Document B567q6JZ168pMwaYvZNraR1a8
Monsanto Chemicals
________ ^________
// AROCLOR
A NONFLAMMABLE HYDRAULIC FLUID FOR
DIE-CASTING SYSTEMS
>
. '.
*"' .
..............
"
. / '
Monsanto Technical Bulletin No. P-137
March 28, 1949
^
Monsanto Chemical Company
St. Louis 4, Mo.
Aroclor* 1248, chlorinated biphenyl, the safe and economical organic hydraulic fluid for metal die casting systems, eliminates the constant threat of serious fire hazard associated with the use of com bustible hydraulic fluids in the die-casting industry.
This safe and economical hydraulic fluid has been in continuous satisfactory use In individualized die-casting units for about ten years and in central ized systems for the past two years.
*
Registered in U. S. Patent Office t
DSW 322987
Thr infnnssnoa in this bulletin it b.trd on out nrnntt, leptrsents aw ben |uj,ment in the iseltei. nil is intended to be htiplul.hw r ennot iinmt tetruettibtlity (at say lost ot sccident that mty tesull (too its use.
I %
STLCOPCB4074635
. . . ...
I. INTRODUCTION/ .
>
Aroclor 1248, chlorinated biphenyl, the safe and economical organic hydraulic fluid for metal die-casting systems; eliminates the constant threat of serious fire hazard associated with'the use of combustible
hydraulic-fluids-in-the die-casting industry^
There are not many available noncombustible organic fluidsfand only very few possess the over-all physical requirements of hydraulic fluids for die-casting systems. Notwithstanding the possibility of sustaining costly fire damage when using relatively inexpensive petroleum oils, the economics involved in replacing petroleum oils with the more expensive noncombustible organic hydraulic fluids is an important factor to the industry. In this connection, it is important to emphasize that Aroclor 1248 appears to be substantially less expensive than the few other available noncombustible organic hydraulic fluids for this purpose.
Aroclor 1248 has been used successfully in die-casting machines for many
years and satisfactory continuous service records on Aroclor 1248 ex
tend beyond ten years. It is used throughout the industry as widespread
and leading die-casters have installed'Aroclor 1248 to replace combus
tible oils and also to replace other noncombustible organic fluids,
because of the demonstrated good performance obtainable with Aroclor
1248 and: because of its lower initial cost and lower "make-up" require
ments in/t'he. system-.:___^
~
/ C::/: Il/ INDIVIDUALIZED DIE-CASTING SYSTEMS
.'
Aroclor 1248 has been used continuously-for many years in individualized die-casting units using machines built by Lester Engineering Company
(13), The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co. (11), H. L. Harvill Mfg. Co. (9), and the Cleveland Automatic Machine Co. (4), as well as excellent "home built" units. Frequently, these machines are equipped with vane type centrifugal pumps such as the ones made by Vickers, Incorporated (21), but other types of centrifugals may also be used.
The Watson-Stillman Company's (22) die-casting machines are used as individualized units equipped with Oilgear piston type pumps made by The Oilgear Company (15). Aroclor 1248 is suggested as a noncombustible
hydraulic fluid for Installations of this type.
In most Instances, the normal operating temperature of the hydraulic
fluid is within the range of 80-120F. and this temperature may or
may not be controlled by jacketed water coolers, depending on the spe
cific design of the die-casting machine. Most of these machines use
60-200 gallons of the hydraulic fluid and operate at pressures ranging
as high as 1,000-3,000 p.s.i.
`
DSW 322988
STLCOPCB4074636
III. CENTRALIZED DIErCASTING SYSTEMS
Jlroclor 1248 has been In continuous satisfactory use for anumber of 1 ..years in centralized die-casting systems consisting of batteries of- the 'machines connected to a central tank of the Aroclor hydraulic fluid, v..These systems are usually equipped with piston type pumps such as made
by The Oilgear Company and have an accumulater In the line to maintain --smooth operation. Such centralized systems may operate with 2,000 -.gallons, or even more, of Aroclor 1248. Systems of this type using_ -Aroclor 1248 and Oilgear pumps have been in continuous service for^a ..number of years with apparently satisfactory performance.............-
V-"" : -
_ ' IV. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OP AROCLOR 1248
'The physical properties of Aroclor 1248 are listed below with similar
constants for Aroclor 1254. The reason for including Aroclor 1254 is
that in some instances, especially for viscosity considerations, it- may
I _.be desirable to blend small portions of Aroclor 1254 with Aroclor-1248.
i-For more complete data about the low vapor pressure of Aroclors, their
low'vaporization rates, their viscosity ranges, their noncorrosive .
