Document BRN68zgqEX1B9dnbJwNjkYzR8

FILE NAME Paccar PAC DATE 1976 DOC PAC007 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Detailed Agenda & talking points for Paccar's 1976 Safety & Health Seminar Ex D EXHIBIT D THE TEAM APPROACH TO SAFETY AND HEALTH 1976 Safety and Health Seminar PACCAR Inc Table of Contents 24 The Impact of Safety on Employee Relations D. M. Irwin Vice President Employee 5/202 5/202 Plant Engineering & Maintenance Support to Safety Bill Nelson Plant Engineer PCF 5/202 5/202 Material Handling - Storage John Friedmann Materials Handling Manager 5/202 5/202 5/202 5/202 LaTeiner Series G. E. Oelschlaeger Safety Director 5/202 5/202 5/202 5/202 Guest Speaker - G. R. Robbins General Manager Wagner Mining 20 Paint Booths - Maintenance & Control of Health Hazards 21 - 30 Panel Harley Gentry Industrial and Manufacturing Engineer Nashville .. 21 - 23 Dave Bissonnette Corporate Industrial Hygieni.s. 2t4 - 26 Norm Peterson Plant Engineer Chillicothe Kenworth .........ee.. 27 - 29 Kevin Carter Safety Director Nashville ... 30 General Principles of Loss Control Management Dick Morrison PhD International Loss Control Institut3e1 - 43 Manufacturing Engineering Support of Safety Gerry Warber Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Kenworth cece eceeec eves 44 - 4 5 An Overview of Caterpillar's Safety Program R. R. Poley Hoffman Corporate Safety Manager Caterpillar Tractor Co. . 46-53 46-53 46-53 Fire Brigade Organization and Training Panel Russ McCall Supervisor & Security PCF Gordan McNeill Fire Chief Canadian Kenworth- Burnaby .... eee ec ee .. Dean Hampton Senior Supervising Engineer Factory Mutual Engineering 54 - 60 54 - 55 56 - 59 60 PACCAR000090 Page Solution to Newark's Noise Problems and Future Programs Jack Shaffer Manager Facilities Peterbilt .. 61 T 64 Hearing Conservation Program Larry Thompson Safety Supervisor Wagner Mining .............. 65 - 67 The Peterbilt Back Program Jack Hart Personnel Specialist Peterbilt 202 202 - 75 Guest Speaker - B. C. Jameson Senior Vice President 202 202 76-77 76-77 Discussion How Management and Supervision Interact to Assure / of the Safety Program R. R. Poley Hoffman Corporate Safety Manager Caterpillar Tractor Co. / 78 - 84 Management Guide to Loss Control Dick Morrison PhD International Loss Control Institute ...... 85 - 104 Safety and Labor Relations Common Concerns Gary Williams Corporate Director of Purchasing .... 105-110 Machine Panel Guarding Stixrood Stixrood cece cece ence tte e ee eeenncetereeees J. A. Stixrood Plant Services Manager _.,.......ceee0. W. Peterson Industrial Engineer Kenworth . J. Cammett Corporate Safety Administrator ....,....... 111-121 111-115 116-120 121 Speaker - W. N. Gross General Manager Kenworth 122 Industrial Health and Hygiene ...... 0... ccc eee eee ete ee enone P. A. Breysse Associate Professor University of Washington .. D. A. Bissonnette Corporate Industrial Hygienist ............. Dr. J. F. Johanson Corporate Medical Director .,.............. 123-143 123-132 133-140 141-143 Common Problems with Industrial Ventilation Systems R. P. Hibbard Lecturer University of Washington _,,,......... 144-148 Mo Fume Extraction .... ce ccnee cree ccc c ence reer ee tease eeneens Panel Dave Shaw Facilities Planning Engineer PCF .........Dave Bissonnette Corporate Industrial Hygienist -..... PR Thompson Safety Supervisor Wagner Mining ...... 149-158 149-151 152-156 157-158 PACCAR000091 Excerpt from C. M. Pigott's talk at February 1976 Senior Management Meeting This increase in cost was attributable to higher benefit schedules the sharp increase in medical care costs and new vocational rehabilitation standards It is anticipated in 1976 that most states and provinces will further increase benefit schedules reduce waiting periods and expand rehabilitation programs In the State of Washington our workers compensation rates have already been increased approximately 30 Other changes are expected this year Government occupational safety and health agencies now have more manpower for investigative purposes More regulations of machine guarding is expected Hearing conservation and control of chemical hazards not heretofore recognized will be required The addition of larger numbers of new employees will require 20 in safe work practices Employment of handicapped workers 20 receive greater attention Response A. Training 1 Must do more to train employees how to do jobs / job safety analysis for example 2 Supervisory training - new program coming which will get this effort started 3 This seminar and large number of participants evidences managers recognition of training needs B. New Programs - Increased Services 1 Hearing conservation 2 Return to work - rehabilitation 3 Safety newsletters 4 Survey program extended to warehouse and branch facilities Purpose of Seminar A. Develop coordination and cooperation between plants and Corporate staff so we can work better together N Review and discuss common problems Program designed for benefit and participation of safety and plant engineering professionals - believe that the attendees will benefit from hearing discussions and talking with their counterparts in the Company. 2 PACCAR000092 THE IMPACT OF SAFETY ON EMPLOYEE RELATIONS D. M. Irwin Vice President- Employee Relations PACCAR Inc 1 PACCAR's health and safety policy A. To provide a safe and healthful working environment for employees through recognition and elimination or control of hazards B. To provide leadership and education to employees in performing their work in a safe and healthful manner C. To cooperate with appropriate agencies for compliance with current occupational safety and health regulations Excerpt from C. M. Pigott's talk at the February 1976 Senior Management Meeting All levels of supervision need to be aware of our safety and health objectives and to communicate them to employees The Company intends to provide employees a safe and healthful working environment This is accomplished by eliminating recognized safety and health hazards providing leadership and training in safe work practices and by complying with occupational safety and health standards If employees ignore standards that have been established for their safety then disciplinary action may be necessary 2. Top management's expectations A. Improved safety results B. Challenging objectives C. Comparable results to industry leaders D. Compliance with PACCAR's health and safety policy A. Conservation of human resources B. Responsiveness to societal changes employees want and expect safe and healthful place to work C. To improve and maintain employee and governmental relations