Document B5yyO2a5q1voMO5xdER3MvOKX

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HEALTH STATUS OF WORKERS WITH POTENTIAL PCB EXPOSURE FROM HUOSON RIVER SEDIMENTS Jun* 1987 NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MOWS 02 7546 Summary The Department of Health was requested by the Department of Transportation to assist In th* evaluation of th* health status of a group of 00T workers who had potantlal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PC8s) In the 1970's eventually, five groups of workers were determined to have worked at Hudson River sites of concern, or to have had contact with these sediments In the laboratory. A questionnaire, designed to determine history of possible PCB exposure and history of specific diseases was distributed to these five cohorts. The numbers of completed questionnaires from employees who had exposure to these sediments were: Department of Transportation field workers from the Albany area, 142- OOT field workars from the Syracuse area, 9: local 106 of the International Union of Operating Engineers, 20; OOT laboratory workers, 71; and Department of Environmental Conservation field workers, 47 for a total of 289. Tha purpose of this survey was to Identify whether there were any unusual patterns of Illness and If so, whether these patterns were associated with potential PCS exposure.' In addition, a list of ten deceased employees was obtained from the five cohorts, and their death certificates were carefully examined for patterns of cancer or other Illnesses. Analyses of the data do not provide evidence of excessive rates of cancer Incidence, of unusual patterns of cancer by anatomical site, or of cancer mortality In these five groups. Latency periods, from the year of first PCB exposure to the diagnosis of cancer, were always much shorter than 20 years. Cancer Incidence rates were highest In the group with the lowest probable exposure to PCB. Liver disease rates and lung disease rates were low, and not related to PCB exposure. Although these health studies are reassuring, the period that has elapsed since the mld-1970's does not permit a final evaluation of delayed health effects. Some of the workers had significant potential for skin exposure to the sediments. Therefore, In order to be thorough In assessing the likelihood of developing disease related to Hudson River sediment exposure biological monitoring of the workers with the highest potential for such exposure is recommended. Workers with a history of more than one month exposure to the sediments who were OOT workers from Albany or Syracuse or who were members of the Operating Engineers Union should have their blood levels of PCBs and lead and urinary levels of cadmium determlnad. Introdutllon In February HOT, Department of Transportation officials received requests for evaluation of the heelth status of a group of OOT workers who were potentially exposed to toxic chemicals In the 1970's. A group of OOT field staff from the Albeny end Syracuse areas had worked on several projects Involving construction and dredging of the Hudson River. These Included sites In Fort Edward and Horeau In Washington County, and the reconstruction of the Breen Island Bridge. Concern arose among OOT employees beceuse of reports that three of their co-workers had died from cancer In the past five years. -1MONS 027547 DOT asked assistance from the Department of Heelth In the design, imple mentation end analysis of a heelth survey of the employees who worked on these projects. Including i follow-up of the reported deaths. This work wes performed by Or. Alice Stirk, who Is Bureau Olrector and an environmental epidemiologist and Or. Kelley Brlx, an occupational physjclan, In the Bureau of Environmental' Epidemiology and Occupational Health. OOT employees became concerned because of recent Information on the toxicity of soma of the contaminants In the dredged materials. In particular, these Hudson River sediments