Document B88npxeXkmbeJLxNrOedEqD2w

Interested water works engineers watching lead pipe made on a model pipe press shown at the Lead Industries' exhibit at the 1940 meeting of the American Water Works Association LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION Graybar Building 420 Lexington Avenue e New York Lead Important in Ford Motor Company X-Ray Testing N outstanding example of the use Ak of industrial radiography, and how lead makes possible its utiliza |X-rays tion. was recently reviewed in the March. 1940. Bulletin of the American Society for Testing Materials, in a dis cussion of radiographic methods as employed bv the Ford Motor Com pany in testing cast parts. Although popular conception usually limits the use of X-ravs and radiography to the medical profession, they are highly important in industry. As a conse quence lead becomes of vital impor X-ray Film Method used in preparing a crankshaft at the bearings jor X-Ray ex amination tance to the users of this method, since first in experimental form and sub lead is the most effective practical jected to extensive physical and ser guard and shield against X-rays, and vice tests. It is in these preliminary can be used for blocking purposes. tests that radiography has become so Modern automobiles utilize large effective. Also, radiographic methods tonnages of cast parts. Before any and technique have been standardized, newly developed cast part may be put so that the maximum speed and sensi into production, however, it must tivity are consistently secured. Rapid show definite manufacturing advan methods are desirable at this develop tages, when cast, over an adequate ment stage so as not to delay estab forging or assembled unit. Also the lishment of production longer than casting must have the suitable struc necessary. ture. strength, hardness, or other prop Carefully controlled radiographic erties required by the use to which it tests allow the detection of all gross is to be subjected. defects, as well as small defects such Each new casting, therefore, is made as gas pockets or shrink cracks. Experimental cast cam shaft radiographed by immersion in a solution of soluble lead salts COURTESY A. S. T. M. BULLETIN As an example of this procedure for instance on the bearings of a crankshaft, the preparation is shown by the accompanying drawing. Stand ard radiographic clay, to which fine powdered lead has been added, is used as the blocking medium. Since the rays have difficulty in passing through the lead clay, the parts covered by the clay are not recorded on the X-ray film or plate. This allows selection and delineation of the subject radio graphed. The absorption of X-rays in the blocking clay is regulated by the amount of lead powder added so that it is approximately twice that of the steel absorption. Lead sheets 14 in. thick are generously used to block off stray rays which might be harmful to the examiner. The time required for preparing a crankshaft is 15 min. with an exposure time of 2l/o min. for the 214 in. bear ing section. If necessary two crank shafts may be examined simultane ously. Two high-speed intensifying screens are employed in a lead-lined cassette using ultra speed film. Castings having unduly varying thicknesses of material sections, as in a cast camshaft, are examined by im mersion in a saturated lead salt solu tion. with or without the use of the lead-lined cassette depending on the thickness of the sections. However, sinc^ the sensitivity in this use is some what reduced due to the unavoidable X-ray scattering in the solution, it is customary to expose the part to a higher average density than is used for objects such as the crankshaft. Radiographic methods like these are an important part in the develop ment of improved foundry methods for the Ford Motor Company and other industrial plants. This effective utilization of radiography is but one more example of the important part that lead plays, in one form or an other, in industrial development. We are grateful to Don M. McCutcheon. Research Engineer. Chemi cal and Metallurgical Department. Ford Motor Company, for informa tion concerning this use of lead and radiography. [2] LIA25599 Paint Maintenance in New York Apartment Buildings TRESSING the use of pure white work on roofs and elsewhere are S lead and oil for exterior and in primed with red lead and finished with terior apartment building paint main white lead, tinted to desired colors. tenance. the recent Apartment Super All paint materials must be delivered intendent's Manual, prepared by Clem to the job in the original unopened ent E. Merowit & Co., Inc., of New containers. York City, is a noteworthy contribu Concerning the importance of tion to apartment management litera proper paint upkeep for apartments, ture and information on the proper Hugh Lehnacker, Maintenance Direc selection and application of paint. tor of the Company, has summed