demonstrate concern for workers and good corporate citizenship and image D. Greatly increasing costs and more enforcement of standards particularly industrial hygiene and machine guarding standards 1 1 PACCAR000093 1 AN OVERVIEW OF CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO.'s SAFETY PROGRAM R.R. Poley Hoffman Corporate Safety Director Caterpillar Tractor Co. Facts on Caterpillar A multinational company Twenty manufacturing plants 85,000 employees Annual Sales Approximately 5,000,000,05,0000,0000,000 Products earthmoving and construction machinery diesel and natural gas engines lift trucks Manufacturing processes vary from simple machine operations to hazardous material processes and highly sophisticated operations such as a foundry where the latest techniques for melting core making and finishing are employed Exposures Handling of piece parts that weigh from a few ounces to over 4,000 pounds potential for serious injury is always present Safety Philosophy Safety Is Always Our Number One Business Comments: If safety really is number one what about designing and selling equipment What about schedules Where do deliveries fit Isn't Safety Is Always Our Number One Business an overstatement We don't think so The slogan does not mean that sales schedules or deliveries come second or third The Business it refers to is our every day work activity Whether we supervise others operate a lathe package parts drive a company car or clean the floor safety is every individual's number one business -- the slogan is purposely provocative to keep it sharp in everyone's mind Accident prevention is a job that must be performed as well as we know It is aprimary responsibilitoyf management The creation of a safe and healthful working environment anda minded competent organization is our moral legal and economic duty The promotion of safety is one of the greatest contributions a company can make We practice management by objectives Each year we set new objectives for each phase of our business and determine how we are to meet them Safety and health goals are an integral part of this process and we expect those goals to be met 46 PACCAR000094 We practice a multiple approach Few accidents have a single cause Therefore there is no single solution People achieve satisfactory results only through a multiplicity of actions We follow a nine part program 1 A successful safety and health program depends on the support and leader- the ship of management Top management must be willing to accept the responsi- bility for safety and health of employees as an integral part of their jobs The basic principles of management the functions of planning organizing directing and controlling must be applied to safety Amanager must set the facility's safety policy stimulate safety awareness in others and show his own interest if others are to cooperate in making conditions safe and healthful Of course the key link in the chain is the 1st line supervisor supervisor If he is to fulfill his responsibilities he must be one of most highly trained in safety and health We set standards for safety We believe standards contribute to the reduction of accidents and injuries by providing uniformity of instructions rules and procedure implementation at all units For example one of our procedures provides and requires completion of a safety and health checklist on all new machine tools and process purchases Also all new machine tool purchases must meet our Noise Limit Specification for Machine Tools or Equipment When Quality prior to its standard Assurance delivery makes a check on a they also check to machine or see if its process capability noise level meets this This Noise Abatement Procedure has been in force for over 10 years A. The entire plant is divided into identifiable areas and a walk through survey is made -- using the hand sound level survey meter All areas where the sound level exceeds 90dBA is noted in red This study is done by a Safety Inspector and the area Safety Committeeman is advised of the results B. A meeting is held with representatives of the manufacturing planning plant engineering industrial hygiene and safety departments Each area or machine where a potential violation exists is discussed Suggestions are made and departments commit themselves to certain actions M Upon completion of the actions agreed an depth sound study is made -- using dosimeters to evaluate noise exposure to individual employees If a violation is noted plant engineering planning industrial hygiene and safety jointly study the problem to determine steps that can be taken to reduce the noise level . D. A discussion meeting is held with the Sound Committee the industrial hygienist a staff engineer from plant engineering a staff engineer from planning and the safety manager outlining the situation to the top plant management 47 PACCAR000095 E. The Union Safety Committee is notified about what has been done to reduce the noise and what we plan to do Also they are informed about exact locations where hearing protection will be mandatory F. Employees required to wear hearing protection attend a meeting At that time they view a film and video tape which explains the need for ear protection they are offered several different types of protection and a medical technician helps them select the one they think they can wear If they select the custom fit plug they are sent to First Aid for fitting G. Wearing of hearing protection doesn't stop actions previously started In many cases we find methods that will reduce noise exposure to the point that hearing protection will no longer be required We educate all employees in the proper way to do a job We have training programs for new employees new supervisors experienced employees on new jobs and continuing conferences for management people But it is not enough to merely show a man where he is to work He must understand what it is he is to do and furthermore he must understand how to do it safely We accept the premise that about 85 of all accidents are caused by the unsafe acts of people Many accidents occur after a given safety rule is repeatedly violated These two facts helped convince us that supervisory awareness is the key to an effective safety program But before we can hold supervisors accountable for safety results we must train them properly to do the job The supervisor tells employees what to do how to do it and supervises them on the job He should know how every job is done properly efficiently and safely Recognizing hazards and elimi- nating or controlling them requires knowledge -- knowledge that he can get through training Also each new employee