Document B5Npx38JEN96LnJwDvNxK5ELk

MEW ADDITIVES IHDUCS THIXOTROPY, PROVIDE 5AQ AMP VISCOSITY CONTROL John L. Myers Technical Superintendent \ Reprint of paper presented in May 1969 to the Western Coatings Technology Society Meetings in Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver, B. C. UCC 023311 F-^25^5 NEW ADDITIVES INDUCE THIXOTROPY, PROVIDE SAG AND VISCOSITY CONTROL About twelve years ago a Union Carbide exploration geologist vas tramping through central California In search of nickel or other metallic mineral deposits which would be of value to the Corporation. Although neither of us realized It in 1957, what he found is what I'm here to talk about this evening: CALIDRIA ASBESTOS \ The word "asbestos1* Is a comnarclal term applied to several fibrous silicate minerals which are fire-proof and capable of being processed into flexible fibers. Although there are six different varieties of asbestos, chrysotile is by far the most common and accounts for some 907, of world production. Canada produces 1% million tons per year, while in the United States small quantities are mined in Vermont, Arizona and California. California accounts for over 50U of U.S. production. There are certain characteristics which are unique to chrysotile asbestos, and which make it the moat-used variety: 1. A lower index of refraction, 1.51 to 1.55 2. Softest and most flexible fibers 3. Positive or cationic surface charge 4. High tensile strength, up to 800,000 pal Figure 1 compares the physical properties of the six different types of asbestos, and you will note the major disadvantage of chrysotile is poor resistance to acid. However, in spite of this, it is estimated that chrysotile asbestos is found in over 3000 applications. UCC 023312 2 The Source of CALIDRIA Asbestos is a unique deposit located in the southern pert of the Diablo Mountain range, in Fresno and San Benito Counties (see Figure 2). It is in what is known as the Hew Tdria mining district, which has long been famous as the oldest producing mercury mine in the United States. All exploration activities were centered la the nearby town of \ Coalinga, and the deposits became known as Coalings Asbestos. The Coalinga deposit is unique for several reasons, not the least being that it Is thought to be the largest single mineral deposit in the world. Rich asbestos ore has been found over an area of 40-50 square miles, and to depths of over 500 feet. Conservative estimates indicate that over one hundred million tons of Chrysotile asbestos ere available. Of course Union Carbide doea not control all the claims and is not the only company mining the deposit. But, based on exhaustive drilling programs, we fesl that we have the richest deposits end ample ore supply for up to one hundred years of operation. Although mine owners try to keep such information confidential, Canada's ore reserves have been estimated at laas than 50 million tons. Chrysotile asbestos occurs only in serpentine, a fine-grained rock composed almost entirely of hydrous magnesium silicate minerals similar to chrysotile In composition. Figure 3 depicts its crystal structure. The Canadian and most other deposits of serpentine contain chrysotile in cross-fiber veins that are rarely more than half an inch thick. A typical ore contains only 6-1071 fiber, of random lengths and tightly bonded together in parallel configuration, (see Figure 4). The Coalinga deposit bears little resemblance to other serpentine bodies found throughout the world since most of the mass has been highly sheared and pulverized. It consists of soft, friable sheets and clumps of asbestos fibers, and the only other known ore body of this type is the Stragarl deposit UCC 023313 3 In Yugoslavia. In contrast to the cross-fiber arrangement of conventional ores, the Coalinga deposit occurs as a swirling meah of disoriented fibers (see Figure 5). Each fiber or fiber bundle Is only in point contact with Its neighbor. The "fiber assay" of the ore we process ranges from 50-60% and la all classed as short fiber, similar to a Canadian Grade 7. 