Document BRqZnbybLkDQB8ona7eYV0r3w

NEW SAFETY SPECIFICATIONS FOR BRIDGES Include Red Lead Primers The new Silver Memorial liiidge spanning the Ohio River between West \ irginia and Ohio is protected from the elements h\ a lead-based anti-' orrosive primer paint coat, it shares this distinction w ith e\ery other State-maintained bridge in the State of W est \ irginia. Mam factors make this new bridge hoth unusual and newsworthy. It was built under Federal order to replace the old Silver Bridge that collapsed into the river in 1967. with the tragic loss of 46 lives. Also, it was built un der rigid new safety specifications that grew out of the tragedy. Among these specifications was the use of an anti-corrosi\e primer coat. This particular specification, how ever. w as not new to the W est Vir ginia State Road Commission under whose supervision the new bridge was built. They had for a long period of time speeified a red lead primer eoat for bridges throughout the State. When queried as to the reason for -electing this particular type of anti corrosive primer, a Commission -pokesman reported that "It has been our experience that this type of paint performs satisfactorily when sub jected to the varying conditions found throughout our State." The pigment specification adopted bv the State of West Virginia in I960, the last time paint specifications were updated, is as follows: Red Lead 197' ( Pb::041 750c Minimum Red Iron Oxide l85'r Fe40.) 2-1.7/7 Maximum Muminum Stearate 0.8'r Maximum F. Lionel Pavlo Consulting Engineers. New 't ork City, were awarded the job of designing the superstructure of the new S10.1 million bridge. Ap proaches. design foundations and substructures were designed bv various other firms. The superstructure erectoi was Allied Strurturul Steel Companv of Hammond. Indiana. The new structure. about ! o mile downstream from the old bridge, is an l.oOO-ft.. four-lane, three-span, cantilevered through truss, with a 75-ft.. I-beam approach span at either end. The truss section comprises a 9()0-ft. mainspan of which I5n ft. is suspended and two loU-it. siilesparis. The truss is (ill1 ..-It. wide between chord centers. Over the channel tinbottom chord' clear normal watei level bv 70-ft. The top steel over the piers rises 206-ft. above the liver. 1 he designers, engineers and build ers of Silver Memorial Bridge have hopefully insured that history will not repeat itself. Lead makes a small hut essential contribution to that ob jective. The new $10.1 million Silver Memortai Bridge is dependably protected frem the elements by a red lead anti-corrosive primer coat DRIVERLESS ELECTRIC TRAINS AT RUBBERMAID SAVE $50,000 ANNUALLY Lead acid battery-powered driverless trains glide noiselessly between storage bays at Rubbermaid's new Wooster plant. nail ob* * s' t i Rubbermaid. Inc., one of the coun[rvV leading manufacturers of rub|,,-r and plastic housewares products __some 5.400 of them, turned to a "total eleitric concept" in designing jti nr 146.1()0 square foot plant in Wooster. Ohio. Eiervthing from the m.c hinrrv. light. heat and materials hamlline equipment is operated elec11 ii-ally. An exciting and major innovation m the new plant is the use of two i ompleleh automated lead acid bat ten-powered driverless trains to Iranspori merchandise from each of loo manufacturing areas, in the mid dle of which is a high hav lio1 din A -tudy of \arious material han'fling -\stems for this area persuaded loihliermaid that the electrics were the easiest and least expensive to in stall and maintain. Actual operational "'lilts indicate an annual saving of 'oil.liiH) according to Hav Slabaugh. I'rojeet Engineer for the plant. The trains travel o\er pre-estab lished tracks consisting of a wire im- dded in the plant lloor. hen the "ire is energized bv 24 \olts. a mag netic field is set up. forming an electtical path that the guidance system "1 the trains tractor follows. \arious safety checks have been designed into the no-hand? material handling system at Rubbermaid. Am obstruction in the path of a train will cause it to stop immediatelv and re main stopped until the obstruction is lemored. A Hashing red light on the lop of the tractor and a ringing hell warn of the train's approach. Each trailer in the train has an electric eve circuit that triggers an automatic stop at the appropriate work station. In turn, the weight of the pallets on a loaded train auto matically closes a limit switch that defeats the electric eve circuit. The next emptv train then gets the signal to stop. All current for the electrical system on the trailers is provided bv the lead acid batterv on the train's tractor. Other electric vehicles in use at Rubbermaid include lead acid bat tery-powered lift trucks of various de signs and sening purposes, as well as personnel carriers serving both the A variety of electric fork lifts are in use at Rubbermaid. This one feeds molding powder into an extrusion machine hopper. maintenance crew and management personnel. The plant has three batterv charg ing station-. Each train has two bat teries--one in operation, one on charge during Rubbermaid s 21-houi plant operation. Fork lift trucks ham four batteries: two for operation and two on charge. The use of roller 0.111uwois at charging stations has re duced batterv changing time to just under two minutes. The power cost lor battery charging is approximated by management at 75 1 ents pci bat terv per shift. Rubbermaid considers the u.