should be thoroughly instructed in general safety policy rules and procedures before being referred to his supervisor for the instruction Safety rules and instructions as to safe job procedures should be provided in written form covering each job in the facility Older employees transferred to new jobs are given adequate instruction We don't assume a person is safety conscious We have a follow- up method of assuring the person has been properly instructed Each manager is held accountable by his performance production scrap tool breakage morale and safety are all equal indicators of his or her success The plant manager of each facility is held responsible for accomplishment of the Safety Goals he and his people have set THE TOP MAN HAS TO BE IN CHARGE OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION IF IT IS TO SUCCEED He must let each supervisor know that a safe work environment and the prevention of accidents is an activity that is essential for his or her success on the job Each Management Performance Review at all levels includes specific reference to safety results All management understands that part of their performance evaluation is to be based on these results Reviews are randomly sampled and checked for safety evaluation~ 48 PACCAR000096 Safety communications are used to develop a good safety attitude and foster greater safety awareness Posters slogans contests booklets and general letters all have a place in our total safety program However face to face communications on specific problems are probably more productive Communication is a way process Suggestions from employees and union representatives can provide added emphasis to make a safety program a success We have strict enforcement of safety rules This is a must if unsafe work habits are to be avoided Supervisors are held directly accountable for the actions of their people Laxity in this regard is not treated any differently than poor performance high scrap etc. We make the commitment to spend more time and money to educate our employees and we protect that investment through an effective enforcement system Special attention is given to job safety Our program consists of vacation and holiday safety promotions First Aid Kits Fire Extinguishers and Home Smoke Detectors sold at cost Stories in plant papers posters and handout literature stress the safety All employees receive the National Safety Council Family Safety magazine Defensive drivers course has been made available to employees and their families on their own time We design and manufacture products that are safe to use and take the ini- tiative to incorporate safety into every aspect of our products This is often costly -- a fact that the public must realize But it must be done As you know this has become an increasing concern in the last few years We involve our employees Who has a greater right to be heard than employees Who lives daily with the problems Who can make more meaningful contributions Two of our more effective employee involvement programs have been the Safety Observers and Unsafe Practice Observation The Safety Oberver Program works as follows A. Each supervisor appoints up to five safety observers from his work group B. One observer is appointed to serve for five months one to serve four months and one to serve three months etc. Replacements serve for fivemonth periods By rotating appointments it is hoped that eventually most if not all hourly employees will have served as a safety observer wo hir s wok rk group C. Each supervisor must arrange to meet with his safety observers weekly D. Meetings are informal and for the most part deal with matters directly connected with the immediate work group and are held in the supervisor's work area 49 PACCAR000097 Meetings are scheduled regularly -- preferrably on a group basis supervisor and his observers In areas where a group meeting is feasible they are scheduled on an individual basis Ordinarily a meeting does not exceed 15 minutes and may even require less not Suggested topics can be covered in five or six months Supervisors can adapt these presentations to meet the needs of his group or develop others that may in his opinion be more meaningful back is encouraged Suggestions are generally reduced to practical limits through group discussion The emphasis is on identifying the problem -- not necessarily upon developing a particular solution The identified problems that need to be forwarded to another department for correction are recorded and sent to the appropriate general foreman and superintendent Following review by the superintendent the report is routed to the appropriate department for correction Safety observers are encouraged to promote safe practices daily at the grass roots level also to jointly set goals with the supervisor for safety improvement As a means of identification observors may be issued a button which they wear during their term Unsafe Practice Observation Program works as follows Each month shop supervisors must submit a form It contains space for the description of five unsafe practices observed and corrected during the month The reverse side contains a list of 25 reminders of typical unsafe work practices By the 25th of the month supervisors send the completed form to their general supervisors for an audit The safety director receives the reports next and upon screening the most significant unusual or dramatic cases includes them in the monthly Supervisor's Safety Letter distributed to all management personnel This letter serves as a means of sharing experiences and results in a broader scope This technique has been found to be an excellent way to get more people involved in our safety program They become more aware of their individual responsibility as well as becoming concerned about the safety of their fellow employees Another practical approach to accident prevention was a Keyman of the Month safety promotion Each supervisor was asked to nominate one of his employees by placing the employee's name on his monthly Unsafe Practice Observation Report Qualifications were based on these factors 1 Employee wears the item of personal protective equipment required for his job This would also include safety shoes 2 He maintains good to excellent housekeeping practices in his work area 50 PACCAR000098 3 He has demonstrated by his actions and conduct his interest and concern for not only his own safety and health but that of his fellow workers At the end of each month one of the names is chosen in a drawing and the name selected is then the Key Man for the month He is awarded a pair of safety shoes of his choice for this recognition