1 As mentioned before typical Canadian deposits yield varying fiber lengths, ranging from several Inches down to several microns. These are designated by Canadian standards from Grade 3 (spinning fibers) to Grade 7 (shorts and floats). In addition to removing large quantities of rock from asbestos fibers, the fibers must also be classified by length. Conventional Canadian processing methods include blasting, crushing, grinding, and air classifying.1 Figure 6 shows the result of processing coalinga ore by the very best dry methods. Fiber bundles are still very much in evidence and the full potential of the fiber cannot be utilized. We mine the asbestos ore by conventional open pit methods. After scraping off 10 to 20 feet of overburden, ripper-equipped bulldozers and selfpropelled scrapers are used to remove the ore from the deposit. The ore is loaded Into bottom-dump trailers through a 3/4-Inch screen and hauled to the mill site. Because of the high production rates obtainable with a minimum amount of equipment, the mine Is operated only during the stumer season. Inclement weather and poor road conditions preclude efficient operations during other parts of the year. Now let me sunmarize the unusual characteristics of the Coalinga deposit: 1. All chrysotile 2. All short-fiber 3. Random-oriented fibers 4. Over 50% fiber content 5. About 207. moisture content UCC 023314 .A To take advantage of the unique features of the Coalinga deposit, Union Carbide developed a hydraulic beneficiation process to provide the product shown in Figure 7. Conventional mineral processing techniques such as wet screening and grinding, are utilized; but the process is proprietary and I cannot describe it In detail. I can say chat it consists primarily of three systems: rock-fiber separation, refining, and special treatment. This provides us with three basic product categories: fiber, colloidal and modified. Lets take a close look at the fiber before ve proceed to a discussion of particular grades and their various applications. It is this individual fiber, its purity and liberation, which makes CALIDRIA Asbestos different from any other asbestos product available today. \ You will remember from Figure 3, depicting the crystal structure of chrysotlle asbestos, that there is a slight curvature In the configuration. This rep resents the tubular form of the fibers, which consist of about ten concentric layers of brucite (magnesium hydroxide) and silica. The cubes have an external diameter of 260& and an internal diameter of llo. Electron micro graphs, recently made in Japan of the ends of the fibers, have proven the tubular theory. The length of the fibers varies greatly, probably from 100 to 1000 times the diameter; but we feel that the average L/D ratio is about 200. This means that the average fiber length Is about S microns; and, from this, we have estimated that there are 10^ fibrils in one gram of CALIDRIA Asbestos. (For mathematic buffs this means that if all the fibers In one gram were placed end to end they would stretch out 300,000 miles). But let's look at some more practical and measurable numbers and physical characteristics. From strictly geometrical considerations, an assemblage of closely packed hollow tubes with the diameters mentioned previously UCC 023315 5 would have a surface area of 105 square meters per gram (35m2/g Internal and 70m2/g external). Based on BET-nitrogen tests, our asbestos products have surface areas of 60 to 80m2/g. This compares to 10 to 30m^/g for average Canadian asbestos, and verifies the electron microscope observations that there