Document BRX4a3kD12XvbwJ0z5dKNNjOX

FILE NAME Ford FD DATE 1947 DOC FD094 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION National Safety Congress Transactions FILE COPY a - OCT 1948 Transactions . . VOLUME I Annual Meeting Banquet Women's Activities . Index to all Volumes and Exhibitors PLEASE RETURN TO a NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL a 20 NORTH WACKER DRIVE ; CHICAGO ILL i . NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INC & 20 NO WACKER DRIVE . CHICAGO 6 ILL @ - ~ ee aes 35th National Safety Congress Transactions Vol The Annual Meeting Banquet Women's Activities 1 Index to all Volumes and Exhibitors se scee American Society of Safety Engineers and Subject Sessions 2 3 Aircraft Manufacturing Section .....--.-. r- es - t- r 4 Section . seers rset Air Transport Section Cement and Quarry Automotive and Machine Shop Section 5 Section eee ee eerste 6 ttts 7 reese ere etree Chemical Section .........6 n . n- es r ener e ess 8 Coal Mining Section ......-.- ee eer creer errr 9 Vehicle Section . srrcete er se te te Commercial Construction Section Food See a ee Section .....-..:se ee eee rc eee e ..... cece cece eet e tree err n erent sere cee ne eee ee anaes Industrial Nursing Section cence 10 11 12 Marine Packing Leather Meat ee eee cree ecreees Mining Metals Section 0... ... cece re ree rece rer sen est ste .13 .13 Tanning and Industries Section 14 Section ......... cece eee eee ee cette teen 15 esses Section Deccecceeeees 16 ......----- 17 Paper and Pulp Section 18 Petroleum Section .... cee. cer. e e. eter. s te. eet r. ers s ees 19 0s seceee er reeree 20 Power Press Sectio nes n ses sree eee reer Railroad Public Section --2 -- 1 21 UtilSietcitesion ... --21 .......-.- eee eee e een seen ne tert --21 ... Safuty Rubber Section .... Secti. on Secti. onse. c s. e- c t: een s res 3ZN8 Textile Section oe Transit . Section sec sec 3ZN8 Traffic Section To 6 85 National Frasi Frasi * 3ZN8 Wood Products Section Conference Proceedings Proceedings to Psychology You Can Use Early Morning Sessions FSacrhmoolSafetyCollege cere 3ZN8& 2222 Home Lecce eee weer en ee esa ad arceraceuccecsse Safety and Saeeeee cee ccaeeeteeeeeneseess ...-.---see's Sessions Sec eres eceeeeceeeer . PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME - SIZE Less than 14 copies copies pages xo ca. 14 to 48 pages- 49 to 96 pagesover 96 pages 35 .35 .50 copies 10 to 99 copies .15 05 .30 7 45 copies 100 to 999 copies $ .15 a. zo | go 45 or more 1000 $ .15 <2. 20 7 .30 7 45 Complete set of Transactions 19 volumes MEMBE--pricepsrices are double membermember prices prices B National # Safety Council Inc. OFFICERS . ; Chairman Board of Directors CLEO F. Craig President Amer ian Telephone and Telegraph Telegraph Company New York N. Y Pra esgio denItlliNEd H. Dearborn President National Safety Council Chi President for Farms Guy L. Noste Managing Director National Committee on Boys and Girls Club Work Chicgo III President for Finance and and Treasurer 0. Gresses President and Comptroller Commonwealth Commonwealth Edison Company Chicago Ill President for Humes Dr. D. B. Armstrong Second President Metropolitan Life Insurance Insurance Company New York Y. N. Y. President for Industry George A. Jacoby Director of Services General Motors Personnel Corporation Detroit Mich ow PrSeeasttilde eWnatshfor Local Safety Organizations KENNETH B Colman we KEMPTON ~- President for Membership W. Assistant Presi dent United States Steel Corporation of Delaware Pittsburgh Pa President for Public Information W. Earl Hall Managing Editor Mason City Gazette Mason City la e President for Schools and Colleges Dr. H. T. Healo President Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Ill and President for Traffic Transportation LESLIE J. SORENSON City Traffic Engineer City of Chicago Chiago Ill 3 President for Women's Activities Mas L. K. Nicholson National 3 SLaafkeetyCiCthyaUitramhan National Congress of Parents and Teachers Salt Secretary R. L. Forney Forney General Secretary National Safety Council Chicago Ill 9 Assistant Treasurer B. B. McCulloch President Bureau of Inc. Chiago Ill Safety Assistant Treasurer H. H. GREENWALD Director Accounting Division National Safety Council Chicago III Note The lists here printed of Officers Trustees and Board of Directors include those elected at the 1947 National Safety Congress and in the case of the Trustees certain members previously elected for a two or three year term | National _ Safety Council Inc. : on ; Natio Safet TRUSTEES o Chairman of the Trustees William A. Iavis Member Executive Com- mittee United States Steel Corp. New York N. Y. Chairman of the Trustees ROBERT C. Stanley President International Nickel Company of Canada Ltd. New York N. Secretary of the Trustees NED H. Dearbory President National Safety Coun^lChicago Ill of LAMONT Treasurer the Trustees THOMAS W. Chairman of the Board J. P. Morgan and Company New YorkY. ame yee ae ae re caved CRT x sag oes SWOa! e eTe we eg: vad dee az. SN ge ome PL Wages wee ...ae ... ert ... te ee lowe soe Baek Members WINTHROP W. ALDRICH Chairman Board of Directors The Chase National Bank New York N. Y. Melvin H. BAKER President National Gypsum Company Buffalo N. LAWRENCE D. Bau President Bell Aircraft Corporation BuffalNo. Y. Company San JAMES B. BLACk President Pacific Gas and Electric Francisco Calif Insurance S. Bauce BLACK Boston Mass President Liberty Mutual Company President Morgan B. Brainard ford Conn Aetna Life Insurance Company Hart- CASON J. CALLAWAY Hamilton Ga Light JOHN W. CARPENTER Dallas Tex President Texas Power and Company Thomas I. Cashen Chairman Railway Labor Executives Association Washington D. C. WILLIAM G. CHANDLER