Document BRXzRRjk3nrv7R4RGrn1wjMD4

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1958 Apr 21 DOC#: API040 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Minutes from API Medical Advisory Committee Meeting with Attachments COMMITTEE USE ONLY ) ^ AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE NOT FOR PUBLICATION Twenty-Fifth Meeting April 21, 1958 Card Room, Eaddon Hall Atlantic City, New Jersey MEMBERS PRESENT: V. C. Baird, M. D., Chairman J. W. Osborn, M. D., Vice Chairman C. R. Miller, M. D., Secretary W. 0. Armstrong, M. D. f. F. Boys, M. D. R ichard Call, M. D. L. E. Curtis, M. D. Keiffer Davis, M. D. r . E. Eckardt, M. D. K. R. Fourcher, M.D. T. M. Frank, M. D. F. D. Gassaway,M. D. C. H. Hine, M. D. T. J. Kelly, M. D. T. H. Mitchell, M. D. M. N. Nevquist, M. D. B. B. Reeve, M. D. J. C. Ruddock, M. D. G. M. Saunders, M. D. (Rep. by L. C. Beard, Leo J. Wade, M. D. Jr.) TECHNICAL ADVISORS PRESENT: W. L.Avrett W. H.Barcus B. E. Bennison, M. D. Frank Boro, M. D. R. C.Cole E. K.Daniels H. W. Gerarde, M. D. J. W.Hammond P. D.Halley C. A. Neilson T. B. Rendel L. E. Renes F. J. Sanders (Rep. by W. E. Scovlll) J. A. Spence Fred Venable G. M. Wilkening MEMBERS ABSENT: Lamson Blaney, M. D. J. W. Crookshank, M. D. J. H. Hege, M. D. E. K- Linder, M. D. E. P. Luongo, M. D. B. S. Miller, M. D. R. C. Page, M. D. R. J. Potts, M. D. Ralph Schneider, M. D. OTHERS PRESENT: S. S. Alexander Dr. R. G. Birrell M. A. Connell Dr. De Boor A. H. Diserene Philip D rinker (C onsultant) J. L. Foub John Hatch Ed Herman R. A. Jacobson C. A. Nau, M. D. E. 0. Mattocks Phillips Petroleum Company Imperial Oil Ltd. Egle Products Company Dutch Shell Creole Petroleum Corporation Harvard University Imperial Oil Ltd. Phillips Petroleum Company Humble Oil & Refining Company Universal Oil Products Company University of Texas American Petroleum Institute API 07 331 ) r - - jl. J. Roberts j, J. Smith gupert Snolt g. B. Snyder p, J. Sorenson g. A. Turcot g. von Racter Mclvor Woody, M. D. Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Shell Oil Company Humble Oil & Refining Company Shell Oil Company Imperial Oil Ltd. Shell Oil Company Retired X. OPENING REMARKS The chairman welcomed everyone present. He indicated that the Medical Advisory Committee functions chiefly through its subcommittees who are the working groups. Actions of the Medical Advisory Committee are referred to the Medical and gealth Committee of the Board of Directors for final approval. The chairman requested each member to review the functions of the Medical Advisory Committee. He asked each one to review the booklet, entitled "Health. A Brief Review of API Medical Advisory Committee Activities," which is based upon an address presented at the November 1^, 1955 APT Meeting by George M. Saunders, M. D. The Appendix of this booklet has the Board of Directors action, dated April 21, 195'-> related to the function, composition, organization, and procedures of the Medical Advisory Committee. A copy of this booklet is attached as Appendix A. II. INTRODUCTION OF GUESTS The chairman called upon the secretary, C. R. Miller, M. D., to introduce the guests at the meeting. III. MINUTES OF 2LTH MEETING The chairman asked if there were any corrections or additions to the minutes of the last meeting of the Medical Advisory Committee. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the minutes of the 2^th meeting of the Medical Advisory Committee, held November 13* 1957, be approved as distributed. IV. SUBCOMMITTEE REPORTS A. Operating Subcommittee - V. C. Baird, M. D., Chairman Dr. Baird reported the actions of the Operating Subcommittee, which held a meeting April 19, 1958- A copy of the minutes are attached (Appendix B). ACTION; It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the actions of the Operating Subcommittee, together with their report, be accepted. B. Program Subcommittee - E. K. Linder, M. D., Chairman B. B. Reeve, M. D., reported for Chairman E. K. Linder, M. D. His report is given in Appendix C. The desirability of having a Group Session during the November 1958 Annual API Meeting was carefully considered. API 07332 ) y 1 - 3 ACTION: It vas regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that there be no Medical Advisory Committee Group Session during the 1958 Annual API Meeting. The need and frequency of discussion sessions, sponsered by the Medical Advisory Committee vas reviewed. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that a round table discussion meeting for the Medical Advisory Committee be held once a year during the Annual API Meeting. The members of the Medical Advisory Committee will be contacted by the chairman of the Program Subccennittee to determine if they have any topics for these discussional sessions and also if there is anyone who wishes to be a discussional leader. ACTION: It vas regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. C. Subcommittee on Atmospheric Pollutants - John C. Ruddock. M. D., Chairman Dr. Ruddock reported on the activities of his subcommittee. His report is given in Appendix D. ACTION: It vas regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. D. Subcommittee on C9 - C12 Aromatics - Kieffer Davis, M. D., Chairman I A I I Dr. Davis presented the report of his subcommittee which is given in Appendix E. ACTION: It vas regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be approved. E. Subc^mnii ttee on Carcinogenicity - R. E. Eckardt, M. D., Chairman Dr. Eckardt reported on this group's activities which is given in Appendix F. ACTION: It vas regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be approved. F. Subcommittee on Dennatology - Leo J. Wade, M. D., Chairman Dr. Wade reported that the Division of Marketing Industrial Hygiene Committee was currently reviewing a booklet to be published by the Industrial Hygiene Foundation. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. G. Subcommittee on Economic Poisons - J. W. Osborn, M. D., Chairman API 0733 Dr. Osborn reported on the activities of this group. His report is given as Appendix G. The usefulness of the Poi6on Centers was discussed. It was pointed out by De member that the Telephone Company has been contacted to determine if an arrange ment could be worked out whereby a person dialing POISON would be connected auto^tically with the nearest Poison Center. Likewise, the question was raised as to aether the National Clearing House of the Public Health Service in Washington would disseminate information to all Poison Centers. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. g. Subcommittee on Medical Policies and Practices - Ralph Schneider. M. D., Chairman Dr. Fourcher, Acting Chairman, gave the report of this group's activities. The report is attached as Appendix H. Dr. Reeve, Acting Chairman of the Program Subcommittee, accepted the offer of the Medical Policies and Practices Subcommittee to arrange a half-day round table discussion during the November Annual API Meeting. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. I. Subcommittee on Physical Agents - C. H. Hine, M. D., Chairman Dr. Hine reported on this subcommittee's activities. His report is given in Appendix I. Dr. Hine reported that Mr. D. T. Staples, Chairman of the Medical and Health Committee, had requested Mr. J. 0. Jordan of the Shell Oil Company to try and attend the meeting of the Medical Advisory Committee as a representative of the Board group. Unfortunately, Mr. Jordan was unable to attend the meeting but sent his best wishes by Dr. Hine. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. J. Subcommittee on Toxicological Reviews - H. W. Gerarde, M. D., Chairman Dr. Gerarde presented his report which is given as Appendix J. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. The question was raised as to whether the Subcommittee on Toxicological Reviews had considered including, in the Reviews, the uses of the various materials under consideration. The subcommittee was to take this under advisement. K. Subcommittee on Industrial Hygiene - Jack Spence. Chairman Mr. Jack Spence, Chairman, presented his report which is given in A p p en d ix K. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. L. Special Ad Hoc Comwt API The chairman explained that he appointed a Special Ad Hoc Committee , - 5- consisting of G. M. Saunders, M. D. and B. E. Bennison, M. D. to consider the estab lishment of a Subcommittee cn Epidemiology. Dr. Bennison presented the report of the subcommittee, which is attached as Appendix L. The discussion brought agreement that Dr. Bennison and Dr. Saunders be requested to continue to work on the advantage to the Medical Advisory Committee of establishing a subcommittee on epidemiology and make a report and recommendation at the Chicago meeting, November 1958. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the report be accepted. V. REPORT OF LIAISON MEMBERS A. Dermatitis Survey Dr. Leo J. Wade reported that there was no activity to report. B. Asphalt Institute Dr. R. E. Eckardt reported that there was no activity to report. C. Smoke and Fumes Dr. J. C. Ruddock stated that, at the request of the Smoke and Fumes Committee, his Subcommittee on Atmospheric Pollutants was attempting to prepare a statement of the possible effect of smoke and fumes on the health of human beings. He indicated that Dr. Philip Drinker was to help his subcommittee in the preparation of a statement which will be circulated to the Medical Advisory Committee for their approval, after being approved by the Subcommittee cn Atmospheric Pollutants. Dr. Eckardt indicated that the Esso Research & Engineering Company had prepared a proposed article on the toxicity of Sulfur, SOg, and SOj. The Subcommittee on Atmospheric Pollutants has taken the stand that the material in this proposed article fully represents their opinion. ACTION: It was regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that the action of the liaison member with the Smoke and Fumes Committee be approved. D. American Standards Association Mr. Allan E. Dooley reported that there was no activity on the Z-k, Z-37, and Z-62 Committees to report. E. American Medical Association J. W. Osborn, M. D. reported on his liaison activity with the American Medical Association. Els report is given in Appendix M. API 07335 ACTION: I t was r e g u l a r l y moved, seco n d ed , and unanim ously p a s s e d t h a t the rep o rt be accepted. The question was asked if the API will be represented at a meeting which Dr. Connelly has indicated he would call in the future to discuss the AMA proposed bill. Dr. Osborn indicated that his subcommittee recommended that the API send a representative to 6uch a meeting. Ee further indicated that his subcommittee believed that Dr. Osborn should be considered as the Medical Advisory Committee i - 6- re p re s e n ta tiv e . ACTION: It vas regularly moved, seconded, and unanimously passed that Dr. Osborn represent the Medical Advisory Committee if they are called upon to discuss the AMA proposed bill. f. Labeling M. N. Nevquist, M. D. reported that the API had published Bulletin 2511 on precautionary Labels in January 1958. It vas requested that copies of this Bulletin be sent to the Medical Advisory Committee and Technical Advisors. G. First Aid Training T. M. Frank, M. D. reported on the activity in First Aid Training. He in d ic a te d t h a t there vas considerable interest and activity in this field. The Manual on First Aid Training is being revised. H. Wax Committee R. E. Eckardt, M. D. reported that a formal contract had been entered into between the API and The Chicago Medical School for the determination of the toxicity of petroleum waxes. Dr. Philippe Shubik is the director of this project, MC-3> The contract, in the amount of $100,000 for the first year, became effective March 1, 1958. It was explained that a preliminary investigation of three different kinds of waxes used in milk cartons, as produced by the companies represented by members of the Wax Committee, vas being made by Dr. Shubik and his co-workers. A meeting of the Wax Coenlttee has been called for April 28th in Chicago. At this time, it is hoped that a formal investigational program can be developed and approved. I. Food Protection Coenlttee Dr. R. E. Eckardt reported that he had circulated a report to the committee on the activity of the Food Protection Committee. Nothing has occurred since the issuing of this report. VI. NEW BUSINESS Dr. Curtis reported that, through the