Document BjDnavwqz6nMQgDoxdeKjono

Inspection Reveals Ancient Wrought Iron Work of red lead only because maintenance schedules have been disrupted by Was Primed With Red Lead Paint wartime conditions but this condition will without doubt be remedied in the very near future. It was possible to find on every gate or grille examined, one or more (daces where the pro tective paint had been damaged. In most cases such damage was in the form of scratches or nick- which re vealed the presence of red lead. On one or two gates the top coats of black paint had been worn down hv the hands operating them until the primer was exposed, but in every case the unmistakable color of red lead was definitely in evidence. It is not possible to sav for certain that the red lead now on the gates was applied when the gates were new but it is not unreasonable to so as sume. Most of the surfaces are smooth and unpitted and show little or no evidence of corrosion damage. Thev have been well protected throughout their life and it is certain The gates and tenees ot the Miles Brewton house (c. 1760}. in a periect state ot preservation, show indications ot a printing coat of red lead in worn spots around the latch. that the rust inhihitive properties of red lead have plaved an important part in keeping them so. HE ironwork of Charleston. South T Carolina, has for many years been the subject of admiration and study by architects and ornamental iron designers but the fact that it ha- Intricate Lead Fabrication A Part Of Kjeldahl Nitrogen Determination Apparatus survived nearly 200 years in a humid 'eacoast atmosphere seems to have been accepted as a matter of course. Actually this survival has been made possible largely by paint even though the material of which thev were made was probably hand puddled wrought iron. It could be safelv assumed the HLM'A EH corrosive material- lead duct. A moderate suction i- in Wor vapors are to he handled duced in this duct hv an a-pirator lead will almost invariably be fouwnhdich mav he either an air operated doing a heavy share of the job both in plant and laboratory. An inter esting piece of such laboratory equip ment is shown in the accompanying kicidahi unit *ht>u in c rrntit! in I villi collar, d atcr vper,ued uspmihtf at lett lead lined. illustrations. It is known as the Kjel- smiths who created the gates and dahl apparatus. It is used for nitro fences which we now admire so much primed them with red lead (taint be fore they left the shop since red leadlinseed oil paint was then, as it is now. the standard metal protective (taint for ironwork. It is interesting to find that such an assumption seems to he correct. A recent inspection of nearly twenty examples including some of the best known pieces indi cated that thev all had a coat of red lead paint next to the iron. gen determinations in food, soil and fertilizer chemistry laboratories. The testing process involves the digesting of the sample bv concen trated sulphuric acid and it is in the disposal of the fumes of this diges tion process, which is conducted at slightly elevated temperatures, that the corrosion resistant properties of lead are made use of. The samples, in long necked glass llasks are placed over heating units with the mouths It is unfortunate that it vs as pos of the flasks resting in conical lead sible to find the ev idence of the use collar- welded to a horizontal sheet --2-- LIA25916 (.omplete fabricated lead tapar <//v po'ul unit of kjeldahl apparatus with an operated ejector. or a water operated type. In either case the aspirator and the flue or drain into which it discharges is con structed of lead or is lead lined. The horizontal duct is also provided with a small lead drain line to remove acid condensate which collects in the duct itself. The duct-aspirator unit of the Kjel dahl apparatus is an intricate assem ble of leadwork which is made to precise dimensions and which must he gas and liquid tight in all of its joints. The duct which is approxi mately semi circular in section is an extrusion. The collars are spinning' welded in place. The flue and air supply pipe are also extrusions hut the conical parts inside the aspirator are formed hv hand from sheet lead and welded in place. The Kjeldahl process is named for its developer. J. Kjeldahl. a Danish chemist. The apparatus shown in the photographs is a product of the Pre cision Scientific C.ompanv of Chicago. THEIR WAR IS NOT OVER JOIN THE RED CROSS l.THOUGH the wartime interest ments but because the products of A in hot dip lead allov coating- chemical reaction between the metal on iron and steel was due. in parti,tself and the paint vehicles are not to the need for a substitute for zinc, brittle. Lead coated articles require this interest has continued to increase neither a special metal-priming paint under peacetime conditions. Lead nor a pre-painting treatment. In fact coatinu- ha\e advantage- which make the lead coating mav be regarded as a them espeeiallv desirable under many priming coat in setting up the paint conditions. ing svstem. l or corro-ion resistance lead allov There are an increasing number of coating.