President Howard Supply Company New York N. Y. Kenneth B. COLMAN Seattle Wash HOWARD COONLEY Chairman of the Executive Committee American Standards Association New York N. Y. CLEO F. CRAIG President American Telephone & Telegraph Co. New YorNk. Y. Officio Frederick C. Crawford President Thompson Products Inc. Cleve- land Ohio ; WALTER J. C>usingsChairman of the Board Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company Chicago III NED H. DEARBORN President National Safety Council Chicago Ill President Officio RICHARD R. DEupaze Procter and Gamble Company Cin- cinnati Ohio President BENJAMIN F. FAIRLESS burgh Pa United States Steel Corporation PittsCorporation . i . . aio National Council 382 ' Es 7 _ a: FRANCIS J. GAYin President Great Northern Railway Company St. Paul Minn , WALTER S. GIF President American Telephone and Telegraph Telegraph Co. New York N. Telephone Telegraph WILLIAM Green President American Federation of Labor Washing- ton D. ; E. Roland Harriman Brown Brothers Harriman and Company New . York N. William A. Invis Member Executive Committee United States Steel Corporation New York N. Y. WILLIAM M. JEFFERS Vice Chairman of the Board Union Pacific Rail- Rail- road Company North Hollywood Calif HORACE P. LIVERRIDGE President Philadelphia Electric Company Philadelphia Pa Gustave Metzman President New York Central System New York Central Building New York N. Y. New THOMAS A. Morgan Chairman The Sperry Corporation N. Y. York PHILIP MURRAY President Congress of Industrial Organizations Wash ington D. C. BENJAMIN OSHza Member Board of Directors Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York N. Y Thomas I. Parkinson President Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States New York N. Y. W. S. 5. Roogzas Chairman The Texas Company New York N. Y. WILLIAM A. Starson President William Simpson Construction Com- pany Los Angeles Calif : Herbert E. Smith President International Nickel Company of Canada Lid New York N. Y. . JOHN STILWELL President Consolidated Edison Company of New York Inc. New York N. Y. JUAN T. TRIPPE President American Airways System New York Refining HARRY C. WIESS President Humble Oil and ton Tex Company Hous- York CHARLES E. WILSON President General Electric Company New N. Y. C. E. Wilson President General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich Charles DezrZ WIMAN President Rosext W. WoODRUFF Chairman Cola Company Atlanta Georgia Deere and Company Moline Ill Executive Committee The Coca- Sg ; . oF fet dh yh ts Ty NPs. RS . . ee aba een + - = @ i National __.. . | Safety Council Inc. BOARD OF DIRECTORS 3 4 Sc of President Managing Chairman of the Board Directors Cizo F. CaNu ewc York Y. American Telephone and Telegraph Company Chairman of the Board of Directors Guy L. NosurClub Work . National Committer on Boys and Girls Director Chicago IL Members : ' 3 i . Metropolitan Life Insur Dr. D. B. Armstrong Second President 4 ance Company New York N. Railroad Lousville Ky ; Ashby President & Terminal B CARROLL W. Consulting Engineer Chicago III : JW.aTl.laBcaenaNs.h Birxer Executive President Pullman Standard Car i Manufacturing Co. Chicago Ill ae Paul the President Chicago Milwaukee St. L. J. Benson Assistant to Chicago III f : and Pacific Railroad Company C. W. BERQUIST Western Springs III Chairman Federal Inter- A Assistant to the General L. A. Blanchard D. C. fi Safety Council Washington departmental Western Pennsylvania Safety i Harry H. Brainerd Executive Manager Counal Inc. Pittsburgh P } E. Braniff President Braniff Airways Incorporated Dallas Thomas and Theo Brown Director Deere Company Moline Ill of New Director W. F. Brown Salety Consolidated Edison Company a N. York Inc. New York Y. Women's E Buck President General Federation of 4 Mrs. J. F. Blair Clubs Washington D. C. of Industrial Organiza B. CareyY Secretary Treasurer Congress James D. C. tions Washington Ray Carr Advertising Counsel Portland Ore ' Life Insurance W. Graham COLE Assistant Secretary Metropolitan New York N. Company Pinburgh KENNETH B. Colman Seattle Wash Pa Executive Partner Main and Company M. Conicx Commission Milwaukee a Da B. L. Corbert Manager Milwaukee Safety . 4 5 . $paren : Wis American Telephone & Telegraph Co CLEO F. CRAIG President New York Y. & Safety Director Portland Cement A. J. R. Curtis Assistant Secretary Association Chicago Ill Ill National Safety Council Chicago , Ned H. Dearborn President National Safety W. DREYER Manager East Bay Chapter CLINTON Council Oakland Calif President Massachusetts Wallace ] Falvey York N. surance Company New Bonding and In- . wo yar A National * : R. H. FERGUSON Manager of Safety Republic Steel Corporation Cleve land O. . Farming Meredith King Fox Editor Moines la Successful Publications Des RoPyhilMa.deGlophdiwainPaDirector of Safety Philadelphia Electric Company , ( Gressens President and Comptroller Commonwealth Edison Company Chicago Ill W. Earl Hall Managing Editor Mason City Globe Gazette Mason 4 City a Julien H. Harvey Manager Accident Prevention Dept. Association of Casualty and Surety Companies New York N. Y. Dr. T. Lyle Hazlett Medical Director East Pittsburgh Pa of Dr. H. T. Heald President Illinois Institute Technology Chiago 111 , JAMES W. Hooson Assistant Western Counsel Northern Pacific Railway Company Seattle Wash Reybury Hoftman Hoftman Manager The Safety Council of Greater St. Louis St. Louis Mo. Mrs. Hiram C. HOUGHTON Second President General Federation of Women's Clubs Red Oak Ia Dr. H^>o^C> . Hust General Superintendent of Schools Chicago Ill George A. Jacoby Director of Personnel Services Corporation Detroit Mich General Motors FRANK L. JONES The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. New