courtesy of Dr. Reeve, his attention had been called to a report made by Dr. Charles P. Mathe, Urologist, St. Mary's Hospital, in Sen Francisco, to the effect that "workers in oil industries and those coming in contact with dyes show a high incident rate of bladder cancer." The chairman accepted the information on behalf of the ccmittee and agreed to take cognizance of this report with whatever action seemed appropriate to be developed after due consideration. VII. NEXT MEETUP API 07 336 In accordance with the suggestion of the Operating Subcommittee, the Medical Advisory Consulttee's next meeting will be on Monday morning, November 10th, in the Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicago. The Subcommittees are to meet on November 7th and 6th. The chairman stated that the request for subcommittee reports be submitted T 0 v 30 days prior to the meeting of the Medical Advisory Committee was withdrawn because of the desirability of full committee discussion of its activities and the impracticability of subcommittee's additional meetings before the annual fall API m eetin g. Approved: V. C. Baird, M. D., Chairman May 13> 1958 C. R. Miller, M. D. Secretary Reported by E. 0. Mattocks API 07337 A PPEN D IX A HEALTH A Brief Review of API Medical Advisory Committee Activities i i i American Petroleum Institute 50 W est 50th Street New York 20, N. Y. API 07338 The text of this booklet is besad upon an address presented November 14, 1955, during the 35th An nual Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, by G eorge M. Saunders, M.D., Socony Mobil Oil Com* pany, Inc.; then chairman of the API Medical Ad visory Committee. I |r could I Furtfc | Buita { to cl Medic haadl consu API 07339 HEALTH It has long been recognized that one of a country's greatest assets is a healthy popula tion. This is particularly true of our industrial employees. There was early recognition by some of the larger American companies of the importance of employee health and of the wis dom of taking practical steps to protect em ployees from possible harm in their working environment. The value of preventive and con structive medicine has been amply proved and, since World War II, there has been an impres sive growth of occupational health services throughout the petroleum industry. The Growth of Petroleum Technology For a long time after the birth of the oil industry the processes involved were relatively simple. However, the tremendous evolution, expansion, and growth which have taken place during the past 20 years have converted a rela tively simple group of operations into a highly complex chemical operation, necessitating everincreasing attention to the health and safety of employees in the industry. Improper use of the many new petroleum products vital to our ever-improving way of life may also be associ ated with health and safety hazards for con sumers. The petroleum industry as a whole, through the American Petroleum Institute, has been alert to this progress and change, and to these hazards, and has given increasing atten tion to the problem of health. The Origin and Objectives o f the Medical Advisory Committee Before 1944 medical and health problems in the petroleum industry were largely matters of concern to the individual companies. In fact, there were relatively few oil companies which 3 had full/" e medical directors. For the most part, any medical or health activities or advice were supplied by part-time or consultant phy sicians. In 1944 it was recommended to the Institute's Department of Safety that an in vestigation be made of possible health hazards associated with compounds made or used in re fineries. In October of that year the Central Committee on Accident Prevention voted to re quest the appointment of a Medical Advisory Committee to formulate and to recommend studies of the health aspects of the petroleum in dustry. Early in 1945 the Institute's president, William R. Boyd, Jr., appointed 16 oil-company medical directors and physicians to serve as a Medical Advisory Committee, and on May 7 the first meeting was held. At that first meet ing of the Medical Advisory Committee it was pointed out that there was need for special and detailed knowledge concerning, among other things, the toxic properties of chlorinated hy drocarbons and the alleged cancer-producing properties of some petroleum fractions. The committee requested authorization to establish research projects in these fields and to prepare reviews of medical information concerning var ious substances made, used, or sold by oil com panies. To some oil men it may seem strange that physicians should discuss and work on their professional problems in an oil man's associa tion. It might be more to their advantage to take such problems to the American Medical Association or to the Industrial Medical Asso ciation. Of course, some medical problems of the oil industry are closely related to similar problems in other industries. The oil industry, however, has potential health problems which are peculiar to it. The solution of these problems may require physi cians, industrial hygienists, and others with specialized knowledge of, and experience in, petroleum technology. The Past Ten Y ean In the 10 years since the Medical Advisory Committee was first formed it has served well 4 f API 07341 tee of * * " Board. Research projects have been carried -at at Harvard University, the Univers sity of Cincinnati, and the University of Texas. The results of these studies and progress re ports are given to all contributing companies' upon request. The work at Harvard has re sulted in the publication of 65 API toxicological reviews, which are available for public pur chase at nominal prices. The research projects initiated by the Medical Advisory Committee have covered a wide variety of potential or ac tual problems of concern to the petroleum in dustry. These have included studies on the toxicology of fluorides, the experimental pro duction of skin cancer in mice by certain petro leum fractions, dermatitis, basic skin physiol ogy, the toxicity of C-Ci2 aromatics, and others. In addition, work has been done on the or ganizational and administrative aspects of health services in the industry. The Medical Advisory Committee also provides representa tion on a sectional committee of the American Standards Association. If need should arise, it is prepared to function as advisor for the in dustry on the medical aspects of any problem arising from within or outside the industry. For example, it is represented on the API in terdivisional Committee on Labeling, which was formed to consider problems of national significance in connection with precautionary labeling of petroleum products. Also, the At mospheric Pollutants Subcommittee of the Medical Advisory Committee has been working closely with the Smoke and Fumes Committee of the Division of Refining. Members of the Medical Advisory Committee are serving on other interdivisional committees concernedwith such subjects as labeling and dermatitis. Cancer Research One of the important medical research proj ects sponsored by the Institute, and the one upon which the major portion of funds has been spent, is that concerned with the possible can cer-producing properties of various products or 6 API 07342 cornpounds used, produced, or sc Earlier , gritish experience with occupational skin can cer, particularly from shale oils, and the ap pearance of a few cases of skin cancer among petroleum workers in the United States, sug gested the possibility of an occupational cancer hazard in this country from some petroleum materials. Animal experiments which are being conducted at the University of Cincinnati under Institute sponsorship have for a major objective the development of an analytical tool to be used as an indicator in assessing the can cer-producing potential of petroleum hydro carbons. It has become evident from these studies and others that there are substances present in low concentration in most crude oils, the amounts varying in different crudes, which will produce akin cancers in mice when applied over pro longed periods of time. Furthermore, distilla tion may concentrate the substances in the high-boiling fractions, and cracking may cre ate additional carcinogens. However, experi ence in our refineries has proved that the risk may be so slight as to be almost negligible if it is recognized and if simple precautionary steps are taken. For example, it is known that if human skin is bathed in some types of oils day after day, dermatitis is very likely to occur, and it is alleged that if such application be con tinued for many years, skin cancer may de velop. However, simple measures of hygiene, such as careful washing of the skin with soap and water at the end of each work shift, will prevent dermatitis and the potential case of skin cancer. This is confirmed by the studies on mice which have demonstrated that simple washing with soap and water will minimize, or `\ prevent, the harmful effects from these experi } mental procedures. Furthermore, in man, if f skin cancer does develop, it is one of the least serious forms of malignancy, and simple exci sion usually will result in complete cure. H ie Future The science and art concerned with the pre vention, the cure, or the alleviation of illness in 7 |nka rtjn e ; ultam to Clec such M edical handle eonaulti API 07343 quate and expeditious channel of com m u^6tion in each field of specialization. In th ^ industry, the API Medical Advisory Comn^t tee, during the past 10 years, has served m clearinghouse for medical directors and th * technical advisors. The petroleum industry ^ a whole, should be commended for the forward looking, progressive, and courageous stand it has taken in being alert for any potential haz ards and in doing something about them when recognized. Although progress has been made in the identification and control of several hazards specific to the petroleum industry, new ones are constantly arising to present problems which require consideration: for example, radioactive materials, noise, and some petrochemicals. The average age of employees covered by various health benefits and disability and retirement plans is rising. The cost of sickness, handicaps, and premature retirements will follow unless careful consideration is given to some provision for early detection of disease, health education, rehabilitation, and placement of partially dis abled employees. The Medical Advisory Com mittee is prepared to give further advice on programs designed to meet these changing cir cumstances. Through the medium of its open sessions, it is prepared to discuss in nontechni cal terms problems of a medical nature con cerning the health of people in the petroleum industry. The Medical Advisory Committee hopes to open a channel of communication between the medical men and all others who are interested in any phase of occupational health. Those in terested should speak out and request assist ance and advice on any potential or suspected health problems they may have today or in the years to come. 8 eouli ^Jrth ulta *.o c l caadl ccnau API 07344 APPENDIX fu n c tio n s, COMPOSITION, o r g a n iz a . tion, a n d p r o c e d u r e s o f t h e m e d i cal ADVISORY COMMITTEE (April 21, 1954) X. Functions o f the Medical Advisory Com* mittee a To advise the Institute on any existing and potential health problems of the petroleum industry represented by the American Pe troleum Institute. This advice will be on problems associated with production, trans portation, refining, or marketing of petro leum and its products. b. To provide a place for free exchange of pro fessional information of a medical nature between the medical representatives of pe troleum companies. 2. Composition of the Medical Advisory Com mittee o. Members--Physicians nominated by petro leum companies and appointed annually by the chairman of the Medical and Health Committee. These physicians may be em ployed by petroleum companies either full time, part time, or as consultants. b. Observers--If petroleum companies do not designate physicians to represent them on the Medical Advisory Committee, they may be represented at meetings by observers to report to them on the activities of the com mittee. Observers will have no vote in the Medical Advisory Committee. c. Technical Advisors--Any member may bring any technical advisors to the commit tee meetings that he believes he may need. Technical advisors will have no vote in the 9 API 07345 M e n 'll Advisory Committee, but they may be appointed to serve on subcommittees. 