-e of electrics as having two important side benefits in addition to their ecoiwnn and effieiemw . Their quiet operation helps keep the noise le\el down in the 1.200 personnel plant. Tliev min imize housekeeping because of their clean operation. Battery-powered personnel carriers speed maintenance crews through the 146,000 square foot plant. AIR CYLINDER |UPPER PLATgil | LOWER PLATEN] AIR +vVAALIRVE HEATED SOLDER POT Figure 1 Two joining techniques. Low Pres sure Solder Die Casting and Mechan ical Thermal Pulse bonding. ha\e been introduced to industry as solu tions to difficult bonding operations. A significant [joint to these nev\ bonding processes is their ability to cope w ith reasonably heavy layers of contamination. Manufacturers can now use lead coatings rather than the more costlv lead-tin coatings normallyused. The new bonding processes no longer need the wettability provided by the relatively more costly tin. On the other hand, the excellent environ mental protection provided by lead allovs can still be used to strong ad vantage. Low Pressure Solder Die Casting l Figure 1) simultaneously forms both an electrical and mechanical connection between two or more parts. In the typical process cycle, parts to be joined are placed in a die held between the upppr and lower plattens of the casting machine. An air cylinder, when activated, brings the upper platten against the lower one and carries both of them down against the nozzle of a heated solder pot containing 60-40, lead-tin solder. ^ hen the nozzle is engaged in the die, a switch is triggered which in turn opens an air valve. This permits compressed air to flow to the solder pot forcing the solder within the die cavity where the metal freezes almost instantlv. In a variation of the pro cess. lead-tin solder alloys are only raised to the semi-molten state during the casting cycle. This new process bonds parts to gether even with relatively fragile temperature-sensitive insulation. It bonds parts with non-uniform, liardto-contrul geometries. Solder casting can create useful work parts such as terminal lugs, flanges, etc., as it bonds two or more pieces. The process can form mechanically strong joints of low electrical resistance between in sulation-covered wires without exten sive precleaning and fluxing. One simply removes the insulation at the joint. Lnder controlled conditions Low Pressure Solder Die Casting can even bond unstripped wire. And fi nally, the solder joint formed by this process provides an unusually high strain relief against flexing as well as tension, more so than higher tempera ture weld type connections that would rupture prematurelv if subjected to an identical degree of abusive me chanical treatment. An unusual application of this pro cess is the low temperature die casting of a lead-tin alloy through the pores or interstices of a woven ma terial such as cloth. I Figure 3) Tests show that it is possible to die cast solder alloys through low tempera ture materials such as cotton, form ing a wetted, metallurgical bond to tinned surfaces on the reverse side I of the cloth w ithout damage to the j cloth fibers themselves. Applications ' include the forming of decorative buttons or fasteners in a small frac tion of a second. Another variation of solder cast ing is the Mechanical Thermal Pulse process l Figures 2, 4). The process utilizes the thermal energy stored within a ram or other metallic struc ture that has been preheated to as low as 20',i up to oO'/c of the lowest melting point alloy being used. The heated ram is brought down, hydrau lically, against the work parts to be bonded, applying pressure. The ther mal energy, stored in the ram. is transferred to the parts by thermal conduction. This allows the thermal energy required for bonding to be reduced to the lowest possible values. There are relatively sophisticated advantages inherent in this particular process. The total quantum of thermal energy can be transferred to the work parts independent of the many vari ables that are inherent in other energy transfer processes. This capability makes it possible to form strong, re liable bonds through heavy layers of contaminants. Dirt, grease, and even insulations commonly used in electri cal and electronic industries are no longer a major obstruction factor in j the bonding process. I l.t I'" -i\ rii< h ip -in \ ai < ti rat t`\ I t ha. I.