up The Merowit Company, operators of several vital points. many Manhattan apartment buildings, "Many management companies prepared the manual specifically as have and use excellent specifications a guide for their own building super for building maintenance. However, intendents. However, the excellent these are frequently of a temporary and useful information contained has nature only, that is, written for each resulted in widespread interest in individual job. We felt that there was management circles. Within a few a real need for a standard manual weeks after the first public reference dealing with specifications for the op to the manual, requests began to pour eration and maintenance of buildings. in for copies and permission to use Not only would this result in time sav portions of the text. ings, but should increase management Under the specification of the man efficiency and produce better results ual all wooden frames, sash and sills, at less cost. basement doors and all other exterior "Paint, naturally, plays an im wood work are painted with white portant part in apartment manage lead and oil. Fire escapes, railings, ment. In a tremendous number of lamps, window guards and bars, kale- cases it is the actual appearance of ex mein doors and sash, cellar entrance terior and interior surfaces that mean doors and all other exposed metal renting success. Poor appearing paint or cracking surfaces can depress rental values to a large extent. Con sidering this importance, it is only logical that the highest type of ma terials and workmanship should be employed. The actual cost of painting is not high at all in comparison with the renting values which must be pro tected. This, moreover, is the main reason why apartment operators can not afford to experiment with various paints. In such a standard specifica tion as our manual it is to our advan tage to select materials which we know, from past experience and the acid test of time, will perform effi ciently and economically. In paint we look for decorative beauty, durability and economy. We know that lead and oil will give us these important char acteristics, and consequently it is specified in the manual. Experimen tation with other materials might mean possible trouble, with w-hich we cannot afford to take a chance. This is not to say that we are disinterested in thoroughly tried technical im provement. It does mean, however, that w'e prefer to be conservative on this score." Lead is a Highly Workable Artistic Medium I EAD finds a great many uses in the arts. For hundreds of 1 years architects have availed themselves of the soft beauty of ornamental lead leader-heads, gutters, cresting, fleches and other details. Lead figures have graced many of the lovely gardens, large and small, of the old and new world. The lead mask shown here represents one of the uses of lead in the arts. It was beaten from sheet lead by Mrs. R. W. Stubbs, a student in the extension course in sculpture at the University of Oregon under the instruction of Oliver Lawrence Barrett, Associate Professor of Sculpture. Lead is ideal as a medium for art work of this kind. Highly responsive to forming and artistic manipulation, whether by hand work or casting, the grey patina is especially suited to strong highlights and delicate finishes. The ease of manipulation makes lead particularly useful in art classes, both for demonstrating by the instructor and work by the students. Nevertheless the beauty of lead, especially when used with designs specifically adapted to its qualities, makes lead a preferred art metal in its own right. [3] Lead mask beaten from sheet lead L U?5 6o0 Preservation of Poetic Shrines The Craigie-Longfellow House in Cam bridge. Mass., a yellow and white mansion faced with clapboard. Four white pilas ters lead the eye upward to the roof-line crowned bv Italian balustrade. This his torical dwelling was originally built for John Vassal in J759. later belonged to Dr. Andrew Craigie. and finally was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's wedding gift to his bride in 1843. Pure white lead and oil. both white and tinted yellow, protects this old mansion F.WI N'G CALLOWAY N all sections of the country. par. I ticularly on the Atlantic Seaboard may be found many poetic shrines, landmarks to guide us in a discovery of the authors of American literature. A few of these historic buildings have been reproduced here to illustrate the varied and interesting types that may be found in a pilgrimage to the homes of the American poets. Traditional construction is of wood; sturdy frame dwellings covered with white pine clapboard and shingles. This holds true for the elaborate man sion where Longfellow created lhs "Hiawatha" as well as for the modest cottage in which Poe penned his tale of "The Black Cat". In all of them may be captured impressions of the atmosphere and environment in which great American