have been found to have widely distributed contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCSs were formerly extensively used In electrical transformers and capacitors and are vary persistant In tne environment. In previous studies, humans who were exposed to high levels of PCBs have developed liver disorders and chloracne, a skin disease. In addition, high exposures to PCBs have caused liver tumors In experimental animals, but ' studies have not linked exposure to PCBs with human cancer. Concern was also expressed that tome sediments In the Hudson River were contaminated with heavy metals, such as lead, cadlmum, zinc, mercury and chromium. There were three major Hudson River projects during which workers may have had exposure to sediments. In 1974-75. dredging spoils were removed from the Port Edward area and were placed In the Horeau landfill. The Department of Environmental Conservation estimates that these sediments contained an average of 10 to 100 ppm PCBs. This ares was dredged and landfilled again In IBIS. At that time, the average PCB levels were 20 to 2S ppm. Reconstruction of the Breen Island Bridge In 1111 Involved work around sediments that contained an average of 10 ppm PCBs. Ultimately, It was determined that there were five potential working groups (cohorts) that worked at these Hudson River sites or who were Indirectly exposed to these sediments. These included: (1) DOT field workers from the Albany area; (2) DOT field workers from the Syracuse area; (3) members of Local 10B of the International Union of Operating Engineers; (4) OOT laboratory workers; and (S) Department of Environmental Conservation field workers. Each of these Is described further in tha Results Section. A questionnaire, designed to determine possible past exposure to PCBS and history of specific diseases, was distributed to employees of these S cohorts. In addition, death certificates were obtained for all tha deceased employees, in these S groups, who were determined to have worked at the Hudson River sites. The purpose of these two surveys was to Identify whether there were any unusual patterns of Illness, and If so, whether these patterns were associated with potential PCI exposure. The Methods Section describes the rationale and Implementation of the two surveys. A description of the potential exposure is given for each of the cohorts In the Results Section, as well as a summary of their heelth complaints. The causes of death for the deceased employees Is also summarized In the Results Section. Tha Conclusions Section ends with en overall summary of the findings and recommendations for further'action, Including follow-up of some exposed employees. MONS 027548 -2- BUM*, Staff from DOT, from the Operating Engineers Union and from DEC compiled a list of all employees known to havt worked on tnt Hudson River sltas In tha 1970's. Including soma amployaas who hava trahsfarrad to othar Jobs. In addition, DOT laboratory workars who parformad chamlcal analysts on flald samplas wara Idanttflad. A ouastlonnalra was distributed to aach of these amployaas and forwarded to tha Department of Health, with provisions fof* maintenance of confidentiality. Tha questionnaire was designed to obtain Information on basic demo graphics, history of potential exposure, and health history. Demographies Included name, address, social security number, blrthdata, cohort and length of employment. Exposure Information Included period and duration of potential exposure to PCSs, detailed job description, and use of personal protective equipment. There were health questions on cancer, liver disease and lung disease, Including specific diagnosis and year of diagnosis. PCD exposure was chosen as the main focus of this Investigation for several reasons: (1) PCSs are stored In the body for years; therefore, these chemicals are the most likely to cause a prolonged health effect that could be assessed several years later. Moderate exposures to