York N. Y. W. De^nKeffra Second President Lumbermens Mutual Casual- ty Company Chicago III . E. tiWo.n KofemDpeltaownarAessiPsittatnstbuPrrghesPiadent United States Steel Corpora- CARTER KENDALL Assistant Chief Safety Safety Company Inc. Bethlehem Pa Engineer Bethlehem Steel WALTER G. KING Safety Director American Optial Company New York N. In^ J. O. L^su Director of Safety Gilbert Associates HAROLD F. LILLE Manager Lansing Safety Council In^ , Reading Pa Lansing Mich John E. Lone Superintendent of Safety The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation Albany N. Y. . GEORGE H. Lowe Lowe and Huggins Ogden Utah A. E. Lyon Executive Secretary Railway Labor Executives tion Washington D. C. Associa- Thomas H. MacDonald Commissioner Public Roads Administration Washington D. C. Paul A. McGuzz Dean of The School of General Education New York University New York Y. , oe La an ae wT ~~ National ~ . Safety Council Inc. 1. W. Millard President Industrial Gloves Company Danville Ill Engineer ERLE 5. MINER American Telephone and Telegraph Com ' pany New York N. Y. HAROLD L. Misra Manager Safety & Fire Prevention Division E. 1 du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc. Wilmington Del J. Howard Myras Director of Safety and Fire Prevention The Atlantic Relining Company Philadelphia Pa \ Mrs. L. K. Nicholson National Safety Chairman National Congress . of Parents and Teachers Salt Lake City Utah Guy L. Noste Managing Director National Committee on Boys and Girls Club Work Chicago IlI Henry E. North President Metropolitan Life Insurance Com os pany San Francisco Calif C. E. Pettibont President and Manager Engineering Depart- ment American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston Mass : R. J. RekelutH Treasurer New Haven Trap Rock Company New Haven Conn HERBERT F. REINHARD Consulting Engineer Union Carbide & Carton Corporation New York N. ere ee \ THEODORE S. REPPLIER President The Advertising Council Inc. Wash- ington D. C. ton J. L. RIDINGER Safety Director Inland Steel Company Indiana Harbor Works East Chicago Ind A. V. ROHWEDER Superintendent of Safety & Welfare Duluth Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co. Duluth Minn Fan M. RosSELAND Executive President New Jersey State Safety Council Inc. Newark N. J. _ JUDGE LEE E. SKEL Appellate Court Cleveland Ohio De Witt Smith Vice Chairman in Charge of Domestic Services The American National Red Cross Washington D. C. R. T. SOLENSTEN Vernon N. Y. President Elliott Service Company Mount J. Sorenson City Traffic Engineer City of Chicago Chicago III Leslie R. C. STRATTON Supervising Chemical Engineer Travelers Companies Insurance Hartford Conn Paul F. StricKER Executive President Greater New York Safety Council New York N. Y. C. E. WOOLIEver Director of Personnel A. O. Smith Corporation Milwaukee Wis Dr. William P. Yant Director of Research & Development Mine Safety Appliances Company Research Laboratory Pittsburgh Pa J. W. YOUNG Safety Director International Harvester Company Chi- ago Ill y Automotive and Machine Shop Section Executive Committee 1947-1948 | General Chairman E. MOORE Director of Safety Corporate Service Incorported Detroit Mich Chairman B. LOOMI5 Safety Engineer Fisher Termstedt Division General Motors Corporation Detroit Mich C. A. DEMONGE Safety Director Kelsey Wheel Company Detroit Mich Secretary L. McCULLY Safety Supervisor Westinghouse Air Brake Company Wilmerding Pa Chairman GEO F. NUERNBERGER Safety Engineer A. B. Dick Company Chicago III R. D. HARVEY Safety Engineer The Murray Corporation of America Detroit Michigan Division Corporation C. O. ENOCHS Safety Director Chevrolet Flint Flint Michigan of General Motors Safety Foundry F. H. HUMPHRIES Manager Company New York N. Y. and Claims Division American Car and Cortland NewNew Chairman F. W. FISKE Safety Director The Brewer Titchner Corporation = York BARNEY J. POVOLNY Safety Director Detroit Diesel Engine Division General Motors Corporation Detroit Michigan . Michigan WM SMITH Director of Safety Ford Motor Company of Dearborn , Membership Committee Chairman PAUL J. BLACK Safety Supervisor Westinghouse Electrict Corporation Lima Ohio ARTHUR E EWING Latrobe Electric Steel Company Latrobe Pa FRED G. YELTON Safety Director Delco Remy Division General Motors Corporation , Anderson Indiana News Letter Committee Chairman PAUL F. BUNGER Safety Director Frigidaire Division General Motors Cor J. poration Dayton Ohio LOUIS A. GALANTUCCI Safety Engineer General Electric Company Bloomfield N. G. W. YEMM Safety Director Otis Elevator Company Harrison N. J. Health Committee Chairman A. L. BROOKS M.D. Medical Division Fisher Body Division General Motors Corporation Detroit Michigan . C. F. ENGEL M.D. Assistant Medical Director Westinghouse Electric Corporation East Pittsburgh Pa FRANK A. PATTY Director of Industrial Hygiene General Motors Corporation De- troit Michigan (A ~~ 35th Safety CongrCoe ngrs esss 1947fl Publicity Committee Chairman O. C. BOILEAU Supervisor of Safety Health and Retirement R.C.A. Victor Cor poration of America Camden N. J. GERALD C. SQUIER Assistant Director of Personnel Bulldog Electric Products Detroit Michigan EDWARD G. HOLTZMAN Director of Safety and Medical Departments Wagner Electric Corporation St. Louis Missouri : Statistical Committee Chairman H. J. JENNINGS Safety Engineer General Electric Company West Lynn Massa chusetts W. E. BROWN LOYLE DAVIS JR Safety Director of Director The City Auto Personnel and Industrial Stamping Company Toledo Ohio Relations Mueller Company De catur Illinois Job Committee Chairman M. F. BIANCARDI Safety Engineer Health and Safety Department Relations Div Allis Chalmers Company Milwaukee