literature was pro. duced. Pure white lead and oil. like white pine clapboard, has been the tradi tional material used to protect these houses in the past as well as today. All of these shrines are preserved and beautified at present with the time honored and proven material -- pure white lead and oil. Emerson House, in Concord. Mass., a square white clapboard house of sturdy Sew England timbers. Ralph W'aldo Emerson, the great American Essay ist, made this home a literary center from 1836 until his death in 1882. Pure uhite lead and oil has pre served this American landmark both in the past and today as a memorial to its most distinguished owner EWING GALLOWAY The Poe Cottage, built in 1816 on the hills above Sew York City, a simple six room cottage of shin gles and clapboard. Here, Edgar Allan Poe lived and wrote many great stories reflecting the sorrow and melancholy of his later years. Poe cottage is preserved for the future with pure white lead and oil paint by the City of Sew York * 4 t f THIS IS NO. 2 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SLANT AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRV THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS DEES PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. tl] LIA2 56 01 Typical installation details of a trestle bridge showing the application of sheet-lead pile caps Sheet Lead Standard Protection for Wood Piles and Posts on N. y. Central R. R. System Y adopting a standard specifica type of protection. The caps were B tion calling for the use of sheet- similar to those installed by the Lacka lead pile caps, the New York Central wanna Railroad over the tops of piles Railroad has solved what, in the past, in the Hoboken. New Jersey, ferry slip has been a vexing and costly mainte and described in LEAD, September, nance and construction problem. Wood 1935. piles and posts for railway bridges, trestles, docks, piers, moorings or similar uses are generally subject to IS. 1". Central Installation Practice rot deterioration at the crow'n or top Lead caps are required and shown of the post, where the grain structure in detail in drawings covering general of the wood allow's fairly easy mois notes on the New York Central Sys ture penetration even though water tem. Standard Timber Open Deck proofing provisions have been made Pile Trestle for E60 Loading. Tops of or the tops painted. Moreover, since all piles are covered with 5-lb. sheetthe pile crowns in many cases bear a lead plates 22 in. in diameter and heavy load, any such deterioration weighing 16.8 lb. apiece. Tops of piles must be avoided. are thoroughly brushed with hot creo sote before applying the lead cap, and Past Experience with Lead Caps the whole unit painted afterwards. For The New York Central Railroad, end bent or panel. 118 lb. of sheet after many years of experimentation lead are required while 84 lb. are used and tests, found that sheet lead caps on inter bent or panel. covering the crowns proved highly satisfactory as moisture proofing pro Advantages of Lead tection. Such caps were installed on Because of the durability of sheet piles for the Cincinnati to Chicago lead there is no question of the long division of the Big Four Railroad in life of the caps. Moreover, lead is ex 1935 and. when last inspected in 1939, tremely resistant to corrosion from showed clearly the efficiency of this salt air, and may be used with com plete effectiveness on docks and other structures. Being malleable, the plates are easily formed over the pile caps, making a quick, but efficient and eco nomical installation, paying for itself in a short time by saving on mainte nance costs. Typical Standard Specification Although individual installation factors will materiallv affect a speci fication for lead pile caps, a general provision is very simple in wording and will follow these outlines. `"Tops of all piles shall be covered with sheet lead weighing not less than 4 lb. per sq. ft. Lead shall be dressed down over the sides of the piles at least 2 in. and nailed around the lower edge. Tops of piles shall be sealed with red-lead paste before applxing lead covers. Similarly bottoms of tim ber cap sills shall be heavily coated with red lead where thev come in con tact with the sheet-lead cap. Lead washers shall be used under drift bolt heads. If drift bolts are inserted in piles before timber cap sills are set in place, the sheet lead covers may be soldered to the bolts." [5] L I A25602 Low-Cost Ornamental Lead Lighting Fixtures Now Featured NEW line of lead lanterns has retaining lead's beauty and charm. Arecently been developed to Everlasting, since lead does not cor meet the demand for low cost orrnoad e or rust away, the lanterns are mental lighting fixtures. made in various standard models and For centuries lead has been closely designs with plain or beaten finishes. identified with beautiful ornamental Both wall-hung