metals like lead or mercury would not cause elevated levels In the body for more than a few months at most. (2) PCSs art very widely distributed In Hudson River sediments, whereas distribution of the other contaminants was patchy and Intermittent. (3) Workers were more likely to be aware of potential exposure to PCSs, hence they were more likely to recall this exposure more accurately. (4) The dredged materials that were higher In PCIs wart also likelier to be higher In other chemicals; therefore, PCSs could serve as a good overall Indicator. (5) The potential for Inhalation or Ingestion, which are the primary routes of exposures of the heavy metals, was low due to the wet nature of the sediments, which decreased the likelihood of dust formation. The most significant route of exposure was through skin absorption, which Is of much greater concern for PCSs than for most heavy metals. (6) tf an excessive rate of disease were found In the exposed employees, then further study would be required, In any case, to determine whether the disease cases could be linked with a specific chemical. Cancer was chosen as one of the specific Illnesses because of the three reported deaths In exposed workers, and because PCIs have been linked with tumors In experimental animals. Similarly, \1ver dlseasa was studied, because high exposures to PCSs havo been Associated with liver disorders In previous human studies. Lung diseases were Included In this Investigation, because they are a good Indicator of overall health status, and because exposure to PCSs has not been linked to lung diseases In humans or animals. In this sense, lung diseases were selectee to serve as a comparison Illness for this Investigation. Since the mld-ltTO's, when most of the Hudson River work was performed, soma of the potentially exposed employees havo dtod. A list of deceased employees was obtained for tho S cohorts; all of the cases that were ascertained to have had'potential exposure were Investigated through the use of their death MONS 02 7549 -3- certificates. Cist! of deceased employees, who may havt had exposure, wtrt Identified among tha Albany DOT field workers (including tha original thru that had bttn rtporttd), tha Syracuse DOT field workers, and In tha group of Optratlng Engineers. Tha death certlflcatas wera carefully examined for suggestions of patterns of cancer or other Illnesses. Tha results of the questionnaires wtrt categorized by the five cohorts separately, and by tha ytar(s) and duration of pnsslblt PCS txposurt. Each cohort will first be described Individually, and then conclusions will be drawn for the whole group. Tables IA. and IS. summarize the results for the DOT field workers from the Albany area. These workers performed a variety of Jobs, Including engineer. Inspactor, surveyor and heavy equipment operator. Joint of these workers had significant potential for skin exposure to the sediments, and use of personal protective equipment was Intermittent. The period of greatest work activity on the Hudson River sites was In about 1974, with the second greatest activity occurring In about 191$. The DOT field workers from Albany reported S cancer cases. In which the years of latency ranged from 3 to 16. Latency Is defined as the length of time from the first exposure to a possible carcinogen to the diagnosis of cancer, and the minimum latency for humans Is generally at least 20 years. Two cases of liver problems were reported, at least seven years after exposure. High exposures to PCBs can cause liver disorders, but the liver problems usually develop within weeks to months of first exposure. There were also 6 cases of lung diseases reported In this group. Tables I[A. and IIS. summarize the results for the DOT field workers from the Syracuse area. Their job descriptions, possibility of PCS exposure, and periods of exposure were very similar to the DOT field workers from tha Albany area. These workers reported one liver disease