Wis ROBERT C. BENSON Director of Personnel and Safety Lansing Stamping Industrial Company Lansing Michigan whe E. CLARK WOODWARD Director of Safety O Smith Corporation Milwaukee Wis. . consin Poster Committee Chairman CARL PETERSON Safety Supervisor Plymouth Motors Division of Chrysler Corporation Detroit Michigan CARLTON R. REID Safety Engineer Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com- pany Springfield Massachusetts HAROLD M. ERICKSON Director of Safety Nash Motors Kenosha Wis Members W. YOUNG International Harvester Co. Chicago Ill O F. LEH Detroit Mich W A. BECHILL Chrysler Corp. Detroit Mich MACN. BChOryWslEeR r C1o0r21p.Mifflin Ave. Pittsburgh Pa M A. CLARK 5537 Devonshire Road GJrosse Pointe Mich H B. DUFFUS Westinghouse Electric Corp. East Pittsburgh Pa HOYT L. FRACHER Detroit Steel Products Co. Detroit Mich G A. KUECHEN MEISTER Dominion Forge & Stamping Co. Walkerville Ont Canada M J. McCARTHY Fisher Body Detroit Div General Motors Corp. Detroit Mich ROBERT A. SHAW Detroit Diesel Engine Div General Motors Corp. Detroit Mich LT COMDR PAUL S. STRECKER R F. THALNER Buick Motor Div General Motors Corp. Flint Mich V I. TROTTER C E. WOOLIEVER A. O. Smith Corp. Milwaukee . Wis S. KELLY National Safety Council Chicago III Staff Representative Indicates Past General Chairman ae eroide. ied CEEE ished Oeil Oechiora Park tT eyrane Pe 21eA 20 erty Tem TS Bate Jr ee ne eee rm whinmeeerme ' Automotive and Machine Shop Section 7 MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6 1947 1 Presiding Dr. A. .. Brooks Medical Director Fisher Body Division General Motor Cor poration Recognition and Control of Fume and Dust Exposure By V. J. CASTROP Research Laboratories Division General Motors Corporation Illness which can be attributed to the oc cupation may occur in the automotive and allied industries While occupational disease accepted opinion as to their effect on health Many conditions are corrected or improved because of reasons other than their effect cises are much fewer in number than those resulting from accidental injury there still remains the need for vigilance in maintaining a healthful working environment The Te sponsibility for employee health is delegated by management to the medical director with the safety director charged with matters per taining to safety For the smooth funaioning of either department it is necessary that these individuals work in close harmony with each upon the health of the employees Better products better employee relationship reduc- tion in maintenance of equipment may be cited as justification for management's de- | cisions for such correction or improvement| Generally speaking there are two means of entrance of toxic compounds into the human body under industrial conditions namely by ingestion or via the respiratory tract through the inhalation of fumes dusts mists or gases other Ingestion is of importance if toxic materials A safety engineer who is capable of recog which have a systemic effect are used and nizing conditions which may be detrimental adequate washing facilities are not provided = : to the health of the employee is an excellent or where the employees are slovenly in their . teammate for the doctor in any employee personal habits Inhalation is considered the health maintenance program The safety en- most important portal of entry of fumes gineer need not be capable of actually sam or dusts and the particle size therefore be- pling air in the environment or designing a comes significant in evaluating an exposure ventilation system for the control of toxi~ The particles which ause the physiological EE materials He should however have knowl edge of the materials which have been proved changes are those which are small enough to remain suspended in the air and not those oe harmful should be fairly well informed of ee which immediately fall to the floor Flying S PINi how these materials may be used safely have some understanding of basic control measures which are normally recommended when such particles which are of concern to a safety man and for which he advocates the use of goggles are not of hygienic significance since SO materials are used they are not of respirable size To judge the 1 The intention is not to present a highly seriousness of an exposure by the quantity technical discussion of fume and dust ex- ee posures or detailed information regarding ventilation systems as such matters are of interest to the professional industrial hygien- C ists and of comparatively little value to safety of detritus adjacent to an operation is often misleading This is especially true where mechanical ventilation has been provided which will remove the fine material but is inadequate to trap or convey the larger R engineers This discussion will be limited to the more basic principles of industrial hy particles in evaluating an exposure it is necessary 22 giene as they relate posures to indicate to fume and what control dust ex- measures to consider the toxicity of the material the duration of the exposure the average concen- are available or used to protect the em tration of the contaminant with special atten ployee's health and to call to your attention tion being paid to those operations which operations and materials which are commonly produce high concentrations at some phase used in the automotive and allied industries of an operating cycle and the measures which at the same time indicating the generally have been provided to control the exposure . = & ?. a Seu <= = a *. a ns e >. < te jaf iJ rbd 038 ete afheat ee ee 35th 8 National Safety Congress 1947 Medical records of the individuals subjected to the exposure may be of value if the