- show up especially well in industrial atmospheres which are jenerallv acid in character. Thev are ductile and do not lend to crack and -pall when the ba-e metal is beinl or otherwise distorted. Because the melting point of lead is comparative- Iv low the dipping process has little tendenev to cause warping of fabri cated parts and it is usuallv possible practically to eliminate the "tear drops" or thick areas of coating material on the bottom edges of the coated article. In addition, lead allov coatings are completelv adaptable to painting. Lead is compatible with the common!v used exterior paints, not only be cause thev usually contain lead pig Lead coaled steel gutter and downspout fast enings and snow guard. job shops doing lead alloy coating as well as several manufacturers who have installed dipping lines for their own products. A wide variety of products are being coated commerciallv including bolts and nuts, washers, gas meter connections, mop handle parts, springs and prlating baskets as well as the roofers hard ware illustrated on this page. Other items under investigation show inter esting possibilities in several line-. DAYTON \Y 1 > P R i Lead Bends And Stubs for Closet Connections Provide Sanitary And Mechanical Safety HERE are two principal reasons ket. makes a permanent secure joint T for the use of the lead bend or between the bowl and the lead pipe. lead stub for connecting the waterIn the second place, the nature of the closet to the rigid framework of the lead pipe, that is. its internal smooth plumbing'rough work. These reasons, ness and the easy curve of its bends, in the order of their importance, are accelerates the flow of waste and dis sanitary securitv and flexibility. The courages the formation of clogging sanitary security afforded by the lead deposits. connection is twofold. In the first The flexibility of the lead connec place, the connection is accomplished tion assists in maintaining the tight by soldering or welding to the lead connection between bowl and stack a rigid floor flange which is in turn and at the same time protects the rela bolted to the closet bowl. This bolted tively fragile fixture from breakage joint, proyided with an asbestos gas by permitting the inevitable move Extra long lead Lends \me tillingand speed c t> n v / / // < 11 o n in hut >mill). Ari.nnstiu part m en!. tended without difficulty if condition' require it and even after the bend is securely calked into the cast iron fit ting the location of the inlet can be adjusted if desirable. If the three inch stack, which in still permitted in some localities i~ being used the nece.'sarv reduction in pipe size can be best taken care of in the lead bend hv usimr the eccentric reducing bend which is flush on the bottom throughout its length. Thi> type of bend, like all other lead I j Lome oi the lend Lends in a neu toilet ruon: in a college building in Middleton n. \en 'lord. ment between stack and structure to take place without imposing exces sive strain on joint or fixture. These two points are sufficient to justfy the usual requirement bv plumbing codes that a lead water closet connection be used but there are other reasons why it is desirable. The lead connection, either bend or stub, is easily adaptable to varying installation conditions. It may be obtained in varying lengths which can be cut by the plumber to the exact dimensions thus making precise loca tion of the fixture possible regardless of the stack position. It can be ex --4-- Lead bendi in u remodeling 10L in Corpus (.inisli. Texas. LIA25918 plumbing supplies, can be obtained bearing the Lead Industries Associa tion's Seal of Approval which assures the purchaser that the material conlorms to the rigid standards of the Association which are identical in substance with the Commercial Stan dards of the National Bureau of Standards. The standards of the as sociation will also be found to lie closelv in agreement with Federal Lend <talc' in loiiv! room oi a Iq c / o r v building under construction in I hi!Ius, Texas. Lead bends am! drum traps in a neu toilet room in an office building in Tulsa, Okla homa. Specification WW-P-325 which was issued subsequently to the promulga tion of these standards. The requirement by the plumbing code of a lead bend or a lead stub connection for water closets is quite general in cities throughout the Lnited States. It is an effective means of providing protection against break age to fixtures as well as insuring sanitary protection to the property owners of the community. Unusual Sheet Lead Garden Detail Of Interest To Landscape Architects N interesting and unusual u-e of A lead is shown in the phot..graph' on thi- page taken in Brook green Carden', a heant' spot 'Otnt 20 mile' north of Charle-lon. Sonfl. (.arolina. TIiC'C garden', open to tic public, were rC'lored and de\eloped 'inee 19311 hv Mr. and Mr'. Arche. M. Huntington and are now opera ten hv a trusteeship and maintained to an endowment and thev constitute a veritable botanical museum as well as a lovely setting for a collection of contemporary sculpture. Some of the box and live oak are over 200 vears old and there are crepe mvrtle bushes known to he more than 100 vears of age. The centra! feature of the gardens is a large pool which is supplied from --- D --- The light grey oj the weathered lead drain age trough is a pleasant contrast to the deep greens of lawn and box trees. LIA 25919 DAVTON SNYDER the nearnv river by pumps. Leading from the overflow of this pool is a series of lead lined shallow brick troughs or ditches which extend in a network over the entire area of the gardens. These lead lined troughs serve not only as a means of disposal for the overflow of the pool but also as irrigation ditches for the flowers and shrubbery. When it is desired to w ater a certain area the adjacent ditch is dammed with a small bag of sand which forces the w ater to overflow on the surrounding soil. The use of