case, that developed 11 years after first exposure. They did not report any cancer or lung disease cases. Tables 11IA. and till, summarize the results for the International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 106. These employees primarily worked as heavy equipment operators, and most of them worked on Hudson River sites In about 1974 or In about 1979. One cancer case was reported with a possible latency of 7 years. One lung disease case and no liver disease cases were reported. Tables IVA. and IVB. summarize the results for the DOT laboratory workers. Thirty-four of the 90 workers reported very low or no exposure to PCSs at all. The remaining SB workers reported occasional to frequent handling of field samples (l.e., soil or water) that originated from the Hudson River sites. Their potential for skin absorption, Inhalation or Ingestion of PCSs would be markedly lower than field workers, such as heavy equipment operators. The DOT laboretory workers reported S cancer cases, with possible latency penlods ranging from 7 to 11 years. There were two lung disease cases and no liverodlsease cases. MONS 027550 Tables V*. ind VB. summarize the results for the Department of Environ mental Conservation field workers. These workers primarily worked as Inspectors, surveyors, geologists, scientists or technicians who sampled water and soil. Their work tended to require less Intense and more Infrequent contact with the Hudson River sites than some of the other groups, such as the heavy equipment operators. Sixty five DEC workers submitted questionnaires Indicating that they had never worked at the Hudson River sites; therefore, their results were not Included. Again, most of the workers reported that their possible exposures occurred In about 1974 or 1979. The OEC field workers reported one cancer case with 5 years of possible latency. There was one liver disorder, which was diagnosed 11 years after exposure, and 1 lung disease case. Table VI Integrates all the Information In Tables IA. IIA and UIA. These three cohorts were combined In table VI because they shared similar types of job descriptions, although not necessarily of the same duration or In the same year. Out of 171 workers, there were 6 cancer cases (3.5X), 3 liver disease cases (1.7X), and 7 lung disease cases (4.1X). Table VII Is a summary of all the cases In Tables IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, and VA, In which the worker recalled more than one possible month of PCB exposure. The proportion of workers with disease Is categorized Into the S cohorts and the 3 diseases. In addition, firoup VI contains the 3 more highly exposed cohorts (the same groups that were summarized In Table VI). Group VII contains the 2 less highly exposed cohorts. In Table VII. cancer rates range from 0 to 9%, the highest rate being In a lesser-exposed group, the DOT laboratory workers. In fact, Group-VIl has a higher overall rata (7.4X) than Group VI (4.5X). Similarly, liver disease rates are very low and range from 0 to 11X. The rates are very low In both Group VI (2.3X) and Group VII (1.2X). Finally, lung disease rates vary from 0 to 6X, and the rates are very similar between Group VI (4.SX) and 6roup VII (3.7X). Indeed, the rates of cancer and lung disease are Identical In 6roup VI (4.5X) whereas In Group VII cancer rates (7.4X) exceed lung disease rates (3.7X). The survey requested Information on lung dlsaase because It Is an Important Indicator of general health status, but at the same time. It Is not known to be associated with PCB exposure. If PC8s had been the cause of cancer In the exposed workers, one would expect higher cancer rates In the more highly exposed cohorts. This is not the ease. On the other hand, the slightly higher rates of lung disease In Group VI compared with Group VII, Is probably not due to PCB exposure, but Instead may be due to either chance, Increased age or differences In lifestyle habits. Table VIII summarizes