1.properties, high order of stability to heat and corrosive influences,
-"as well as other pertinent qualities,-please refer to Monsanto Techni
cal Bulletin No.P-115 . entitled,-^?The Aroclors'' (14-bibliography
I .reference).;
-- -- --
`
-TABLE -I--- Outline of Physical Properties
:
Arc :1c r 12-1
uc.ii - - -- --- - Aroclor 1248 -
Aroclor 1254
^Form_ ; ~rr;r
.-V Yellow tinted'; _ "Light yellow
cce"
^::r.sc:: l.'iUhLU " mobile, oil_ ' ^ V viscous olL-
c tCoIor^ -APHA _ -~
~ a;
c r ^ lOO Max r: 1- c; r 400: Max. ^
Acidity--Maximum (mgm. KOH/Gm.) ~' 0.015
0.015
Average Coefficient of Expansion - cc/cc/C.
0.00070 (25-65C.)
O.OOO66 . (25-65eC.)1
Density--
'
- -Specific Gravity 25/25C.
. ' (77/77F.) - " _ Pounds per Gallon 25C. (77F.)
''
1.447 to1.457
1.538 to
: 12.08
.................. - ' - -;....... 12.83
1.548 - - e-
DS\N 322989
3-
STLCOPCB4074637
TABLE I. (continued) : --- - -- -- --
... Aroclor 1248 " :: Aroelor 1254
Distillation Range--ASTM D-20
*: (Mod.) Corr.
-- /-'
r . . :340o-375; 2. :1365-390 -
-- v:-77
; / l" ` _ 7
"r
Vaporization Rate gms/cm'hr/100*C'0*000152' ";r7^ 0*000053 .
Plash Point--Cleveland Open' Cup C. 193-196 -r -Noiie ~ . ' ~ r ?P^ -: 3790~384 - - r--
Pire Point--Cleveland Open Cup___C_. __None____
_ None
Pour Point--ASTM D-97 ::
C. -7 ' - -- F*~ 19 *4
10 1 ? _50`
. `:
Viscosity--Saybolt Universal Sec.
: (ASTM D-88)
210P. (98.9C.) - 36-37 --
_ - :v:130F. (54.4C.)
69-78
- 7------- - -_X00p. (37.8C.) : 185-240
------------------- --
~ - 44-48
-
- - -260-340 ......... :
- ~:l800-2500
Absolute Viscosity--Centipoises
------------ - 212F. ;(100C.
*...........
122F. ( 50C.
77p. ( 25C.
4.2 25 208
-8.5 146 777
V. NONCOMBUSTIBLE QUALITIES OP AROCLOR 1248 .
-PLASH POINT. Limitations of this test for the prediction of the fire
ihazard of relatively nonvolatile organic:fluids have been recognized
by the ASTM committee (l).
r-: 11 - - 1 --
TIRE POINT is a more significant measurement, The National Board of
Pire Underwriters Laboratories (20) concur that fire tests more truly
reflect the (lack of) fire hazard of Aroclor.
--:
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION TEMPERATURE. The combustion resisting qualities
of Aroclor 1248 are indicated by its high spontaneous ignition tempera
ture of 704C. (1,299F.) determined by Sullivan, Wolfe and Zisman
(19), using the convenient apparatus described by Sortman, Beatty and
Heron (18). -
__
~ ' -- ',
-
Under industrial use conditions the spontaneous ignition temperature will be determined by factors including the nature of the hot surface, the amount of liquid impigning on it, the volume of enclosed space, and the ventilation. In this connection, we wish to refer to an
DSW 322990
4.
STLCOPCB4074638
>/
Observation-concerning:the-use of Aroclor 1248 as a noncombUBtible heat-
transfer medium in Aroclor heating systems. An accidental failure in one of our Aroclor heating* systems demonstrated the nonflammability of Aroclor 1248 and its freedom from the hazard of fire propagation.
An operator's failure to start the circulation of the heat-transfer
medium when the gas heater was on resulted-in excessive coil tempera- .
tures, causing the lower coil (steel) to soften and sag into the fire
chamber. A weld ruptured and Aroclor 1248 poured into the red hot fire
chamber in contact with the flame. Smoke arose from the heater but
there was no internal fire. After the gas flame was cut_off, the smok
ing stopped.
