Document BvRbe448Q20G9QX6J8D3KRELw

-I State Architectural Division Specifies Pure White and Red Lead for Wood, Plaster and Metal. EW buildings now being erected for the Rockland was not painted, was given two coats of red lead, the N State Hospital at Orangeburg, N. Y., exemplify shop coat being red lead of natural orange-red color the high quality of paint specified in buildings designed and the field coat red lead tinted with lampblack to a by New York State's Department of Public Works, brown. Other metal was given a red lead priming coat Division of Architecture. Lead pigments naturally are and two coats of pure white lead paint. All exterior and prominent in these specifications and as a result, except interior wood and plaster are painted with three coats for special purposes, all the paint used on the new hos of pure white lead and oil, tinted as required, except pital buildings is either pure white lead or pure red under certain special conditions, so that the bulk of the lead. painting is done with pure white lead and oil paint. Principal new buildings being erected at Orangeburg This is in conformity with the New York State Division are three large five-storv structures cross-shaped in of Architecture's standard specifications. plan. The two end buildings consist of dormitories, bed This reliance on time-tested white lead and red lead rooms, and other living facilities while the central by New York State assures the taxpayers of a low an building, which connects with both of the others on all nual painting cost, for long life can be expected between Boors, contains dining facilities with the service section paintings and repainting cost is minimized because at its center. The buildings are steel frame with a stucco white lead provides an excellent surface for repainting exterior finish. without expensive preparation like burning and scrap Structural steel except that encased in concrete, which ing. Almost invariably the practice of large users and LIA 2 543 3 [2] specifiers of paint, who have studied painting problems thoroughly, favors the use of white lead and red lead. Some of these practices of architects, painting contrac tors. federal, state and municipal governments, and railroads, have been reported in past issues of LEAD. William E. Haugaard is Commissioner of Architec ture of New York State and is responsible for the new Rockland State Hospital buildings. Turner Construc tion (.0. is the general contractor and Kuehnle-Barker, Inc., the painting contractor. Batteries Propel Unique Car for Pipe Line Inspection EAD-ACID storage batteries have come to the aid of L_ the Los Angeles Bureau of Water Works and Sup ply in developing an ingenious device for inspecting enamel coatings on the interior of water mains. The device consists of a three-wheeled car just large enough to carry an inspector through 36 in. pipes. On the front of the car. a number of steel brushes, electrically con nected. are mounted. These brushes make contact with the enamel surface and when thev pass over spots on which the enamel coating is too thin or defective, they spark. These spots are marked and later painted to give adequate protection to the pipe against corrosion. Power to propel the car and for the brushes, and to light a search-light which shows the way, is provided by two 140 amp. hr. lead-acid storage batteries. Thus by the aid of these dependable batteries it is possible to inspect the miles and miles of large underground mains that supply Los Angeles with water. Lead-acid storage batteries are found to be useful by many engineers with perplexing problems. They en able dependable power to be brought to many inacces sible locations without expensive wiring. They are safe when external power sources might be dangerous. Leadacid batteries can deliver large currents for short times, as in automobile starting batteries, when such is the demand, and are particularly useful in emergencies. Red Lead and Cork Prevent Two views of the storage-battery-operated car used to in spect pipe line enamel by Los Angeles Bureau of ITater K'orks and Supply. l IA25 Condensation on Metal ONDENSATION on pipes and other metal sur C faces may be prevented by covering them with a mixture of red lead and cork. After this protection is provided, final coats of paint may be used to obtain the desired decorative effect. Red lead paste for this purpose is thinned only slight ly so that it has nearly the consistency of paste. A mix ture in the proportion of 100 lb. of paste red lead to % gal. boiled linseed oil is about right. If raw oil is used instead of boiled oil, 1 pt. of drier should also be included. After the metal surface to be covered is thoroughly dried and wire