Document B5kKdGVJEwB9R3GNQk0k0znaw

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Second Revised Edition FRANK A. PATTY, Editor VOLUME II TOXICOLOGY David W. Fassett and Don D. Irish, Editors Index by Mrs. Kathleen Kumler Authors W. B. Deichmann D. W. Fassett H: W. Gerarde C. L. Hake D. 0. Hamblin L. W. Hazleton F. W. Heyroth C. H. Hine D. D. IrishR. A. Kehoe M. L. Keplincer F. A. Patty V.K. Rowe H. E. Stokinger W. L. Sutton J. F. Treon R. J. Weir M. A. Wolf INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS a division of John Wiley &-Sons, Inc:, New York London Sydney WITHDRAWN The Sherrod Library ^ EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY Johnson City, Tennessee WITHDRAWN Copyright 1963 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 58-9220 8 9 10 ISBN 0 470 67188 2 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AUTHORS of Volume II YiUiam B. Deichmann, PbJ)~ Professor and Chairman, Department 0/ Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gablet, Florida. Darid . Fueett, MD,, Director.' Laboratory 0/ Industrial Medicine, Eattman Kodak Company, Rochttler, A'eve I'ori. Horace . Gerarde. HJ) PhJ>,, Senior Research Auodate, Medical Rcitarch Division, Etto Reuarch and Engineering Company, Linden, hitit Jonty. C L, Halt*, PhJ>,, Read, Chemistry Reiaareh Department, Pitmon-Moore Company, Division of The Dove Chemical Company, Indianapolis, Indiana. Donald O. Hamblin, HJ), Formerly Medical Director, American Cyanamid Company, Nets York, Sett York. Lloyd W. Haaktoa. PUD, President, Hathton Laboratories, Falls Chunk, Virginia. Francu F. Heyrotfa, HJ), (Deceased), Assistant Director, Kittening Laboratory 0/ Applied Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cinemnati, Ohio, CbarUa H. Hina, MJD, Auodate Clinical Professor of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California. Don D. tilth, PU), Biochemical Research Laboratory, The Doit Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Robert A, Kehoe, MJ), Director. Deportment of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati. Cincinnati, Ohio. M* t KepUn*er. PhD, Toxicologist, Medical Department, Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware. Frank A. Patty, Formerly Director, Industrial Hygiene Department, Personnel Staff, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan. V. K. Rowe, M.S,, Biochemical Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, M ichigan. Herbert E, Stokiaaer, PhJ>,, Chief, Toxicology Section. Division of Occupational Health, United States Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio. VlUiam L. Sntlon, MJ),. Laboratory of Industrial Medicine, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, Hew York. Joaeph F. Treon. PhD, Manager, Biological Sciences Section, Chemical Reeearch Department, . Atlas Chemical Industries, Wilmington. Delaware. Robert J. Yeir, PhJ), Toxicologist, Haxleton Laboratories, Falls Church, Virginia. M. A. Volf, M.!h, Biochemical Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland. Michigan. rii ... 2145 -- 2145 .........2U6 ___ 2146 .... ___ .... .... ___ ___ ___ '... ___ ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 2147 2148 2148 2149 2149 2150 2150 2151 2151 2152 2152 2153 2153 2154 2154 2154 2155 2155 2157 . ....... 2171 ....... 2171 ....... 2171 ....... 2172 ....... 2175 ....... 2176 ....... 2178 ....... 2173 ....... 2173 ....... 2179 ....... 2179 ....... 2181 ....... 2181 ____ 2181 ....... 2180 ....... 2191 ....... 2192 ....... 2193 ....... 2196 ....... 2198 ....... 2198 ....... 2199 ....... 2200 ....... 2201 ....... 2202 I : I 1 | j ) | f , , : : , , ' ' i ' r c CONTENTS XXJX AViubnituted Morpholine*.............................................. .......................... Hexamethylenetetramine ............................................................................ Quinoline ...................................................................................................... Azide* .......................................... General Consideration* ............................................................................... 2234 2206 2207 220S 2208 Bydraaoic Aeid............................................................................................. 3212 Diasomethane ..................................................................... Kitroeomethylurethane .......................................................................... 2213 2215 Diraethylnitroeamine ....................................................................................... 2216 Bydmine* ................... 2218 General Cotuidereuon* ............................................................................... 2213 Bydmine.......................................................................... .......................... 2222 1.1-Dunethylbydmine ............................................................................... 2225 Phenylhydmine........................ ................................................................... 2227 0-Chloroetbylamme*....................................................................................... 2230 General Consideration* ............................................................................... 2230 Methyl-bizO-ehloroethyDamine .................................................................. 2233 Tri*<0-ehloroethyl>amm* ..:................... ............................................... 2233 DimethyM-ihloroethylamine ...................................................................... 2233 Diethyl-6-cbloroetbyUmine ......................................................................... 2234 71.11. Potential Expotun la Indtutm Their Reegfridw end ControL By Fbaks A. P*Ttr........................................................... ..................................... 2235 Abraav* Blaatinc.............................................................................................. 2235 Abrasive* Manufacture nod Ueo .................................................................... 2236 1. Artificial Abrasive*.................................................................................... 2236 2. Sand Abrasive* ......................................................................................... 2337 Acetylene Manufacture ........................................................ '........................ 2237 Acid Manufacture and Recovery..................................................................... 2238 1- Hydrochloric Acid ................................................................. 2238 2. Nitne Aeid ..................................................................... 2239 3. Sulfuric Add .............................................................................................. *02* Aircraft Manufacture, Maintenance, and Repair............................................. 2239 Aluminum Manufacture................... 1......................................................... 2240 Ammonia Manufacture and Dee............................ 2241 Aniline Manufacture, Distillation, andHandling ........................................... 