and drop chain fix metal work, lighting fixtures being one tures are available, as well as special of the most popular applications. designs. Also, to insure that nothing However, ornamental lead work of this but lead is exposed to the elements all type in the past has been fairly ex bracket and chain parts are finished pensive and restricted consequently to with a heavy lead coating. Thus anv homes in the higher price brackets. deterioration is eliminated and there These modern lead fixtures, however, is no danger of staining on outside have been so reduced in price that walls. The new lead fixtures are the they meet the budgetary requirements development of the Products Research of all home owners and builders, yet Company. Stamford. Conn. White Lead and Oil Paint for $2/500-Home Development UGUENOT LAWNS, a develop utility, Mr. McCormick created a de H ment of numerous small $2,500 sign and a set of specifications that homes embodying, despite their lonwot only brought the home cost down cost, excellent construction practice is considerably- below the average but at builder Edmund J. McCormick's solu the same time gave the customer the tion to one of the current housing advantages of pure white lead paint problems. and many other nationally advertised Located in Staten Island, N. Y., only products. Homes are of a modified 45 minutes from lower Manhattan, Cape Cod design having a living room, these homes are in easy reach of the two bedrooms, dining alcove, kitchen congested business sections and yet and bath with a space in the basement provide a comfortable, country-like at for a 24 x 12-ft. recreation room. mosphere for the medium income In spite of the low price of $2,500 group. set on these houses, first class materials Realizing the need for a home com have been used throughout. Great care bining really low cost writh beauty and was taken in the design and in the specifications of these homes to pro vide the maximum in comfort and service within the reach of the lower income family. One of the problems facing Mr. McCormick was the selec tion of an exterior paint that would properly meet all the requirements for a home of this type. It had to pro vide utmost beautv and durability combined with initial low cost and minimum maintenance. Pure white lead and oil was found to be the paint best filling these needs. Its original cost is low; it produces an excellent job; and, most important in a low cost home, it wears down gradually and evenly leaving a good repaint surface even if neglected. Authorities agree that one of the most pressing housing problems in metropolitan areas today is to provide adequate, homelike shelter for the family of medium low income, so limited that they cannot afford the average development home, and yet not low enough to qualify for U. S. H. A. Housing Projects. Frequently fami lies belonging to this group must live in sub-standard dwellings or apart ments less attractive and livable than those enjoyed by families of even less income who may live in one of the Housing Projects. Developments such as Huguenot Lawns are one solution. [6] UST as the strength of a structure The builder must consider this point J is no greater than its foundatfifo. and provide an excellent priming coat so the value and success of a paint job on which the lasting beauty of first is no greater than the priming coat. and redecoration depends. Unfortu Regardless of surface the priming coat nately. in development building, is the most important coat of paint ap narrow budgets may create a tempta plied. Unless this coat is of a quality tion to skimp on the quality of paint that will furnish a tough, adhering used, a temptation augmented by the film, securely anchored to the surface fact that to the novice, the average on which it is applied,' succeeding buyer, all paint looks alike when coats of paint may fail, no matter freshly applied. It is next to impossi what their quality per se. On the ble for the unexpert to detect a high priming coat rests the successful deco quality paint from a low quality paint, ration of a home and, carried to a many times even after the paint has further conclusion, may mean the suc been exposed for a few months, a cess or failure of the builder. period long enough for a speculative This point is worthy of particular builder to sell his product. attention concerning modern small home development projects, spring ing up all over the United States in various sizes, from but a few to many hundreds of homes in the same proj ect. Most of these homes are in the low-cost range of price, furnishing comfortable, attractive habitations for people with a modest income to whom owning a home is a great pleasure, un less maintenance cost due to poor selection or application of materials does not soon make home an expensive and prohibitive luxury. Consequently, it is of great importance for the home owner to have good