3. Officers of the Medical Advisory Committee The chairman, vice chairman, and secretary of the Medical Advisory Committee will be ap pointed by the chairman of the Medical and Health Committee of the API Board of Direc tors, each for a term of one year. 4. Operating Committee The chairman of the Medical Advisory Com mittee, with the help of the vice chairman, will appoint an Operating Committee to assist in the affairs of the Medical Advisory Committee between meetings. 5. Subcommittees a. The chairman of the Medical Advisory Com mittee, with the help of the vice chairman and the Operating Committee, will appoint subcommittees to study and report on spe cial assignments. 6. These subcommittees will study, review, and make recommendations on problems; propose indicated research; recommend re search expenditures; and supervise re-i search efforts, all as directed by the chair- man. c. A t the suggestion of the Medical and He Committee of the Board or the chairman a subcommittee, the chairman of the Me cal Advisory Committee may appoint cially qualified individuals to provide nical advice to the subcommittee. 6. Procedure a. Assignment of Pvojects-- Problrans will brought from any Division of the I" **** to the Medical Advisory Committee the Medical and Health Committee, lems w ill also come to the Medical Ad\ 10 API 07346  Committee directly from membi of the committee. . After deliberation of a problem by the members of the Medical Advisory Com mittee, this committee will make recommen dations to the Medical and Health Committee of the Board for the solution, or study, of the problem. Final recommendations from the Medical Advisory Committee to the Medical and Health Committee will be determined by a majority vote of the members of the Medical Advisory Committee; but any dis senting minority (whether entitled to vote or not) should be requested to present their views to the Medical and Health Committee along with the majority report. Actual investigation of the problem will be undertaken by the Medical Advisory Com mittee only upon specific approval of the Medical and Health Committee. . Reporting of Results--All subcommittee re ports will be considered by the Medical Ad visory Committee and adopted or rejected by that committee or returned to the sub committee for further work or considera . tion. , If subcommittee reports are adopted by ( the Medical Advisory Committee, the chair man of the Medical Advisory Committee will transmit such reports to the Medical and Health Committee. Such transmittal will in clude specific recommendations from the Medical Advisory Committee as to the use, dissemination, or other suggested action to be taken with respect to the particular re port. After consideration of the report, sug gested action, minority reports, if any, and any other pertinent factors, the Medical and Health Committee will decide what course of action to follow and the secretary of the Medical and Health Committee will be di rected to implement such decision. He will advise the chairman of the Medical Advisory Committee of the decision of the Medical and Health Committee. 11 API 07347 7. Buo^ The budget of the Medical Advisory Commit tee, broken down according to subcommittee activities, will be submitted by its chairman to' the Medical and Health Committee of the Board for approval at least 30 days before the fall meeting of the API Program and Budget Re view Committee. I lM-Mpot 1996 API 07348 OPERATING SUBCOMMITTEE V. C. Baird, M. 0., Chairman APPENDIX B Minutes MEDICAL ADVISORY C0M4ITTEE OPERATING SUBCOMMITTEE April 19, 1958 Eaddon Hall Atlantic City, N. J. Those Present: V. C. Baird, M. D., Chairman J. W. Osborn, M. D., Vice Chairman C. R. Miller, M. D., Secretary L. E. Curtis, M. D., Past Chairman R. E. Edcardt, M. D. . E. 0. Mattocks X. APPROVAL OF OPERATING SUBCOMMITTEE MINUTES ACTION; The minutes of the November 11, 1957 Operating Subcommittee - meeting were approved as distributed. II. AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PROPOSED LABELING ACT President F. M. Porter received from Bernard E. Conley, Secretary of the American Medical Association Committee on Toxicology, a copy of the proposed Uniform Hazardous Substance Act. This was distributed to the Medical Advisory Cconittee and the Interdivi8ional Committee on Labeling. Subsequently, the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, the Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association, the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, and the Soap and Glycerin Association indicated their intentions of getting together to discuss the implications of the proposed AMA bill. The API was invited to send representatives to this meeting. J. V. Osborn, M. D., V. H. Barcua, and R. D. Bent attended the meeting on April 17, 1958 The details of the Inter-Association meeting were discussed in the meeting of the Subcommittee on Economic Poisons. A report of the AMA labeling activities, together with the recommendations of the Subcommittee on Economic Poisons, vlll be ade to the Medical Advisory Conmittee for their consideration and possible action. m . CONSULTANTS API 07349 Currently the Medical Advisory Committee has one consultant who is paid a yearly retainer. The desirability of using this plan, as compared to paying the con sultant for service rendered, was carefully reviewed. It was agreed generally that it would be more desirable if all consultants could be paid on a per diem basis plus travel expenses rather than a yearly retainer, further, it vas thought desirable to permit the subcommittee to e * n upon the con sultants to render any service considered necessary, the chairmen of the subcommittee to clear such action first with the chairman of the MAC. To facilitate the payaient of required fees and expenses of consultants, the *c&cal and Health Committee will be requested to set up a special budget item to tsudle such expenditures. This will be in addition to any subcommittee's budgeted *ultant costs, if a subcommittee wishes to handle their expenditures separately. >' / - 2 - B-2 The chairman of the MAC is to discuss the above recommended procedure with the present consultant, who is on a yearly retainer, and determine if he is agree able no the new procedure and, if so, when it could be initiated as far as he is concerned. IV. VISITORS TO MIDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETINGS The API Board of Directors has approved a definite set of rules for member ship on and associatien with the MAC. A physician of an oil company may be appointed a member of the MAC. Two types of associated membership is provided, namely: Technical Advisors, who are recommended by the members of the MAC, and Observers, who are suggested by oil companies who do not have physicians who can qualify as a member of the MAC. If a member of the MAC wishes to invite to an MAC meeting a visitor who :s directly associated with the member's company, he is free to do so. This would include employees of subsidiary or associated companies. If the MAC member wishes the Chairman of the MAC to issue such an invitation, such a request can be made but it is not necessary. On the other hand, if a member of the MAC wishes to invite to a meeting a visitor who is not a member of his company, and the visitor's company is not a member of the MAC, the request should be referred to the Chairman of the MAC for consideration and action. V. OUTSIDE MAILING LIST Technical Advisors, Observers, and Consultants are sent material which is designated for general distribution. VI. CERTIFICATES OF APPRECIATION The MAC, at their November 13, 1957 meeting, formally requested that a committee be appointed to consider nominees to be recommended to the Medical and Health Committee to receive a Certificate of Appreciation. The Chairman requested the Operation Subcommittee to act as such a committee. After due consideration, a nominee was suggested and the API staff re quested to take the necessary steps to have the Medical and Health Committee approve such nomination. VII. NON-PETROLEUM COMPANY MEMBERSHIP ON MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Physicians of non-petroleum companies cannot be officially appointed mem bers of the MAC. It was agreed, however, that some physicians of non-petroleum companies, such as petro-chemical companies and some allied industries, could make a sizable contribution to the MAC. It was agreed that an Associate Membership should be establi&ed in the MAC, Such membership to be for non-petroleum company physicians. VIII. WORK PROGRAM API 073 50 Currently there is a requirement that subcommittee reports have to be sub mitted in writing 30 days'prior to the November meeting of the MAC. This requirement is being adhered to by very few subcommittees. This and other operating items of the MAC. need review and possible revision. T t - 3- B -"! IX. NOVEMBER MEETINGS At the November meeting of the API, it is necessary that the subcommittee meetings and the MAC meeting be held prior to the meeting of the Medical and Health Committee so that the report of MAC, together with any recommendations and budget requests, can be given consideration by the Board of Directors Committee and, if necessary, by the Board. Therefore, all MAC meetings should be held prior to Tuesday. It was agreed that the meetings of the subcommittees of the MAC should be held on Friday and Saturday prior to the November API meeting to allow subcommittee chairmen all day Sunday in which to prepare their group's written reports for presentation to the MAC on Monday. X. ENLARGEMENT OF OPERATING SUBCOMMITTEE The Chairman has requested that each subcommittee, including the Operating Subcommittee, review its scope and purpose. This is to be done prior to the November meeting. There appears to be a need to enlarge the membership of the Operating Subcommittee immediately. The Operating Subcommittee will now consist of the follow ing members of the Medical Advisory Committee. Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, Past Chairman, all Chairmen of the MAC Subcommittees and the API Staff member. The enlarged Operating Subcommittee will be in effect the next time this group meets. It is planned to present to the MAC at their November meeting the written scope and purpose of the Operating Subcommittee. XI. EPIDEMIOLOGY The chairman appointed an ad hoc committee to study the need for a permanent Subcommittee on Epidemiology. The members of the group are: B. E. Bennison, M. D. and G. M. Saunders, M. D. They will make their report to the MAC. E. 0. Mattocks Approved: V. C. Baird, M. D., Chairman API 07351 PROGRAM SUBCOMMITTEE E. K. Linder, M. D., Chairman APPENDIX C SUMMARY REPORT OF THE PROGRAM SUBCOMMITTEE FOR 1957-58 One of the activities of this committee has been to prepare a program for the annual meeting of the API. This has been an open meeting for the pur pose of acquainting management with the medical problems and activities of the API Medical Advisory Committee. Excellent speakers have been obtained but it is my opinion that these meetings have not been too well attended. Another duty of the committee is to prepare a discussional program for the API Medical Advisory group. In the past, these meetings have been on a bi-annual basis. Members have indicated that possibly this is too often as the Spring meeting is usually associated with the Industrial Medical Association meeting, which makes a very crowded program. This is a matter which the Medical Advisory Committee should decide. As a long-range program, the Medical Advisory Committee should review the value of the open meetings and determine whether to continue them on an annual basis. If it is thought that such meetings should be continued, more effort should be made to reach a greater number of people. Presented by B, B. Reeve, M. D. h t. APPJ3TDIX D guBcoKKimg or Aoospgmic p o m /m is Of the Modi ca l Adriaory C oaslttee to tha API KTBDTE8 The meeting o f the subcasmlttee on Atmospheric P ollu tan ts m beld on Monday, April 21, 1958 in the Eaddon K ell Library, A tla n tic C ity, le v Jersey, ad vas ca lle d to order at 9:30 a .a . by the Chairman, John C. Ruddock, M.D. Member preaent vnre: Richard V. C a ll, M. D. Mr. R. C. Cole Mr. I . K. Daniel C. S. Bine, M. D .. f t . D. C. R. M iller. M. D. Mr. T. B. Rendel J . C. Ruddock, K. D ., Chairman Keabera abcent veret L. X. C urtla, M. D. X. P. Luongo, M. D. Other preaent vere: V. C. Baird. M. D. - Chairman, MAC J . V. Oaborn, M. D. - V ice Chalraaa MAC T. B. M itch ell, M. D. - Member, MAC X. R. Bersaan - Suable O il and Refining V. L. A rrett - Standard Vacuum R. B. S cott - S h ell O il, London R. J . Sorenaon - S h ell O il B. Van R aalte - S h ell O il L. de Boer - Royal Dutch S h e ll, Amsterdam The f i r s t order o f b u d n sas vas the reading o f the minutes o f the Subcommittee meeting beld_in San Francisco on January 26. 