lead for this purpose adds an interesting note of color and texture to the garden and at the same time provides positive control of the irrigating water. The ditch is not subject to leakage through cracks or joints which are hound to occur in masonrv. During the war years the work of the landscape architect has been, ot necessitv. confined largely to the planning of housing communities and similar projects and he has had few opportunities to ever think of gar dens. In the future, however, he can look forward to the type of work where both the utilitarian and the ornamental properties of lead can be used to enhance the usefulne'- and beautv of his creation'. Cu't lead suanv iuhnl\ <>n the surface ot the central pool. Sprayed Lead Coating To Protect Ancient Carved Wood Sculpture HE sculptured figure in the ac which conforms perfectly with everv Tcompanying illustration is an an detail of the original carving. cient wood carving which has recently Over the lead was applied a sur been repaired and given a sprayed face coat of copper which was treated lead coating to protect it from the to match the color of the rest of the ravages of weather and decav. This ornamental group. The application figure has in the last 102 vears graced of the spraved metal coating' was the facades of several buildings which made h\ the Eastern Metallizing have, during that time, housed one of dompanv of New York. New ') ork City s prominent business Spraved lead coatines are em establishments. It has. through the ployed for mam u'es. The above de years, acquired a sentimental value scribed application is typical of the far in excess of the cost of its replace treatment of comparatively soft ma ment so when signs of decav indicated terials such as wood, plaster, or that it was in danger of destruction leather which are to he coaled with by the forces of nature, the firm made decorati\e metals. Lead is applied arrangements for its repair and per first to provide adhesion and a manent preservation. body coat. However, lead alone is The statue was removed from its commonly applied hv the metallizing perch on the building and thoroughly process to less durable metals as a repaired. All drv rot and other dam coating to protect against corrosion aged wood was removed and new feet by atmosphere or chemicals. of cast lead were attached. Then the Another interesting application of entire figure was covered with a coat this process is made in the prosthetics of lead by a process known as metal manufacturing industry for the manu lizing. which means that a finely facture of lead moulds for plastic ex atomized spray of molten metal was tremities for artificial limbs. These blown by air pressure onto the sur moulds are made hv spraying a thick face. Thus the w ood was encased and coat of lead onto a sculptured plaster sealed in an envelope of metallic lead model after which the plaster is re --6-- moved leaving a perfect mould I the hand or foot. Metallizing has been found to he a practical means for the application of lead for protection of metals from severe corrosive conditions as well as a solution for these special problems. L IA25920 ' ^A.P6rtfpUoof fa America* 'Xandmarks^ 'W' ' . No. 40 Glastonburv l Connecticut N December. 1689. those inhabitants I of Weathersfield. Conn., living on the east side of the Connecticut River were granted permission to establish their own church, provided an ortho dox minister could be found, and thus fl ells->hipman house, built in 1743 oj timber construction. Pure while lead paint has helped to preserve the unusually t ne detail oj cornice and entrace. be reliev ed of the necessity of contrib uting to the support of the existing church which was at too great a dis tance from their places of residence. The new church was successful and the community later became known as the town of Glastonbury. The If ells'Shipman house which is painted inside <i' well as out uith pure uhile lean paint. This corner cupboard is an interest ing detail. The inhabitants prospered and there remain today a number of fine old houses to demonstrate their ex cellent taste and sound craftsman ship. Although the hewn timber con struction used in the early part of the 18th centurv was quite different from Michael Crisuold homestead has both uhitc and tinted white lead paint lor a proieetne coating. dimension lumber framing with which we build houses today, the best protective and decorative paints used in tho>e days were even then made from pure white lead and linseed oil. Through all the years white lead ha> remained the dominant exterior paint pigment and white lead paint has plaved an important part in preserv ing these houses and keeping them beautiful. They stand today protected bv white lead paint as testimonials to the sound craftsmanship of their builders and to the care which their owners have given them. rl.l' :A PHOTOS BY DAYTOK SNYEE1 THIS IS NO. 40 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF T1IF. MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE tot.vun THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE W ITH PURE W HITE LEAD AND OIL TAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. L IA 25921 31 Lead Lined Tanks For Sulphuric Acid HE storage battery manufactur T ing industry, being a large con sumer of sulphuric acid, makes ex tensive use of lead in handling this raw material as well as in the actual construction of the batteries them selves. The accompanying illustra tion shows a group of lead lined wood tanks used by a battery manufacturer