exami- nations are thorough and frequent and not of a cursory type It must be remembered that occupational diseases are slow in develop- ment and in some instances lasting in eftec considerable period There remains much to be learned regarding the toxicity of many substances used in industry and it is hoped that with more research and study that the answers will be found : So much for the general picture Now let's Slow changes may not be detected and the mere fact that cases have not occurred is no definite assurance that exposures to known toxic materials may be ignored The determination of the concentration of the toxic material in the air is important in take a look at some specific operations Welding processes most commonly used can be divided into three types are gas and resistance The safety measures per- taining to clothing goggles and belinets are of common knowledge and therefore shall evaluating the exposure Tests of this type are not only indicative of the degree of con- tamination but in some instances which op- eration is the major offender The apparatus used in collecting the con- taminant and the method used in estimating not be consinithd is e disr cue ssid on Arc welding when performed on uncoated steel does not produce a condition which is considered harmful to the welder provided it is accomplished in a comparatively large open area The fumes which result from welding the amount present in the atmosphere vary with the type of material Tests of this type are specialized in nature and are beset with many pitfalls which can lead to very errone ous results and conclusions if done by other than experienced personnel In a discussion pertaining to toxic ma- terials it is generally necessary to quote per- missible concentrations or as it is sometimes corisist essentially of the oxides of iron and oxides of metals which may comprise the steel or coating of the welding rod Some in vestigators have found characteristic mark ings on chest rays of men who have welded under severe conditions for long periods of time These markings are presumably due to the deposition of iron fumes within the lungs but it has not been demonstrated that maxim maxu imm um allowable concentrapermissible limits or threshold limits These terms are used extensively by industrial hygienists t substance in indicate concentrations of a the air which are considered compatible with good health The limit usually applies to exposures of eight hours dura- such fumes have caused physical impairment A frequently suggested limit for welding fume is 15 milligrams of iron oxide per cubic meter of air Concentrations of this magnitude existing in the workroom would materially reluce visibility and thereby become a quisance or an unsale condition requiring cor- tion for a prolonged period The limits are for the most part advisory rection . Welding within confined areas such 2 a standards or bench marks which are prac tical to meet ^ ngeneral these limits are de- RY tanks inside machinery or equipment or in small rooms presents a condition which can rived from three types of evidence which have value and limitations all of ; hed be of concern The concentration of fume is materially higher under these conditions a & 1. Animals have been exposeadt different concentrations and the effects noted there is little opportunity for dilution by Ff natural air currents normally present in a B ee 2. A few experiments have been made large shop Nitrogen oxides formed by the & a on human subjeas for short periods of time 3. Safe limits have been arriveadt by a measuring the concentrations of sub- stance in the workroom air and correlating this information with results of medical examinations of workmen ae There is no magic connected with these limits and the mere fact that they are ex- ceeded does not necessarily mean that some- mnNew one will definitely become ill but there is a probability that someone will suffer ill effects if the limit is greatly exceeded for a electric are when inhaled in suficient quan- tities cause fluids to form in the adema -with the resultant failure of the respiratory system While welding in large open areas these toxic gases are normally not present in & sufficient quantities to cause harmful effects However when welding is done in confined areas the nitrogen oxides may reach a con- centration which will be harmful . .,-... Gas welding generally is not productive of harmful fumes There are however in braz ing two potentially harmful exposures While boric acid or borates generally are used in 10 35th National Safety Congress 1947 grinding of nontoxic metals which are free of and is generally considered a nuisance and is not harmful per se Despite this fact some state laws require griding operation to be ventilated This requirement has probably been a hold over from the days when sand stone wheels were prevalent and also to pre- vent the creation of a nuisance condition Machining from oily parts is the prevailing source of air contamination at machining operations Illness has not been attributed to this type of exposure As is the case with most fumes and dusts of the nui- sance variety little is known as to what ef ect such materials have on already existing physical abnormalities Grinding wheels in use in industry have ar- tificial abrasives such as aluminum oxide or silicon carbide Emery which is a natural product composed of essentially aluminum and the magnetic oxide of iron may also be used A permissible limit of 50 million par- ticles per cubic foot of air for aluminum oxide and silicon carbide was recently ac- Machining operations on steel produce large chips or turnings consequently dust is not a problem Operations involving