-a. \ i i 1. 'm iv f \ at w ii I Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 * Based upon a paper giv&i before the 42nd Annual Meeting of Lead Industries Association, Inc. at St. Louis, Misso by R. H. Cushman, former staff member of the Special Studies Engineering Research Center, Western Electric Co., Inc. Princeton, New Jersey, LI*26564 LEAD IN GASOLINE By J. L. Kimberley Executive Vice President Lead Industries Association, Inc. I ,.a() additive- for gasoline, which ,,'i-owde untold millions of inexpen,ju, horsepower for American auto mobiles. have been caught in the ranele of frantic efforts to reduce jjr polluting emissions from auto ex hausts. Ill the understandable and com mendable drive to clean up our air. ,-iinple panaceas are frequently ad vanced where only complexity reigns. That's why there has developed considerable momentum behind the catch-phrase "get the lead out'' of gasoline, even though there is little evidence that such action would bring positive benefits and much evidence that tilt- action could have boomerang effects. Since their discovery in the 1920's lead additives in gasoline have pro vided anti-knock qualities that make fuels smoother burning, more efiii lent, and less damaging to engines. They make possible higher octane i more powerful i gasoline at lower refining costs and greater conser vation of ravv petroleum stocks than would otherwise be possible. head Industries Association. Inc. has an obvious interest in getting the facts and in helping to resolve this complex problem. That's why 1 was authorized earlier this vear to make an intensive investigation of all as pects of this subject and to represent the LI A before various legislative bodies considering the lead additiv e- question. I am grateful for consider able help and guidance from mem bers of our own and other industrieroncerned. As a result, LIA has taken a strong stand against proposals for the arbi trary elimination of lead additives from gasoline, based on present knowledge and evidence. At the same time, we have taken the position that efforts to reduce noxious emissions from automobile engines should in clude intensified research for a means of reducing exhausted lead, which constitutes about one-third of 1 per cent of auto exhaust emissions. This position is fully supported by the following basic facts: 1. \o data has been advanced to show that the amounts of lead ex hausted from automobiles pose a health hazard or major pollution threat, now or foreseeable. The ques tion of lead in the atmosphere has been intensively researched, in large part with assistance from the lead industry, for many years and con tinues to be closely studied. 2. Scientific evidence indicates that pollution hazards could actually be increased if lead were to be elimi nated from gasoline under current conditions. This is partly because of the likelihood of increased emissions of so-called aromatic compounds which are known to contribute to smog and eve irritation and some of which are considered carcinogenic. 3. Elimination of lead from gaso line would involve massive expendi tures by oil companies, auto com panies. and the public--with no clear assurance at this time that there would be commensurate benefits in eliminating the carbon monoxides, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides that constitute the major noxious automobile exhaust pollutants. 4. Pollution control systems for automobiles that work with leaded gasolines have been developed and demonstrated. The drive for nonleaded gasoline is premised primarily on the automotive industry's assump tion that control systems (involving catalysts! are to be preferred and would work better and be longerlasting with non-leaded gasolines. However, at this point there has been no assurance that this assumption is correct or that systems to work with non-leaded gasoline are anywhere near ready to be put on new model ears in the foreseeable future. These points are a distillation from the great volume of information col lected for LIA since about the first of the vear. They come from study of past and current scientific and tech nical literature, from personal inter views 1 have had with top executives of automobile, petroleum and lead additive producers, from discussions with knowledgeable government offi cials. testimony either heard by me personally or read from transcripts of federal and state hearings on the question, and from reports of experts currently studying the question. On the basis of these facts. 