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ETH YL COR P OR ATION Ma n u f a c t u r i n g a n d T r a f f i c D e p a r t m e n t July 14, 1944 PLEA SE ADDRESS REPLY TO CH RYSLER BUILDING 4 0 3 LEXINGTON AVC., NEW TORN I Dr R. A. Kehoe Collage of Medioiae University of Cincinnati Eden and Bethesda Avenues Cincinnati 19, Ohio Dear Dr Kehoe* Attached hereto for your information and files is a eopy of Bulletin Ho 36,"Abstracts of Recent Literature on Lead Poisoning", published by the Lead Industries Assooiatioa. Tours very truly J . H. Schaefer 1-4 To Members of the Lead Industries Association: Attached please find; ABSTRACTS OF RECENT LITERATURE ON LEAfl poisotoaW. (5 Pages) Very truly'yours, t Vv Seoretary* ft Load H yg i e n e & S a f o t y B u llo tin No 36 ABSTRACTS OF RECENT LITERATURE ON LEAD IrOISONING REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE (State of Connecticut). A.S. Gray, Director. 57th Report o the Connecticut State Department of Health, pp. 285- 320. (1942). This routine report testifies to inoreaaing activity in the number of field trips, plants visited, laboratory determinations, etc., and variety of subjects investigated, whioh inolude extensive studies of particular hazards presented by benzene, lead, fluorides, lacquering solvents, eleotrolytio alkali cleaning, elec troplating and degreasing, with a number of other hazards encountered on a smaller soale. The number of surveys of industrial conditions was 923, and 182 studies of speoifio hazards were conducted. Publicity features inoluded 25 radio talks. The work in tho various fiolds is tabulated* THE INTLAMMABILITY AND EXPL0SIBIL1TY OF METAL POWDERS. I. Hartmann, J. Nagy and H.R* Brown. U.S. ureau of Mines, Report of InvesCT"No.3722, 44 pp. (October, 1943). Obtainable from; Div. of Information, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. An extonsive and thorough study of inflammability and oxplosibility of 14 metals and 2 alloys in powder form, was made in the dust explosion laboratory of tho Experimental Coal Mine Seotion of the Bureau of Mines* The tests mado usually included: (l) minimum ignition temperature and minimum enorgy needed for ignition of dispersions in air and of quiescent layersj (2) relative inflammability with two different souroes of ignitionj (3) minimum concentration required in a dispersion in air to porm.it ignition; (4) maximum prossuro and rate of prossuro rise in small explosions; (5) reduction in oxygon oontont of the air neoded to prevent ignition; and (6) effect of a humid atmosphero on tho powders. Most of tho results aro prosantod in tablos, and tho summary covors 3 pages, so only a few of the most striking results will bo givon here. Tho wall tamporature required in a heated furnace to ignite powdor disporsions in air varied from 315 to 900C according to tho metal and conditions. A dispersion of ziroonium sametimos ignitos at room temperature* Very littlo energy is required for ignition by spark* Maximum, prossuro attained and rates of prossuro rise vary widely* Magnesium gives the highest figures for both, 72 lbs. per sq. in. and 5,000 lbs. per sq. in per second, respectively, and only 0*05 second was required to reaoh the maximum pressure* A large explosion of that inteaaity would wreck a plant, and large relief vents would not prevent damage* The metals in decreasing order of inflammability are* (l) ziroonium, magnesium and its alloys, aluminum and titanium; (2) reduced and oarbonyl iron, manganese, zinc, sili con, tin and antimony; and (3) cadmium, copper, ohramium, lead and milled iron* In diluting air with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and helium.to reduce inflammability, it was found that titanium, ziroonium and magnesium and its alloys igaite in pure car bon dioxide, whether dispersed or in a quiescent layer, and in nitrogen in a quiesoent layor when heated sufffioiently* Much work remains to be done on the subjeotj and 9 fields for future investigation are listed. Members interested in metal powders should obtain the entire report from the above address* TOXICITY OF LEAD CHROMATE. G.C. Harrold and others. J.Ind* Hyg* <Ss Tox*, jJ6, 46-54 (.February, 1944J. It must bo concluded, that larger quantities of lead when in tho form of lead chromato may exist in the