is little or no foreign material batveen the fibers. Also, sines vs use s wet process, the tube interiors ere probably cleaned out to some extent. Some interesting values are shown in Figure 8 and should facilitate a comparison between asbestos and materials with which you are more familiar. To suasaarlze, CALIDRIA chrysotlle asbestos fibers have the following important characteristics: 1. High surface area, 60-30m2/g 2. High tensile strength, up to 800,000 psl 3. Cationic surface charge 4. Colloidal form, average L/D of 200 5. Extremely high purity, 90-991 fiber 6. Essentially inert 7. High temperature stability to about 700C. 8. Low refractive index, 1.51-1.55 At t mentioned previously Canadian asbestos is classified by fiber length, into (trades 3 through 7, described as follows: Grade 3 - Spinning fibre 4 - Shingle fibre 5 - Paper fibre 6 - Waste 7 - Shorts Grade 7 is divided into numerous sub-grades, such as: 7D, 7M, 7R, 7T, etc.; which have slightly different characteristics. Figure 9 compares the UCC 023316 "average" Canadian Grade 7 with CALIDRIA products. -6 Figure 10 shows all the CALIDRIA products and their major market applications. The discussion which follows, to the best of my ability, will be about products and applications of direct Interest to you. I don't know if the tape Joint, or dryvall industry is considered to be in the coatings field; if not, it is certainly a related area. Figure 11 shows a typical ready-mix tape joint compound utilizing CALIDRIA S-G 210. The important factor to note Is that the S-G 210 content is only one half the usual amount of asbestos used In such a formulation. Mineral content and water demand are maintained constant by Increasing the Inexpensive limestone > addition. Textured coatings utilize two other products: S-G 130, a coarser grind than S-G 210, and T-135, a tltanated asbestos product. To digress just a moment, T-135 is colloidal, or High Purity Asbestos co flocculated with anatase 1102* It was the first of our modified products. Figure 12 is an electron micrograph which shows how the TIO2 particles are dispersed along the fibers. They are bound together by their opposite electrical charge and cannot be separated by mechanical energy. T-135, In the paper Industry, usually replaces TIO2 on a pound-for-pound basis with no loss in brightness or opacity. This is due to the efficient dis persion of the TIO2 by the asbestos fibers. T-135 is Just being Introduced to the texture coating formulators and is showing very good promise as a valuable additive. Good body and high brightness can be achieved with a single product. The potential for an asbestos/rutile product is obvious and we are working toward that end. Even though CALIDRIA fiber i3 very small, the particle 3ize is presently too large for widespread application in finish coatings, UCC 023317 7 especially interior. ' An application where the particle size has been adequately small to really offer soma advantages la in asphalt compounds. CALIDRIA Resin Grade 110 was developed for this application, especially in automobile undercoatings, and has proved to be quite valuable. Figure 13 shows the Improved thicken* ing efficiency of R-G 110 in a coal tar residue (CP-524). Besides offering good bodying at low concentrations, R-G 110 is essentially non-abrasive and meets the demanding performance of airless spray applications. Viscosity and thixotropy are two very important words used when talking about liquid resin systems. Viscosity, of course. Is a measure of a material's resistance to flow; or, as Webster so aptly puts It: "the state of being viscous". (You can check this when you get home, but he defines VISCOUS sa "having viscosity".) Webster, at least In his Collegiate Edition, avoids thixotropy completely; but it is a property which is required in a coating, so we can't