1 waauthorized to appear before, or sub mit statements to. several state bodies considering legislative restric tions on leaded gasoline, appropriate Congres sional committees in Washington, and a special Presidential Commerce De partment panel considering auto mobile fuel composition. Cover photo courtesy of The Research Corporation of New England. L IA 2 6 5 e 5 5 Gaseous and particulate emission standards for automobiles proposed by the Federal govern ment for 1975 can now be met by the use of existing automotive systems, such as the 3-part one developed by DuPont. The cyclone trap portion of the system shown here traps and stores particulate emissions, including lead. 1,1 A also prepared a succinct posi tion paper for the information of members of the federal Congress con siderin'! proposals affecting gasoline additives. One proposal would give the Department of Health. Education and \t elfare broad powers to regulate the composition of automobile fuels, including the use of lead and other additives. Another would place a pu nitive tax on leaded gasoline in an effort to drive it off the market. Neither of these proposals is justified bv evidence showing that a han on leaded gasoline would bring the de sired results--drastic reduction or elimination of auto pollutants. In view of current technical devel opments for systems to control ex hausts from leaded gasoline. LI A be lieves that a ban or similar legislative restriction on gasoline composition would result in restricting the range of efforts to develop workable sys tems to alleviate automobile pollution. For example, in mid-summer 1970 one of the largest oil .companies an nounced development of a lead filter for autos that would capture a sub stantial amount of the lead resulting from combustion of leaded gasoline. This is only one of recent develop ments indicating that there is much progress being made in developing control systems that work effectively with leaded gasoline and that would also be capable of reducing lead emis sions. too. The California Air Resources Board earlier this year verified that one such system cut escaping hydrocar bons and nitrogen oxides to a level more than 50 percent below the state's proposed standards for 1975. The same device was shown to reduce carbon monoxide emissions more than 33 percent below these stan dards. Nitrogen oxides were reduced to less than 50 percent of California's 1975 standards. And this was with leaded gasoline. In fact, the Commerce Depart ment's Technical Advisory Board Panel on Automotive Fuels and Air Pollution recognized the possibility of efficient emission control systems which operate on leaded gasolines being developed in the near future, and did not recommend the elimi nation of lead additives although the Panel also recommended the avail ability of an unleaded fuel. Aside from technical aspects, there is the very real possibility that the changed composition of gasoline that would result from the elimination of lead would pose both known and un known problems. A L.S. Buerau of Mines study published in Mav reported on tests comparing leaded regular and pre mium gasolines w ith comparable nonleaded fuels. The conclusion was that the unleaded fuels increased eve-irri tating. smog-producing emissions by as much as 25 percent ov er the leaded fuels. 'Ihese very serious considerations were succinctly put bv Dr. Richard D. Ladle of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. An article on Dr. Cadle's position appeared in the April 20, 1970 issue of Chemical & Engineering Aews and said in part: "In connection with any possible health hazard from the lead com pounds that automobiles send into the atmosphere, Dr. Cadle believes that there is reason for alarm, but warns that quick solutions could build into problems of an entirely different stripe. He suggests, for ex ample. that gasoline manufacturers who hope to replace leaded alkane gasoline with high-aromatic fuels should look at least twice before thev leap. "It's conceivable that some of these aromatics could lead to the formation of carcinogenic by-products in the combustion process, although [ ^0llknow of any hard evidence to sUp port that idea. Nevertheless, aromatir compounds generally are toxic. jr respective of whether or not thev'p. carcinogenic. "Abo. certain aromatic compound, have been found to lie more sever, in magnitude, more severe as e\> jrr] tants. than the peroxvalkvl nitrat.formed from conventional gas,,lin,, \\ hat I m really sav ing here is that ii, the whole area of air pollute^ cor. trol. we shouldn't rush ahead with on, solution helore tryinsr to antieipatithe larger problems it mav create." Dr. Cache's fears may have ahead: been demonstrated to have real ,uj,. stance. This occurred this summer in Japan. Because of a. "Lead scan " that was subsequently proved false, the Japanese government hurriedly last spring set a limit on lead in mrsolint at about one-half of what it had been This lower-level lead fuel went on sale in Tokyo the first of July and m subsequent weeks the ga-oline sold for cars in that large oriental city of the greatly reduced lead content. Nevertheless, about lour weeks later. Tokyo was experiencing the wont smog