the machining of high lead alloys have been studied and significant quantities of air- borne lead have not been demonstrated Graphite which becomes airborne during the machining of cast iron is not considered cepted by the members of the American Con ference of Governmental Industrial Hygien to be physiologically significant and therefore is classified as a nuisance dust Frequent- ists Such a limit is liberal and concentrations of such magnitude are normally not en. ly management considers it advisable to pro- vide ventilation for the machines which are countered When lead silica or some similar toxic productive of the most dust as graphite on the clothing and person and surrounding material comes in contact with the grinding wheel the exposure to the abrasive matter may be ignored and the exposure evaluated on the basis of the toxic material If this machinery is conducive to many complaints Ventilation systems for the machining drill- ing and so forth of cast iron should in- clude hoods located as near the cutters or latter material is controlled the nuisance will drills as is practicable Many of thee boods also be eliminated are in use on production machinery and are Ventilation systems for grinding wheels have been fairly well standardized and gen- erally are satisfactory to prevent a nuisance Hoods should enclose the wheel as completely as is practicable Air volumes should be pro- vided which are sufficient to cause an inward doing an excellent job dust control Abrasive Cleaning silica is recog nized as the most harmful of mineral dusts an adequate ventilation system is normally provided at the time of installation of commercially built sand blast equipment Con Now into the hood when using the smallest tinuous usage and lack of maintenance result wheel This is especially true where toxic in a breakdown of adequate control Visible this materials are involved escape of dust is the best evidence that Oe has occurred and it is advisable to correct ee Grinding Baffles Wet hoods and guants such a condition without undue delay ebke are generally located near wet grinding wheels to prevent dispersion of the liquid Employees who are stationed in blast rooms used as a coolant These devices are usually are dependent upon personal respiratory that sufficient to control the dust if it is nontoxic in nature If the dust liberated is toxic me- chanical exhaust ventilation may be required polishing Buffing and buffing com- used harniful pound applied to wheels for buffing and polishing vary in composition Waxes and various types of abrasive are the major These materials componenu plus lint and fibers from the wheel are the essential in- equipment It is of utmost importance such devices are of a type which will provide the necessary protection Devices of this type are of the supplied variety and it is necessary that the air provided be free of contaminants The air compressors should be located in an area free of contamination otherwise the contaminant will be transmitted to the helmet and the breathing zone of the gredients of the airborne dust The toxicity is dependent upon the type of abrasive Generally ventilation is provided so as to improve housekeeping and reduce the number of complaints and not because of the hazard to health . worker Normally ventilation within the room is provided so as to improve visibility and to help prevent the escape of dust to the surrounding areas not to reduce the concentra- tion of silica dust to a safe level Automotive and Machine Shop Section . . 11 Tumblast or rotating table type of sand blast unius should be provided with sufficient escape ventilation to prevent the of silia dust Leakage due to excessive wear should be remedied Small sand blast cabinets where the opera- opera Practically all industrial plants have tions which involve the use of leading base bearing metal or solder Babbitt bearing' metal containing approximately 75 per cent lead has been encountered The composi- tion of solder metal is variable and de- tor controls the blast nozzles from outside the cabinet frequently have faulty seals around the doors or the rubber gauntlets are loose . pendent upon the purpose for which it is used with ordinary soft solder containing a comparatively high percentage of lead | or torn The dust which escapes from the cabinet through these openings is in close breathing proximity to the zone of the em- ployee andin many instances exceeds the per- missible limit for silica This leakage should be corrected and the men should not be re- quired to use respirators If the articles being blasted are free of silica or other toxic material the dust result- ing from grit or shot blasting is classified in _ the nuisance category It follows that the maintenance of ventilating systems for grit blasting although desirable is not always so necessary as for sand blasting Assuming that the babbitt or solder in use is one containing a significant amount of lead the question then arises as to whether ; or not the employees working with this ma terial will become ill The answer to such a question could be given by a qualified in-. opera- dustrial hygienist after he had seen the : tion and considered such factors as the temn- perature to which the metal is heater the method of removing excess solder the length con-con- of exposure and the effectiveness of the trol measures provided . os It is a well known fact that lead clues illness if absorbed in excessive amounts and*. The use of steel grit or shot in blasting rooms produce excessively high concentra- tions of dust within the enclosure It is there- fore necessary to protect the worker within the room The remarks included in the sec- tion devoted to