Ignore It. A thixotropic resin is one which is "thin" when energy is applied, such as pumping or spraying; but "thick" under static conditions. You might think of cataup as thixotropic: thick in the bottle, but when you apply energy to the bottom--look out! A better example might be DuPont's Lucite paint, or approved equal, which spreads easily with just the energy from a brush stroke; although, in the can, it looks Ilka paste. Resin-Grade 144 la a particularly effective thixotrope end vlscoelty control agent for epoxy resin systems. Figure 14 depicts some of its typical physical characteristics. It disperses reedily in liquid resins and hardeners with a Cowles Dissolver or similar high-shear mixer, and over-mixing does not destroy its effect. Epoxy systems containing R-G 144 have excellent aging characteristics; and, up to 2 or 3 phr, are amazingly clear. UCC 023318 8 Resin stability 13 the main reason that R-G 144 has been included as the 1 thixotrope in the California Division of Highways specification for adhesives used in applying lane markers. Formulations for both Standard-Set and Rapid-Set adhesives are shown in Figure 15. At storage temperatures which sometimes reach 115F., adhesive components containing pyrogenic silica were subject to drastic changes in thixotropy and viscosity. The state found that not only did R-G 144 provide a stable resin, but It also did not detract from adhesion or strength properties. Processing advantages, including reduced cost, are also realized. Unlike some other thixotropes, R-G 144 is effective with amine hardeners; and no amine salts are required for viscosity build or thixotropic stability. The thickening effect of different thixotropes is shown in Figures 16 & 17. Figures 18 & 19 depict the thixotropic effect of R-G 144 and two other thixotropes in epoxy and hardener respectively. With epoxy/hardener systems, each loaded with 4Z R-G 144, 70 mil thicknesses can be held at room temperature; and up to 40 mil thicknesses can be held, sag-free, at 80C. Figure 20 shows the results of some of these tests. The value of R-G 144 as a thixotrope is not limited to epoxy resin systems, as it performs equally well in many other organic systems. It is being used as a thickener for greases, bituminous mastics and sealers, butyl rubber and polysulfide sealants, heat curable vinyl plastisols, casein and phenolic adhesives, etc. In addition to viscosity control and thixotropy, R-G 144 also provides some measure of reinforcement. The first single-crystal whiskers used by man were asbestos fibers. As mentioned earlier, the tensile strength of asbestos fibrils has been UCC 023319 9 measured ac more than 300,000 psl, as strong as the strongest filaments. = But so far, strengths achieved in composites do not go beyond those achieved with glass-mat reinforcements. We have found good whisker rein forcement with R-G 144 In rigid vinyls (with excellent see-through up to 30 phr loading), nylon molding compounds, polysulfones and others. The whisker theory says that above some critical volume loading, dis continuous short fibers reinforce a given matrix as well as a continuous one of the same material. This is true because the many 3hort fibers are In such close proximity that the central load bearing portions can transfer an applied load from one to the other without the fiber ends becoming involved. The basic requirement for most resin systems is that the 4D ratio be at least 90. The R-G fiber, at 200:1, Is well above the minimum; and Figure 21 depicts the superior reinforcement of VYNS (a PVC-PVA copolymer) with R-G 144 compared to two Canadian asbestos products. These data represent the first work done in this area and shew the distinct advantages of a high purity, fully-liberated fiber product which contains 99% asbestos rather than the 60% normally