crisis in its history--attributed not to lead but to the reactive emis sions that created the citvuide photo, chemical smog when the spring ram clouds -passed and let the sun hit the gaseous automobile emissions. C suggested bv the Bureau of Mines study and by Dr. Cadle. the reduced lead content of gasoline mav well have resulted in higher aromatic emissions. On the economic ramifications and other consequences of a quick switdi to non-leaded gasoline, without good reason, the April 8 issue of The If oil Street Journal went into considerable detail, and can be summed up as follows : 1. The oil industry will have tv make a major investment in new re fining facilities, variously estimated from S6 billion to S10 billion, as well as an additional 6 to 8 percent draw down in petroleum reserves. 2. Small petroleum refineries mJ! have to shut down because they n"1 the ' puib1 thi- ,, tu to : . . >rn: .lx ..... ;h.ire ! i * jt!i l" l" ' nirflt II i 111. tI Inn upon UA st. the r .' wry f A ,t Pml Thm C.,:. Office Th p* *.tifh * fh (j *V-ter US He.i |>v , Inform, A Th L I A .9/0 6 LI 4 265P6 have the capital resources to make "he new investment. ., ^tphalt. the hack hone of road , iJincr would be curtailed since ,|,i- product is made largely by the `,,,all refineries. 4 The hundreds of thousands of taj] outlets for gasoline would have install new gasoline pumps and 0]iiU. storage tanks. The availabilpv of pumps is strictly limited: the ppior required to install them and the , inpi will add to the inllation of con struction costs. 5. W ithout lead in gasoline, oil ,ompanies would have to make .Meater use of benzene, toluene and lene. therebv diminishing the sup ply of these materials to the petro chemical industry, with sharp infla tionary consequences. 6. Sellers of bromine and sodium would lose a major market since these are the elements used in combination with lead for gasoline additives. 7. The lead industry would lose 20 percent of its total market. A replace ment market cannot be found overniaht. The problem is complicated by the fact that many lead producers have already made major capital outlavs for recent plant expansions. The Lead Industries Association, Inc. main tains an extensive file of reference material relating to lead additives. Material available upon request includes: L1A statements to: The Commerce Department Technical Ad visory Board Panel on Automotive Fuels and Air Pollution. The California Assembly Transportation Com mittee. The Pennsylvania House Committee on Health and Welfare. The U S. Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution. The U.S. House Subcommittee on Public Health and Welfare. Informative material: Facts About Lead and the Atmosphere." The LIA Position Paper on Removal of Lead Additives from Gasoline. "Gettin' the Lead Out," Motor Trond, May 1970. 'Comparative Emissions From Some Leaded fnd Prototype Lead-Free Automobile Fuels." U.S. Bureau of Mines Report 7390, May 1970. The Unknowns of Hasty Substitution All these dislocations and difficulties might be justified if there had been demonstrated the availability of devices to deal with emissions from unleaded gasoline that would ma terially reduce air pollution. However, this has yet to be proven. These then are the major reasons whv the Lead Industries Association maintains that it is poor public policy to compel the abandonment of an existing proved source of efficient auto motive power without a clear, accepted proof that the alterna tive represents a clear and demonstrated improvement. Six Facts Related to the Proposed Removal of Lead in Gasoline Fact Number 1: No proven benefits in auto emission have been demonstrated to re sult from lead-free gasoline, despite speculation and assurances. Fact Number 2: Significant reduction in auto emissions has already been accom plished with systems that work with present automobiles and pres ent gasoline. Fact Number 3: The knowns and unknowns about non-leaded gasoline do not at this point support the supposition that auto emission problems will be solved by the removal of lead. Fact Number 4: The uncertainties about results of using non-leaded gasoline empha size the need not to ban leaded gasoline now for the future. Fact Number 5: Lead does not contribute to formation of photochemical smog--one objectionable result of auto emissions. Fact Number 6: Lead in the atmosphere--whether from auto exhausts or other sources--does not represent a health hazard to the public. Lead traps for automobile exhausts are being developed and demonstrated. LIA 265 P? View of the computer room at TWA's Rockleigh Communication Center. TWA uses a Burroughs B5500 Data Processing System at this complex LEAD BATTERIES ASSURE UNINTERRUPTED POWER SERVICE FOR AIRLINE COMPUTER CENTERS Today the air lines are perhaps one segment of our economy most depen dent on real time computers that are in operation up to 24 