1958. A notion vaa made and seconded th at the minute be approved aa'readl-- Thie'va " passed unanimously. In accordance v lth the minute o f the previous meeting, the Chairman announced that- an agreement had been made v lth Dr. K. V. O oldblatt o f London for a period o f one year, to carry on th e research as outlined In prior meetings. The contract prepared for Dr. O oldblatt by Mr. I . 0. Mattock vaa read to a l l presant. A motion vac made and seconded th at t h is contract be accepted by th e Committee. The motion vaa passed unanimously. The Chairman read a l e t t e r from Dr. O oldblatt concerning hla schedule v h lle in the United S ta te s. He v l l l arrive in Rev Tort on June 13, 1958, and n eetings v l l l be arranged fo r him a t Harvard U niversity v lth Dr. P hil Drinker, at the Franklin I n s titu te in Philadelphia v lth Mr. Scott, a t the U. S. Public API 07353 1. D-2 - 2 Health S e rv ie s In Washington v ith Dr. F isher. at ta* D. S. Public Health S e rv ic e <c C in c in n a ti v ith Dr. Stars. In addition, while in C incinnati, Dr. G o llb la it v ill sea t v ith Dr. f t a ir and Dr. Horton at the K ettering Laboratory. He v i l l act with th e Subcommittee on Atmospheric P o llu tio n in San Francisco and Lob Acgeles a fte r which be v i l i return to London r ia the Panama Canal. D e ta ils of the** ccmadtoente *111 be worked out la t e r with the Chainaan and Mr. Mattocks of the API S ta ff. At the request o f Dr. Baird i t vae unanimously agreed th at a progress report on our Project MCA be submitted to the Operating Subcommittee o f the Medical Advisory Committee i s October o f 1958. and that a fin a l report be f ile d cot la te r than September 15. 1959* I t vas moved, seconded, and passed th at Dr. Goldblatt be put or the ailing l i s t for certain reports concerning a ir p o llu tio n and given subscription to American magazines th at deal v ith t h is subject la a medical nature. These vere le ft to the d isc re tio n o f the Chairman. A statem ent. vhl<Ji had been requested by the Smoke and Fumes Technical Research Cosmittee concerning the e f f e c t s of a ir p o llu tio n on health was pre sented. I t w u the consensus of the committee that th is statement be rewritten stressing, further p oin ts and th at I t be submitted fo r approval at a la te r date. I t vas saved, seconded, and passed, th at the report o f Dr. Sckardt prepared by the Medical Research D ivision o f Esso on the t o x ic it y o f su lfu r oxides be adopted as a report o f t h is C oM lttee to the Smoke and Fumes Cornaitte e . The matter of d istrib u tio n vas discussed among the Committee and i t vas the o p in io n c f Dr. Sckardt that as long as th is report vas not published there was no o b je c tio n thst i t be d istrib u ted amongst th e various members o f the Smoke end Fumes Convsittee and th e ir advisors. A B i l l . H. R. 9366, concerning the regu lation o f ga so lin e consumption vas distributed for the information o f the C oanittee. I t van agreed th at th e next meeting o f th e Committee be held In Sen Francisco in the la t t e r part o f June or e a rly Ju ly a t the time o f Dr. G old b latt1s arrival th ere. The Subcoemdttee i l l be advised la t e r as to the exact date. There being no further b u sin ess, th e meeting was adjourned. Respectfully subed.tted JOHR C. RUDDOCK, M. . Chairman API 07354  D-3 Sim t CONUKKSS H . R . 9368 7 A c o c v r imi, 1957 Mr. Su ik m 'k inrinJiim i tlt<- full.w ing bill; which w*s referred to the C-ota- * mittee on InletM)' ml F oreign Cummer e To prohibit i!ic iim` in coniti.nee of 113- moi..r vehicle which <li-< 11:11111r1)..! Ii\dr... .itln> in nil ;im>nnt which Is filili:.! ii \ .lie Sur^i.'ii <it'iirr;il (' (lie I'ubiie ]l;d(li Service to In 'i iiiiioi.'ii* to Iniiiiut: lirulth. 2 fit 1 * nf (h, I in 'rif S fn h s >./ Atiirrii'fl in ( ' initfrrx* tlust1rubied y Tim! (:i) flu* Surgeon (icnentl of flit* Ptthlie Health Service 4 (hereafter in Ihis Act referred fo as fhc '`Surgeon General" ) , 5 shall, after conducting such research as lie may deern to he 6 necessary hut not later than six months after the date of 7 enactment of tin's Act, prescribe and publish in the Federal 8 Register, standards aa to the amount of asburned bydro9 carbons which is safe, from die standpoint of human health I API 07355 h i. > D-^ 1 (with particular reference to the carcinogenic nature of j` unbumod hydrocarbons), for a motor vehicle to discharge 3 into the atmosphere. 4 (b) Standards prescribed pursuant to subsection (a) 5 of this section may be revised from time to time by tbe t> Surgeon General. Such revised standards shall be published 7 in the Federal Register. 8 Sac. 2. (a) No person shall use any motor' vehicle 9 in commerce which discharges unbumod hydrocarbons in i 10 amounts in excess oljthe standards prescribed by tbe Sur- 11 geou General pursuant to tbe first section of this Act. 12 (b) Whoever delates this section? shell be fined not t 13 more than $500, or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or 1l b'tl 1. lb S w . As um>I in this Act-- . 1( ( 1) The term "eoHiitieive" inemi* (omnii'iTe muon' 17 the everal .Stales, wiili fnrt'ijrn nations, in my Territory, or in ilu* Distort of Coluiubiii, or between un Territory and a 30 foreign nation, or between the District of Columbia and any 20 State; 21 (2) The term `Territory" includes the Territories and 22 possessions of the United States and the Commonwealth f 23 Puerto 2$ioo; and . ; <: f t ........W rstjcKL w *w -TtWe w 1 . 3* API 07356 j polled by mechanical power and used for transporting passon- 2 ge.r*r freight wht-ihcr on h iixed track or on a highway. 3 Sk<\ 4. Secti*>n 2 (a) of this Act shall take effect 1 4 year uft^r the date on which standards are first prescribed 5 and published in the Federal Register pursuant to subsection 6 (aj of the first section of this Act und thereafter any stand- 7 unis which are revised pursuant to subsection (b) of the 8 first section of this Act sliail take effect 1 year after the date 9 on which they arc published in the Federal Register. Studies of Air Pollution Control By Southern California Edison Company* A. J. HAAGHN-SMIT California Institute uf Technology Pasadena, California j-, recent yetr* the unpleasant die- i-overT was madr that the air ever our densely populated area i# not as un limited a* some of us hud thought. Vfhile one time all wsnle products cfl.jld safely be disposed of by dis persal in the rivers or in the air, this j, no longer true, nnd stringent regu lations have been made after several ftrious accidents had occurred. The i^ft known are those of London. Do nors, and Poxa Rico, Mexico. No auch accidents have been reported from emog-pUgued Los Angeles, and extensive studies by epidemiologists have not been able to produce evi dence that permanent damage to the health occurs in this area. Neverthe less, the frequent visitation by the eyeirritating smog cloud lias re sulted in the adoption of a mimlier of relief measures, some based on exten sive research and others on experi ence gained in other areas. Research has shown that the major cause of Los Angeles smog difficul ties lies in the release of large quan tities of organic materia), mostly from automobiles1*'. These com pounds are photochemically oxidized in the xir by simultaneously emitted oxides of nitrogen, and these reac tions give rise to eye-irritating and plant-damaging substances. An in teresting tide reaction during this oxi dation produces relatively high con tentrations of ozone which attacks rubber titrs and is largely responsible for the so-called oxidant effect of Los Angeles smog, currently osed as an objective measurement of smog se verity (J> <a>. The oxidant, being the result of a photochemical phenome non, rises in the daytime and is low in the evening and during the night, iliesc findings have resulted in ex tensive recovery measures in the oil industry, and in research on lietter combustion in the automobile. A 'I'rncmetl si the 50th Annual Meeting of I'te Air Pollution Control Aitectition belli si S . U nit, Mo.. Juno 2-6, 195?. practical solution of this problem, and also the control of oxides of nitrogen, is still far away. Based on experience gained in oth er areas, a great deal of stress has been laid on the control of directly visible pollution, dual and fume-pro ducing sources. As a result, dust fall has been reduced to half its for mer value; open dumps, foundries, steel mills and many sources of r e a d i l y detectable, objectionable fumes have been corrected. Careful investigations were made of industrial and municipal fuel burning installations w h i c h were known to contribute considerably to air pollution iri other arecs. The problem in Los Angeles is, however, completely different, and a compari son with Eastern cities and their ap proach to clean air is rather useless, for no coal is burned in this aree at all. Nearly oil the power generated in this area is derived from petroleum products -- fuel oil, gaa and gasoline. The power plant engineer is an ex pert in obtaining the maximum effi ciency from his fuel. Routine indus trial Orsat analyse* are not able to detect any carbon monoxide; infra red epectrofotometric methods re vealed the presence oi only a few TAKE f Aaslysis o f Slack Css* C ss Velocity, F./Sec. C m T io ip e rsiu re . Deo. F. insoluble Solids, lir./S C F lb./H r. Soluble Solids, C r .iS C .y lb./H r. W ater, S u lfu r T rioxide, SO* |>pin. S ullur Dioxide, s l) h ppin. Oiide* uf Nitrogen, NO* ppm. OKSAT ANALYSIS C O ,,% o ,,% CO, 7 ' * Ni. % 22 tin 0.055 0.52 0.119 1.13 9.4 2U 945 670 H i) 3.0 OP 82.4 *Tre)aj! L*fe*ntart*t foot Ns 3, Aptd It, 19S4. p. X. ppm. of carbon monoxide. The con centration of hydrocarbons, alde hydes and organic acids do net ex ceed, as a rule 20 ppm. We rosy therefore, conclude that the combus tion is, for all practical purposes, 100% complete. A constant check on thie ii pert of the regular routine in the etation. Moreover, smoke density continuously measured in the stack, and this information is re corded in the control room. Also, the correct burning of the fuel is cheeked by means of a television set looking into the furnace. Under these ideal conditions, it would be expected that the stack gas would be wholly com posed of carbon dioxide and water, the unused oxygen, and all the nitro gen and other normal components of air. Unfortunately, this view is rath er optimistic, for we are not dealing with pure hydrocarbons in fuel, but with s product which contains, be cause of its origin, organic sulfur and nitrogen compounds. The inor ganic materials, also present in the oil, give rise to dust consisting, for the most part, of oxides of iron, nickel and vanadium. During the combustion, organically bound sulfur is oxidised completely to oxides of sulfur, mostly sulfur di oxide, with small amount of the tri oxide. Depending on the nature of the nitrogen c o m p o u n d s , small amounts of oxides oi nitrogen may be formed in addition to those produced in the fixation of atmospheric nitro gen at the high temperatures reached in the flame. A typical analysis of stock gas from a fuel-oil burning plant (Southern California Edison Company, El Segundo Steam Station) is shown in Table 1. The Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District has made estimates of the total quan tities of all the various pollutants from the various sources in the Los Angeles Basin. These estimates are s matter of public record. Table I! lists the relative contribution of dif* API 07358 ol APCA 251 Vat. , .Mo. 4 D-7 Staile ii inhabitant, used to panoramic view Fasi ------ "" Of th! Iiw! ^I q1ui' u o n b M T..