contained in competitive asbestos products. Only modest improvements are effected in several of the low cost, high volume resins such as styrenes and polyethyLenes. However, very impressive results have been achieved in polymers derived from polar monomers, such as phenoxy, polysulfone and nylon. These data are tabulated in Figure 22. Dramatic increases in tensile, flexural, and impact strength are effected with additions of 15-30% R-G 144. in Nylon-6, R-G 144 imparts improvements very similar to chopped glass, at considerably less cost. Similar improve ments have elso been found in Nylon 6/10 and 6/6. Although R-G 144, at high loadings, is effective in thicksr.ing polyester UCC 023320 10 reala systems, it was apparent chat this product could not compete with existing thixotropes in 3uch applications. Through the efforts of Dr. Steve Chvastiak of our Niagara Falls R & D staff, another "new" asbestos product was developed. R-G 244 is a chemically modified fiber developed to provide maximum thickening efficiency and thixotropy in polyester spray-up and hand lay-up laminating resins. Figure 23 compares the thickening efficiency of R-G 244 and pyrogenic silica in a typical polyester resin. It is also a very effective thickener in vinyl resin sealants and for organosols and plastlsols used in a wide variety of adhesives, coatings, . mastics and sealants. Figure 24 depicts a suggested heat-curable vinyl * sealant formulation in which R-G 244 imparts a high degree of sag control and promotes adhesion. In most systems R-G 244 does not contribute color or opacity. Optimum efficiency, greatest stability, and lowest cost are obtained through the uae of sonic dispersers and high energy mixers. However, especially at low viscosity levels, R-G 244 can be incorporated with low sheer, propeller-type stirrers. Since R-G 244 imparts little, if any, color, it is being rapidly accepted as a thixotrope for polyester gel coats. The thixotropic effect which R-G 244 imparts to a polyester resin is depicted In Figure 25. Here you will note that a high shear, where a resin would be sprayed, the viscosity is lower than with pyrogenic silica; and at low shear, where the resin would come to rest on a surface, extremely high viscosity is developed. This prevents sagging and facilitates the maintenance of a smooth uniform coating. You no doubt have noted during my discussion that in almost every application. UCC 023321 sag or viscosity control has been an important factor. This physical , characteristic is required in almost all liquid systems, aqueous, or resinous; and including coatings, adhesives, sealants, laminates, and molding compounds. And the secret to the success of CALIDRIA Asbestos is related directly to its ultimate purity and fiber liberation. I hope that through this paper I have conveyed the idea that CALtDRIA Asbestos fiber is different and that its range of applications Is limited only by your imagination. UCC 023322  HI a. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Pig. '3 Pig- 4 Pig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Pig. 15 Fig. 16 Pig- 17 Fig. 18 Fig. 19 Pig. 20 Fig. 21 List of Figure* Physical Properties of Asbestos Minerals Location of Union Carbide's CALIDRIA Asbestos operation Crystal structure of chrysotlle asbestos Electron Micrograph of Canadian Asbestos Ore Electron Micrograph of Coalings Asbestos Ore Electron Micrograph of Dry-processed Coalings Asbestos Ore Electron Micrograph of CALIDRXA Asbestos Fibers Comparative physical Properties of Veil-Known Fibers Physical Properties of Chrysotlle Asbestos GALIDRIA Asbestos Market Applications x TJC Ready-Mix Electron Micrograph of Tltaaated Asbestos, GALIDRIA Type- T-135 Comparative Thickening Performance of Various Materials in Coal Tar Residue Typical Physical Characteristics - CALIDRIA R-G 144 Epoxy Adhesives