' - - - '
--
SPRAY FLAMMABILITY. When a line ruptures In a die-casting system where
the-hydraulic fluid is under relatively high pressure, a-spray or mist
prevails. The possible fire hazard of Aroclor 1248 under these con
ditions requires considerations not covered by the foregoing discussions
relative to the material in the liquid form. In their comprehensive
Study, "Flammability of Higher Boiling Liquids and Their Mists", Sullivan,
Wolfe and Zlsman determined the spray flammability limit of numerous
materials in accordance with the percentage of oxygen required for com
bustion. This value was then correlated with the results of Incendiary
firing tests of the fluid conducted at the Naval Proving Ground,
Dahlgren, Virginia. The per cent oxygen requirement for Aroclor 1248
combustion in the spray~flammability-limit studies was established at
64$. It was observed that fluids requiring over 45-50# of oxygen in
theTspray test-failed ito cause a fire in the incendiary test . These
results firmly establish the nonflammable and noncombustible qualities
of Aroclor 1248. Moreover, these results on spray flammability studies
seem most pertinent since they reflect conditions prevailing in the
case of pressurized systems such as used'In metal "die-casting. : There
fore, we are taking the liberty of presenting the data in -the following
Table II as taken from the publication by Sullivan, Wolfe and Zisman
to compare this highly significant spray flammability rating given to
selected chlorinated hydrocarbons, organic phosphates, etc. Benzene
and a petroleum oil are included for comparison purposes.
"
*
--- -...../
_____________
5.
....................... - - DSW 322991
STLCOPCB4074639
Fluid
TABLE II. Flammability of Certain Higher Bolling Liquids and Their Mists
_ r.ierr .Viscosity Flash Pt. Fire Pt.
:r....-
- i Cs. at (COC) (1) (COG) (1) S.I.T.(2)
- - - lOO^F. F. F F
M
Spray Flamma bility Limit # Oxygen
Naval Ordnance
hydraulic oil .
r
O-.S. 1113
. 41.8
Benzene . . .
. 0.58
Chlorobenzene
- - -- -0.59- -
o-Dichlorobenzene.
0.84
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene . 1,1
Trichlorodiphenyl
(Aroclor 1242)
17-7
315- . : ' -346 : . 505
- 12 - 90
-. - ------
_
12^ 95
- 165
- - - - - - - - --
,260 . . .None . >1000
350 633 1230
:14 12 - 14
:'4l4l
45
AROCLOR 1248 (Tetra- . chlorodiphenyl) __ _ [45.4
: r380
" -. None
1300 - r ^64
Diphenyl ether
-: "2.6 ~~
'265
Chlorodiphenyl ether-- 3.0. -- 260
Dichlorodiphenyl ether 4.9
--300 : .
Trichlorodiphenyl
ether
-
__ 8*7 Vr c: ^25
Trimethyl phosphate ;
--- -^225
Tributyl phosphate
-2.6 - -----.. 285
Trioctyl phosphate -- r:8.I,,;.------ 380
Tricresyl phosphate--, 29
500.
Hexamethyl tetra-. ^
phosphate > .38.3 '
Tetrabutyl pyro-
-
phosphate
--;-^--
Dioctylphenyl: -r:r
,
-8...9
-.
.
--
-
_ ^
465"' r--
phosphonate
.... 11.5-
435
Diphenyl mono (p-tert-
butyl phenyl) phos
phate
. . 40.3
465
Di-(o-chlorophenyl)
monophenyl phosphate 34.3
510
" 275
. 335 - : 465
' ----- - : - - -. -
-:- - .
-27 ;33
4901* ' - " - - -
245 903
- 370 - ----- - -
--465
,680
685 - - - 1170
42
. 47 . -r27
. - L 13 il9
None "; :-920 : , : ; ~31
--720- -- - 7T. - -
480
' 845: - -"T '
630
:i4 . _ 21
720 >760
1076 1296
12 21
1) Cleveland Open Cup 2) Spontaneous ignition temperature
In light of the importance of spray flammability as demonstrated to be the most significant determination of the noncombustible qualities of higher boiling fluids and their mists, it is indeed interesting to note the lack of correlation between this value and other constants, such as.
.6 ' ' DSW 322992
STLCOPCB4074640
. flash point, fire point and especially the spontaneous ignition tempera-
--ture,
1-- ---------------- -----------------
-
' ' ' ' VI. RESISTANCE OP STRUCTURAL MATERIALS- TO AROCLOR -1248
"
- The noncorrosive qualities of Aroclor 1248 and the strong resistances of
structural materials to Aroclor 1248 are highly important factors In
the practical use of Aroclor as a hydraulic medium in die-casting sys-
- terns. The following Table III indicates the resistance of structural
materials to Aroclors 1248 and 1254.-
--
*:
....... .. -- -- --- -.....T..A..BLE III.
Resistance of Structural Materials To Aroclors 1248 and 1254
f.
2 : ' - . ; . - - Metals '
-
' 1248
-'
t 1254
^;
25C. 125C.
25C. - lg5C. - -
9 "Aluminum ` - r -
_ Copper
_______
; Magnesium :
z Nickel ..............
* Silver ..........
-Tin
----- -----
Zinc ---.Mild Steel . - Phosphor Bronze .Red Brass
Stainless Steel .Yellow Brass
.....
* * --Z --
--
..