-I Pollii4*nft (Tik/D y) EmiH#S io *K# Atmwtphura In Ini Afiqtl* County from Cnmbutlon Erncnttai Orgsiocs 20 10 1,0to0o0 1.00b 2,000 OilJr* oi hiti'veii 1 N t.h ) too 200 400 20 700 700 0\i.4en cl Sulfur 1is > 0 ,i 10C 300 40 20 500 600 AsratoU Diut 10 30 30 100 200 200 dozens of miles, Johnstone's argu ments are not so convincing. Recent investigations have directed the attention to the strong photo chemical oxidising effects of the ox ides of nitrogen, and it has been shown that, in the photochemical oxi dation of organic material under the influence of theee oxide*, aerosols are formed which are believed to be mainly reaponsible for the dense haae which accompanies the eye-irritating , . rW1t fuel *0 the emissions from i ^mbustioo *lne. estimates in Table II haw te n rouxideci off, because it ia rare greater accuracy than 20 to yn% if obtained. This relatively larg* uncertainty i not a reflection on Ur quality of the work, but ia in|rtrent to this type of analyaia. Espe cially in the case of computations of rmiasioas of millions of automobiiea gnd incinerators in all their variety, iheir different stage* of diaintegTalion, and manner of operation, it ia practically impossible to obtain a u iii factory average. Theo we intro duce then, in addition, different yesthar conditions, sampling and maiyticel difficulties, to mention only t few more variables, it ia clear that a figure such as the emission from gasoline combustion, indicated u 400 tons of NO) and 1200 tons of oiganiet/day, must be accepted with considerable reservation. The hydro, as maintenance, and it is therefore necessary to discuss fir.t the question why emutsions of power plant stacks should be controlled. In attempting to answer this question, it is well to distinguish hare between local and widespread effects. While there is no debate about the necessity of controlling such nuisance effects, there is considerable differ ence of opinion on the need for con trol when no physiological effects ere noticed on plants or animals. Thia is the ease in the Lot Angeles area, where complete leek of plant damage shows that the SOj content is lets than 0.2 or 0.3 ppm. Chemical meth ods tend to confirm these low values, although it should be realised that moat sO i measurements made in the Los Angeles area are based on con ductivity measurements which are easily interfered with by other elec trolytes occurring in this area. The uncertainty of the analytical reeuks cloud. It is suspected that sulfur dioxide is also subject to an accelerated oxida tion. Although this acceleration could not be established for the reaction in gaa phase, there ia a distinct possibili ty that more rapid oxidation may take place in liquid phase reactions in fog droplets, or in a combustion of gas haae and liquid phase reactions at igh humidity, whereby the presence of metal oxide* may exercise s cata lytic effect. In speculation* of this kind, we should also take into account that the concentrations of SO* and NO at the exit of the stack are aev* eral thousand times higher than at some distance away. Some conver sion d o take place at th e higher concentrations, a fact which is fa miliar to any one who has made at tempts to determine accurately the concentration of SO| and SO in exhauat gases. It is well known that the appear carbon figure is probably reasonably tecurate. There ere differences of is ever greater in the Determination of sulfur trioxide, or rather, sulfuric ance of the plume varies greatly with atmospheric conditions, especially opinion on the quantity of oxides of nitrogen released by the automobile, tnd some maintain that the emission is nearly 800 tona/day. In the table, the lower figure has been chosen, which is already considerably higher than might be expected from the burning of 12,000 tons of gasoline/ day. Large scale testing of automobiles in the Los Angeles River bed hat just been completed, and more defii'. e figure* will be available in the ft- ar future. It is not expected that the refinement in the analyaia will c:u*e a rev ion in the policy of air pollution control, based on obtaining 1: maximum efficiency in combue" it of alt kinds -- gas, oil, gasoline refuse. It does, however, etnpba*:,c the importance of the control of ":des of nitrogen in power source* M>* than automobiles. Where methods of control are liable, their application will be acid. There is no indication that ther* is any free sulfuric acid in the Loa Angeles stmosphere, and any sul fate found was in bound form, either a t calcium sulfate or ammonium sul fite, both harmless substances. The investigations of Johnstone and Gerhard**' have shown that the oxidation of SO to SO* is quite slow, and in laboratory experiments it was shown that during a 24-hr. period, only of the SOj ie converted to sulfuric acid. The authors come to the conclusion that the gas phase oxi dation of sulfur dioxide of naturally polluted atmospheres in natural sun light would nut be significant in ef fectively reducing the visibility, aince It would require approximately 100 hr. of noon sunlight to reduce the visibility to one mile. For those liv ing in other parts of the United States, this statement may do away with any suspicion that SO ha* any thing to do with a decrease in visi with high humidity and low tempera ture. Flume formation due to th* presence of SO ia noticeable at con centrations of SO above 20 ppm. The concentration of SO measured in the flue gas of the El Segundo Station un der ordinary conditions repreMnts a borderline case. At tin of high hu midity, or low temperature, the plume ia more pronounced than on dry and hot days, and on those hot, dry days the visible plume is probably caused, for the most part, by inorganic dust. T h e considerations are, of course, of inlereat to any one who install* corrective equipment. If the plume is caused by a conversion of SO into SO*, the removal of tire sulfur triox ide is indicated. On the other hand, if dust is the major cause, electro static precipitation would be the method of choice. At present, the opinions are divided on this subject, and while thia question remains un decided. both controls will have to be quite expensive in initial coat a* well bility. For the average Los Angeles considered. >'URUAKY API 07359 252 JOURNAL lu study the removal of dus. 4u)fuf Irioxide, a Western Precipita^,.in pilot installation has been in op^jljon at the Redondo Steam Sta- (li and more tecentiy. more tehnfd unit of the same type was built i the El Segundo Station of the Edi,0n Company to obtain data on the efficiency of collections at higher flow rates- An APRA precipitation unit, operating at a temperature of 7tXt` F., bring tested at El Segundo. Studies on the ront.rol of the emisilnn of 'tides of sulfur and nitrogen h* the electrostatic precipitator units that dust and aerosol particles tre collected, ond gases such as the orides of suHur and mtrof*n are not removed. There is some removal of ulfur trioxide, or sulfuric acid, and tia concentration is reduced to 10-20 -pm, or about half o f its original value. There 1 reason to believe that, fte-r installation of full scale unit* uf thia type, the plume will have largely disappeared. It it not expected that the removal ,,f dust and aulftir trioxides from pQtver plant emissions will have a no ticeable effect on the smog conditions in general in the Loe Angeles basin. Attempts are therefore made to com bine the installation of dual removal equipment with means of reducing the sulfur oxides, and especially, the oxide* of nitrogen which are known to be essential components in smog formation. Control of Emission of Oxide* of Sulfur Processes have been developed in the past which reduce sulfur oxides occurring in stack gases at concen trations of several thousand ppm. to shout one thousand ppm. In the burning of oil with low sulfur con ten:, sulfur dioxide concentration in the stack gaa is alreadv down to the thousand ppm. level, or lower. There it, at present, no satisfactory process which could handle ecimomkaily the large quantity of gat of the order of half a million cfm. and reduce the aulfur dioxide concentration appre ciably, The same is true for the reisovsl of oxides of nitrogen. Proceaaes are known for the control of these gases >ti nitric acid plants, but here again, the concentrations are m*ny times higher than wc find in Hue gases of l.os Angeles power plants. There arc Several approaches to Jj- problem of reduring the sulfur *--oxi;te content of atsrk diluents: (J I l/e of gas, or iucl with lower sulfur content. (2) Scrubbing of exhaust pa with {a I liquids, and (b/ sol ids. (3) Adsorption processes >4! Chemical rotiversioos, and coupling with processes 2 or 3. The Edison Company uses the maximum quantity of pas available,' but the use of gas is uitfortunately limited through its supply, and unless heroic measures me taken to increase importation of additional supplies, this shortage will be even morn severe in coining years when inure power is needed. The rentoval of sulfur iron fuel is expensive, and would run into an increase in the. fuel bill of several million dollars/vear. The sulfur is present in complex ring systems and cannot he removed simply by wash ing with alkali. The oil industry has been trying fur years 1l> break the heavy fuel oil to more valuable volatile products, but has not yet succeeded in doing this in an economically feasible man ner. it is conceivable that a hydro genation and apecial kinds of crack ing processes could furnish more volatile fuel from which the sulfur has been removed as hydrogen sul fide. Any one of these processes will increase the coat nf power consider ably. Scrubbing methods have been ap plied on large power plants in Eng land along the Thames River, lu the Battersea effluent process. S 0 2 is re moved by icrabbing with very large quantities of slightly alkaline river water. In the Howden l.C.l. non effluent process liie gas is scrubbed with a water slurry of lime, or chalk. The reaultant calcium sulfate, is iemoved by sedimentation and filtra tion, and is discarded. One of the objections lo any scrubbing process is the cooling of the gases. Even though the gases are discharged from tall stacks they fall to the ground from time to time near the power station. This results in a nuisance, according 1 reports from England, where 2 stations are equipped with scrubbing devices. In order to pre vent local complaints, it is necessary to remove almost completely both the obnoxious gases, SO* as welt as NO?, or reheat the flue gases before they leave the stack. Other scrubbing processes use am monia in ammonium sulfite with the intention of producing some usable product in the form of ammonium sulfate or sulfur dioxide or sulfuric acid. Aqueous arnniunis sr.iut are being used by the U!:n Mathc.. i Chemical Corporation for the re moval of sulfur dioxide, and it is claimed that one stage scrubbing w<ll reduce the concentration of SOj in flue gas to 800 ppm.; a second scrub bing brings the concentration down tu 300 ppm. In the Fulham-Simon-Carves Am monia Process, gases are scrubbed with a concentrated solution of am monium salts (gas Liquor), ammonia being added at a rate corresponding to that of the absorption of oxides of sulfur. Oxidation of aulfur dioxide lo the trioxide was encouraged through the addition of iron hydrox ide and air- Even with low incom ing gas concentrations of 500 ppm., reduction in concentration to 30 ppm. was accomplished. Wet scrubbing with organic sol vents, such as xyitdine ha* been con sidered and is similar to the Gerbitol process whereby H2S is removed from refinery wastes with diethanola mine and similar basic solvents. In principle, the method can be applied to the removal of SOj. The low con centration of the SO* and losses in solvents through the large volume uf inert gaa to be treated are not en couraging. In general, the wet scrubbing proc esses do not acem loo promising aft er the experience in Loudon. The cost seems rather prohibitive when operating with low SOt concentra tions. A cost estimate has been made by the U. S. Bureau of Mine*1*' for the coal industry, and the table on the following page gives the estimated costs of 3 different processes, based on tn assumed capacity of 20 million SCF/Hr., equivalent to 475,000 tons of coal/year. Annual operating costa are estimated for cases with and with out the formation of saleable by products. Dry scrubbing is generally not re garded as economical because of poor penetration of the gases into the chemical agent or adsorbent. On the other hand, a selective removal of S 0 2 and NO* by solid has the ad vantage that coaling of the gasee aa in a wet scrubber may be prevented. The combination with alkaline chemi cals is probably limited to the use of lime. In this respect, a combination