for Pavement Markers ' Effect on Viscosity of Various Thickeners In Bakellte Epoxy Resin ERL-2774 Effect on Viscosity of Various Thickeners in Bakellte Raaln Hardener ZZL-0814 Effect on Thixotropy of Various Thickners In Bakellte Epoxy Resin ERL-2774 Effect on Thixotropy of Various Thickners in Bakellte Resin Hardener ZZL-0814 Thickening of Blsphenol-Based Realn with R-G 144 4 Thickening of Amine Hardeners with R-G 144 Asbestos Reinforce VYNS-Compression Molded UCC 023323 Fig. 22 Fig. 23 Fig. 24 Fig. 25 Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Samples Comparison of Thickening Efficiency of ResinGrade 244 Asbestos with that of Colloidal Silica in Polyester Resin Typical Heat-Curable Vinyl Sealant Formulation Comparative Thixotropic Characteristics CALIDRIA R-G 244 Vs Pyrogenic Silica \ UCC 023324 s H 3 o eu* 49 p2 I I* 1 .uS io* 9 s s* > u i i 0 3 ,u 1 i O9 > 8 3 UCC 023325 Location of Union Carbide's CALIDRIA Asbestos operation Fig. 2 UCC 023326 FIGURE 3 1 C rysta l s tru c tu re o f c h ry s o tlle asbestos. -t Ui o oo > -J Xd o tn Oo >x tdo O UJ CE 2 QO >< X2 @ UCC 023327 UCC 023328 UCC 023329 L- i -m rr Vkill_ r.-s fN : jf iO. ft- pr t fti ii < Fig. p * .Electron Micrograph of dry processed asbestos fibers UCC 023330 Fig- 7 - Electron Micrograph of vet processed Calidria asbestos fibrils UCC 023331 COMPARATIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OP WELL-KNOWN FIBERS FiR Ua u ofl o o c ooo u M uV 1 1 o o o o* a o C/3 Q o OJ ao en CJ t i <--t O <n o r-* tt o o* o 00 o 4J & 3 4U> <4CJJ EbO 1*4 g u W3 O * -- o r*% o o0oCO0I o o o o o u f+ nl >4 s3 c c ewa o <1* 3 Q w5 AJ c .a --H g 5 0 o a AJ a 5s n-* 0 v4 u* ss 3 Z cu UCC 023332 CO o H CO M CO Crt < s a a M i-J G< 'I CO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS a h o <r o r^. o CJ M co Os sD c/5 s sa5 ua 04 o1 \0 i o 1 m <n > 'r0v'' o V 00Q1 04 au U03 CO u o 1 o o ( 00 rv r"> t <04n 04 r-. O# 'sO o CM V vnOi cwa o' oO o cm aO O aCM o M & CM 8C/5 SoaouS* ig04*i trt <OS 8 O < aOQ> iJ-t tz-* s a Oi 12 B u b W H Oa \ 9* * *0M*4 UCC 023333 CALIDRIA PRODUCT DESIGNATION S-G 100 S-G 144 S-G 130 S-G 210 HPP HPO T-135-P T-135-0 R-G 110 R-G 144 R-G 244 APPLICATION Vinyl asbestos and asphalt floor tile a >t it it it ti Texture coatings, acoustic compounds Tape Joint compounds Pulp and Paper Industry \ P & p, waste treatment, pollution control P& P P & P, textured coatings Asphalt compounds, polyester pre-mix Thixotropic thickener, resin systems " " , polyester resins CALIDRIA Asbestos Market Applications Pig. 10 UCC 023334 i UCC 023335 TJC READY-MIX STARTING POINT FORMULATION, I-GALLON MIXER, 4000 GRAMS DRY WEIGHT Ingredients and Order of Addition 1 by wt. dry basts grams to weight dry grams grams water 1. Water (equivalent to 36.OX by wt.) (c) 1002.1 Note: Start the mixer on alow stirring 2. CELLOSIZE TJC Grade Union Carbide 0.50 (a) 20.0 20.0 .. . Note: Add the particles slowly. Make sure no lumps are added. Mix until the particl es are wet. 3. Bacterlastat, "Dowlcldc" A (Dow Chemical) 0.20 (a) 8.0 8.0 Note: Continue stirring until the thlckner is in solution. Usually takes 4- 5 minutes. 4. Pigment Dispersant: "Daxad" 30 (Dewey and Almy), about (25% total solids) 0.60 96.0 24.0 72.0 5. UCAR Latex 131, Union Carbide (S9.0-61.0X total solids) 6. Filming Aid: Ethylene Glycol Union Carbide 6.60 1.00 440.0 (b) 40.0 264.0 40.0 176.0 - Note: Mix until the above mixture la homogeneous (well dispersed) Add the fillers below Individually or as a mixture 7. Asbestos, Calidrla SG-210 Grade, Union Carbide 8. Mica (P-80-F), (Western Mica) 4.50 21.00 180.0 840.0 180.0 840.0 -- .