paint on his house, and for the developer to use only the best. The operative builder's market is good only as long as his customers remain satisfied. Avoiding Failures Such a practice on the part of the development builder is short-sighted. Where his operations comprise many homes built successively, the sale of his later homes is dependent upon the appearance of those already pur chased and in use. It is noteworthy that this practice is usually one of fly by-night builders, not of those who try to establish a growing business in one locality based on sound reputation and building practice. Considering how easy it is to avoid painting headaches, there is all the more reason for saving home owners the risk of unfortunate paint experi ence within a short time after their purchase. The type of paint failures associated with low-grade paint is Advantages of Styling From the standpoint of decoration, painting is a most important factor in development building for it is the only means of providing decoration which may be changed economically at any time to suit the owner's desire. Materials which do not at first require painting ultimately become dated in such that the only remedy is to burn off the old paint, a costly procedure, and then to apply an entirely new paint job. With high quality paint there is no such danger and it is well worth the output of a few cents more where necessary to obtain a high quality paint which will pay dividends to both the owners and developer. styling. The owner must either accept the fact that he may grow tired of the Cost Analysis type of home or must go to somewhat In this respect it is interesting to large expense to change his styling. note the following in the common argument and theory that the best must naturally be the most expensive. In paint it is the white lead content that determines the quality of the paint. It is axiomatic that "`the higher the lead content the better the paint" with pure white lead and oil the high est quality paint obtainable. Never theless, the double advantage to the home developer in using pure white lead and oil paste is manifest when one considers the low cost of this ma terial when reduced to a gallonage basis and also the cost per square foot applied. Today, pure white lead paint costs about $2.40 per gallon, a price which is lower than prepared paints accepted as high grade. The reason for this economy is that, although white lead is one of the highest priced paint pigments, the pure white lead and oil when mixed to paint consis tency is unsually low in price. In de termining the cost per square foot ap plied, white lead applies easier and in less time than paints containing inert "draggy" pigments. Consequently, the initial cost of a white lead job is less. Also, white lead is the most durable paint pigment used providing longer life with maximum decoration and protection, and reducing the final cost per year of a paint job. Paint a Sales Talk All these advantages of high qualitv paint are selling points for the devel opment builder. It is peculiar that so many builders who make a virtue in advertisements, displays, and bro chures as to the qualitv of their plumb ing, insulation, flooring and other parts, have not realized that thev have in high quality paint a practically un tried, yet powerful sales argument. In many home products, people are sold by and recognize brand names. In paint, however, white lead is the onlv material and ingredient that the aver age person universally recognizes as a high quality material. [7] 0^ Cast Iron Mains Calked with Lead in New Cincinnati Systems At left, a view of the 8-in. effluent pipe line and, at right, 8-in effluent, influent and overflow lines for the new Cincin nati control reservoir ORT\ tons of 8-in. cast-iron water poured concrete. All joints were Fmain with lead-calked joints are in poured to a depth of about 2V2 in. stalled for the intake and output dis with about 15 lb. of lead used for each tributing mains, as well as overflows, joint. In all, approximately 3.500 lb. from the new Three Mile Road control of calking lead is installed, all bearing reservoir in Cincinnati. Ohio. This the Lead Industries Seal of Approval. reservoir, with a capacity of 1.000.000 Although the main will operate gals., is emploved to serve two Cincin under a pressure of only 75 lb. per sq. nati suburbs, and draws on the main in., the entire line was tested under a Cincinnati water supply. constant water pressure of 300 lb. per Since the new mains are laid under sq. in. for a period of two hours, at the concrete bottom of the reservoir the end of which time there had been w here anv future repairs would be ex no loss in pressure and the water tremely difficult, it was necessary to tightness of the joints proved. provide a svstem excluding any possi Installation practice such as this is ble change of pipe or joint failure. a virtual necessity if