of the waste products at cement plants and power plants deserves con sideration, when the location of the plants is favorable and means of dis posing of the combined waste prod ucts are available, This solution is, API 07360 vi APCX 2S3 Vot. 7. No. t D-9 from the gas stream. Reduction In .tu n u .il U|W iatm l' (..iiC i (fiilari'Tort ei l`o*l i hydrogen sulfide and sulfur, as \>m; Com NoCr^.tu (Iredi! abseenoxciadrartiieodn outot. sBulefcuaruicse aocfidthehlaovwi l.iinenone \mmoni 1 m .iso 2.655.u\> 1.23 1.23 concentration of sulfur dioxide in i.iiO 1.40 flue gas, coupled with the presence of Nvdiuni Sulfilt 2. '(,.650 l.W 1.79 excess air, reduction methods seem nut very promising. Oxidation to of course, only feasible in a few se a t e d arras and other meant have to be {eund which are more enerally applicable. A modification of the dry ru b moves forward to the end of the col umn. Both oxides are concentrated in this process and existing methods of recovery could be applied without difficulty. sulfuric acid, on the other hand, is carried out in the wet scrubbing Fulham-Simon-Carves process, but cau also be accomplished by catalytic action of vanadium peatoxide. bing method coniiati in the introduc tion of potential alkaline reagent, such at chalk, dolomite or lime in the fuel bed at different locations. Some experiments along these lines are be ing conducted at the Southern Cali fornia Edison Company El Segundo Station, mainly for the purpose of reducing the amount of aullur triox ide. These methods are not expected to redone materially the SO* or NO, concentration. One disadvantage of the method is the addition of several tons of dual, which add to the re quired *i*e of the precipitator. A possible advantage may be that the stack gaaea are somewhat less corro sive. Several of the experimentally letted methods of SOi control have been described in Mallette'a Problem.j anti Control of Air PoUuiiofiA*' Adsorption Methods Adsorption on nonreactive media such a* charcoal, silica and eachange resins opens the possibility of regen erating the adsorbed gaaea in more concentrated form by a simple proc ess aoch as heating, treatment with steam or elution with aqueous am A process of this type is no doubt expensive. One of tho beat grades of charcoal adaorha/gr. of charcoal, all sulfur dioxide from 2 ft.s of flue gas, which meant that at a rate of half a million ft.Ymin. of flue gas, one needs every minute 2 1,^ tons of char coal. The possibility exists of ac complishing the adsorption in a flow ing bed, aa is being done for the separation of hydrocarbons by the petroleum industry. The conditions for sulfur dioxide adsorption are more favorable than for hydrocar bons because of the large quantities of SO, adsorbed. Some of the char coals used sdtorb as high aa 30% of their weight of sulfur dioxide at room temperature and 10% at 150F.. not withstanding the high water and CO, concentrations. An additional ad vantage is the complete absence in flue gases of gums which have given trouble in the technical application of adsorption methods. Chemical Conversion, Many attempts have been made to convert sulfur dioxide into forms which would be easier to remove Tha Control of Oxldot of Nrtroqan In general, the oxides of nitrogen are more difficult to remove than the SO,. Scrubbing with alkaline re agent removes only a part of the ox ides of nitrogen, even though strong bases are used. H ie major portion of the oxidaa of nitrogen originate in the fixation of atmospheric nitro gen at the high temperatures of com bustion. Hie rapid cooling of the gases is an important factor in the relatively high nitrogen oxide con tent of the stack effluent, since rapid cooling prevents a shift of the equi librium to the lower NO concentra tions normally found at lower tem peratures. It follows that a change in cooling rate or combustion tianperature through changea in burner design or in the furnaoes themselves might effect a considerable reduction in the nitrogen oxidea formed. There is also the possibility of de composing the NO into nitrogen and oxygen, or of oxidising R to the nitric acid stage. Both might be accom plished catalytically. After the oxidetion, the strong acid character of nitric acid would make removal by monia solutions. Bench experiments at the Southern California Ediaon Company FJ Segundo Station have TAILE lit Adsorption of Sultvr Diosido on Ckarcaol shown that activated charcoal adsorbs rnnsidcrable quantities of sulfur as well as nitrogen oxides, even at ternueratures of 150* F. H ie quantities adwirlwd on different kinds of char coal are listed in Table ill. Recovery wts aecvimplished by heating to 500700' F.. whereby the SO* is removed in concentrated form. After the ad sorption and description the char coal can be used again. This quali ty very important for a successful technical application, is being inves tigated. It has been observed that the ox ides of nitrogen re adsorbed ahead IJl (be sulfur' dioxide- and that ihrj *re gradually desorbed when the well (.kanoal* A D C. V E ' K C AtisurpkiuQ Temperature (*K> 77 300 IS7O7 300 .37070 77 150 220 77 77 77 Flow | Kale Fl. /ruin. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 o.t 0.1 0.1 at .. ______ 0.1 Mrs. SO/ (. t.barvoal 1S3 19 2182S7 29 54 30 26424 62 143 253 225 defined SO;, adsorption boundary IT. C ate twtJ<- I'ttri# fur th* JtBr;rai tv a 4, FKURtURY API 07361 254 JOLRNAI. ubbing will) alkaline rtaeent . r . t- '"hility* though the same objection n be raised against wet scrubbing ,, the ease of SO, .Chemical C jjn g with lime is also a pos-ibililv. , wj|| be dependent on the presence ( Lenient factories. Wiiiie w.irk ilunfi these lines is going on. attempts lining made to eliminate llie re- inaintitp oxides ni nitrocen hv chemimean*- The most attractive prut- f would consist in the decomposi* p,,,i to nitrogen and ovvgen. and eatalytit agents are being ought ^Ijlch will accomplish this. Another approach is baaed on oxiJizing the oxides to nitric acid, which t|irn could be removed hy actubbing processes. The aiinullaucous presrnct of sulfur dioxide suggests the possibility nf using reactions similar l,, (hose in the lead eharnbe.r process |,,r making sulfuric ariti. There arc indication* that caluiylic agents can be used to convert both sulfur anti niIroeen oxide to the higher oxides when excess air is present It is clear from the foregoing that in< matter which process will ulti mately be developed, the cost will he high. The return on valuable by* proilu!l> ill It mall, and evrii doubtful when dll Ijp I burners begin to recover sulfur and nitrogen oxides. There is also no doubt that there will be u demand f ir ever-increasing com pleteness of the control, sime the end of the population increase is no where in sight. Such situations demand extraordi nary method, and one of these is the decision of all power generating agencies to work together In exchange information on anything that may lead to a solution to the problem of stack gas control. This decision is comparable to one taken several years ago in Pittsburgh when a council was formed by a group of people who had only one goal in mind -- to clean up Pittsburgh. Forgetting private inter ests, these representatives of different industries prepared and carried out a campaign in air pollution control, which resulted in a marked improve ment in the Pittsburgh atmosphere. In Los Angeles, the Joint Research Council on Power Plant Air Pollution Control has been operating quietly since March of 1956. Its member* include representatives from all the power companies in thia area, to gether with delegates from the Lot Antiel (h-uiitv Air Pollution Con trol District. These men meet regu larly to exchange information on the research program now under way, and this iu itself, is a big step in the right direction. References 1. A. J. Hiagcii-Sinlt, CtxssiAlrjr mil Physinology of i-ei A/igrle Smog, In d u stria i a n d 'i/rinrrnng C h em istry, 44, No. 6, I>u. 1342-134ft. (1952s. 1. A. J. Httgeii-Hfun and M. M. Pox, fFtone Formation in the Photochemical Oxida tion of Orainic Substance*. In d u stria l a n d E n g in e e rin g C h e m istry , 48. No. 9, pp. 1484-1487. (1956) 1 A. J. li*a|enS m u and M. M. Fox. Photochemical Oxone fonnahun with Hydrocarbons and Automobile E ihiuit, Air R tp a ir , 4, No. 3. pp. 105.108. 11954). 4. L K. Cerhard and H. F. Johmcone, Photochemical Oxidation of '.ullur Dioxide in Air, In d u stria l a n d E n g in e e r irsg C h e m istry , 47, No. 5, pp. 972-976. t 19551. 5 From xn unpubliabed report of tinBureau of Minea to the Pablir llratlh Service. 6. F. S. Mellette, Probleaa and Control of Air Pollution. Reinheld Puhiiahini Corporation, New York. N. Y,, 1st Edition, v1955). wf APCA API 07362 255 Voi. 7, N-i. 4 I APPENDIX S REPORT CF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON C9 - Cl 2 AROMATICS K i e f f e r D a v is , M. D ., C hairm an The interim meeting of the API MAC Subcommittee on Cg - C,o Aromatics convened at 9:00 A. M., April 21, 195; in the Haddon Hall Hotel, Atlantic City. All but one subcommittee members were present. Also present were a number of visitors. The chief investigator, Dr. Carl Nau, reviewed in detail the interim report which covered also the high lights of all of the subcommittee's activities from the inception of this program to the last annual meeting, November, 1957- Significant findings to date are: 1 . Painting the skin of CoH brown male mice with C9-C1 Q leads to: a. Amyloidosis In liver and spleen. b. Sclerosis and cortical scarring in kidney in greater frequency than in mice painted with C ^ - C ^ or "decane. changes are rarely observed in our "control" mice. These There is also observed: , c. An increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells. 2. Painting with C ^ - C12 leads to: a. An increase in the number of white blood cells b. An increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells. 3. Inhalation studies using mice reveal: a. An LD-50 indicating C3J-C12 to be three times as toxic as Cj -C^q and C9-C10 to be four and one-half times as toxic as benzene. b. That benzene is rapidly eliminated or detoxified and that C9-C1 Q and cll" c12 are cumulative in effect-or detoxified slowly. It. Inhalation studies using rabbits indicate that: a. With adequate exposure (time and concentration) to benzene (3.2 mgm/liter) there is a fall in the white blood cell count and a rise in the percent of "polys." b. With exposure to C9-C1 Q (3.2 mgm/liter) there is an increase in the white blood cell count. c. With exposure to C]j_-Ci2 (3*2 mgm/liter) there appears to be a fall in the white blood cell count and a rise in the percent of "polys." d. With exposure to n-decane (3.2 mgm/liter) there are no blood changes. i>. Inhalation studies using rats indicate that: a. Blood benzene values can be determined in rats exposed to benzene these values decrease very rapidly after exposure is ended. b . Blood Cq -C1 0 ,values are strongly suggested. c. With 3*2 mgm/liter of benzene and 18 hours daily exposure, the low point of the white blood cell count occurs on the eighth day. This is followed by a rise with a secondary fall. The DNA is elevated when the white blood cell count is lowest. There is a shift in the lymphocyte versus polymorphonuclear percent on the eighth day. Exposed rats when killed show a hemorrhagic kidney and omental tissue and a congested liver. d. With 3*2 mgm/liter p9"C10 the rats show hemorrhage around nose, white blood cell count falls rapidly (reaching "low point" on first day API 07363 I % - 2 - E-2 following exposure), there is a fall in the percent of lymphocytes and a rise in the percent of "po3.ys," the DNA rises and the platelet count falls. With continued exposure, these values all return to their original figures - or even beyond. e. Rats exposed to 3-2 mgm/liter benzene for 18 hours per day show no fall in body weight. Those exposed to 3*2 mgm/liter C^-C,q for 18 hours per day show an early fall in body weight followed by a rise to normal (or higher). done. Although parts of the program are near completion, much is left to be 1. Additional work is necessary using 5ll' C12 and n-decane. 2. It was suggested that test animals be exposed to varying concentrations and for varying periods of time to the materials being tested and then set aside for observation of any latent manifestations that may develop. 