for storage and cutting of sulphuric acid for use in the product. The two large tanks on the uppei level are of conventional vertical stave construction except that they are elliptical in plan. 12 ft. wide. 15 In foreground, lead lined tanks used for diluting high gravity sulphuric acid stored in tuo elevated tanks in background. Tiif following articles and rtpnnts contain information, drawings and scecificaticns on the use of had luoiiucts helpful to architects, engineers and other- in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, uonn teauesf !c the Lead Industries Association. J2C Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. iMtorrnTY p r o t e c t io n w it h w h it e LEAD PAINT A 26 page booklet oo the protective value, durability and beauty of pure white lead paiot with quactit* eatjtnati&f tablet, formula* and coiling and tinting iattructiont for exterior and interior use. It CD LEAD TOR STRUCTURAL WORK Uy Dr. L. L. Ctrrltk. Director* Red Lead fletvarcb, Lead loduatrle* Aaaociation \ dirui*ioa of the ru*t iohibitive qualities of veil lead paint and the bwt meaoa of making ase of tboae quaiitie* for the protection of structural maial. Keprioted from Engineering ftetri Record, April 6. 1943. I.LAD CARRIES ITS ttFICHT By Fred P. Patera An imeteMiog rnune of many of the long e<tab)i>beii u-e of lead plu* information on a number of recently developed adaptations of the properties 4 lead to special purpose*. Reprinted from Scien tific American, June, 1944. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS lie Dr. F, L. Browne, Senior Chemlat, Tureata Produela Laboratory, Maditon, TFia. Reprinted from the .Notional Real Eirate Journal, Sept., 1939. LEAD, A METAL OF MANY USES IN TI1E THEATRE Dy J. Leland Benaon A ditcu*ioD of the many way*, both utilitarian and decorative, in which lead i* or eao be need in the theatre. Reprinted from Theatre Catalog 19iS Edi tion. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead, GS94-41 Lead Pipe, CS-95-41 Lead Trapa and Banda, CS96*41 Official publication* by the Government Printing Of fice of the above Commercial Standard* a* promul gated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the Natiootl Bureau of Standard*, effective l use 25. 1941. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW.P.52S For Pipe. Benda and Trap*, LEAD Part 5 of Seetiin IV of the Federal Staadard* Stock Catalog, official publication by the Govern ment Printing Office. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME nOME A complete anajym of hard lead Sabing. white iead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Cenigrade bicg)e detail* and intalUtioa method*. Heprinted from American Builder, July. 1939. LEAD COATINGS ON STEEL By Barold A. Knight, New* Editor. Metal* and Alloy* A thorough dieu**ioo of hot dip and electroplated coating* on trel *het. wire and fabricated prod uctr. Reprinted from the November. 1944 i-Mir of .ffe^at'j and Alleys. LEAD WELDING By Robert L. Xieqfeld ami David M. Hurrinn A concise di$eu*Mon of the proces- anil method<f welding lead sheet and pipe with de*ctipii>n- nf tool- and procedure, Includes brief bMnrma) n<ir. ami a list of commonly used corrosive chemical* with note* on their reactivity with lead. LL4D X-RAY SHIELDING A graphic chart adapted from American SrandaniAssociation Bulletin Z 54.1---1946 "Safely Code f>r the Industrial Use of X-Rays" to show weiphls per square foot and thicknesses in inches of commeioiai lead sheets corresponding to metric dimension* in dicated on the original chart. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF X-RAY PROTECTION By George Singer, Acting Chief Radiation Section, National Bureau of Standards. Waahington, D. C., and George C. Lawr ence, Ph.D*, National Reaeareh Council of Canada 4 discuanon of the material* auitaMe for use in ibielding X-ray installations. Reprinted from Industrial Radiography Vo). IV, .No. 2, Fall. 1943. ft. 6 in. long and S ft. deep. These are storage tanks for the high gravity acid as received from the manufac turer. The eislit smaller tanks are to be used for `'cutting" the acid, that is. mixing it with water to the propei specific gravity for use in the bat teries. These tanks are assembled with blocking between the staves so that part of the lead lining is exposed to the air. This is to permit rapid dissipation of the heat generated din ing the mixing cycle. These tanks are rvlindrical. 8 ft. (i in. in diameter and I! ft. 6 in. high. All of the ten tanks are lined with sheet lead turned out and doun osei the top edge. All seams and jointare welded. In addition. the steel tie rods are protected from spilled acid and fumes bv being encased in lead pipe before thev nere applied. Sheet lead shields cover all of the mallea ble iron joining lugs on the tie rod-. Also, each of the Iransvrr-c beam- ol the steel supporting structure is pro tected bv a cover of sheet lead. The tanks w ere made bv the 1 latiser SlanderTauk Companv of Cincinnati. Ohio, who assembled them in place and executed all of the lead work. Similar installations for other bat ten' manufacturers base been made in various parts of the connin'. Lead is an indispensable metal in the stor age batters- manufacturing plant awell as in the batters' itself. croji REqrEST, THE I.EAD DiDVBTBEES ASSOCIATION wru BE GLAD TO MAU. "LEAD" BEGCLAEI.T, FBEE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOFERATE WTTHOCT OBLIGATION IN' THE SOLUTION OF IOCB LEAD PROBLEMS LI A29922 PRINTED IN V. S. A. BY PYEUSHERS PRINTING COMPANY NEW YORK CITY