the Information which was obtained for the deceased workers, who were known to have worked on thl Hudson River sites. These ten men came from the Albany OOT field workers, Syracuse OOT field workers or from the Operltlng Engineers Union. Three of them were the Index eases for whom the original concerns had been expressed. -S- MQNS 027551 Five of these ten men hid died from cancer; further analysis of these eases follows In Table IX. One men died of liver failure end cirrhosis; neither his work history nor his history of ilcohol use were available. Three men died of eardlo-vascular disease, which Is the leading cause of death In adults. Heart disease Is not known to be related to PCB.exposure, and each of these men had a history of heart disease for many years befora their deaths. One of these men alto had cancer of the prostate, but his physician did not consider It tube an Important contributor to his death. One man died of trauma. To evaluate whether a groap of cancer cases represents a cancer cluster due to a common environmental factor, the data should be examined for several types of patterns, first. In a cluster, there are often several cases of the same type of cancer. Table IX demonstrates, that In this group of 11 cases, there are 10 different types. Second, clusters often contain several cases in whom tht onset was In unusually young people. In this group, five cases occurred In people less than SO years old, but two of these types of cancer (testicular cancer and primary bona cancer) most frequently occur In people under <0. finally, the latency period, which Is the length of time between the first exposure to a carcinogen and the diagnosis of cancer, Is usually at least twenty years In humans. In the deceased workers, tne latency from 1974 (the likeliest year of first exposure) to year of death ranged from 4 to 12 years. Tht latency from first exposure recalled by the living workers to their respective year of diagnosis rangad from 3 to 14 years. None of these cases has sufficient latency. Tht only pattern that readily appears In these 11 cases Is that all but one of the cases was diagnosed between 1981 and 1968. Unfortunately, although it can be a devastating Illness, cancer Is also a common disease. One-thtrd of Americans will develop cancer In their lives and about 202 of Americans will die from cancer. Perhaps because a close-knit group of co-workers developed the symptoms of cancer over a five-year period. It appeared that a work-related duster had arisen. Whenever there is concern that an excessive rate of disease has occurred in an occupational group, one not only should examine the relationship of the disease with possible chemical exposures, but one should also consider possible confounding factors. These could Include differences between diseased and disease-free Individuals In age, sex, race, other medical Illnesses, and lifestyle habits (l.e. diet, smoking, alcohol use). It Is possible that differences In these factors, rather than differences In chemical exposures, could account for variations In disease rates. All of our exposed workers were male, but no Information Is available on these other factors, except for age. Table X summarizes the average age of each of the S cohorts, categorized by disease status and length of exposure. If one compares the diseased workers with the non-dlseased workers, disregarding length of exposure. It Is apparent that In 4 of the cohorts, the 111 workers are older than the well workers. In cohort IV, the 111 workers were about the same age as the well workers. If one compares the workers who were exposed less than one month, with the workkrs exposed more than one month, disregarding health status. It Is apparent that liTCihorts I, III and V, the more highly exposed workers were slightly older than tha lower-exposed.workers. In cohort IV, lower exposed workers were HONS 027552 older thin hlghtr exposed worktrs. (In cohort II thin won no worktrj