3 . Addition of larger species of animals (monkeys) to the testing program. U. Human tests to determine concentration of materials necessary to cause irritation and other signs and symptoms (eye, throat, nose, skin). It is Dr. Nau's opinion that this can be accomplished this summer. There was an unanimous expression that Dr. Nau Is doing a genuine and creditable service for this subcommittee. In view of the findings to date and because some time is needed yet to complete the program as planned, it is the recommendation of this subcommittee that funds in the amount of $20,000 be made available for continuation of this work during the next fiscal year. API 07364 I I APPENDIX F REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CARCINOGENICITY R. E. Eckardt, M. D., Chairman The Subcommittee met in the Card Room of the Haddon Hall Eotel in Atlantic City on April 20, 1958 with numerous guests present. It received an interim report from Dr. A. W. Horton which is hereby trans mitted to the Medical Advisory Committee. It received the final report of Dr. Phair's epidemiology studies. It transmits this report to the Medical Advisory Committee with commendation to Dr. Phair for a clear and lucid report which it feels is of value to the API MAC. The Sub committee believes that a Subcommittee on Epidemiology should be created by the Medical Advisory Committee and that Dr. Phair's report be care fully reviewed by this new subcommittee as its first project. The Subcommittee anticipates a final report from Dr. Horton by July 1, 1959, and anticipates no budgetary needs after that date. API 07365 * APPENDIX G REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC POISONS J. W. Osborn, M. D., Chairman Meeting held. Saturday, April 19th - Library - Haddon Hall - Atlantic City - 2-6 p.m. Members Present Dr. J. W. Osborn, Chairman Mr. R. C. Cole Mr. J. W. Hammond Dr. H. W. Gerarde Dr. M. N. Nevquist Dr. T. G. Rigney (for Dr. Ralph Schneider) Guests Present L. C. Beard, Jr. (for Dr. Saunders) Dr. B. B. Reeve Dr. L. E. Curtis Mr. C. A. Neilson Dr. Rupert Scott (London, Dr. Clark Miller Dr. Theodore M. Frank Dr. T. H. Mitchell Dr. L. deBoer (Amsterdam, Mr. Elmer Mattocks George England) Holland) The prepared agenda was discussed in the folloving order and these comments, opinions and recommendations represent the unanimous conclusions of the subcomsittee for the MAC'S consideration and information. I. Status of Kerosine Research Program by Dr. Daeschner at Baylor University A. The results of the Letter Ballot of March 7 on Dr. Daeschner's proposal re sulted in 2k ballots cast by the April 1, 1958 deadline. Tventy (20) approvals and four (k ) disapprovals vere cast. Comments made by the four (L) disapproving and from one (l) approving vere circulated to the subcommittee and these five individuals vere specifically invited to attend the subcommittee meeting. Three (3) of those disapproving vere present and changed their vote to approval. The fourth sent an alternate to the meeting who personally approves the proposal and voted "no vote" thus negating his principal's original disapproval. Therefore, Dr. Daeschner's Kerosine Research Program has received the unanimous approval of the MAC via Letter Ballot. Mr. Mattocks will promptly put the necessary contract procedure into effect and transfer the $5*000 to Dr. Daeschner. II. Model Precautionary Labeling Legislation of Hazardous Substances The subcommittee revleved and discussed in detail the information outlined in Report of Liaison Member - AMA - Dr. J. W. Osborn and makes the folloving observation and recommendations to the MAC: 1. In the past tvo veeks developments have occured at the Federal level vhich will require the API President, Board of Directors, and Medical and Health Committee of the Board to make important decisions on this subject. It is the unanimous opinion of this subconmlttee that the MAC should at once inform the Medical and Health Committee of the gist of the information con tained in the Report of Liaison Member - in vhatever form the Chairman of the MAC and/or the Director of the Department of Technical Services deem most important to the occasion. API 07366 2. The subcommittee unanimously believes that the primary "working responsi bility committee" in this field is the Interdivisional Committee on Labeling insofar as the API is concerned. Should the Medical and Health Cosmittee need further assistance from the MAC beyond or in addition to that vhich is available through the MAC medical representation on the Interdivisional Committee on Labeling (Drs. Nevquist, Hine, and Gerarde), the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Economic Poisons (and Liaison Member-AMA), Dr. Osborn, will be available. p $ - 2- 1 0-2 jjX, Possible Relationship Between Exposure to Stoddard-type Solvents and ThromboDenia Clyde M. Berry of State University of lova (formerly Technical Advisor to MAC) raised this question for our consideration. The subcommittee knows of no connection other than coincidence and the Chairman will so advise Mr. Berry unless the MAC knows something to the contrary. jy. Petroleum Products Used by Themselves Alone as Economic Poisons A list of such substances was requested from Mr. E. P. Williams, Jr., Chairman of the API Committee on Agriculture in January 1950* He replied that his committee kept no such list of products and Implied that this subject was not of interest to his committee. The Subconsolttee on Economic Poisons voted to drop the preparation of a list from that source, it being of no interest to the Agricultural Committee. y, Cooperative Project for the Evaluation of the Treatment of Kerosine and Belated Petroleum Distillate Ingestion The subcommittee has reviewed the work submitted to date on this study from Dr. Edvard Press, Chairman Subcoasnittee on Accidentlal Poisoning, American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Horace Gerarde of our Subcommittee is participating .in this Cooperative Project which provides additional liaison for us in this area. VI. National Clearing House for Poison Control Centers The subcommittee chairman wrote to Dr. Howard Cann, Director of the National Clearing House, Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. on March 3, 1956* He replied March 2kth expressing gratitude for our interest in his poison control movement. His supply of list of Poison Control Centers of October 1957 was exhausted. There were 110 such centers then, now there are about 120. He will send me 30 copies for distribution to MAC os soon os the revised list is pub lished. He indeed hopes to appoint an Advisory Council to the National Clearing House in the near future; thinks a representative from the API MAC would be an important representative; will keep the MAC in mind when this council is formed. The subcommittee discussed this and the chairman will follow up. VII. First Aid Measures for Persons Swallowing Petroleum Distillates Communication from J. G. Schaafsma, Manager, Laboratories Department, General Petroleum Corporation dated January 2k, 1953, at the suggestion of Dr. E. P. Luongo and B. K. Daniels was circulated to the subcoesnittee and discussed at this meeting. In essence, the State of California Department of Professional and Vocational Standards Official Antidotes First Aid Treatment and Label Requirements latest bulletin, July 1 , 1957, and the California Parent-Teacher Magazine, November, 1957, are widely publicizing "Gastric Lavage" and the "Universal Antidote" as first-aid in Coal Oil, Gasoline, and Kerosine Ingestion cases. API 07367 Even though this is contrary to the AMA Committee on Toxicology's published advice and this subcomnittee's belief, the subcommittee unanimously agrees that the MAC is not in a position to recomnend any official advice to the contrary at this time. The subcommittee chairman will attempt to explore this matter further for discussion at the next subcommittee meeting. ) > 3- 0-3 vill* A * ^r< Cl B a i l ' s request for a discussion of the scope and functions, short and long range goals of this subcommittee v e b done. A report in writing will be circularized through the subcommittee and submitted in final form in the near future to Dr. Baird. B. The summary report of the Subcommittee's annual activities due in the hands of the Operating Subcommittee by October 10th at Dr. Beard'b re quest was discussed and the Chairman will do b o . ambers Approving Cole t. w. Hammond g. w. Gerarde M. N< NevquiBt j . g . Rigney (for R. Schneider) Disapproving API 07368 COPY t APPENDIX H April 21, 1958 CHAUONTE-EADDON BALL Atlantic City, N. J. Dr. V. C. Baird, Chairman, Medical Advisory Committee, The report of the Subcommittee on Medical Policies and Practices is that there has been no activity during the past year of this Subcommittee. At the Subcommittee meeting yesterday, it agreed that it would offer its services to arrange a half day discussion at the Fall meeting. The necessary details could be handled by correspondence. K. R. Fourcher, M. D. API 07369 > > APPENDIX I REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON PHYSICAL AGENTS C. H. Hine, M. D., Chairman The Subcommittee has reviewed its function and has reconfirmed that this consistB of service to the Medical Advisory Committee as a clearing house on matters of interest in the general area of physical agents relating to health. These include such items as noise, radiation (ionization), temperature extremes, re peated motion, ultrasonics, illumination, and radiation other than ionization. 2' The Chairman of the MAC ha6 requested that the general scope of work of this ' subcommittee on Physical Agents be defined. In compliance, the Subcommittee recommends as follows: a. Short-term Goals 1. To keep the MAC informed on important new items and developments in the area of physical agents relating to health. 2. To prepare for submission to the MAC a list of journals, bulletins, new references, reports, etc., covering the best available new literature in the field of physical agents. 3> To accept any assignment from the MAC on matters relating to physical agents. b. Long-Tern Goal 1 . To summarize on an annual basis for the MAC any new developments, progress, or other information relating to physical agents. 3. Members of the Subcommittee have been assigned responsibility for following individual technical areas included in the over-all coverage of the Subcommittee. It. It is the concensus of this Subcommittee that no further donation to the Sub committee on Noise in Industry Of the American Academy of Ophthamology and Otolaryngology should be made at this time. However, the work of that sub committee is recognized as being important to the petroleum industry, and we, therefore, recommend that the possibility of a donation should be renewed at a future date, when economic conditions in the Industry are more favorable. 5. No funds are requested for the next fiscal year. API 07370 * * SPENDE J REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TCXICOLCGICAL REVIEWS H. W. G e r a r d e , M. 2 . , C hairm an , The committee recommends that the Medical Advisory Committee accept the ' invitation of the Editor of the AMA Journal of Industrial Health to publish the Toxicological Reviews (two each month) in this Journal. The reviews would carry the announcement that copies are available from the API at 25}5 per copy. 2. The Subcommittee considers the following Toxicological Reviews ready for pub lication: a. Butadiene b . Naphthalene c . Toluene d. Copper Naphthenate e. Naphthenic Acids These revisions will be circulated to the members of the Medical Advisory Committee for final review before publication. 3. Final drafts are in preparation on the following: a. Benzene b. Cumene c. Kerosine d. Xylene e. Cyclohexane f. Aromatic Solvent Naphtha First drafts are in preparation on the following: a. Styrene b. Thiophene c. Morpholine d. Furfural e. Boron Trifluoride f. Nitrobenzene g- Diethylene Glycol h. Acrylonitrile i. Nickel Carbonyl J Alkyl Disulfides k. Alkyl Mercaptans Estimated. cost for this group is $l,500-$2 ,500. The next group of Reviews to be revised include: a. Aluminum Chloride b. Cresol c. Hydrogen Chloride d. Sulfuric Acid e. Ammonia f . Carbon Tetrachloride 6* Mercury h. Methyl Ethyl Ketone i. Phosphorus Pentasulfide J- Sulfur Dioxide Estimated date of completion of this group i B January 1959- API 07371 i ) - 2- J-2 , In response to a request by the chairman of the Medical Advisory Committee, the subcommittee has defined its scope, functions, and objectives as follows: a. The accumulation, condensation, and presentation of the available toxicological information on a variety of substances of interest to the petroleum industry. b. The dissemination of this information in the form of Toxicological Reviews which are to be kept up t date by periodic revision every five years. c. Suggestions for new Reviews will be obtained by canvassing the membership of the Medical Advisory Committee. New Toxicological Reviews will be prepared following approval of the Medical Advisory Committee from a list of substances selected by the Subcommittee. API 07372 > APPENDIX K REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE J. A. Spence, Chairman The Subcommittee on Industrial Hygiene met on April 20, 1958 with nine (9) jembers and ten (1 0 ) guests present. (Z-3?