the immense in The lengths of cast-iron pipe were vestment in waterworks is to be fullv installed with concrete haunches be protected. First of all the pipe mate fore testing in order to anchor the pipe rial used must be durable. Certainly, line for the pressure test. After test no other material for large mains has ing the entire main was embedded in the long record of faithful and efficient service as cast-iron pipe. In the second place it is absolutely essential to have permanently water-tight and flexible joints. True under all conditions, this point is especially important in a case such as this where the entire line is en cased. under water, in concrete. The excellent results of the pressure tests as well as the countless previous ex amples of the efficiency and durability of lead joints under operating difficul ties, justifies its selection in all in stances. Manv lead jointed cast-iron water mains are still in ser\ ice in cities throughout the country often over 100 years old. Carl Eberling is the superintendent of the Cincinnati Water W orks under whose supervision the installation was made by plumbing contractor W illiam Helmer. also of Cincinnati. Water Works Exhibit Features Model Pipe Press Miniature pipe press shown at the water works meeting. A working model but not adapted to com mercial operation N unusual feature of the Ameri- how lead pipe is made and how the A^ can Water Works Association process contributes to its desirable convention this year was the manufe atures. facture of real lead pipe right before In making lead pipe, huge hy the eyes of interested engineers in the draulic presses exerting pressures up exhibit booth of the Lead Industries to as high as 45.000 lb. per sq. in. and Association. And interested many of total pressures of 1.000 tons are used. them were, for most water works engi Extending down from the head of the neers have specified tons of lead water press is a cylindrical steel ram with a service pipe while few have had the op hole through the center. Into the bot portunity to see it made. The exhibit tom of this ram, a steel die is fitted, showed, through the use of a small having a circular hole at its center scale lead extrusion press operating equal in diameter to the outside di on exactly the same principal as the ameter of the pipe to be made. Below huge presses used commercially, just this is a cylinder containing lead [8] L IA2 56 05 T which has been poured from a melting the lead-containing cylinder forcing were differences of size and power. kettle and allowed to solidify. How it up against the ram which fits snugly The exhibit press stood only about 5 ever, a steel rod or core having a di into the cylinder and squeezing the ft. high and exerted a total pressure of ameter equal to that of the inside of lead out through the annular opening. 20 tons. Hydraulic pressure was ap the pipe to be made is fastened to the Since the lead in the cvlinder was a plied through a hand operated instead t center of the cylinder bottom and ex- solid mass of cast lead surrounding of power driven pump. The whole 1 tending up through the hole in the die. the core, it comes out absolutely seam operation from melting of the ingot ! This leaves an annular space equal to less and in great lengths. lead to the finished pipe, which on the the pipe wall between the core and die. The onlv differences between the ex model press had an inside diameter of Hvdraulic pressure is applied under hibit press and commercial presses % in., was performed in the booth. Styling for the Future Produced with Pure White Lead OR hundreds of years homes have Fbeen built with lumber and deco rated with paint. Today this fashion is at the height of its popularity, three small examples being the attractive homes shown in the accompanying photographs. Located in South Gate. Calif., and Lakeview7, Ore., these small houses are of frame construction with exteriors of Certigrade red cedar shin The beauty oj the shad ow line produced by double - coursed Certigrade shingles is en hanced with pure white lead on this Lakeview, Ore., small home gles painted with pure white lead and oil. In this day and age of new mate rials, methods, and styles there must I be good reason whv this combination permanently fresh and youthful by longest time; it should have the proper of materials still remains a leader in the building field. Lumber and paint make beautiful, comfortable, long lasting homes at just about the lowest construction costs the use of paint. Color schemes can be selected to give even the most modest home an air of complete individuality even though they may be in a large development and based on a very simi weather wear to allow restyling at minimum cost w'ithout excess surface preparation: lastlv. it should he inex pensive. All these advantages are found to their greatest degree in pure possible -- stylish homes anyone is lar