brushed, the red lead is applied to a small area. Finely ground cork is then thrown against the wet paint or applied in other con venient ways. Other small areas are treated successively in this manner until the whole metal surface is covered. After this first coat of red lead and cork has dried, two coats of white lead paint, tinted as desired, are brushed on. They should both be mixed in the propor tion of 3 gal. raw linseed oil and 1 pt. drier to each 100 lb. of soft paste white lead. If the finish is to be dark, these last two coats may be red lead, tinted and mixed to ordinary brushing consistency. [3] r Lead Ducts Exh< University of Deta teij s | Corrosion-Resistant Metal PHOTOS BY THE COMMERCIAL STUDIO Lead riser and horizontal main ducts in ventilating system for new University of Delaware chemical laboratories, before construction of partitions. EHIND the walls and above the ceilings of the new B chemistry laboratory building of the University of Delaware, at Newark, Del., when it is completed, will be concealed an extensive system of lead ducts which will conduct foul air. fumes and gases from the build ing. Registers near the floors and ceilings connecting these ducts and ducts leading to laboratory tables and hoods, each with individual dampers, are all that are visible. Lead was selected for the purpose because it is highly resistant to corrosion and very durable even when exposed to the corrosive atmospheres found in chemical laboratory ventilating systems. A lasting material was naturally necessary because repairs or replacements would be particularly expensive in a con cealed installation. There are 52 vertical ducts, rectangular in shape, that _ "TTjl | ~ j. ITitVt Tr in Some of the lead risers in the chemical laboratory ven tilating system, giving an idea of the vast extent of the installation. collect the air from the rooms and conduct it to large circular ducts in the attic. The risers vary in size from 6 in. by 8 in. to 10 in. by 48 in., while the main ducts are from 24 in. to 36 in. in diameter. The risers are reinforced with horizontal steel bars, lead cov ered, which are built into the tile partition joints to support the ducts and are supported at the top during construction by temporary straps ''burned" to the lead and passing over the steel beams. The horizontal ducts are encircled by 3 in. by 14 in. iron A Balance to Measure Solder SERS of solder and antimonial U lead should be interested in a device made by Henry Troemner of Philadelphia that permits rapid, easy determination of approximate compositions of alloys containing lead and tin only or lead and anti mony only. It is a balance, the scale of which is calibrated in tin or antimony percentages. To determine the approximate composition of a batch of metal that is an alloy of lead and tin, a Balance, mold and test pi solder and antirr test piece of the metal is cast in a small mold provided with the balance, the mold being the shape of a trun cated cone. Thus test pieces always have the same volume. When this is balanced on the scale, the per centage of tin present in the test piece may be read directly from the scale. The other side of the scale is calibrated in antimony percentages so that to determine the amount of antimony in an alloy of lead and anti mony. it is simply necessary to follow exactly the same L IA25 43 5 bands at 36 in. intervals, which act both to brace the pipe and as hangers. Strips of lead are "burned" over the upper half of these circular straps thus keep ing the top arc of the duct from crain (7 All joints in the lead duct sys tem are lead "burned" so there is nothing but durable lead exposed to attack. Antimonial lead weighing 4 lb. and 6 lb. per sq. ft. was used. Five exhaust fans draw the polluted air and fumes out through this svstem. ntimonial Lead Compositions procedure as with solder but to read the other side of the scale. Determining compositions in this way is possible because of the dif ference in specific gravity between lead and either tin or antimony. * For instance, the specific gravity of lead is 11.38, of tin 7.35 and of antimony 6.76. Therefore, test pieces of constant volume will have different weights depending upon ermining composition of falloys quickly. the proportions of lead and tin or lead and antimony in them. Of course, this balance can only be used for a rapid, approximate determination of composition and can. in no sense, take the place of an analysis where accurate determinations are essential or where appreciable amounts of impurities are present, for it will not de termine the presence of impurities and large amounts of impurities will throw off the results. It should, how i ever. be very convenient for