sand blasting rooms are there fore when considering moms in pertinent which steel grit or shot are used sive as the abra- Vapor blasting a variation of sand blasting is of comparatively recent development This procedure involves the use of fine silica and therefore operations ~ is wherein lead ~ i,sused and ' have received considerable attention study Out of this experience certain prac tices are known to produce excessive exposure whereas other practices have been proved not to be harmful It is generally conceded that excessive concentrations do not result from operations where solder is by means applied probably of an electric solderingiron Thisis due to the small amounts of solder used and - the comparatively low heat of metal When an iron is used which is beated a tae water under pressure The silica used in vapor blast units varies in size and may even be as small gas fired furnace the exposure may be of greater consequence Solder which remains small as 1250 mesh approximately 10 mi on the iron coming into contact with the volatilization crons It is generally believed that airborne flame or heat is vulnerable for ee silica particles below 5 microns are most sig Small amounts of solder drop from theiron . TAD nificant in causing silicosts It then ' follows onto the hot floor of the furnace where it is that operations involving the use of silici readily volatilized or oxidized The oxidized Rapa abrasive whose initial particle size approaches material may become airborne due to dis- that order of magnitude are more hazardous turbances created by the flame or by remove and require continual vigilance in maintain ing or placing the soldering'iron soldering'iron in the fur- ing good control It is therefore essential that nace Frequently industrial hygienists recom- the vapor blast cabinets be maintained so that leakage of mist does not occur Good heating mend that ventilation be provided for units of this type thereby removing lead housekeeping is also the sand and water will gate 1 source essential as spillage of sludge upon the floor for dust dissemination fumes and dust from the environment This particularly where is true in small rooms or many units are in use vo when the water evaporates Likewise con- tainers of the dried sludge should not be al lowed to stand in the factory where they can be influenced by air currents of high The atmospheric contamination occasioned ~ by the use of either gas or electrically beated pots containing solder is dependent on a number of factors With higher temperatures velocity more volatilization will occur and the greater rt dt < ston en. oan avery) dh gheeee ~ Pie teh ' are Pres 12 35th National Safety Congress 1947 will be the exposure With the higher is more readily perature the metal oxidized to produce a druss consisting of a high percent- age of lead oxide The dross may provide a protective coating to reduce the volatilization of the lead however disturbance of this coat Heat Treating temperatures are a tr m frequent source of complaemipln oyet es in heat treat departments but such condi tions and their control are not within the subject matter under discussion Fumes disseminated from cyanide pots are ing will create an exposure As a safeguard often associated with cyanides used as fumi against excessive contamination p^tscontain ing sokter or babbitt are usually ventilated Wherever possible it is advisable to enclose the pot as completely as possible and provide sufficient air volume to overcome the thermal effects of the molten metal Attempts have gants or as the lethal agent in death cham- bers and supervision as well as the employec becomes apprehensive Fumes from such a source are irritating and because of this property should be adequately ventilated The irritant nature of the lume is caused been made to use natural draft ventilation systerns to control these fuines and in those cyanide instances where the ducts were not of suffi ae. . cient diameter the system was inadequate A preferable method is the use of mechanical by alkali formed upon decomposition of the . Molten lead is sometimes used as a harden- ing medium for metals Frequently charmal or some similar material is placed on the Systems The removal of excess solder with power driven tools such as grinding wheels discs or wire wheels creates airborne dust which may contaminate large areas of the factory if the operation is extensive Diligent use of abrasive cloth will also result in excessive concentrations of lead dust Filing however is not productive of small particles and is preferred over the use of power driven tools If filing is not practicable or feasible it will be necessary to provide some type of me chanical ventilation system for the solder re- moval operations involving the use of power tools Since the permissible limit generally accepted for lead is 1.5 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air 353 cubic feet it will be surface of the metal to conserve heat and prevent oxidation A covering of this type reduces the volatilization of lead while the bath is quiescent but has no effect while the bath is in use Adequate ventilation should therefore be provided for baths of this type As complete an enclosure as is practical for the operation being performed is advisable with air quantities dependent upon the open areas in the hood To prevent contamination resulting from volatilization of lead accumulating in the combustion chambers the prol ucts of combustion from gas fired lead pots should be vented to the outdoors and not be allowed to dissipate into the workroom Iron Foundries principal ingredients necessary to have an effective system to pro- vide adequate control Engineers