plan. Moreover, whereas restyl white lead. For vears white lead has proud to own always. The beautiful ing homes that are not designed for been the choice of the experts whose Colonial landmarks still standing in paint decoration is expensive, in many job it is to know paint and past per good condition after over 200 years service are proof of this. But more than durabilitv and low7 cost, lumber and paint provide other advantages which no other combination of mate cases prohibitive, a brand new7 appear ance can be given the painted home at any time by simplv a change of color scheme. In order to obtain the utmost from formance has justified their selection. No other paint has as long a record of performance under all conditions of surface or climatic conditions as white lead. With all these advantages, how rials can render so easily and eco- paint stvling. however, the paint used ever. pure white lead and oil costs less nomicallv. With lumber construction should first of all be durable to retain than any other materials approaching the beautv of the home may be kept the homes good appearance for the its desirable characteristics. I Two small homes in South Gate,. Calif., show the charm of small homes built with lumber and decorated with white lead ART STREIB I [9] LIA25606 Lead Plumbing Essential for All Types of Buildings A general view of the addition to the Mississippi Baptist Hospital, Jackson. Miss., and a detail of a typical lead bath and shower trap. J. M. Spain of Jack son was the architect HIATT STUDIO HOSPITAL in Mississippi, a of noxious sewer gas. Dangerous any A school in Minnesota, a private where, these hazards are all the more residence in Connecticut, a publimc portant in institutions designed to housing project in Texas, a hotel cinure the sick. Montana--buildings of various sizes, In hospitals money should be spent purposes, and types of construction, for nursing the sick, and maintenance yet all are dependent to a large extent cost must necessarily be avoided. on lead plumbing. They are only a Plumbing failures, too, may occur in few random examples of the adapt operating-room systems and other ability of lead to all conditions. parts where repairs seriously interfere Efficiency and cost usually deter with hospital routine. mine the choice of materials in any In schools there is the added factor plumbing system, and in both these of concentrated usage which with respects lead is advantageous. How ordinary materials, results in in ever, their importance and effect may creased clogging and corrosion. Rust depend on the type of installation. ing is accelerated by the abnormal In hospitals there is greater danger wetness and, in its turn, increases po of the spread of disease than in other tential clogging. Naturally, since lead structures, a potentiality which may does not rust, its advantage is obvious. easily become a reality with faulty Another increasingly important fea plumbing. Clogged pipes may cause ture in school installations is the lab siphonage and water pollution; weak oratory plumbing. For instance, in joints may open up allowing con the new South West High School, tamination from waste and the escape Minneapolis. Minn., not only the regu lar system but the laboratory plumb ing is installed with lead. Over 6,000 lb. of lead products for wastes, vents, closet and urinal connections and drum traps are installed in the new school designed by Minneapolis Board of Education, Architectural Division, with Lang & Rauglund associate archi tects. G. M. Orr Co. were the engineers and E. H. Enger architect for the Min neapolis Board of Education. Plumb ing contractor was the Harris Brothers Plumbing Co. Chemical waste and vent systems benefit by lead's resis tance to most commonly used chemi cals. Also laboratory table tops, simi lar to those in many large company and commercial laboratories, may be economically covered with sheet lead. Low maintenance is important in housing projects as well as in schools and hospitals. Repair bills mean less money to care for the sick, to educate the nation's youth, and to house ade- At left, some of the lead frames ready for installation in the remodeled Missoula Hotel, Missoula, Mont., and at right, small-home lead roughing following the principles of Stamford's Double-Lifetime Home LEFT-----MCKAY ART CO.; RIGHT----- DAYTON SNYDER [10] L*425607 quately persons who, until today, have not had the advantages of good shelter and sanitation. Disproportionate main tenance costs in housing projects raise rents to a point where such figures no longer serve to provide low cost hous ing. Either that or the taxpayers' equitv in the project would be less ened. and more money must be raised. Housing projects, too. demand the same essentials of adequate plumbing required in residences and hotels. In residences the occupant himself usuallv suffers most from a poor plumb ing job. From a health standpoint, Architects