-- 9. Clay, ASP-400, (Minerals and Chemicals Phillip) 4.00 160.0 160.0 -- 10. Anti foam; N0PC0 PD No, 1, (Nopoco Chemical) 0.10 4.0 4.0 -- 11. Calcium Carbonate, No, 1 White, (Thompaon-WeInman) 61.50 2460.0 2460.0 The above mixture is mixed for 120 minutes In a 1-gallon Baker-Perkins Sigma Blade Type mixer at 79 r.p.m. NOTES: (a) These can be added as a 2.0 percent by weight pre-mix concentrate. The concentrate is prepared using the addition of bacterlastat as Indicated. When this la done, a corresponding correction must be made In the Initial water charge. (b) based on an average of 60.OX total solids. (c) based on the fillers recommended here. The water demand will differ with the type of dry fillers. 23352 Fig. 12 - Electron Micrograph of Titanated Asbestos, CALIDSIA Type T-135 UCC 023336 VUcosity at 2 Rpm., cps. COMPARATIVE THICKENING PERFORMANCE Fig. 13 UCC 023337 CALXDRXA R-G 144 Typical Physical Characteristics Specific Gravity Moisture Content, 7. by Wt. Surface Area, Sq. meters per gram Reflectance, G.E. Brightness Nature of Surface Charge pH in Hater (2% slurry) Bulking Value, gal./100 lb. Oil Absorption (DOP) lb./100 lb. Refractive Index, 25C. Aspect Ratio (Average L/D) Tensile Strength, pal* Tensile Modulus, pal* Dry Bulk Density, Ib./cu. ft. (fully aerated) 2.45 2.0 max. ' 60 approx. 72-76 Electropositive (Cationic) 9.0 4.8 120 1.54-1.56 200:1 824.000 max. (281,000-436,000) 23.2 x 10* 4 *1968 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, p. 594 Fig. 14 UCC 023338 EPOXY ADHESIVES FOR PAVEMENT MARKERS RAPID SET TYPE: Package A: Epoxy Resla RESIN-GRADE ASBESTOS Titanium Dioxide Package B: Polymereaptan Hardener 2t4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyi)pheno1 Alkyl Subs. Polynuclear Aromatic Oil 2-Ethyl Hexanoic Acid Carbon Black RESIN-GRADE ASBESTOS Glasa Spheres STANDARD SET TYPE; Package A: Epoxy Resin Titanium Dioxide RESIN-GRADE ASBESTOS Talc Package B; N-Amlnoethyl Piperaaine Nonylphenol Carbon Black Talc RESIN-GRADE ASBESTOS Parts by Wt. ioo.qS 3.00 1.62 60.00 6.00 15.00 0.20 0.05 2.00 36.36 100.00 7.31 3.00 37.64 23.16 52.00 0.22 77.37 1.00 Fig. 15 UCC 023339 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 2 RPM. and 25C. EFFECT ON VISCOSITY OF VARIOUS THICKENERS IN RAKELITE EPOXY RESIN ERL-2774 Fig. 16 UCC 023340 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 2 RPM. and 25C. EFFECT ON VISCOSITY OF VARIOUS THICKENERS IN BAKELITE RESIN HARDENER ZZL-0314 Fig. 17 UCC 023341 CL GC O CN CN X LU a o a. O cc H O X H SOLIDS, PER CENT BY WEIGHT EFFECT ON THIXOTROPY OF VARIOUS THICKENERS IN BAXELITE EPCXY RESIN ERL-2774 Fig. 18 UCC 023342 7 Ol 0) CJ Ji. THIXOTROPIC INDEX, 2/20 RPR/I. M R-G 144 \/ * / # / S z/ R/IICROCRY STALLIIuc / SI LICATE 1 / / / \ PYROG ENIC SILK:a 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 SOLIDS, PER CENT BY WEIGHT EFFECT ON THIXOTROFY OF VARIOUS THICKENERS IN BAKELITE RESIN HARDENER ZZL-08U Fig. 19 UCC 023343 -* O Tolhlfi 4 THICKENING of bisphenol-based resins 1 Xjitfiw 1 WITH CAUDRIA RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS Ingredient BAXEUTE tXU-277* CAUDRIA ftaaliw Orado 104 Asbestos Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cpa. X 10"* 24 hours 7 daya 30 days Room Temperature 45 days Parti by Weight 100 1 100 2 j ! 100 3 RPM. 2 20 34 22 Thixotropic Index CT. t.) (a) RPM. 2 20 j1.5 137 39 Thixotropic Index CT. 1.) RPM. 2 20 3.5 250 53 Thixotropic Index (T. 1.) 4.7 32 20 (b) (b) 1.6 | 132 36 3.6 (b) | (b) (b) | (b) 244 (b> 54 (b) 4.5 (b) 100 4 RPM. 2 20 Thl**tropic Index (T.U 464 430 87 76 5.3 5.7 480 94 5.1 (h) j (b) Vertical Drawdown, mil (c) (b) | (b) (b) Cb) 125 125 o q 1 m !9 Ingredient SAKBUTE EM-2795 CAUDRIA Raaln* Orado 144 Asbestos Braddlotd RVF Vlacaalty, cpa. X 1C"* 24 hours 7 days 30 days Room Tsmparatura 45 days 100 Parts by Weight 100 100 100 1 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T. 1.) 18 3.8 4.7 16 3.7 4.3 <b) (b) (b) 23 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index CT. I.) RPM. 2 | 20 Thixotropic Index CT. 1.) 