Document BR0Vr8g5Q1EvadjdJopYq9GML

The T ox(uide1' 1is developed to be used as a pocket guide. Tear o ff at perforation and ft Sources of Exposure Toxicokinetics and Normal Tinman Levels P i ;j 1M :t: ifttl tt The major sources o f exposure to pe .;:M..'..' ' ' ' ' ' B Industrial releases o f perfluoroalkvls in ambient air or surface water may also be a source o f e\p' uin h t the j, ner il ]i. .pul.ui. Ml H'flic general population may also be exposed to PFOS from mill treated carpets and to PFOA from migration from paper packaging and wrapping into food and inhalation from impregnated clothes. " The production o f perfluoroalkyl and use o f perfluoroalkyl containing products arc sources o f occupational exposure. Toxicokinetics Limited data indicate that perfluoroalkyls are absorbed from the respiratory tract. Studies in animals suggest that many perfluoroalkyls (including PFOA and PFOS) are almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The available data suggest that perfluoroalkyls are not metabolized or undergo chemical reactions in the body. Perfluoroalkyls are primarily excreted in the urine. There are substantial differences in the elimination half-times across perfluoroalkyl compounds and animal species. The estimated elimination half times for PFOA, PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorobutane sulfonic acid, and perfluorobutyric acid in humans are 3.8 years, 5.4 years, 8.5 years, 665 hours, anti 72 hours, respectively. Much shorter half-times have been estimated in experimental animals. Normal Human Levels Perfluoroalkyls appear to be ubiquitous in human blood based on the widespread detection of these substances in human scrum samples. Mean serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS, and PFffxS in the U.S. were 3.07 and 9.32 ng/mL, respectively, PFffxS levels were <4 and other perfluoroalkyls were generally <1 ng/mL. HMeasurement o f serum or whole blood pi rfluor.. illo l .1 .iii-eiirrati'iiv is the standard accepted biomarkers o f exposure to pcrfluoroalkvls. Mean l'l< \ le.el- iniieed In un 1.51 15.2 pg/nv' in urban air samples in the l Norway, and Japan. F1C)S levels in imbii m aii are u.i iu rill' '^ p p .m nul levels o f other perfluoroalkyls are ",i ilia a11\ - 1 pg.i m . 0 Perfluoroalkvl levels in surface water '.im pk'aie-Liieralli helm'. 5" ng I. Soil n Background levels o f perfluoroalkyls in M'il and edinic.u haw n o been loeaied. V c i u \ fu-T-xii Sub'r ni' C-and Di-i a-e KeeMn \ I >1'l\ 2o|a. I. . n.if igual Profile for Pcrfluoroalkvls (Draft for Public. Comment). Atlanta, GA: L.S. Department o f Health and Human Sendees, Public 1Icullh ,"cr. ice. Chemical and Physical Information Kontos of Kxposiirc 2 Perfluoroalkyls urc a class o f anthropogenic chemicals. ^ Perfluoroalk ; 1- repel oil. grease, and wircr md haw Iven u-cd in `nrfa'\ protection products such as carpet and clothing treatments, coating for paper and cardboard packaging, and fire fighting h . im- 4 Companies ha\e stopped production or have begun changing manufacturing p iU e lie e: I' i IVelliee release- ailel tile amounts of these chemicals in their products. Inhalation --Most likely route of occupational exposure. Minor route of exposure for the general population. Oral --Most likely route of exposure for the general population; food is expected to be the primary source. Dermal --Potential route o f exposure particularly among workers who handle perfluoroalkyl-treated products. - Perfluoroalkyls in the Environment * Perfluoroalkyls are very stable in the environment and are resistant to biodegradation, direct photolysis, atmospheric photooxidation, and hydrolysis. Perfluoroalkyls are persistent in water and soil. They are mobile in soil and leach into groundwater. * Perfluoroalkyls biomagmfy in the food web and the highest concentrations are found in apex predators. The bioaccumulation potential of perfluoroalkyls appears to increase with increasing chain length. Relevance to Public Health (Health Kffecls) Health effects are determined by the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and the route of exposure. ( 'in-kti in linilm;. n.-ir I associations between semi I'l i )S k 11 b nul ini n isi-s alterations in biomarkers c i> 'll; i - l u l l 1 US00007530