He gets a large gold key to display at his work station All of the other names nominated are listed on Shop Bulletin Boards along with a photo of the winner indicating their selection as Key Man on their lines or sections Wallet cards are also presented At the end of the year all employees nominated are eligible for the drawing to determine the Key Man of the Year Award A 50 Savings Bond plus appropriate publicitiys the prize By recognizing individuals we generate continuous interest in safety We feel that promoting safety is no different than selling a product you must attract attention must gain acceptance and hold interest Involvement of all employees to the highest degree possible is a prerequisite for any successful safety program We make a concerted effort in this respect and also continually urge management to use every opportunity to involve their employees in safety activity At some plants we have monthly tours by a Safety Action Committee comprised of four manufacturing department management people and the safety manager The Union Safety Committeeman working the particular building being inspected accompanies this committee Items needing correction can be promptly handled as committee members have overall responsibility for some phase of the operations This also gives the Uniona chance to participate in a high level type managmeent safety activity In addition most of our plants have regular monthly safety meetings of the Management Safety Committee This enables the Union to participate in the safety program through the exchange of ideas suggestions and occasionally a gripe or two We feel fortunate in having truly conscientious Union people serving on the committees and their safety attitude is indeed an asset to our programs Sometimes we involve management people on task forces For example some years ago we organized a task force prove the welder's environment to help solve problems with a goal to im- We installed low level ventilation vironment This improved it some to the welding operations in our welding but not enough areas to improve the to attract qualified en- people We studied glasses helmets gloves jackets heat arc radiation and welding smoke We approved a program to develop and implement the installation of a low volume high velocity welding smoke extraction system specifically to remove smoke at the source 51 PACCAR000099 A feasibility and development study was successfully completed at Caterpillar and an agreement was negotiated with the Hobart Bros. Co. to utilize our data to build a commercially available welding smoke extraction gun and system This is how we at the Corporate headquarters help our managers make accident prevention programs successful We provide 1 A Safety Policy -- That is the development and propagation of a consistent idea of what we want to do and why we want to do it 2 Long Range -- Planning Each facility plans its own safety program but when the scope ofplanning goes beyond each facility someone else has to do it A good example of this is the five year corporate safety projection for First Aid Frequency Disabling Injury Frequency and Disabling Injury Severity that established overall improvement guide- lines Other examples are the development of a procedure which created a safety manual establishing the rules for storing using and labeling hazardous materials We also have a corporate Accident Prevention Manual This is a ready reference and source book for facilities to use in developing individual safety programs 3 Consultation -- Publishing a Quarterly Safety Newsletter and statistical reports maintenance of a film library and development of safety conferences safety posters communicating safety ideas from one facility to another Every company requires these programs to get a safety program off the ground We also employ Safety Audits -- sometimes referred to as review and appraisal Usually facilities to be audited are selected on a worstfirst basis But every facility is audited periodically An audit consists of a Safety Administration Evaluation a Factory Inspection and the development of an action plan to solve specific problems -- this is vital to success This is done through personal communication based wide philosophy which bears heavily on safety . . responsible for performance on an important . that of being corporate- severally Mo Mo tell you how being severally responsible for results operates It's really rather simple . . . I'm responsible along with the operations people at each facility for their safety results If their performance is worsening it's my responsibility to discuss this with them and to find the most appropriate resource within the company to develop plans for improvement I can't sit in my office and say I told them but they didn't listen Under this system we do sometimes have differences of opinion That's not altogether bad We don't want blind conformance by our line organization when dealing with employee safety any more than we do in other areas of the business 52 PACCAR000100 While each facility has considerable autonomy in developing and implementing its own safety program there are uniform Company regulations established for the reporting of injuries consistently and punctually Each facility reports its significant safety experiences occupational injury frequency disabling injury frequency and disabling injury severity to my office monthly and all are compiled into a single report comparing each facility with its objective Manufacturing and parts facilities are ranked annually by their safety results -- this information helps me plan my audit schedule In conclusion Caterpillar's approach to safety and health has involved the active support of all management levels and also stimulated a higher degree of employee participation . .most important it has resulted in improved safety and health Abraham Lincoln once said Next to creating life the greatest thing in the world is to save a life At Caterpillar we understand Mr. Lincoln's words and we manage by the philosophy PA PA is Always Our Number One Business 53 PACCAR000101 Industrial Health and Hygiene Peter A. Breysse University of Washington History of Industrial Health A. Industrial diseases have been recognized for centuries B. Proper ventilation has been recognized as the major control mechanism since the early 1700's C. Charles Thackary M.D. stated that 1 he recognized all the industrial disaeases 2 their causes 3 the means to control them 17th Century and 4 the major problem then as now was the ignorance of the working man Some of the industrial diseases recognized early were 1 Silicosis in granite