breathing zone without causing lead absorption than is true in the oaso of lead oxide* Tho criteria of tho amount of lead allowa ble in tho atmosphoro should be raised considerably in tho oase of this typo of com pound* Aimosphorio determinations of load may cause erroneous conclusions if not substantiated by other data* While this papor doos not pretend to covor other in soluble load compounds whioh may aot in tho same way as lead chromate, tho frequent ly rooognizod possibility that other and higher standards should be set up for certain lead compounds is supportod* Tho use of a "packed tube" typo of oolloctor has proved usofvil in this investigation and should aid in similar types of investi gation whore accurate evaluations of atmospheric load contamination aro nooded* Work complotod sovoral years ago and boing prepared for publication now, on tho solubility of sovoral lead compounds in blood sorum and lung fluid, indicatos that thoso load compounds which are most insoluble in such modia would provide a margin Lead Hygiene Safety Bulletin No* 36 " ABSTRACTS OF RECENT LITERATURE ON LEAD POISONING -2- of safety in the use-Of"lead compounds that'does not exist with the relatively soluble ocrapounds* This does not mean to s&y that solubility is the only faotor to be considered, but that it is an important consideration* -- From Authors summary and conclusions* LEAD POISONING AS A CLINICAL ENTITY DURING THE RECONDITIONING OF WARSHIPS. F. D* Hankins* fl*S* fraval Med* bull*, 4l, 17^5-1791 (November, 1943J* Lead poisoning ooours with greater rapidity and severity from inhalation of lead contaminated dusts and fumes than from the ingestion of lead in various forms* Cases developed and continued to develop among tho paint removal crews working on the ships until ef fective measures were taken and enforced to keep the respired air free frcm, leqd- ladon dust and fumes* This proved to be the only offeotive control of plumbism* Dust control measures alone are not sufficient, but in addition adequate respirators must be worn* Cleansing and clean habits ore important* A list of suggested rogu- lations is included* . TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING. CONFERENCES ON THERAPY* N.Y* State J. Med., 43, 2079 2086 (.Movember 1, 194&J* The discussion emphasises the facta that ingeste? lead, especially in snail amounts, rarely causes poisoning because of poor absorption, and that the greater danger of lead poisoning exists when fumaa are inhaled; thus industry is the chief souroe of lead poisoning* The prevention of poisoning is' very important* Control of exposure and proper industrial hygiene ore necessary* Factors which control lead metabolism should be considered* The general state of health, and also nutrition, age, sex, and alcoholism are all important* :^Diagnosis of poisoning m y be difficult*.' Therapy, except fori purely syn^tomtio treatment;, is based on tho parallelism between the. oaloium and. lead streams Lead is either eliminated from the bones by a oaloium deficient diet and drags, and excreted, or it is fixed in tho bones by a high oaloium and. vitamin I> diet# The former runs the danger, of episodes of aouto poisoning during treatment, while the latter runs the danger of the latent supply of load remaining fixed in the body becoming mobilized and again causing episodes of aeuto poisoning* THE POSSIBLE TOXICITY OF LEAD ALLOYS* III. EXPERIMENTS ON THE RAT WITH A LEAD-T3NANlllflHY SOLfcERr k* Saloaan and d.&. Cqwgill* J. tad, kyg* Tox*, 2&, 22-28 ^January, 1&44). Young rats were used in a study of the possible toxicity of a lead-tin-antimony alloy administered in the form of solder pellets" containing 63*89 per oent lead* These rats, reoeiving 300 parts of lead per million of diet, proved to be quite similar to the control grtyp fed on identical diet but no. load with respect to growth, concentration of blood hemoglobin and the appearance of stippled oells a# well as with respeot to the amount of lead stored in their carcasses Rats fed an identical amount of a diet containing.300 parts of ledd per million in the form of lead acetate exhibited all the signs of lead poisoning; their carcasses contained large amounts of lead* It is aonoluded that ingested solder of the compo sition here studied as a source of lead is non-taxio for the rati?