with less thin om month exposure.) In addition, cohorts I, II, md III, which vir th mort highly txpostd cohorts, win oldir, on tht ivtngt thin cohorts IV tnd V, which wirt less txpostd. To summarize. workers who dtvtloptd dlstists gtntnlly wtrt oldtr thin worktrs who wtrt wtll. In addition, worktrs who wtrt mort highly txpostd wtrt slightly oldtr thin Itsstr-txpostd worktrs. It Is posslhlt that a ltrgtr fraction of dlstastd worktrs wtrt found In tht hlghtr txpostd groups, dut* to advanetd agt, rathtr than dut to chtmlcal ixposurt. ' Conclusions and Rtcommendatlons 1. A largt numbtr of tmploytts from flvt dirftrtnt groups worktd on tht Hudson River sltts during tht 1970's. A vtry substantial proportion of thim wtrt locattd, contactid, and succtssfully tncourtgtd to provldt dttalls on thtlr txposurts and htalth status. 2. Thtrt Is no tvldtnct that ratts of canctr Incldtnct or canctr mortality wtrt txctsslvt In thtst flvt groups. In particular, thtrt wtrt no patttrns of similar canctr typa, and lattncy periods wtrt Invariably Itss than 16 ytars. Notably, canctr Incldtnct ratts wtrt hlghtst In tht group least llktly to have significant PCI exposure, tht DOT laboratory worktrs. 3. Liver disease ratts wtrt low In all flvt groups. All of thtst casts wtrt diagnosed stvtral ytars after first PCI txposurt, which lisstns tht likelihood of causality. t. Lung disease was ustd as a comparison illness. Ratts of lung dlsttst were comparable to ratts of canctr, and wtrt not rtlattd to tht likelihood of PCI txposurt. 5. Oldtr worktrs wtrt mort likely to bt 111, and older worktrs wtrt also mort llktly to report hlghtr txposurts. Perhaps hlghtr rates of dlstasa In tht mort highly txpostd subgroups wtrt dut. at Itast In part, to agt rathtr than PCI txposurt. 6. Overall, tht rtsults of tht htalth questionnaire and diath certificate studies art rtassurlng. Some of tht stdlmtnts contained as much as 100 ppm PCls. Nott that thtst Itvtls of PCI txposurt art vtry low compand with occupational .txposurts In tht manufacturing or utility malntmanct settings. In addttlon, they wtrt In a predominantly wet font and bound to organic material. This would dtertast dust formation and vaporization and thtrifort tht potential for Inhalation. Some tmploytts had significant potential for skin txposurt, howtvtr, therefore, prudence suggests that tht mort highly txpostd tmploytts should havt some biological tasting. Tht time period thtt has tlapstd since tht mld-1970's dots not ptrmlt a final evaluation of dtlaytd htalth effects. To determine If further monitoring of htalth status Is nttdtd, aCsurvty of PCI body burdens of tht mort highly txpostd worktrs should bt consldtrtd. Tht subset of tht OOT field worktrs from Albany and Syracuse and tht Operating engineers, who MONS 027553 -7- were potentially exposed to PCBs for more than on* month, should have thalr blood tastad for PCS lavals. In addition, blood load lavals and urinary cadmium lavala should ba maasurad. An investigation of tha currant body burdans of tha most highly expos ad workers would althar: 1) establish that thalr blood lavals are;low and provide reassurance that they have not had excessive exposure to these chemicals In tha past; or 2) establish that thalr lavals are elevated, and provide guidance for future follow-up health studies. The Department of Health could provide guidance In tha design, Implementation, and Interpretation of such a biological monitoring survey. Tha results of this Investigation should be shared with the employees who ware Included In tha survey. This should be performed In conjunction with education on the possible health effects of PCBs and other chemical exposures to which they are likely to be exposed In the future. This might also be an appropriate forum for review of appropriate protection techniques, such as use of engineering controls, safe work practices, and proper use of personal protective equipment. -8- MONS 02 7554 TABLE !