rendering of the Alamito U. S. H. A. housing project, El Paso, Texas, Frazer and Benner, and Trost & Trost, architects, with Associates Wm. G. U uehrmann, 0. H. Thorman, Percy W. McGhee and Gilbert Satrang however, such suffering is accentuated back siphonage. Hotel managements adequate venting and trapping of fix in hotels and housing projects, for im may incur great financial loss, either tures for the longest possible time. An proper plumbing in one room may by clients leaving or by damage suits, installation made in a sanitary manner s cause health hazards in many other facts borne out by past experience. with lead remains sanitary. Rustproof, parts of a building. It is against pub No matter what the installation, non-clogging, corrosion resistant, w ith lic health and safety to install plumb these hazards may be avoided by in bonded joints and easy bends--lead ing which may possibly cause sewer- stalling lead plumbing, a system provides utmost durability at low ini gas infiltration, cross connections or known to continue the performance of tial cost and minimum maintenance. * The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York City. 1--WHAT TO EXPECT FROM WHITE LEAD PAINT 7--SHEET LEAD SHIELDING X-RAY ROOMS An attractive 28-page booklet with charts, formulas, and mix ing instructions covering some of the problems of painting and how white lead meets these problems. 2--PAINTING YOUR HOME by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. A discussion of house painting reprinted from American Forests, May, 1939. 3--SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. A discussion of X-ray protection and installation methods re printed from Sheet Metal Worker. 8--PLUMBING CODES--AN ANALYSIS AND SURVEY By Robert Dick, Member, Research Committee, American Society of Sanitary Engineering. A detailed study of modern plumbing ordinances, their pur pose, deficiencies, proposed remedies and future outlook. 9--LASTING LEADWORK IN MODERN PLUMBING By T. N. Thomson, Technical Editor, Plumbing and Heating Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Journal, Feb., 1939. I 4--STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flashing, white lead paint, 10--LEAD PUT IN AT SCREW PIPE COST ON COM MODORE PERRY PROJECT lead piumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Business, Jan., 1940. details and installation methods. Reprinted from the Ameri can Builder, July, 1939. - *11--HOW LUMBER AND PAINT KEEP YOUR HOME ALWAYS IN STYLE 5--SHEET LEAD INSTALLATION DETAILS A brief digest of the advantages of painted lumber homes with A detailed analysis of the principles and application of lead color-styling suggestions and other interesting information. flashing and sheet lead work for small homes. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker, June, 1939. 6--SUMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING *12--LEAD CHIMNEY CAPS Notes on the installation and advantages of lead chimney-cap protection, reprinted from American Artisan, May, 1940. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker. * Not previously listed. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE. WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS [11] L IA25606 SN'T it significant that so many of the early colonial I buildings that still stand staunch and sound today have been painted through the years with pure white lead paint? Isn't that the best proof that white lead paint forms an enduring weatherproof seal that better safeguards con struction? White lead of course is made from lead, one of the most enduring of metals. And like the metal, white lead also has high weather-resisting qualities. That's why white lead paint lasts longer -- why it looks better. Moreover this time-proven paint does not crack and scale but wears away slowly and evenly. Yet white lead paint costs no more than others when you consider its economical, high spreading-rate, ease of application and longer life. And its velvet-smooth finish st s off > our work to best advantage. That's why most architects say it's a good idea in speci fying paint to make sure how much white lead it con tains. And it's pretty safe to say: the higher the lead content, the better the paint. You can't, for example, get a more durable paint than one containing a hundred per cent white lead. This is the kind good painters mix from lead-in-oil. It can also be bought in many places to day in prepared, ready-to-use form -- in white and colors. Le a d In d u s t r i e s As s o c i a t i o n 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. HOW MANY COATS DO YOU NEED WITH WHITE LEAD? You'll find the answer to this and many other valuable painting tips in informadve booklet "WHAT TO EXPECT FROM WHITE LEAD PAINT." Send postcard for your free copy. 155 LIA256QQ PRINTED IN U. S. A. IY PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPANY NtW YOSK CITY