- -- AUthort* sunmary* i _ *. -'.'.I':; ' ' HEALTH HAZARDS IN SOLDERING OPERATIONS. I. SURVEY OF HAZARDS CREATED BY THE VARIOUS IPtfErflF S d lBMffG A i ^ 'PgA(ri'c ^ '6 0 ^ t ifeMflg Illinois Labor.Buil.V i . 1(9-1! tOctober 31, 1943J* War production Las required (l) an inorease in lead "content of solders as a tin conservation measure from 30jt.to as high am 98J5, and (8) an. l a m crease in the use of silver solder* Gas-hoated soldering i m & , booause of -the dhn- ger of building up large- quantities of droa: in their gas muffftofcv n a y present & real load hazard* The muriatic flux gives rise to irritating vapoTS and' dermatitis* Elootrically-hoatod soldoring irons use rosin which is an irritant flux* Tho solder ing of condensers which have been treated with chlorinated- vapors presents an added Lead Hygiene it Safety Bulletin No: 36 abstracts op recent literature on lead poisoning 3 toxic vapor hazard. Silver soldering may have harmful quantities of fluorides arise from the flux* iM&ohine soldering is used extensively in making tin cans* Tinning pots create a certain amount of irritating smoke but the oontrol of the lead used by adequate exhaust will also eliminate the smoke nuisance* Also when solder is re moved in reolaiklng metals by "sweating,w the lead in the air is usually many times the maximum.limit of 1*5 mg per 10 cti* m. Control measures in soldering operations come under the headings of good, housekeeping proper hooding and looal exhaust, and conscientious personal hygiene CONTROL OF WELDING FUMES IN SHIPBUILDING OPERATIONS* Y. Rosonfold, Ind* Med*, 13, 103-l65 (January, 1344 j* 1ho following 'acts were determined as a result of air sampling and analysis in two major shipyards: (1) 'flhere no control measures in the form of exhaust equipment were used* potentially toxic concentrations of motallio fumes primarily load and zino* were being released from welding operations on gal vanized stoel. (2) Where welding was done on ungalvanizod. materials only forrio oxidq dusts and smokos were obtained* (3) A number of illnesses of a rospiratory character were reported* (4) Nitrous oxides and oarbon monoxide were gonorally negligible* (5) There woe no hazard due to oxygen doplotion* Control moasuros advised are the; installation of local exhaust equipment ard air-supply vontilation* The latter alone may suffice for eleotrio arc welding on blcsok iron* Rospirators stay be used for emsrgenoioe and for daily exposures of short duration* THE PREVENTION OP LEAD POISONING IN BLAST-FURNACE OPERATIONS. Bauer. Reiohsarbeitsblatt jaa. Ill* ArbedtssbHuiz, 337-342 (1942). (tfenaanj* 7?niinarily the danger of lead poisoning from this source is not very serious; however, there is some danger with those furnaces which produce special grades of iron -that are made from raw material containing, lead* A: typical case is the Duisburg Hoohofersrerk which pro cesses the so-called "Purpurers*" The leadcontent of the iron dross was 0*8-0 *9^ originally;, however* the use of a n e w alkali process which dissolved the lead by means of a concentrated sodium chloride solution lowered the lead content of the iron dross to 0*18-0*20?5* The new process inorecsed the cases of lead poisoning whioh.was. traood bade to the feat that in this new process the lead is converted to ylstlle'*leaa chloride which escapes partly into the atmosphere* This danger was overcome by powerful mechaniol ventilation and the use of full instead of par tial gas masks*. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES,IN INDIANA* The occupational diseases reported to the Divisior of industrial hygiene of Indiana for the year ended June 30* 1943, were quite varied in character* dermatitis accounting for 389 out of 439 oases* cutting oils ranking highest as. omus* tetryl seoond, and carrots third (see separate news item No* 385)* witi* &. total'of 43. onuses for dermatitis* Carbon monoxide poisoning ranks next to dermatitis, with 20 oases, and solvent intoxication, lead poisoning* silicosis, sili contuberculosis and a few others aoeount for less than 10 oases each* Lists of a creditable numbor of reoasmendations* laboratory determinations, and consultations by the Bureau tupe. also given* -- Appendix to Annual Kept** Div* of