those desiring a means of knowing compositions quickly and approximately. An advantage enjoyed by lead for ventilating systems is that lead does not readily transmit sound and there fore the noise of blowers and rushing air and other sounds are not easily transmitted from room to room through lead duct systems, thus avoiding a common annoyance. Chas. Z. Klauder, of Philadelphia, is the architect for the new building. The ventilating system was designed by Robert P. Schoenijahn, of Wilmington, Del., consult ing engineer, and it was installed by E. G. Bihn, lead construction contractor, 5th and Grant Sts.. Camden, N. J. Wm. D. Sheliady, Inc., of Wilmington, Del., were the contractors. A view of a main lead duct and laterals to serve the risers in the University of Delaware's chemical laboratory ven~ tilating system. j LIA25436 [s; Lead Protection Aids Industrial X-Ray Applications Portable X-ray unit for field inspection of welds. A pro tective lead shield is at the right in the picture. NDUSTRIAL application of X-rays, with the attendant I lead protection they require, is of rapidly growing importance. For inspection of welds and castings and in other ways, such as inspection of citrus fruit (LEAD, May, 1937), the X-ray is becoming a great commercial and industrial aid. Often these industrial applications require field in spection and for the purpose, portable equipment has been developed. St. John X-Ray Service, Inc., of Long Island City, N. Y., has generating equipment mounted on an automobile trailer and uses ray- and shock-proof type Metalix tubes connected to it by 30 ft. of cable. Such an arrangement is very mobile and flexible and may be taken from plant to plant or actually into the field to make welded pipe line inspections or for other purposes. Protection against the rays is provided by three 3 ft. by 7 ft. screens each made of two boards ll/2 ft. by 7 ft. covered with 4 lb. sheet lead in one piece. Pipe weld under inspection with sheet of lead between tube and pipe and lead box for film cassette. They can be set up as required on field work and the construction permits folding as desired. Lead is used in a number of other small but important ways in this work. The area between the tube and object being inspected, for instance a pipe, is covered with sheet lead Vs in. thick and the film cassette is placed inside a specially constructed lead box during expo sures. Identification markers are made of sheet lead with numbers and letters punched through. Every film is backed by a sheet of lead to absorb scattered rays. The same organization has installed X-ray equip ment in the new Brooklyn Technical High School for instruction in industrial radiography. It is heavily leadlined and can be used for fluoroscopic inspection as well as for photographic examinations. In its main laboratory, the St. John X-Ray Service, Inc., has a lead-lined room, size 6 ft. by 6 ft. by 6l/o ft. high, for X-ray examination of small objects up to large Lead-lined X-ray equipment tor instruction in industrial radiography, Brooklyn Technical High School. 437 Lead-lined room for X-ray inspection of castings, art and other objects in St. John X-Ray Service, Inc., laboratory. [6] castings, old masters and other art objects that do not require field inspection. In many ways lead protection is playing an important part in the development of X-rays in industry and without the protection of Lead-lined box for X-ray inspection of large castings in St. John X-Ray Service, Inc., laboratory. lead, this development would undoubtedly be greatly hindered. Minimum thicknesses of lead required to protect against X-rays generated by various peak voltages, as recommended by the National Bureau of Standards in its handbook HB20, X-Ray Protection, are: Minimum Minimum Thickness Thickness Voltage 0 f Lead Voltage o f Lead mm. in. mm. in. 75 1.0 0.039 225 5.0 0.197 100 1.5 0.059 300 9.0 0.354 125 2.0 0.079 400 15.0 0.591 150 2.5 0.098 500 22.0 0.866 175 3.0 0.118 600 34.0 1.339 200 4.0 0.157 Lead Pipe Helps to Prevent Weakening of Buildings A RCHITECTS take great pains to see that beams, f \ joists and other structural members are designed of proper size to carry required loads. Yet despite this care and the knowledge that they have figured correctly, bathroom floors and walls and the ceilings below bath rooms often crack, tubs sag away from the wall per mitting leaks, trim joints spread and other defects ap pear, frequently in all too short a time. Blame is usu ally placed on natural settlement of the building, but the real blame should usually be placed on something that can be avoided, generally without extra cost. To install the piping concealed under the bathroom floor, the