumoconiosis 18. KLEINFELD M.
GIEL J. F. MAJERANOWSKI and
Pneumoconiosis Talc J.
Pneumoconiosis A Report of Six
MESSITE Patients with Postmortem Findings AMA Arch En-
viron Health 7 101 1963
Indus 19. KIPLING M. D. and A. O. BECH Talc Pneumoconio-
sis Trans Assoc
Med Officers 10 85 1960
20. KLEINFELM D. J. MESSITE M. ZAKI and O. KooyMAN Mortality Among Talc Miners and Millers in
New York State AMA Arch Environ Health 14 663
1967
21.
A. , J. R. MCDONALD C. F. DIXON
LIGHTMAN and C. MANN Talc Granuloma Surg Gynec & Obst
83 531 1946
22. TYE M. J. K. HASHIMOTO and F. Fox Talc Granuof the Skin J. Amer Med Assn 198 1370
BURKS BURKS J. 551006 1963 23.
BURKS
Dermatitis Due to Cosmetics Southern
24. Spoor H. .: .: Skin Reactions to Cosmetics Classifica-
tions and Diagnosis New York J. Med 60 1940 1960
Human Factors Association of Canada
On June 1 a group of 29 people gathered in Toronto Canada and formed
the Human Factors Association of Canada It is anticipated that the Associa-
tion will have membership throughout Canada and will represent interests of
disciplines the many
concerned with man's functioning in his physical and
machine environments The following officers were elected President Dr.
R. B. Bromiley President Dr. E. Llewellyn Thomas Treasurer
Mr. Ronald E. F. Lewis The following were named Directors Dr. J. R.
Brown Dr. A. C. Bryan Dr. Ruth Hoyt and Mr. J. F. Martin Correspondence
should be addressed to Treasurer Human Factors Association of
Canada / Defence Research Establishment Toronto Box 2000 Downsview
Ontario Canada
a
Simultaneous D
and Alpha Act
Technical Division {
The concentratio
are determined it
spectrometry The is
extracted with tri
t analysis is obtained
tions are % to t
Introduction
AND ITS
URANIUM ITY in urine are usua
fluorophotometry,, and alp
spectively Although
of the uranium can
an
be
eessttii
two analyses a direct and
curate determination of th
sition uranium concentrati
sing tivity is obtainedin a
topic dilution and surfad
spectrometry SIMS
preparir The method of
the mass spectral analysis is
of Whitson and Kwasnoski
ing except that a known
added
Apparatus and Reagents
The mass spectrometer is ing instrument with a 12magnetic sector a surface including a rhenium ion two tungsten sample filame
the source region and a |
ionf ment changer The
through 6000 volts and the
netically scanned The i
measuring system includes plier with 105 gain a vibr
meter with megohm in
Material may be protected by copyright law Title 17 U.S. Code