> Liaison committee members to American Standards Association committees ani reported no recent activities. The matter of what action the subcommittee should take on The M. W. Kellogg . ponograph "Health and Physiological Safety in the Process Industries" was reopened for discussion. The subcommittee again concurred that the excessive effort required 0 edit and modify this monograph is not Justified. It is, therefore, the sub committee's recommendation that work on this monograph be dropped. As requested by the chairman of the Medical Advisory Committee, the gubcommittee arrived at the following statement of its activities. The scope and functions are essentially the same as those previously stated at the November 1956 gubcommittee meeting and are as follows: Scope The Subcommittee on Industrial Hygiene will concern itself with Industrial Hygiene problems common to the petroleum industry in general. ^unctions Its functions will include: 1. Advise concerning industrial hygiene matters on those problems referred to it by the Medical Advisory Committee, 2. Seek-out and evaluate industry-wide environmental health problems, referring those of significance to the Medical Advisory Committee with accompanying recommendations for handling when indicated, 3 . Develop and provide Industrial hygiene practices and methods for controlling environmental health hazards common to the petroleum industry and will keep informed of current developments in other industries, It. Be responsible to the Medical Advisory Committee for those liaison memberships maintained with the American Standards Association committees. Also as requested by the chairman of the Medical Advisory Comnittee, the Subcommittee arrived at the following statement of its current and long and short range goals. Short-range Goals . API 07373 I. A preliminary summary of available industrial hygiene information on certain catalyst materials currently used in petroleum refining will be prepared within the next year (April 1959)- Such processes as catalytic cracking, reforming, isomeri zation, hydrofcrming, alkylation, polymerization, hydrofining, and hydro-desulfuri zation will be studied. Subcommittee members have accepted assignments and will -orvard information to Mr. P. D. Halley, who is to serve as Catalyst Project Coordinator. j ) - 2- K-2 ?< A roster in booklet form of industrial hygienists within the petroleum industry ` 8 been prepared and is available for limited distribution. r/mg-range Goals 1 . Work will continue on the catalyst project, amplifying and developing further ^formation on the above catalysts. In addition, the study will be expanded to other refining and petrochemical type catalysts. API 07374 'i * APPENDIX L STUDIES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Report of Ad Hoc Subcommittee 1 . It is recommended that the Medical Advisory Committee of the American Petroleum Institute create a standing subcommittee on epidemiology. 2. The objectives of the subcommittee Bhould include but need not be limited to the following: a. To collect information iron member companies on the occur rence of new and unusual illnesses or health conditions thought to be related to the industry and to disseminate such information through the M.A.C. to member companies. Examples: The occurrence of arsine poisoning; unusual lead exposure8 or poisonings. b. To collect information upon the occurrence and conditions thought to be of particular concern to the industry within selected samples of employee population groups; to collect and analyze the information and to report the findings, conclusions, and recommendations, if any, to the M.A.C. Examples: Shin cancer; cancer of the lungs; pneumoconioses. c. To collect morbidity and mortality information upon selected conditions of major health importance among selected samples of employee populations; to collate and analyze the information and to report the findings, conclusions, and recommendations, if any, to the M.A.C. Examples: Heart disease; accidental deaths, suicides. 3. It is recomendad that the objectives should be, at least during the initial stages, strictly limited to a few conditions which can be measured quantitatively in a uniform manner where the population at risk is known. 4. It is recomended that the subcommittee be composed of seven members, four from the M.A.C., one of whom is to serve as chairman, and three from the technical advisors. 5. It is recoonended that the scope of the studies and the methods of procedure be determined after study by the subcommittee. George M. Saunders, M. D. BEB/bpj March 19, 1958 B. E, Eennison, M. D. API 07375 T > REPORT OF LIAISON MEMBER - AMA J. W. Osborn, M. D. APPENDIX M ^ Model Precautionary Labeling Legislation of Hazardous Substances. 1 , The Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association (CSMA), the Manufacturers Chemical. Association (MCA), the American Association of Soap and Glycerine Pro ducers (AASGP), and the National. Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association (NPVLA) bave had Congressman Curtis (Missouri) and Congressman Williams (Mississippi) each introduce identical bills into the U. S. House of Representatives (now commonly referred to as the Curtis Bill). This bill is a Hazardous Substances Labeling Act to regulate the distribution and sale of packages of hazardous substances intended for household use for the purpose of promoting uniformity in Federal and State Legislation covering this field as defined. It is not intended to cover commercial, industrial, agricultural, horticultural, and re lated uses, nor does it Invade the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic field. 2. The above Inter-Associations would like ts see the Curtis (Williams) Bill passed in this session of Congress. The model on which it is based has received vide circulation and has helped in States where legislation is being considered. Their reason for Federal Passage of the Curtis Bill is that next year with many (over ho) State Legislatures in session there will be an avalanche of this type of legislation, and a Federal law would be a real stabilizing factor. 3. These Inter-Associations invited the API to attend an Informal discussion meeting in Philadelphia last Thursday, April 17th. Mr. Mattocks asked Dr. Osborn to represent the MAC and Mr. R. D. Bent, and Mr. W. H e r m a n Barcus to represent the Interdivisional Committee on Labeling at this meeting. h. The purpose of the meeting was to compare the Curtis Bill with the American Medical Associations Conmittee on Toxicology's proposed law which its Secretary, Bernard E. Conley, Fh.D., is currently attempting to persuade Congressman Curtis to introduce into the House of Representatives. This proposed bill is called the Uniform Hazardous Substances Act, and Dr. Conley describes it as follows: "A broad and encompassing act requiring precautionary labeling of hazardous sub stances in commercial, household, and Industrial chemicals"--- --- and "is intended as a model for uniform laws to require the declaration of hazardous ingredients and warning statements on the label and in the accompanying literature of chemical products." A copy of the act and a digest of its main features were submitted to Mr. Porter, President of API for his review and comment. Dr. Conley also advised that "A meeting to discuss this and other tentative legislative measures will be held in the near future." 5* These 2 proposed laws were compared thoroughly at the April 17th Philadelphia meeting. The Inter-Associations are to send 3 representatives headed by Mr. R. L. Ackerly of the CSMA to a discussion meeting in Washington, 5 M ., Monday, April 21st, with Congressman Curtis' Deputy Assistant. The 3 API representatives agreed the API need not be represented. B. Current State and City laws, Regulations and Enabling Acts already passed or under serious consideration in many States make it seem almost inevitable that some lav on Federal level will be passed soon in the field of Hazardous Substances. The Inter-Association believes that the Curtis Bill is reasonable in scope, definition n and content so that industry and cornerce on the one hand and the Medical and legal < professions on the other should be able to comply and be satisfied with it in help ing to reduce the current number of morbidity and mortality cases that occur, and 2 M-2 *jj0Ut producing an undue 'burden upon the manufacturer to comply and the household Vp06uming public to pay. The main objectives to the AMA proposed Bill seem aE /oliovs: 1, I t is unnecessarily broad in scope, requiring "the labeling of all chemical products containing hazardous substances which are not now so regulated." 2 . It eliminates the word "Poison" and substitutes "Toxic" with a very broad definition of "Toxic" which would probably, for e x a m p le , require the precautionary labeling of Rock salt when sold to spread on the con sumer's icy sidewalks. 3. It defines the signal words "Danger," "Warning," or "Caution" in Buch broad terms that thousands of chemicals would probably be required to carry one of them on the label so that they would rapidly be ignored as a signal word in the minds of the public and lose their effectiveness. k. It introduces "strong sensitizer" to the list of Hazardous Substances, then defines it as any sensitizer, then says: "The frequency and severity of the sensitization reaction shall determine vhether a sensitizing material offers a significant potentiality for causing injury." But it doesn't pro vide any guide as to who shall make this determination. In short, the AMA proposed Bill seems to be verbose, confusing, and somewhat contra dictory. It presents a very broad scope and rigid tests for substances to be includ ed within its boundaries. It makes unnecessary distinctions between different types of products and different degrees of hazard - distinctions which, to the lay public which it is designed to protect, would have little or no effect, distinctions which could cause needless and undue burden upon a producer and confusion in the minds of the public. ' C. Assuming that some Federal Law or Regulation may be in order as a model of sen sible application in the field of hazardous substances, it would be this observer's opinion that, of the two .proposed bills, the Curtis Bill is definitely preferable for the following reasons: l. It is limited in scope to hazardous substances for household use where percentage-wise the need is greatest. 2. It retains the use of the word "Poison" which is arresting to most reason ably intelligent people when properly applied. 3. It defines "Poison" in sensible terms which can be understood as a Pre cautionary word and tested for both in the laboratory and on the basis of human data with reasonably accurate results for practical use. h. It reserves for the producer and distributor of Hazardous Substances the choice of using on his labels any one of the three signal words "Danger," "Warning," or "Caution" which by dictionary definition and common usage are practicably synonomous. API 07377 5. It does not attempt to compete with or supercede the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in the field of "Sensitizers" which are probably more pre valent in drug and cosmetic usage than in household, comnerce and industry usage of Hazardous Substances outside the F. D. and C. Administration. } - 3 - M-3 In conclusion, the entire field of prevention in this "Chemical and Atomic Era" yfcich we are living should rest its case more on "Education" than on "Compulsion :^ough Legislation" for the "greatest good of the greatest number" with the LcesBBiy corailary never forgotten -- "and at the same time the least harm to the Jallest number." API 07378