2242 Anodising .......................................................................................................... 2242 Armature Worker*............................................................................................. 2343 AruMeui Caning............................................................................................. 2243 Asbeno* Worker*..................................................... 2243 Aephait (Mineral Pitch) .................................................................................. 2244 Automobile Manufacture ----....................................................................... 2244 Battery Manufacture......................................................................................... 2246 Beer Vat Coating............................................................................................... *248 Bleaching.............................................................................................................. 2248 Beryllium Proeeadng Operation*...................................................................... 2248 Brick and Tile Manufacture............................................................................. 2249 Broom Manufacture .......................................................................................... 2249 Carpentry ............................... 2249 Canoting............................................................................................................ 2250 rr*~ ' *<. . .`A-* POTENTIAL EXPOSURES IN INDUSTRY 2243 Armature Workers Lead "tinning" baths and lead pots, when small and equipped with tempera ture controls, may not present serious lead exposures. However, the larger opera tions, especially when no temperature control is in use, can offer serious exposures. Wherever there is any question of exposure, the operation should either be pro vided with mechanically induced air flow to remove or dilute the lead fumes before they can be inhaled, or else air, blood, or urine samples should be collected and analyzed for lead to establish whether ventilation is necessary. Waterproof varnishes, especially those made from cashew nutshell liquidformaldehyde resins, may cause dermatitis. This may result from contact with the wet varnish, from the varnish dust dispersed in grinding armatures, or from skin contact with dirty solvent baths for dipping and cleaning old armatures. The solvent bath should not be permitted to become badly contaminated and skin contact must be avoided. In the case of wet or dry varnish, good personal cleanli ness is an effective preventive measure, and varnish dust should be controlled by process ventilation. Protective creams and clothing may be useful in some instances. Art-Metal Casting . Art-metal casts for displays, trophies, medals, and the like are usually cast from white metal or britannia metal, which are alloys of tin, antimony, and copper, often having some zinc and bismuth, occasionally lead, and possibly arsenic. The alloys are melted in pots, temperatures rarely exceeding 300 or 400oC. Burring, filing, belt "sanding," and buffing may be done and, unless con trolled, significant exposures to mechanically generated metal dusts may result. At the temperatures ordinarily employed there is little likelihood of an exposure to metal fumes, however. Where uncertainties exist, exposures should be evaluated and, when found excessive, controlled. Other possible exposures in the industry involve plating baths and cyanide dips. Soldering operations are usually at low temperatures to avoid fusing the low-melting-point alloys, and therefore are not conducive to the formation of metal fumes. Asbestos Workers Dustiness around asbestos workers is sometimes above the proposed standard of 5 million particles per cubic foot. Perhaps mining offers the greatest exposure to dust, arid in fabrication plants the operations, listed in the probable, decreasing order of dustiness, are: screening, picking, stacking, and willowing in the prepara tion room; carding, dry weaving, spinning, twisting, winding, and warping. The sawing, filing, drilling, arid grinding of brake linings is ordinarily well controlled. Grinding, mixing, and bagging asbestos cement and insulating material, and the sawing or beveling of asbestos board, are dusty operations unless properly engi neered. The asbestos content of these dusts frequently is not high but diatomaceous 2244 FRANK A. PATTY earth in considerable quantities may accompany it,, thus complicating the exposure with free silica. It is desirable in asbestos exposures to keep the dust count down to 5 million particles, or less, per cubic foot of air. ' Asphalt (Mineral Pitch) The name "asphalt" applies to bitumen or to earth or rocks impregnated with bitumen and to a residue from certain petroleums, coal tar, lignite tar, etc. (artificial asphalt). It is a black solid formed in the earth from slow decomposition of organic matter. It is composed chiefly of hydrocarbons along with varying amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds. . Asphalt is used principally for water-excluding coatings upon roads, floors, or roofs. It is employed as a rust preventive in. ducts, collectors, tanks, and so forth to protect metals from corrosive (acid) liquids and gases. For such application it is commonly dissolved in benzene. Vapors and gases from heated asphalt are obnoxious and toxic, containing among other compounds some hydrogen sulfide. Dermatitis from contact with asphalt has been reported as common, with the entire body sometimes affected. Skin cancer has also been reported, but statistics are lacking. Some authorities attribute most of the poisoning that has occurred from the use of asphalt to the solvents employed with it (benzene, phenol, etc.). Grinding operations and hot processes should have exhaust ventilation. Personal cleanliness is the heart of any program for preventing skin disease. Automobile Manufacture The manufacture of automobiles has few operations that are peculiar to the industry. There are many exposures and potential exposures common to other industries. These are discussed elsewhere under specific headings such as: Abrasive Blasting, Anodizing, Battery Manufacture, Electroplating, Foundry Operations, Forging and Iron Working, Garages, Grinding and Polishing, Heat Treating, Industrial X-Ray, Lead Workers, Metal Cleaning, Metalizing, Motor Testing, - Painting and Decorating, Pickling, Plastics and Resins, Radio Manufacture and Repair, Welding, etc. Body polishing by the use of tripoli polishing compounds is an operation more or less peculiar to the production of highly polished automobile bodies. No harmful effects have been associated with this operation. However, any dust arising from the polishing, and especially from compressed-air blowoff operations, and from the cleaning of the brushes should be controlled. There seems no logical excuse for cordoning such dust in concentrations of. more than 5 million particles per cubic foot of air. Since the tripoli polish is applied as a slurry, dust control has not been a difficult problem.