experienced in designing ventilation systems to control toxic materials should be consulted other- wise a costly system might be erected and later discovered 10 be entirely ineffective Fre- quently solder removal operations require the use of portable tools on large objects and a local exhaust system would not be effective as is the case in the fabrication of automobile bodies General contamination of the factory with lead dust has been eliminated by endos ing the entire operation in a large booth and exhausting a sufficient quantity of air from the enclosure to insure a constant inward flow of air from the factory into the booth Under amount These circumstances no of air could be removed practical from the booth to reduce the lead concentration safe level and therefore it is necessary the men working therein be provided to a that with adequate personal protective devices of foundry dusu are silica sea coal clays and parting compounds The predominant ma terial will be dependent upon which phase of the foundry operation is being studied and what operation is being performed The SO control of dust is the major problem whereas tae fume is of secondary importance al ON Me A discussion of all the aspects of the in- dustrial hygiene problems in such plants would require a separate treatise For the a present discussion it should be sufficient to state that all obvious sources of dust dis- persion should be reduced to a minimum by adequate localized exhaust systerns In a mechanized foundry such places would be sand conditioning and mixing equipment tumbling mills shakeouts core reinoval and knockout stations transfer points of dry sand abrasive blasting operations and all grinding operations performed on castings containing appreciable quantities of sand Automotive and Machine Shop Section 13 Maintenance of ventilation equipment is _. a major item_in_foundries item_in_foundries item_in_foundries because the abrasive action of the dust It is imperative that a good program be maintained so as to keep the equipment functioning at maximum Experience has shown that frequently pro- . tective devices have issued which not- provide adequate protection Upon inquiry information was generally offered that the safety engineer was not too well informed as efficiency Because of the heat associated with large scale foundry activities it is a common sight to see pedestal fans or air cooling ducts di- rected in such a manner as to create cross to what should have been provided The U. Bureau of Mines at their experi- mental station in Pittsburgh tests equipment of this type and studies the protection of- fered to the wearer If the device is satisfac- drafts which interfere with the efficient re- moval of the dust dispersion Better discre tion in the placement of these fans or ducts tory in perform nee they issue an approval number to the manufacturer which appears on the device as well as the container in will go far in reducing dust concentrations which it is received from the manufacturers in the areas where they are used The approval granted by the Bureau also * After the obvious has been corrected it is stipulates that type of materials for which advisable that a survey of the foundry be it is approved 1 made by an industrial hygienist so that an accurate evaluation of the exposure may be obtained It has become general practice in the field of industrial hygiene to recommend the use of only those respirators which have been ap- es Respiratory Protective DeviceAss has proved by the Bureau Safety engineers ie been stated the atmospheric concentration should likewise insist that such devices be rs of dust and fume and other materials may he reduced to a safe level by adequate exhaust ventilation In some cases it is possible procured and acquaint themselves with the type of protection afforded by each device and thereby provide adequate control for the C to correct the condition by substituting a individual wearing the equipment Some en- | | less toxic material If these measures are not gineers prefer to stock only that type of res WY practical respiratory protective devices may pirator which will protect against the more a~ be used They may also prove valuable in harmful dusts or fumes since a respirator of giving protection during an emergency or to this type will also give adequate protection provide protection for intermittent exposures for materials of lower toxicity The advan- or to supplement other methods of control tage of such a procedure has merit as it re They should however not be considered as duces the types of devices needed in stock the desirable means of controlling a health and likewise insures the correct device for hazard the more serious exposures TS oO ee gts pe fae Metal Cleaning ting. By THOMAS MOONEY OSES Med Industrial Hygiene Laboratories FY Sgt The complete finishing of metals by elec troplating may include grout 1. Cleaning by abrasives .. Polishing the base metals Cleaning with solvents Cleaning with alkaline solutions Cleaning with acids often referred to as Pickling 6. Metal deposition or electroplating 7. Buffing the deposits 8. Lacquering the finished product In abrasive cleaning sand or steel shot is used under pressure The potential health hazards in this type of cleaning are exposure to dust of a high free silica SiO | content caused by the sand and also to metallic dusts where metals capable of producing toxic dusts are cleaned by shot and sand blasting Steel shot blasting is a much less severe health hazard than sand blasting consequently steel shot abrasive deaning methods should be used wherever possible Ce The maximum allowable concentrations M.A.C. for free silica are five million parti-