Ind. Hyg*, Indiana Statq of Health* July 'l, 1942 - June 30* 1943*. ,. j , 1- LEAD PQI3QNI3G. The Industrial Board found 1hat on August 14* 1940, while claimant was engaged!, in the regular course of his employment and while working as a sprayer spraying picture frame,.moldings with paint, laoquers and varnish* he beoame dis abled as the result of lead poisoning* lead absorption and a toxic condition which he contracted due to the nature of his employment, whioh caused his disability for which the award is made* There is ample evidence to support the findings and award. Guarnera v. Radio Picture Frame Co., Ino. New York Supreme Ct., Appellate Div., 3rd Judicial Dept. No* 8- 8. (CCH) Lead. Hygiene A Safety Bulletin No* .36 ; '. ON LEAD PQI3QNINO -4 - INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLSY. Di-Hunfcar^-.Qi^rt^ J*. .^Oxford(New Ser*}, 12,. 185-258 (Ootober, 1543 J* This" is a thorough article covering "Baa' toxidocgy"ofHphroe groups of toxic compouMs,. the metals, (leid; arsenio, mercury) the arcojatio compounds and the ohlorinated hydrcoarbons* Th clinioal-findings, the pathelogioa}. physiology and the treatment of lead metal and tetraethyl lead poisoning'are- givpn suooinotly and comprehensively. Arsenical poisoning; in indue try oocurs in two forms, the first from inhalation, of, or contact'with, the" dusts of arsenic compounds, and .the second ! from inhalation of orseniurettod hydrogen gas.' The- compounds of areonio aot as local irritants to the skin and mdous membhanee. Arseniurettod hydrogen- acts as * a powerful; hemolytic agont, causing hemoglobinuria, anemia and hemolytio icterus* The addition of nitro or hitroso groupg. in. aromatic compounds; usuctllyprpduoo a moro toxio compound,* The positions of tho substituent groups'in"'thD',,bcinzone-riag'-aro dis- cussod as regards toxic action* Toxic aotivity is found to depond not only'on chomi- cal constitution but also on physiol properties in the aromatic compounds* Among chlorinntod hydrocarbons the article covers methyl chloride, carbon toti*aohlorido, othylone diohlorido, totraohlorothane, and chlorinated naphthalene. It is found that the ontranoo of ohlorino into an aliphatio hydrocarbon increases its toxicity whoroas tho rovorse is tho case with an aromatic hydrooarbon* In the last section of tho papor othylene chkrhydrin and diathyleno dioxide aro reviewod* . I. LEAD POISONING. II. THE TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING. Ontario Dept, of Health, Div* of Industrial Hygiene,' 3 and 5 pp* No.elate* hese pamphlets,: distributed, for tho information of industry, follow the usuai outline and present tho fundamental .facts of load poisoning* Tho first deals with means of ontry into tho body, dintinotion between lead storage and lead poisoning,' and'moans of prevention* The second discusses curative troahaont* including abatmont of toxio symptoms and removal of tho accumula tod load arailablo for mobilization, both of whioh oro givon in some dotail, including treatment not to bo given* THB POTENTIALHAZARDIN THE MILK CANNING INDUSTRY. W.L. Lea and W*Z. Fluok. J. Ind. Hyg* & Tox>, 26, 94-^5 (March, 1944J. A siudy o t the potential hazard to employees in the milk canning industry has shown that toxic atmospheric concentrations of lead are associated with some of the manufacturing prooess, especially at the body seam machines, floater solder baths, buffing cabinets and remelt kettles* - Improved design of exhaust hoods for .these operations resulted in lowering the lead concen tration to a safe figure* Certain other processes were found to be non-hasardous, including casting solder pigs or solder wire, drawing solder wire to size and me- chanioal soldering operation of the filler machines# 1* ,' DETBRMINATIOH .OF TETRAETHIL LEAD IN GASOLINE. H. Goniok and J*J* Milano. Ind. St Eng. hem., ina* d!., Id, 4-6 (January, I&44)* A method for the determination of tetraethyl load in gasoTTne is dosoribed in which the tetraethyl load is dsoossposod with iodi.no and the load subsoquontly titrated by a new aoidimotrio method employ!ng- 8-hydroxyquinolino* The method is rapid and is applicable tq all typos of gasolines* -- Authors summary* . WARTIME ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN THE PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY.. A.