*: OPT FIEID, WORKERS (AIDmvI -- POSSIBLE PC EXPOSUHg Q4mt none CANCER LIVER DISEASE LUND DISEASE TOTAL PC^ ExBOsurt First Yt<r of PC6 toour. Wontn *1 Month Dtfort H68 1368-72 1173-77 1978^2. 1983-81 U r. n swt 35 14 13 13 60 20 0 S 0 2 02 0 2 0 1 10 1 i 0 1 31 36 106 13 17 64 23 16 1 0 1 23 "Not*: 4 workiri roportod no oxpoiurt *nd no dlsoists. (ThtiO 4 vorktri wtro oxeludod from Toblo IA.) MONS 027555 TABLE IB: DOT F1EUL WORKERS (Albmv) - REPORTED serious lu.HMsrc CIS* !!Sj_ 1 2 3 4 S 8 7 S 9 10 u 12 13 First PC* Ckbosurt 1979 Plam Lymphom* 1978 1972 Lip md Skin cinctr Lymphomi 19(8 Skin cincir 7 Skin cincir 197S Llvir problims, prostiti, kldniys, chut piin, gout, HTN, tC. tirly 1970s* L1v*r function off slightly* 1979 Asthrnt 4 Bronchitis 1977 opots on X-r*ys 197S Bronchlil isthiM 197.) Spots on lungs 4 troubl* bruthlng 1978 Asthmi 7 Astha* v*ir Dlianostd 1982 All it Olianosls 49 Possible Currmt Lltiniv Hi___ 3 54 1982 90 4 SS 1988 (1 14 (2 1984 39 18 42 1970 7 77 1983-I1v*r 29 7 33 1988 7 7 1980 7 1971 7 49 *15 so 7 ? 40 7 7 44 80 S 67 7 7 49 38 2 45 7 7 68 MONS Oi7556 TABLE II*! POT FIELO WORKERS (Svracmtl- POSSIBLE PCB Exu^nor OlltiH NONE CANCER LIVER DISEASE LUNO DISEASE TOTAL PCB. ExBomrt . , ............. flrt T<ir of PCB Exootur. <1 Month >1 Month WPCBjm 1966-73 1373-77 197B-B? 1983-lir h,i,. Not: 1 worktr submltttd quojtlonnilrt too Ineomplttt to Includt. MONS 02755? Ctlt Nix V TABLE IIB: not FIELD WORKERS (SvrCU>)-- REPORTED SERIOUS ILIHESSCS Flm PC8 tourt fililiil fr A? *t Pojllbl* aijqnond 1111" til Llttncv 1974 *L1vr' 1989 52 11 Ctir.-j aj( 54 MONS 027558 TABLE III*: OPERATINS ENGINEERS UNION-- POSSIBLE PCI EXPOSURE o.Umt NONE CANCER LIVER DISEASE LUNG DISEASE TOTAL C4 Exoosurt First Y*ir of PCS_xoosur *1 Month >1 Month Btfore lit! 1968-72 1973-77 1978-82 1983-87 2 H 0 0 10 6 1 0 1 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 0 010 2 18 0 0 10 8 1 1 0 0 0 1 Notts Two workiri ntvtr worktd it Hudson Rlvtr Situ, *nd wtrt txcludid. MONS 027559 TA8LE II1S: 0PE8AT1H6 ENGINEERS UNION- REPORTED SERIOUS tLLWESSFS (III Hix- 1 2 First PCI Eminr*.. 1)71 1979 filUiU BasaI Call circlnomi Chronic Obstructive Pulmonory OIsiasa Yur OlAQnpsAd 19IJ A|0 At Oitanoiis 52 Possible liUl."cy 7 Currint ill__ 54 1985 59 6 61 MONS 027560 {Him NONE CANCER LIVER DISEASE LUNG DISEASE TOTAL T*91E Ivajl OOT LABORATORY WORKERS POSSIBLE PCS EXPOSURE PCS Exooiun Tiro il Month >1 Honth 8 IS 43 Bifort 1973 1121=21 1978-82 Afttr 1982 Unkne. 2 31 7 *0 2. 0 0S 0 4 0 o 0 00 0 02 0 00 0 0 10 0 1 8 IS 56 2 36 7 o 2! Note Eltvtn quutlonnilris hid Inidtquit* ixpoturi Informitlon, thorifori, thoy win not Includod (probibly thoso wtri vtry'low txpoiuri). All of this* riportid no dliuios. Totll Ub Workirs "11 8 15 56 90 HONS 027561 TABLE IV8: OQT LABORATORY WORKERS - REPORTED SERIOUS ILLNfiSfS Cast Msu_ 1 2 3 First PCS tawa. 1974 limn Ttstlcular cinctr 1974 Skin cancir, fact 7974(7) Primary boot canctr Mtts to lung 1975 Skin canctr, fact, Ntek, uppar chtst 7 Skin canctr, nost 7 Emphyjama 1974 Asthma, chronic Bronchitis ' Year Agt at Possible Currant Oltonostd Olaonoils Lttatev Aoa 1981 1985 36 59 7 47 11 61 1983 35 9(7) 39 1988 49 11 50 1987 40 7 40 7 7 7 39 7 7 7 48 HONS 027562 TABLE VA: DEC FIELD WORKERS -- POSSIBLE PC8 EXPOSURE oiimi NONE CANCER LIVER 01SEASE LUNG DISEASE TOTAL PCB tkPQSUri* First Ytr of PCB Coosur ^1 Honth PI Month Bofort 1968 1968-72 H73-17 1976-93 1983-97 Unknown 23 22 2 1 15 20 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 00 0 1 0 0 1 0 00 0 1 0 0 0 1 00 22 25 2 1 16 22 3 3 Not*: 65 OEC Worktrs novor worktd it my of th* Hudson Rlvor-rolitod sltos, thirofort, thty woro oxcludtd. MONS 027563 TABLE V8: DEC FIELD WORKERS - REPORTED SERIOUS ILLNtqry C*tt fls__ 1 2 3 First PCS Exposure 1979 1976 1981 LLum Bledder Ctnctr Gilbert's Olsttst Emphysema Yttr Dlionostd 1986 1987 Before 1985* Aje it Possible Current Dleonosls latency iaj___ 43 S 46 41 11 41 7 <4 59 MONS 02756*1 L*8U vi; POSSIBLE FC8 EXPOSURE OF ALL DOT