hours a day. Almost every line has installed or is in the process of installing complex computerized centers to assist them in serving their passengers. Prime functions of the centers are to in stantaneously record passenger infor mation, flight data, flight progress, rental car and hotel reservations, special meals and other important in telligence from a broad network of airport and cits reservation offices. pie cin' IV , .111 Airlines pioneere d th< l(- s|,e computerized pas"nation o,e,n. Their ,n- , it'111 Uh IBM computer , ii kina Manned t-h- e s. vst.em fr,,om i j American - Nime Bes- enter at Briarelitf Manor. |V-' The Sabre center is ac- \ Vuk.y mu) terminal deuces and PI,- tmam as 2.000 inputs 'land , . [ .. i-eil phone lines tie the 111 IM1111 . I I jlH .itiuns to the center, hmialh intended lor passenger ns. the computer use ha- I i, Kldeiied to include other fields, ^-tem controls minor mainte- (1 j,,,j111 -- w here the planes ha\e MI1J|| lavorers. freight wayhilling. -npplie> marketing information , . m.in.eminent p,, nulke sure this rnmputer com- l. A alays operable. American en`.'h,together with consultants de- ',.,.,1 a power backup for the center. IPm is a solid state Uninterruptible IPmrr Sufiplv i UPS I that consists of \t; to DC rectifier, a li t -cell lead |,j battery, rated at 2.400 ampere imurs. and DC to AC inverters. Hie lead arid battery is constantly ,, tin- line and is eapahle of taking i.-r the load of the system immedinlrb. durina on outage, until the i (\ili.ir\ diesel generator- are started m. At American, two diesel generat,.i are on standhv to power the ,.,.in,n11-r if a prolonged power out,ue -honld occur. Them- generators n. mld he automatically started by i. .id or ill batteries if such an outage mir-. \ second set of two dieselo n.Tutors are installed to power the .or i onditioning system necessary to maintain the proper temperature lev I- "f the computers. If for any e.i-'in. during a lenethv power inter' iptioii. the auxiliary power plant "Md not lie started, the lead acid o! the l ninterruptible Power ' ippb could sustain tile eomputer "inpl.m for 37 minutes. This would sor the computer room personnel uncle time to complete an orderly dmtilown of the facility. Under nor">al operating conditions, however. "!" n the auxiliary power plant takes 'tT the load, the lead acid batteries 111 automatically recharged by the wctiher. keeping them ready for any other emergency. According to Arthur G. King. Manager facilities engineering for American, the sv.-tem was installed to carry the eomputer load long enough to start auxiliary generators during an extended outage, to take over during short power interruptions and to assure constancy of power. Maintenance of the system is a rel atively easv matter. Once a month the U P.'' G tested bv purposely inter rupting the utility power supply and allowing the lead acid batteries to take over. The diesel generators are also tested about once a month. To assure maximum battery efficiency at all times, about once a month 10M of the battery's cells are checked tor voltage, temperature and specificgravity. Once a year a 100'7 check of the battery is made. As the individual cell containers are of clear plastic, a visual inspection of the electrolyte level is all that is necessary to indi cate the need for adding water. Trans orld Airlines maintains a similar communications center at Roekleigh. \evv Jersey. It differs from the American Airlines center in that the computers were supplied by Burroughs Corporation and it em ploy- gas-turbine generators for aux iliary power. The real time computers are on the line 24 hours a day. Presently TWA is expanding its UPS system through the addition of a second 177-cell lead acid battery to accommodate additional computer systems. hen completely installed the UPS will he capable of sustaining the computers for a half hour with out any outside power. As for the two auxiliary generators, one is lead acid battery start and the other is air start. The system is checked out once a month when it is run for a period of between four to six hours. Because of the critical nature of the stored information, all airlines reservations computer centers rely on lead acid batteries to maintain the load until auxiliary power can take over. 1 hese UPS systems also insure against current and voltage variations that would cause the computers either to file data erratically or completely miss information bits. L I 4265 89 LEAD Still First for Waterproofing Client: Missouri State Board of Public Buildings: Governor Warren E. Heamea, Chairman; Lieutenant Governor William S. Morris. Secretary; Attorney General John C. Danforth, Member; under the direction of the Division of Planning and Construc tion, John D. Paulus. Jr., AIA, Director. Architect: Richard P. Schneider, St. Louis. General Contractor; E. G. Linhardt, Jeffer son City, Mo. Lead