plumbing contractor must often cut into the joists and beams considerably in order that the runs of pipe may get by them. The weight of the concrete and tile floor and the plumbing fixtures makes the bathroom joists carry heavier loads than joists in other rooms. Naturally, if they are weakened by notching, sagging results. To avoid this, bathrooms may be planned by placing fixtures and stacks so that pipes crossing joists are at a minimum. However, rarely can this eliminate all cut ting. Therefore, if pipes cross joists two things can be done. The joists may be notched and then strengthened by addition of another joist alongside of the first. This naturally adds to the cost. Less expensive and more satisfactory is to specify that lead pipe be used and installed through holes bored in the joists. Boring does not weaken the struc ture to the extent of notching and by using flexible lead, the pipe can be reeved through these holes without mak ing a lot of joints. Rigid piping cannot be installed in this manner except in very short pieces with many joints, a weakness, and even then the holes must WURTS BROS. Intersection of lavatory and bath trap vents, showing bored studs to prevent excessive weakening. WURTS BROS. Intersection of lavatory and tub wastes, with joists bored and lead pipe reeved through holes to avoid weakening of floor structure. LIA 2 543 8 [7] be larger. Therefore, the architect may preserve the strength of his structure and avoid future damage by specifying that piping be lead and joists and studs bored. At the same time, he gains this advantage with out expensive reinforcement of the structure and also gains the durability, free How. flexibility, bonded joints and other advantages of lead. FRED HESS & SON Exhibit of lead plumbing installation from which details on page 7 were taken, showing how lead pipe makes possible an installation with minimum weakening of structure. Rockford, III., N ow Requires Use of Lead Service Pipe ECTION 1225 of the new Rockford. 111., plumbing S code, which was approved in April. 1937, requires that all water services be lead pipe. This is of particular interest because Loth lead and another kind of pipe had been permitted in the past and apparently the conclu sion was reached, based on experience, that public in terest would best be served by using lead only. This is not surprising, for lead services have such a long record of excellent performance under all sorts of con ditions. The durable nature of lead itself and the thick walls of lead service pipe assure long life for Rock ford's services and the flexibility of lead pipe will take care of ground settlement without damage or strain on FRED HESS k SON Exhibit showing recommended method of installing lead water services and indicating such advantages as flexibil ity, bonded joints and integral goose-neck. the pipe. Wiped joints are required by the code and this type of joint, since it bonds the sections of pipe together, can not shake or vibrate loose. In Rockford, the city installs the service to the prop erty line and the plumber takes it into the house from there. Extra strong (XS or AA) lead pipe is required. Lead has gone ahead quietly performing its func tions as a service pipe material satisfactorily and has simply been accepted without much comment. Although used for centuries, its characteristics are better suited than ever before for service pipes particularly under modern conditions. For instance, more extensive and more expensive pavements require the durability of lead and its extra wall thickness under them. Greater use of electricity has multiplied stray currents in the ground and made it desirable to use a material like lead with less tendency to pick them up and be corroded electrolyticallv. Added wall thickness again helps. Traffic has become heavier and denser, increasing the value of lead's flexibility in resisting damage caused by it and increasing the necessity for bonded joints like wiped joints that will not shake loose. Excavations are more numerous, resulting in more settlement and movement of the ground, again requiring the flexibility of lead. Rockford is one of Illinois' most important cities, with a population of more than 85,000. It can not af ford to have its busy, costly streets tom up to replace or repair failed services or to have water supplies to its citizens or industries interrupted. The new code pro vision requiring lead services will go a long way toward protecting against such occurrences. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND WILL COOPERATE, WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS PRINTED BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. NEW YORK, U.5.A. LIA25439