FIELD WORKERS AMD (Combination of TiUm lA. HA. ind IIIA) Plum NONE CANCER LIVER DISEASE '.UNO DISEASE TOTAL Ei.S>mrt, First lur of PC8*Exnaiur A1 Month >1 Honth Bttgrt 1888. US8-J.B 1973-77 1978-82 -.1983-87 Unltne-- 37 118 13 13 72 32 0 8 0 2 03 19 1 0 3 0 1 20 0 1 6 0 1 32 1 38 133 13 17 77 37 21 ($ Notts In Ttblts IA, HA. and IIIA) HONS 027565 TABLE VII: PROPORTION Of LIVING WORKERS. WITH GREATCK Thxm ONE MONTH POTENTIAL EXPOSURE TO PCB. WITH DISEASE------- ;hqrt OOT (Meld Workers (Albany) DOT FI aid Workers (Syracuse) il,Operating Engineers CANCER $2(5/106) 0(0/5) 62(1/18) LIVER 0I5EASE 22(2/106) LUNG OISEASE 52(5/106) 112(1/9) 02(0/9) 0(0/18) 62(1/18) /. OOT Leb Workers 92(5/56) 0(0/56) 42(2/56) DEC Field Workers 2(1/2$) 2(1/25) 2(1/25) Total Mort Highly Exposed Workers (Groups I, II 1 III) ;I.Total Less Highly Exposed Worker* (Groups IV b V) .$2(6/133) T.62(6/81) 2.32(3/133) 4.52(6/133) 1.22(1/81) 3.72(3/81) HONS 027566 TABLE VIII; DECEASED WORKERS - POTENTIALIT EXPOSE!) TO PC8, First PCS Expos . 7 Cim of PtiVi 1)1.L.l. Pneumonia 2)Squam-ous Call Carcinoma of tomll and tongue Other Conditions Tear or fl-laonosls 7 latency to Year of latency Age Diagnosis Death to Oeath Cea: ? 1986 7 48 T l)Hata*tat1e Adano-carclnoma of Cacum. 1)1976 ? 1978 76 T 1) Adtnocarelnoma of duodenum w/mats. 1)71983 7 1984 7 51 7 1)Artar1oclarot1c Cardiovascular Olsaasa with Hyocardlal fallura 2)Artar1oselarot1c card. 01*. 7 1)l1var Fallura 2)C1rrhos1s 3JC0P0 1)1983 4)Carc1noma 2)1958 or of Prostrate before 5)Pneumonia 7 -- 77 1983 7 72 1989 1 64 7 1)Acuta Hyocardlal Infarction 2)Artar1osclarot1e coronary heart disease 174 or 197* 1)Cardiorespiratory Arrest 2)Hetastat1c Adanocarc1noroa(et1ology unknown) 1974 or 1979 1)Cardlac Arrest 2)Coronary Artary occlusion. 3)Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis 1974 or 1979 1)Fracturcd Spinal cord w/decapltatad Head 2)Trauma 19727 "l)Cancer of liver (7pr1mary) 3)H1story of prevvlous H.I. 1)1984 2)"Chronic 7 1)1981 1)7 or 2 2)"years" 2) 7 1984 7 61 1981 7 or 2 51 1)1984 1)10 or 5 2)1984 2)10 or S 3)"years* 3) 7 1984 10 or 5 55 3)Hu1t1ple 1)1981 fractures 2)1981 3)1981 2)01abetes 1)1986 mellltus 2) 7 (Not 1981 (Not 29 applicable) applicable) 1) 14 2) 7 1986 714 65 HONS 027567 14fitllJJLi^_SUl!f!ASL^jyiJlLS5IOJ!LAIVi!iOMiiLiSIS ICxcludlnoSkinCancer) "Exposure isa 'of Overall Ll Cohort" Type of Cancer First PCb Tear of Latency to Tear of Latency Exposure"* Jmmi.li Olaonosls Silih to Death Age at Oeath o Olaenos iceased Workers l Higher 1 Squamous Cell Ca of Tonsil & Tongue Hetastatlc Adeno Ca of Cecum i' Adeno CA of duo denum with mats. Ca of Prostata t Hetastatlc Adeno Ca(Ct1ology unkn) ) Ca of liver (1 primary) 1974(7) 7 1976 71983 7 years* 1986 vine Workers 1 Higher Lymphoma 1979 1982 3 .1 Lower .3 Lymphoma Testicular Ca Primary bona Ca, Hats to lung 1972 1974 1974(7) 1986 1981 1983 1 bladder Ca 1979 1984 7 1986 12 2 1978 4 79 1984 10 7 1983 9 7 1981 7 12 1986 12 3 14 7 9(7) 6 - ,- ----- ---- ---- 49 61 51 12 SI 65 49 61 36 35 43 "Higher exposure cohorts srt Albany and Syracusa DOT flald workers and Union members. This doas Qil mean that thasa Individuals parsonally had higher lavals of exposure. "1114 Is assumed to be the first year of exposure for tha deceased workers. "Age at death for deceased workers, and age at diagnosis for living workers. HONS 027568 40RT TABLE X; AVERASE ACE OF WORKERS, CATES08IZE0 BY COHORT. DISEASE STATUS AHO POSSIBLE LENGTH OP EXPOSURE TO PC8* NO OISEASC - 1 Honth HO OISEASE >1 Month DISEASE PRESENT > 1 Honth** DOT Maid Workers (Albany) OOT Field Workers (Syracuse) [.Operating Engineers DOT Lab Workers DEC Field Workers 45.1 + 7.2 (no workers) S6.3 t 15-0 47.9 S.4 42.0 + OS 45.1 + 8.1 40.3 + 9.8. 57.0 + 9.0 42.5 + 0.3 42.3 + 0.9 50.8 + 11.8 54 +0(1 worker) 57.5 5.0 45.6 8.1 48.7 + 8.3 Mean Ai In Years (1B87) Standard Davlatlon Baciusa thara was only ona dlsaaiad worker who wai exposed less than 1 month, this column wat omitted. HONS 027569