Work: Larry Goad & Co., St. Louis. The sheets on the sides are formed at the bottom of the pool to follow the cant profile. View of the finish corner of the pool shows how easily the sheet lead can be made to conform to intricate shapes and still main tain complete waterproofing integrity. Workman is forming the 8-lb. sheet lead to the sides of the pool with a wood dressing tool. The sheets that form the sides are first tack burned and then finish burned to the sheets that are flashed into reglet that was cut around the pool. The State of Missouri is currently engaged in a program of restoration of the Capitol Building and sur rounding grounds. The badly worn steps of the Capitol are now being replaced and waterproofed with sheet lead. So successful was the waterproofinn installation on the Capitol steps, shoot lead was selected bv architect Hichard P. Schneider of St. Louis to line the north patio pool on the Capi tol Ground-. This o\al shaped pool, the "Foun tain of the Centaurs." has leaked e\er since it was first filled with water some 40 years ago. Our this period, manv attempts had been made to seal the leaks with tar and paint without success. To prepare the pool for lining, all loose material was removed and a new concrete slab, four inches thick, was poured. New concrete was also added around the edge of the pool. Into this, a reglet was cut to com pletely encircle the pool. Before the lead lining was installed, the area was covered with asphalt impregnated felt. This was used to protect the sheet lead from the temporary cor rosive attack of the free lime found in all cementitious materials. In the construction of the lining, a membrane of 8-lb. sheet lead Ijg" thick i, was laid across the bottom of the pool and the joints burned l welded ). The sheets were overlapped slightly and then beveled with a shave hook prior to burning to present a smooth, even appearance. This tech nique was used because the lead lin ing acts as an exposed membrane. The lead sheets were carried up over the statue bases and around drains, overflows and pipe penetrations. Nar row lead sheets were next flashed into the.reglet around the top of the pool's edge with lead wool and lead wedges. Enough lead was furnished to provide for the sheets that formed the sides of the pool to be burned to it. The sides of the pool were formed in a "Z" shape to make it possible to burn the sheets to the lead along the top of the pool and bottom linings in a horizontal position. Sheets on the side of the pool were then burned together to complete the waterproof ing operation. To provide night illumination six light fixtures have been shimmed into place with lead wedges and sealed. These lights are also recessed into Carthage stone housings using lead wedges and a sealant. General view of the "Foui 'ain of ,he Centaurs" on the Capitol grounds at Jefferson City. 10 LIA265 90 n 11 n -l A I I' Cl Al N U; th ha yo yo ad INTERESTING o d d s and ends abo ut l ead l e ad LOWERS CURTAIN ON INDUSTRIAL NOISE Thr use of a glass fiber fabric sandich between two layers of lead loaded vinyl as an effective sound harrier is not new. This type of ma terial has been used for some time to insulate the cabins of jet air planes from the roar of the engines. A new composite combines this alass fiber lined leadloaded vinyl with one-inch thick sound-absorbent polvurethane foam to form a sound insulating and absorbing curtain. The foam is applied to the leaded vinyl in 10-inch wide vertical strips to per mit the curtain to fold in accordian stvle when it is opened. The sound absorption propertv of the foam helps reduce noise in the exposed areas and ihe leaded vinyl permits a marked reduction in transmitted sound out side the high noise area. LEAD WALLED ROOM AIDS CANCER RESEARCH With solid lead walls and doors al most a foot thick, this radiation-free chamber at the University of Utah Medical Center in Salt Lake City assists doctors conducting cancer re search. The doors, as shown in the photo, look almost like those on a bank vault. Over 377,000 pounds of lead were used in the construction of the room. The project treats and studies small animals. The animals are placed in the lead chamber and examined with a "bodv counter," a radiation detec tion device that measures the level of radioactivity in the animal's body. The equipment is being used to de termine the relationship of radio activity to bone cancer. SILENT SAM . . . THE SWINGER OF THE '70's A revolutionarv new approach to trailic control is represented bv Silent Sam1'1, a lead acid hatterv-powered robot designed and produced bv Queens Devices. Inc.. Long Island Citv. New A ork. Sam is a natural for the con~truction industry, public utilities, road builders and others who create trafficcontrol problems in the normal course of their business. With pede-tal. Sam looms overall at 7'6". The unit with battery weighs more than 200 pounds --a dependable, tip-proof, alwavs on the job control for traffic. n Lead Industries Association, Inc. CHANGE OF ADDRESS OR NEW READER Use this side of the coupon if you have recently changed your address or if you would like to be added to the mailing fist for LEAD FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS PLEASE WRITE IN NUMBER FROM TOP OF ADDRESS OR ATTACH OLD LABEL. 