workers 2 Lung diseases in miners 3 Cataracts and blindness in glass blowers 4 Phossy jaw among match makers using yellow phosphorous Occupational health laws were originally developed to protect the women and children laboring in factories during the industrial revolution 1 Regulations Child Labor Laws 2 Taxation of hazardous chemicals e.g. phosphorous taxes II Problems Associated with Controlling Industrial Health Hazards Lack of public awareness Example Hydrogen sulfide tank car went off the railroad tracks in downtown Seattle 1 Emergency crew was not fully aware of the extent of the hazard respirators and tanks were worn but masks were not in place 2 Spectators were allowed to gather The downtown area was not sealed off Why was the tank car being moved through a large metropolitan area Why was there no labeling on the tank car Lack of control by unions The oil atomic and chemical workers are progressive union and they want Third party environmental consultants and medical monitoring not company employed professionals 2 Joint labor and management safety committees 3 Independent physical exams for the employees at company expense and the right to review sickness and death records annually 123 PACCAR000102 Lack of enforcement personnel at the current rate of inspection it will be years before every business in the State of Washington is inspected and NIOSH is overwhelmed with requests for health hazards evaluations There is a lack of information to evaluate hazards For example 1 Material Safety Data Sheets do not adequately identify the hazardous chemicals contained in a product 2 Chemical companies are reluctant to reveal trade secrets Union management conflict 1 Management wants reduced OSHA regulations exempt small business etc. Pressure is placed on OSHA to reduce enforcement activities 2 Unions want stricter enforcement of OSHA standards III Industrial Toxicology The study of diseases arising out of exposure to chemical substances in course of work A. Characteristics 1 Mixed Exposures several different chemicals i 2 Dose Rate a Acute - more likely result of accident b Chronic - low conc over long period of time 3 Access to Body a Respiratory Tract b Skin Absorption C. Ingestion d Surface Contact or Skin Absorption B. Factors Influencing Toxicity Mor Affinity of substance for human tissue Mor Rate of absorption Mor Physical state of contaminant liquid solid gas etc. Mor Soluability in tissue fluids Mor Concentration Mor Duration of exposure a. Effective concentration in the body related to 1. Rate of absorption 2 Storage 3. Rates of detoxification and excretion 124 PACCAR000103 7 In mixed exposures - there is possible additive potentiating - or neutralizing effects 8 Working environment a Temperature b . Humidity C. C. Pressure d Physical requirements heavy exercise 2024 2024 the breathing rate by a factor of ten 2024 2024 9 Reactivity or susceptibility of the human 2024 a Age b Sex Size and weight d Pathological status existing disease etc. Hypersensitivity Tolerance g Nutritional status Deaths are linked to toxic chemicals Numbers & Percentages of Deaths in 1967 Linked to Chemicals Numbers of Deaths Linked ong in 1967 300,000 56,000 56,000 0 - 400,000 Morre Morre ong 75,000 100,000 Percentage of All ong in 1967 ong to Factor 17 3 ong - 20 3-8 4 0.6 9,000 9,000 46,000 28,000 22,000 150 TOTAL DEATHS 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.15 0.01 -- FROM ALL Factor Cigarette Smoking Alcohol Abuse Dietary Composition Unknown cancers Medication Narcotic & Addictive Drugs Community Air Pollution Occupational Involving chem Coffee bladder cancer Accidents - Chemicals Oral Contraceptives CAUSES = 1,850,000 125 PACCAR000104 ' D. Varying degrees of disability were linked to occupationaloccupational exposure to chemicals CURATIVE PREVENTIVE MEDICINE MEDICINE RE IMPAIRMENT DEATH IMPAIRMENT IMPAIRMENT IMPAIRMENT >DISEASE DISEASE OF | SCALE CONSEQUENCES FUNCTION CONSEQUENCES . . S| FATAL a OQ | y Stnet 02 ACCA PERIMENT Heatmker H & ACCA ACCA CONSEQUENCES DISTURBED ACCA CONSEQUENCES DISABLITY CONSEQUENCES MEDICAL DISTURBED NORMAL FUNCTION MAINTAINED WITHOUT ACCA ACCA l | MEDICAL SIGNIFICANT COST MEDICAL HOMEOSTASIS - HEALTH | NORMAL ADJUSTMENT COMPENSATION BREAK DOWN FAILURE - IMPAIRMENT SCALE > IMPAIRMENT INCREASES : WITH AGING AS RESIDUAL OF ILLNESS FROM EXCESSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS 126 PACCAR000105 PACCAR000105 [tN E. Threshold Limit Values TLV 1 Definition Atmospheric concentration of contaminants that a worker can be exposed to for an hour work day - 40 hour work week without resulting in appreciable adverse effects 2 Wide Variation in Individual Susceptibility a Small percentage of workers may experience some discomfort from some substances at concentrations at or below the TLV b Smaller percentage may be affected more seriously by aggravation of a existing condition or by development of an occupational illness 3 Values accepted as best available guides for providing health- ful occupational environments 4 Classification of TLV's according to major effect at TLV a Irritants b Asphyxiants 1. Simple - displace oxygen from the air 2 Chemical - react chemically with blood or at cellular level to prevent normal body respiration e.g. carbon monoxide or cyanide gases C. Anesthetics and narcotics ether chloroform etc. d Systemic poisons pesticides etc. Particulates and liquid droplets other than systemic poisons f Carcinogens 5 T.L.V.'s change from year to year but in general the trend is towards lower more stringent T.L.V.'s CHANGES V|ALUES m PP1M97|1 COMPOUND IN THRESHOLD LIMIT 1943 | 1956 PPM ...gmPPM Mg mfF 1962 | PPM Mg m PPM | | 58 AMMONIA 100 g | 100 25 BENZENE 100 HYDROGEN SULFIDE 20 8 |. | 25 20 | SKI 10 | LEAD 0.15 | CARBON MONOXIDE 100 || == = B 100 0.15 | 0.2 10.15 100 PACCAR 00106 00106 CHLOROFORM 1 0 1100 100 | 50 | 25 MERCURY PHOSGENE 0.1 1.0 | 0.1 0.1 10.05 1.0 0 58 NAPHTHA 1000 500 | 500 100 6 Very small quantities of toxic chemicals in liquid form will exceed TLV's when they vaporize in a small room 10 x 10 x 10 Quantity of Liquid Chemical Necessary to Reach TEV 1000 ft Acetone Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroform Nitric Acid TDI 1000 10 50 10 0.02 83 1 4.75 0.47 0.09 IV The development of stringent CE standards for occupation health hazards using asbestos as an example A. Asbestos is the generic term for a variety of hydrated silicate material - one common attribute can be seperated into relatively soft silky fibers Mor Two main classes - based on crystal structure - serpentine and amphiboles a I Serpentine - chrysotile b II Amphibole - crocidolite - amosite - anthophyllite tremolite - actinolite 2 Most common type - chrysotile - accounts for more than 95 of asbestos fibers produced today a. Both serpentine and amphibole have been synthesized b Asbestos may be found as an impurity in metallic minerals such as talc and mica 128 PACCAR000107 B. Epidemiological studies revealed the hazard for insulation workers Mortality statistics from 1943 - 1971 1 Exposure to insulation dust usually does not produce disease until 20 30 or more years after beginning work 2 Expected and observed deaths among 625 members of Locals 12 and 32 Many more deaths than were expected occurred Total Deaths Cancer Deaths Lung Cancer Pleural Mesothelioma Peritoneal Mesothelioma Stomach - Colon - Rectum All Other Cancers Asbestosis All Other Causes Expected Deaths _ 288.5 52.2 11.4 * * 5/20 5/20 * 236.3 Observed Deaths 5/20 5/20 5/20 5/20 5/20 5/20 5/20 33 234 NOTE U.S death rates not available 1 rare causes of death in general population 3 The longer exposure times resulted in ever higher death rates among insulation workers Mortality statistics from 1967 - 1971 Expected and observed deaths among 17,800 members of interna- Morris locals U~ U~ and Canada Morris Deaths Morris Deaths Morris Cancer Morris Mesothelioma Peritoneal Mesothelioma Morris Morris Morris Rectum Esophagus All Others Asbestosis All Other Causes 12,681 Members Before 20 Yrs - Exp Obs 178.94 211 5,119 Members After 20 Yrs Exp Obs 626.69 881 26.31 26.31 51 117.78 408 7.03 * * 22 37.39 191 2 * 24 3 * 48 .97 1 5.65 15 2.51 3 15.00 23 .44 .44 1 2.77 12 15.36 * 19 56.97 96 3 * 73 152.63 152.63 157 509.91 400 129 PACCAR000108 4 Asbestos and cigarette smoking studies showed that smokers were much more likely to develop disease than smokers a. Locals 12 and 2332 - On January 1 1963 there were 370 members who had entered union prior to 1943 Mortality Statistics Never Smoked Cigs 87 Workers Total Deaths - Dec. 31 1971 Expected Lung Cancer Deaths Deaths of Lung Jan. 1 1963 - 1971 Cancer Dec. 31 35 1.26 5/20 Smoked Cigs | 283 Workers 5/20 5/20 5/20 5/20 b All U.S. and Canada locals - 17,800 5/20 5/20 5/20 international on January 1 1976 - 11,656 completed smoking history questionnaire questionnaire Mortality Statistics Total Deaths - Dec. 31 1971 Expected Lung Cancer Deaths Deaths of Lung Jan. 1 1967 - 1971 Cancer Dec. 31 Never Smoked Cigs 2,066 Workers 73 5.98 2 Smoked Cigs 9,590 Workers 596 25.09 134 NOTE Based on U.S. Statistics death rates U.S. Office of Vital Morris Asbestos and Cigarette Smoking Conclusions Morris Calculations indicate - asbestos workers who smoke cigarettes have 8 times the chance of dying of lung cancer compared to cigarette smokers who do not work with asbestos Morris Asbestos workers who smoke cigarettes have 92 times the risk of dying of lung cancer compared to men who neither work with asbestos nor smoke cigarettes 3 No significant trouble with pipe or cigar smoking 4 In asbsence of cigarette smoking " lung cancer is not a serious occupational health problem 5 However mesothelioma and other cancers and asbestosis occur even without smoking 130 PACCAR000109 SMOKING CIGARETTES AND ASBESTOS DO NOT MIX D. An asbestos standard was developed 1910.93a of OSHA regulations 1 Definition of asbestos - Includes - chrysotile - amosite crocidolite - tremolite - anthophyllite and actinolite 2 Permissible exposure- effective July 7 1972 a 8 hour TWA - 5 fibers of air fiber - longer than 5 microns long 3 Permissible exposure - effective July 1 1976 a 8 hour TA - 2 fibers , and b Ceiling - 10 fibers 4 Methods of compliance are outlined as follows a Engineering controls - 1 isolation - enclosure or 2 exhaust ventilation - dust collection shall be used - Not limited to b Work practices shall be followed - 1 wet methods will be used wherever possible 2 particular products and operations - shall require control of respiratory protection for example emptying of container either control or use respiratory protection or 3 spraying- demolition - removal be supplied respiratory protection and protective clothing C. Personnel protective equipment is specified Respiratory Protection 1 Air purifying - reusable - single use 2 puri aif r pyuri ifn yig ng 3 Type C supplied air 4 Establishment of respirator program No employee shall be asked to wear respirator if physician says that employee will be unable to function normally or that safety and health of employee or other employees will be impaired by his use of respirator Such employee shall be rotated to another job or given opportunity to transfer to different position Same seniority - status - rate of pay - same geographical area PRO Special clothing PRO Change rooms 131 PACCAR000110 d Monitoring is required 1 Within 6 mos of standard publication - every place of employment where asbestos fibers N released - must monitor 2 Personnel monitoring 3 Environmental monitoring 4 Employee observation of monitoring e Method of measuring is specified - 400-450 magnification with phase contrast - membrane filters f Caution signs and labels must be used with the following specific wording CAUTION CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DUST BREATHING ASBESTOS DUST MAY CAUSE SERIOUS BODILY HARM g Recordkeepimunsgt be maintained 1 Exposure records - monitoring records- 3 yrs 2 Employees must have access to the records 3 Employee notification is required if the exposures exceed an action level h Medical examinations are required as follows 1 Preplacement exams 2 Annual exams 3 Termination exams 4 Medical records - retained at least 20 yrs and access must be provided to OSHA - NIOSH and the authorized physician of employees Morris Morris Morris PRO of OSHA Morris Morris PRO industry to Morris Morris standards eliminate will be hazards very complex and specific now before the standards go 132 PACCAR000111 Industrial Hygiene and Compliance With Health Standards D. A. Bissonnette PACCAR Corporate This book Work is Dangeroutso Your Health is a handbook written by Jeanne M. Stellman Ph.D. and Susan M. Daum M.D. Hazardous chemicals and processes are indexed in the back for easy reference there is good bibliography in the back also and there is a general index on health problems and environmental conditions Although there are some factual discrepancies in this book I would still recommend it highly to anyone involved in administrating safety and health programs The test is fairly simple straight foreard and easy to read There are three basic industrial hygiene principals 1 To recognize environmental hazards 2 To evaluate enviornmental hazards and 3 Te control environmental hazards In order to recognize environmental hazards