*%- Steudel Paint Varnish Production kgr, 2#, 12ii-iz, 132-14& (54&J. Attention is called to (l) dust hazards, (2) nitration of cellulose boyond 12*4 poxv oent nitrogenr,-(3) inflamma bility of pyroxylin solvonts, ostor gum, dammar and plasticizers, (4)`hazards in handling load, ohromium and barium compounds, (5) donnatitis from Shollcio varnish containing mphthalono or from solvent containing sodium carbonate, and (6) hazards in paint-spray structures* Lead Hygiene add Safety Bulletin No* 36 5 ABSTRACTS op recent literature on l e a d -poisoning THE SOLUBILITY; OF LEAD BOROSILICATES IN TISSUE FLUID. P,,L* Beebe and F.S, Mellette I* ad.* Hyg* & Tox*, 2S, 1013-112 (April, 1944j Experimental animals -were exposed to- spray mists of lea3^oontaininglfritted glass cerando oolors for a period of about 60 hours* Exposure ohamber concentrations of lead averaged 0*035 milligrams per liter of air* The liver and bones of the exposed animals showed a muoh higher lead content than those of the oontrol animals* The lungs of exposed animals showed a progressive decrease in lead oontent with increase in time from the last exposure. These studios indicate that lead silicates in the form of ceramic oolors are solu ble in animal tissue fluid* -- Author's summary* HEALTH HAZARDS IN SOLDERING OPERATIONS. II. MACHINE SOLDERING. Illinois Lab. Bull., 4 20-2 2 (&ov* So, li-4 >;* Thu cin conserving so!1.dor's containing a highor percontage of load are more hazardous because the highor working tomporaturo results in more oxidation of the metal* When these solders are used, only tho best oontrol program will prevent a dangerous concentration of lead in the air Where control was baro- ly adoquato with 30 per cent load soldor, it may bo absolutely inadequate after changing to a soldor containing 70 por cent or moro of lee d, This change results in higher working temperaturas and frequently additional gas torchos requiring more completo hood enolosuro and moro attention to maintenance of good housokooping* -- Author's stannary* ARSINE. ST IBINE, AND HYDROGEN ~SULFIDE - ACCIDENTAL GENERATION IN A METAL REFINERY. C.O* D o m o h l , P.M. sioaJ md C*A. '.Nau, Ind. ao,,, Iff, 5 5 T - - T ~ (Xpril, 1944/' Three workers in a metal refinery wore poisoned rocently by a m3.xturo of tho throe gasos arsino, stibinO and hydrogen sulfide* Tho gases wore liberated when water was added to a hot dross containing metallic aluminum and compounds of arsonio and anti mony* Laboratory studios under similar conditions Showod that the addition of water to tho hot dros causes the formation of nascent hydrogen whiah roaots with the arsonio, antimony and sulfur to form arsino, stibine and hydrogen sulfide* The roaotion requires an olcvatod temperaturo for the production of amounts of these gases adequate to be detected by the use of lead aoetato end silver nitrate solution A NEW ANTITODS FOR LEAD. L* Zanoan. Atti, Soo* Med*-Chir. Padova, 18, 210-216 (194< ItalianJ when freshly preoipitated lead phosphate is shaken with a~T0 per cent solution of sodium pyrooateoholsulfonate, lead is demonstrable in the filtrate* When a solution of lead nitrate is mixed with disodium phosphate in the presence of sodiu: pyrocateoholsulfonate there is no precipitation of lead sulfate even though the proportions are one moleaule lead salt to 22 molecules of the sulfonate* Cattle serum was mixed with a 0*00372 molecular solution of lead nitrate, until precipita tion appeared* The addition of 0*047 molecular solution of sodium pyrooateoholsul fonate prevents this precipitation* The precipitation foraod ia*the serum by a load nitrate solution oan bo redissolved by addition of the sulfonate* Sodium pyrocate- eholsulfonate acts antagonistically to load salts on isolated frog heart* When rats were injected subcutaneously with a 0*495 per cent solution of sodium nitrato together with a 7 per cent solution of the sulfonate thcro is on inhibition of tho deposit of load; sulfate under the skin and a rapid resorption of load salts* When rabbits received an intravenous injection of lotiial dose of lead gitrato, and after na longer <\n interval than 3 minutes a corresponding dpso cf sodium pyrocatocholsulf< ate the; animals survived* This mothod was rooommondod for tho troatmont of load poi sonings '