3 ADD ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST (please check one) V/ ATTACH MAILING LABEL HERE To______________ Name, Title Company Street _________A__________ PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Painting Health & Safety 3 Architectural & Building Design & Radiation Engineers [j Ceramics Chemical Engrs. C2 Battery Power Miscellaneous (please specify) City, state, zip code ^ *A?65 9j NEW LISTINGS Lead applications for building and construction Reprint of article from Progressive Architecture reviewing the latest developments in the use c-f iead in architecture and construction. Twelve pages. A-10 ARCHITECTURAL Lead armor soundproofs new arts center Chicago's new Center for the Performing Arts is sheathed entirely in lead. A gen erai description is given of the job and how the lead was handled. Four pages, illustrated A-7. The effects of waste line effluents on synthetic rubber gaskets for cast iron soilpipe Synthetic rubber of a type similar to that used as gaskets m waste line joints was exposed to many effluents found in the plumbing waste system. Twelve pages charts, tables and illustrations. D-5 CERAMICS Microstructures and Magnetic Properties of Lead Ferrites investigation of isotropic high lead ferrites shews they can be prepared with energy products greater than 1 4 x 10' G Oe. Eight page reprint. B-9 CABLE SHEATHING Lead sheathing for power cable Design guide for use of lead sheathed power cab'e. Factors governing cable se lection are also reviewed Twenty-four pages, illustrated. C-l PLUMBING Will calked lead joints withstand high temperatures? Describes tests on uncoated cast 'ron soil pipe with lead and oakum joints. Such joints were found to withstand temperatures to 170s F without leakage. Four pages, reprint. D-4 ANODES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION Lead-silver alloy anodes in cathodic protection of ships Operating efficiency and behavior of ieadsiiver anodes for corrosion protection of ships. Other anodes are compared. Details of operation, costs and other important factors are discussed. Eight page reprint, tables and illustrations. E-l PAINTS Red lead based paint systems Technical booklet lists properties and ap plications for twenty-four red lead paint systems. Specific uses. e g. fresh water, marine, etc. suggested for a wide variety of formulations. Preparation of surfaces discussed in detail Thirty-two pages, charts F-l ANTI-VIBRATION PADS Ways to reduce press vibration Two installations of lead asbestos pads to reduce heavy machinery vibrations. Sec tional drawings and loadings are given. Two pages, illustrated. G-l CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Lead in modern chemical construction Reprint from Encyclopedia of Chemico/ Process Equipment. Describes installation, proper design application, and testing of lead linings. Twelve pages, illustrated. H-l SOLDERING AND WELDING Soldering alloys Describes numerous alloys used as solders and discusses advantages and drawbacks of many. Flux requirements for soldering most metals, both ferrous and non-ferrous are listed. Four pages, tables and charts. 1-3 SOUND BARRIERS Practical application of sheet lead for sound barriers Twelve page manual gives specific waU construction and performances TaDies. charts and illustrations. J-l BATTERIES Lift trucks: Accent on muscle, and talent too Report discusses latest developments in the lift truck field together with future forecasts. Contains concise details on the economy of electrics. L-8 Industrial truck cost calculator Three nomographs permit estimation of costs tor gas vs. battery powered indus trial trucks in two or three minutes Twelve pages, charts and tables L-l GENERAL The U.S. Lead Industry--1969 An annual review of activity within the in dustry that contains a general summary for the year and a series of charts and tables giving current statistics on ;eaa production and consumption. M-14 Publications ?->d film- This booklet lists all the material currently available from Lead Industries Associa tion, Inc Sixteen pages. M-13 Primary lead production areas in the U.S. For schools, libraries 11 "x 14" map show ing locations in U.S. of most lead smelters and refineries, and lead mines. M-ll This magazine is reproduced from lead type NAME ___ TITLE_____ PLEASE SEND ME THE PUBLICATIONS MARKED BELOW WRITE IN CODE NO. I l COMPANY ADDRESS CITY ___ *-TO REQUEST LITERA MAIL TO: LEAD INDUSTRIE ASSN. INC. 292 MADISON AV NEW YORK, N.Y. 1 STATE ZIP LlA2659p