38 6.3 35 6.8 11 5.1 | 68 12 6.4 5.5 (b) (b) (b) | Cb) (b> (b) 4 RPM. 2 20 Thlsotropie Index 91 13 6.9 122 22 5.5 125 25 5.0 Vortical Drawdown, mli <e) (b) (tO <b) SO <b> Cb) (b) 70 (a) Thixotropic Index <T. I.) (b) Hot run. viscosity t 2rpm. viscosity at 20 rpm. (c) Vertical Drawdown: A 2>ladl wide drawdown waa made on a horizontal sandblasted ataoi panel. The panel waa im mediately ralaod to a vertical position and any cap noted. If no *( occurred In 10 minutes, tha procedure was repaeted and tha thickness ineroaoad until ssagln* occurred. Tfahlfi 9 THICKENING OF AMINE HARDENERS I QuiU WITH CAUDRIA RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS Braokflaid RVF Vlacaalty, cpa, X IO"* 24 hours 7 days 30 days Vertical Drawdown Room Temperature (R. T.) 50*C. 80*C. 30 days at R. T. 30 dsys at 80*C. BAKEUTE ZZL4B14 Parte by Wt. .100 CAUDRIA RoeiiwOrade 144 Asbestos..................... .4 RPM. | Thixotropic Index 2 20 j (T. I.J 187 36 | 5.3 172 34 5.1 177 JL 5.2 Parte by WL BAKEUTC ZZIUOS20.......100 CAUDRIA ReaJflNOnd* 144 Asbestam................4 RPM. Thixotropic 2 20 CT. 1.) 67 32 2.1 66 32 2.1 67 35 1.9 Parti by Wt. BAKELITE 771-0884....... 100 CAUDRIA Raaln Brads 144 Asbestos.......................4 RPM. 2 20 Thlieowpia liriM CTel.) 102 23 4.5 104 23 4.6 104 24 4.4 MU ________________"_________________ MU 70 40 40 20 -- 40 40 70 40 40 -- 40 40 Fig. 20 UCC 023344 REINFORCED VTOS-COMPRESSION MOLDED None R-G 144 7RF9 7R05 Tensile Strength,psi. Tensile Modulus, 103 psi. Elongation, % Izod, ft-lb/in. HDT, C. Color Clarity 7600 396 2 . 0.6 63.0 Lt. Gray Clear 9000 531 3 0.5 69.9 Lt. Tan Clear 7700 470 16 0.5 64.6 Dk. Gray Opaque 7800 490 k 0.5 63.3 Dk. Gray Opaque Formulation: VTNS Temex 5 Advastab CH-90 Advastab ABC-18 Stearic Acid Asbestos 100.00 1.20 0.50 0.75 1.00 10,00 Fig. 21 UCC 023345 F ig . 22 o1 es \0 i 8 <n Po >v SB O o OtS oooo <N O o f-4 ON ^ Oo iOn o* <oT*t -- oO i Oo O ** m O0*1 --ONnJ H CwO -4 ooo mo oq >? NO t > .M i-b c5 3a JS* >. I oQ U OQ O r>. O ("i NN O I 1/1 H* ^r-~ (& o G8 9s -<a4- w N C3 Of Xoa v rot CM oo aOoo <r--M m* a* n <n o ocoo O jaS* 2 o f** in CS m n t * 4 1 <s| *0 -o c* vO 5 at Os GO t* o 3C5J *H 03 * d * O. w n *4 af*n a*o 41 m0.0 44* -v4 m JS * -3 44 cd 44 * e j-i yt PGO 3 Ve * 00 9 9 <B * v a U *0 U *(4 "Q o t** 3 C/3 X a .a 0^ ws 0i pM ^ ^4 4J u41 4} * 4 W VM o^4 4-* t* U *4 4H 3 3 00 h cCD a) X X c a at at. 0 o uu N H H fib fib M M UCC 023346 VISCOSITY, CRS. X 10-3 (6 RPM.) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 SOLIDS, PER CENT BY WT. Comparison of Thickening Efficiency of ResinGrade 244 Asbestos with that of Colloidal Silica in Polyester Resin Fig. 23 UCC 023347 TYPICAL HEAT-CURABLE VINYL SEALANT -FORMULATION Ingredient BAKELITE Vinyl Dispersion Resin QYLF-2 BAKELITE Vinyl Resin Solution VMCC "Elvacite" 2044(a) "Hycar" 1411(b) "Camel White"(c) FLEXOL Plasticizer 10-10 FLEXOL Plasticizer TCP "Monomer X-970"(d) "Mark" LL(e) Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos "Dicup" R(f) Per Cent by Weight 24.54 3.92 0.98 0.37 29.20 29.20 2.70 4.91 0.49 3.68 0.01 100.00 .Dissolve BAKELITE Vinyl Resin Solution VMCC in FLEXOL Plasticizer 10-10 at about 100C. Dissolve "Elvacite" 2044 in FLEXOL Plasticizer TCP at 100C. Mix the two solutions and all the other ingredients together in a pony, "Hobart" or similar mixer. (a) Acrylic resin; Du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware (b) Powdered rubber; B. F. Goodrich, Akron, Ohio (c) Calcium carbonate; H. T. Campbell and Son's Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland (d) Polymerizable monomer; Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (e) Stabilizer; Argus Chemical Corporation, Brooklyn, New York () Catalyst; Hercules, Wilmington, Delaware Fig. 24 UCC 023348 VISCOSITY, CPS. X ID * Comparative Thixotropic Characteristics CALIDRIA R-G 244 Vs Pyrogenic Silica Fig. 25 UCC 023349