industrial hygienists must have information as to what hazards may exist in a given working environment With that knowledge industrial hygienisctasn then prepare to evaluate the working environment for those particular hazards Evaluation may take the form of a walk through inspection or it may require extended sampling of the working environment in order to determine the exact extent of the hazard If the hazard does not exceed standards which are set by governmental or professional agencies then control may or may not be necessary depending upon the employee relations factors If however standards are exceeded it becomes necessary for responsible management to take corrective action to control the hazard or to eliminate the hazard Threshold Limit Values TLV's and Weighted Averages T.W.A.'s are terms for the standards set to protect workers from hazardous air contaminants These air contaminants are measured by various units 1 Milligrams per cubic meter M 2 Grains standard cubic foot S.C.F 4 Micrograms per cubic meter ( ...gM; 5 Volumes per million volumes of air ppm 6 Fibers per cubic centimeter fibers and 7 Millions ofparticles for standard cubic foot M.P.P.S.C.F. The conceptualize these units in a room the size of this meeting room approximately 40 by 50 by 10 high one milligram per cubic meter could be represented by the amount of water held in 2cups and one part per million of a contaminant gas such as carbon monoxide could be represented by the amount of air contained in an empty coffee cup but distributed evenly throughout the room We often see the caution on the side of a can or bottle Use Adequate Ventilation or Use Only with Adequate Ventilation but what is adequate ventilation Perhaps adequate ventilation is best described as that ventilation which is adequate to control the hazard to within the threshold limit value 133 PACCAR000112 Let's discuss some of the operations which we perform at PACCAR locations and the hazards that exist see Figure 5 The industrial hygienist's role under the proposed occupational safety and health standards see Figure 7 will be to make an initial determination or identification of a contaminant and determine or evaluate the exposure level of workers handling or exposed to that particular chemical The new standards specify an action level which is usually 50 of the threshold limit value or the weighted average If the employee's exposure does not exceed the action level then we are in compliance with the occupational safety and health regulations If however the action level is exceeded management will be required to perform number of activities which include 1 Measuring or monitoring the hazards 2 Initiating controls or plans for control 3 Training employees 4 Medical surveillance or examinations and 5 Detailed recordkeeping of all the above activities The left hand branch of this compliance tree illustrated in Figure 7 will be even more difficult to comply with than the right hand branch of this compliance tree therefore it is extremely important that the total safety and health team cooperate to assure that exposures of our employees are below the action levels for any air contaminants in the future I have some slides of monitoring equipment which are used to determine exposure levels for various hazards or contaminants and I have some equipment with me today If you are interested in any of this equipment or if your are interested in seeing how it PRODUCED PRODUCED can question me after our panel finishes its presentation 134 PACCAR000113 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET MANUFACTURER'S NAME ADDRESS Number Street City State and ZIP Code CHEMICAL NAME AND SYNONYMS CHEMICAL FAMILY SECTION I EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NO TRADE NAME AND SYNONYMS FORMULA PAINTS PRESERVATIVES & SOLVENTS te fe PIGMENTS Mm I CATALYST i VEHICLE Z| SOLVENTS a KE ADDITIVES OTHERS OTHERS | T.LV % Units ALLOYS AND METALLIC COATINGS BASE METAL ALLOYS METALLIC COATINGS FILLER METAL PLUS COATING OR CORE FLUX OTHERS ei a HAZARDOUS MIXTURES OF OTHER LIQUIDS SOLIDS OR GASES | % TLY Units TLV HE % | Units [is = Fi = 7 RAO 2 a zu a FER SPECIFIC GRAVITY H20 11 PERCENT VOLATILE BY VOLUME % EVAPORATION RATE = { EXTINGUISHING MEDIA SPECIALSPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS SS CORP en es ee Cai ae 7EXPLOSION HAZARD FLAMMABLE LIMITS Ger 135 9 eee VRE Zs,Shia pepeena PACCAR000114 PACAR0014 OPERATION PAINT DEPARTMENT WELDING GRINDING TOOL SHARPENING Morris Morris FIGURE 5 HAZARDS PA2024 PIGMENTS PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 PA2024 COBALT DUST TUNGSTEN CARBIDE VIBRATION NOISE NOISE VIBRATION ERGONOMICS STRESS 137 PACCAR000115 FIGURE 5 CON'T OPERATION TEST FORK TRUCK NOISE OXIDES OF NITROGEN POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC ALDEHYDES MATERIAL RADIATION HEAT COLD NOISE VIBRATION CARBON MONOXIDE OXIDES OF NITROGEN PROPANE PLASMA ARC RODUC METAL FUMES | OZONE RADIATION SOLDERING AND Brazing HEAT CADMIUM COPPER FLOURIDES FLOURIDES RADIATION DEGREASING OPERATIONS PARTS WASHING 138 CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS CAUSTIC COMPOUNDS ERGONOMICS SKIN CONTACT HYDROCHLORIC ACID PACCAR000116 OPERATION PLASTICS SHOP FOUNDRY Morrisv Morrisv FIGURE 5 CON'T DUST FIBERGLASS NOISE STYRENE ACETONE METHYL ETHYL KETON PEROXIDE PACC SILICA PACC CARBON MONOXIDE PACC ISOCYANATES PACC HEAT PACC RADIATION PACC NOISE VIBRATION PAC METAL FUMES ERGONOMIC HAZARDS PRODUCE POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATTER SEE NEXT TRANSPARENCY ORGANIC VAPORS NOISE STRESS 139 PACCAR000117 FIGURE 7 ROUTE TO OSHA COMPLIANCE PROPOSED OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STANDARDS INITIAL DETERMINATION UCD5 LEVEL ABOVE ACTION LEVEL MEASURE MONITOR HAZARD INITIATE CONTROLS TRAIN EMPLOYEES MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE RECORDKEEPING UCD5 UCD5 UCD5 LEVEL COMPLIANCE 140 PACCAR000118 Industrial Health and Hygiene Dr. Johanson PACCAR Corporate There is an increasing need for improved and increased emphasis on industrial health for a variety of reasons 1 the Occupational Safety and Health Act has placed the responsibility for workers health directly on the shoulders of management Therefore management must respond by developing health monitoring programs which will assure workers health is maintained in the working environment ) the Federal Government has increased spending on research in environmental health problems which occur in the working environ- ment The increase in research has revealed a number of industrial diseases which were not previously identified and epidemiological research was