Document B5gK3BVp94oy0JbodOOGGE4pk

THE||E>S HEART OF THE PLANT -- DUAL-CIRCULATION DESIGN WHITING refinery layout f. A_.i<ircutatton steam generator* do uvLfflO ib P*r hr each ol J350-ptJ aearn, trtib essentially 100% Topping Soditntaiarton tonkt ab ra-Off Fueto/Jrftnge oo Stretches White ability to generate steam gjfjaisaffi blowdown made this un^'design economically attractive, the Sr* is operate with tow concentrations LUddr bested tubes end tow silica con- * |D the steam influenced selection. 0 4Bis*d appearance the unit reaem11 eoaveailansl 5-drum boiler. It has, rfei-l two separate best-absorbing tecBh*v*wr,, with its own independent elr- cotmyor.^* system- Ooe section, the primary Bar'i,lheigeW*aty one, comprises the radiant- jtoi*bsorblng foresee. The second, tow- tji ^(jioa coastal of convection surface. 1Nw plont, Station No. 3, tawa' new boiler end topping turbine*; The central location mat exIti^V eoei-ttorago and unloading (acUI>' ties at well at the raw-water one* tgM Itoom Outlet. All feedwater en. 5s ths primary section and all steam for L pitot I* delivered from Ik Coniinu blowdown from this section feeds the todary, sad steam produced In the gatary section is condensed in the Refinery Steam Total btowdowR lures iho unit Rfiaarr- Jn dw secondary seclton. i fsedwaur at 240 F enters a compart. to tbs primary-seclion main drum. -;Tkn ll to heated by condensation of produced in the secondary section. NTieffi this point It passes Into the main * fady of (he drum. Pipes distributed along * da drum carry the water to two large Standard Oil of Indiana meets need for more electrical energy per lb of process steam; solves problem of 1350-psi 900-F oper ation with 100% makeup by carefully studied water-treatment program and Installation of dual-circulation steam generator Sf O A MONRO mi A T MILSROOK. Stmimi Oil Co of Inihm Rshncrt operation over a period of years has been marked by a rapidly increasing demand for electrical energy paired with n much slower Increase In steam requirements. The Whiting, In diana refinery of the Standard Oil Co of Indiana applied a high-baekpreasure cycle for byproduct generation of elec tricity as early as 1926. Plant growth soon consumed all available energy. Two plans presented themselves for ' meeting ibis situation: (1) condensing turbine-generators operating at the 400pal plant pressure (2) topping units to exhaust into the existing 400-psl level. With a condensing cycle, power gen eration alone demands 11 lb of steam per kw, end about 70% of the heat in this steam Is lost In the condenser. flyprodeet Powtr. A topping cycle gives additional power with no Increase in steam production and only a small increase In foe) consumption to meet the increased steam pressure. For ex ample, steam at turbine throttle condi tions of 1250 pal, 900 F, generates an additional kW for each 54 lb of steam exhausted into the 400-psi header. Taken another way,'for each 1000 lb of 1250-psi steam used at 400 psl by the refinery, obout SO kw of byproduct power is available. Extra fuel lor gen erating steam at 1250 psi as compared to that (or 400 psi amounts to 10%. Selecting Pressure. Once the topping cycle plan was adopted the next step was selection of topping pressure level. As the difference between initial and exhaust pressures of the topping tur bine decreases, amount of byproduct power available also drops off. For in stance, the power available from 1000 lb of 900-psi 625-F steam exhausting at 400 pal comes to obout 70% of that from 1250-psi 900-F steam at the tur bine throttle for the same exhaust. At Whiting boilers already opt ing set the exhaust conditions for d lopping unit at 400 psi, 650 F. with boiler and turbine makers led'ft the deeislon to hold turbine ihmritl pressure and temperature within I range of established pressures, Performance data, for topping t bines of the she, type and efficien suitable for exhaust at 400 psi, 61 indicated a selection ol throttle c tions from 900 psi, B2S F: 1250 | 900 F; 1385 psl, 92S F; 1S2S pi,*01 F; 18S0 psi. 1000 F. Although temperatures at the thronkj could be raised by using a thoroogb-J fare desuperheater in the exbasit, v decided against 900-psi throttle ceadi-m tions because available power secatdj too small for future needs. On ' other end of the seale, the 1850-pdl 1000-F possibility, equipment eapahls] of handling such a temperature ' not sufficiently developed at the tiffinJ_ That narrowed it down to a range pressures from 1250 psl to 1525 P&w Economic advantage possible pressures above 1250 psl were slight. Fitting Float Load. We were bsi ready for a study ol operating caad>l tions. Available condensate front finery operations is small, likely to befl contaminated, loo widely distributed t?l collect. That meant almost lO*] (Continued on page 66) P>*.eaItnifdfieMplednodwennct ocmirecru*its for each of the y-comer tube* and the adjacent pairs inIjf mt* positive circulation in these relatively r loir beat-ebsorption-rite ponfons of the fwuawsit Flow la wall tubes is upward. ^' .' Iptctol Btowdovw. Steam-water mix* tore leaving wall tubes. passes through wuhieg and aeparating compartments In y toe primary dram. Water of high con- tomnitoo U collected and sent through .atenul efrcntotfng tubes to the aceendary. gtoaiea upper drum, Thus blowdown of ftlje primary section tonal feed for the (secondary. Since its magnitude In tela- a 4m-to itcam generated in primary seejdea U high, coocentratton to kept tow. f' 'Absorbing heat from convection surfaces, ^toaseeondary section generates steam for ^ddtoery < (be primary section. Because , toto f heat input (t relatively tow, con^mutation in this section can be mueh than ia the primary. Final blow- town to lre the aceendary section, fj-Wler Advantages. Summing up, dosl- |C|re)Ution design reduces blowdown rate *sd best loss from It, and iesaens likeli- S of tube (allures by keeping conceit* tow Id areas ol high beat absorp. ftoa. Silica carryover bu been shown* to Scpted en: silks eoouentration in boiler ',5Fre**ora, end plf of boiler water. J* pH properly controlled by feedwater `kf*01* dttal-dfcatolion design rctulis Alabama prodeettoo ol allies vapor beID uesm generated from highly eeeondsry-eectlon water la , pivtciy condensed in heating tncemiog - ^ 17) steam (earing tba boifer ft to lb* primary section where .""^-.ler ccneentratlon to tow. M |IM) POWER March ltd]