shown that there is a much larger occurrence of industrial disease in the working populations than had been previously suspected Due to literature that is being published from these research projects 3 workers and their physicians are becoming increasingly aware of the occurrence of disease induced by the industrial environment and the more alert physicians and workers are now aware of rights for compensation claims 4 many unions actively support their members in the pursuit of workers compensation claims or third party suits against product manufacturers and ) finally myself plant nurses and the Company are all concerned with each workers health OSHA is undergoing a reorganization and a emphasis on health hazards under Dr. Morton Corn the new head of OSHA There will be more emphasis placed upon the monitoring and control of health hazards in the working environment The new philosophy is exemplified by the proposed standards for toxic substances including alkyl benzenes cyclohexane ketones ozone toluene and noise exposure Although all of these standards place primary emphasis upon engineering control of hazards they also require that 1 the environment be monitored 2 the regular medical monitoring of employees and ) the maintenance of employee health records As you might well expect this will mean increased costs therefore it behooves management to pursue engineering controls to eliminate hazards in the working environment Until such time as hazards are controlled by engineering it will be necessary for management to monitor the health of workers If an OSHA inspector should enter a plant after these standards are finalizaendd find levels of chemical exposures in excess of published action levels he would then be able to cite and fine management for failure to control the hazard for failure to monitor the hazard for failure to monitor employee health and for failure to maintain adequate records of employee health Biological monitoring is rapidly becoming a necessity for all plants engaged in manufacturing activities which expose workers to chemical solvents dusts fumes mists hazardous radiation noise or any other recognized environmental hazard Data from biological monitoring will 1 allow management to transfer employees out of hazardous areas when they begin to show biological indications of potential health problems The early recognition of potential for disease or disability 2 allow management to retrain those employees who do not properly use their protective equipment or ventilation systems and 3 allow management to identify areas where protective equipment is not functioning 141 PACCAR000119 properly or where ventilation control systems hazard Sometimes the results of biological study may reveal to management that there is they had not been previously aware have failed to control a monitoring or epidemilogical a problem in an area of which In order to facilitate the use of biological monitoring and in anticipation of future standards PACCAR has contacted a few companies to perform bio- logical monitoring throughout our corporation at an advantageous cost Several PACCAR operations are already using Hear Inc. of Portland Oregon to perform the anlaysis and recordkeeping function of their audiometric testing program These companies will be well ahead of others when the OSHA inspector arrives to monitor employee health records pertaining to hearing conservation programs Peterbilt has been using services of another organization ICN Medical Laboratories Inc. to do blood lead levels of their painters and welders These blood lead measurements allow Peterbilt to demonstrate the fact that their overall safety and health program to control the exposure of workers to lead is functioning properly and that in fact none of their employees do have any excess level of lead in their blood This type of program provides a rational and logical defense if any compliance officer should ever find airborne levels of lead higher than that allowed by the Occupational Safety and Health regulations Biological monitoring of employee health by an independent vides records to verify the effectiveness of environmental for any hazard Furthermore these records can be used as laboratory pro- control programs a defense in compensation claims cases especially when employment examinations have been given to employees shortly before or immediately after they begin working for a PACCAR organization employment examinations identify those employees who have health or disability problems at the time of employment The identification of health or disability problems will allow management to place a worker in an environ- ment where he will not be a hazard to himself or others working with him employment examination can also provide a baseline for the employee's health records It should include certain important tests in order to be most beneficial The tests should include vision and audiometric baseline testing for all new employees pulmonary function tests for all employees exposed to airborne contaminants i.e. painters welders grinders plastic and foundry workers a chest ray is also recommended for those individuals working in plastic shops or foundries and for painters and welders when indi- cated back rays turning may strain burners exposed to should be provided to employees when lifting twisting or or injure their backs for painters welders grinders and lead fumes or solvent vapors there should also be a base- line test at the employment hire for blood lead and liver function tests Because of the possibility of genetic hypersusceptibility traits it may be necessary in the future to provide tests to detect this condition in new employees so that they will not be placed in work environments where they may have hypersensitive reactions which can result in permanent disability 142 PACCAR000120 As a conclusion to my talk I would like to show some of the devices utilized for biological of employees pulmonary function testing vision testing and audiometric testing therefore it behooves management to pursue engineering controls to eliminate hazards in the working environment Until such time as hazards are controlled by engineering it will be necessary for management to monitor the health of workers If an OSHA inspector should enter a plant after these standards are finalized and find levels of chemical exposures in excess of published action levels he would then be able to cite and fine management for failure to control the hazard for failure to monitor the hazard for failure to monitor employee health and for failure to maintain adequate records of employee health 143 PACCAR000121