.R ' 'R -cRR -.RR ZR"R
'RR JFU
D RR R
R: D- Rc -- r; R-- : R' R . - R D-v D~ RR Re
R-
R R-
r
R - . * R R RR ' R R' RR ^ R
RD-
R RR R
* ' -
R
R
RR R *_
D RR - -
De
RR--Excellent resistance--less than.1.0 x 10^ cm/day penetration or .
0.00014 in/yr.
.-
`R --Good resistance--has penetration between 1;0 x 10" and 10 x 10"
cm/day or between 0.00014 and 0.0014 in/yr.
^
,
D --Doubtful resistance--has penetration between 10 x 10" cm/day and'
100 x 10" cm/day or between 0.0014 and 0.014 in/yr.
e --Pollpwing the letter indicating resistance signifies material may
be better than indicated if totally immersed since weight loss
' . is believed to come from oxidation of the part of test strip
exposed to air.
.
_
7.
STLCOPCB4074641
VII. PACKING MATERIALS AND GASKETS SUITABLE FOR USE WITH AROCLOR 1248 IN DIE-CASTING SYSTEMS
Results of accelerated laboratory tests show that Hycar P, Koroseal, Perbunan, Neoprene and various other- "rubbers" are softened by Aroclors. especially at elevated temperatures. Accordingly, questions arise about the use of these materials for gaskets on die-casting machines using Aroclor. However, from practical experience in the operation of die-casting machines, it has been noted that fittings, such as the ball Joints made by Chiksan Tool Company (3). . containing a small. Neoprene gasket have given very good service under long continuous use when Installed in die-casting systems operated with Aroclor. Also, Neoprene . lined, metalized, flexible tubes used on the return lines of the die casting machines appear to give good service with Aroclor. ,In some Instances It appears almost necessary to use flexible tubes, especially on the return lines of the die-casting machines. If possible to do so, it would seem desirable to use rigid lines fitted with ball Joints such as made by Chiksan or Barco Swivel Joints (2).
For pipe connection,^ wlded Joints are hot necessary but^lrT the case of
welded flange connections, these may be'satisfactorily gasketed by the use of a thin sheet of aluminum. Various packing materials suitable for use with Aroclor at elevated temperatures Include Garlock Packing Company's (8) #7021, 1/8 inch asbestos" fiber "sheet for "flange' connec tions. Oarlock's #117 braided packing is used In valves and Garlock #234 packing is used for pumps; also, Garlock #431 and Chevron 7050-C materials are suitable packings. Likewise. Durametallic (6) spiral asbestos fiber may be used. Doubtless, Johns-Manville Corp. (12) and others have comparable packing materials which would be suitable. In all Instances, when ordering packing, It should be indicated to the supplier that the material is Intended for use with Aroclor 1248.
Teflon, duPont's (7) polytetrafluroethylene, is not attacked by. hot
Aroclor (130C.) and Is to be recommended as a gasket material. Thiokol
Is "not attacked by Aroclors at ordinary temperatures and especially
Thiokol 1605-A appears of interest for use with Aroclors In die-casting
systems. The maximum temperature ranges at which Thiokol is suitable
are indicated as follows:
.. .
. . .r:
- - Thiokol Type A - 150-200F. max. . Thiokol Type PA - 150-200F. max.
............. Thiokol Type ST - 250-300F. max. .
;\
Dow Coming's (5) Silastic, Silicone 180 is very resistant to hot Aroclor and use of this material is suggested. The changes in proper ties of Silicone 180 when immersed in hot Aroclor _for ,70 hours at 150C. are summarized as follows:
dS\N 322994
8. STLCOPCB4074642
I -*
_ _ _ 1. Lowering of the hardness by about 20 points. "; ' '2Improvement in the elasticity by several points.
7; 7 -3. Practically no change in tensile strength. f An appreciable increase in the ultimate elongation.
It`
Other types of packing materials recommended by the manufacturer for "
use In Aroclor installations include the following Palmetto (l6) pack
ings:
-
-
: .. >
.1
- Hydraulic Service (Normal Temperatures)
-Rod packing U Ring packing Flange packing Kup packing
- Sheet packing & gaskets
- Palmetto Pyramid Packing #2510 - Palmetto U Ring Packing #2610 r Palmetto Flange Packing #2810 - Palmetto Kup Packing #2710 -. Palmetto Hi-4 Sheet Packing #2910
- Heat-Transfer Service
_
c
: - - Rod packing
. . - Palmetto High Pressure Packing #2200
-'7 -Sheet packing & gaskets - Palmetto Hi-4 Sheet Packing #2910_
--With reference to the manufacturer and also the user of die-casting
* equipment, It is highly advantageous if the same packing materials
--generally used with oil-can be used also with Aroclor 1248. In this
connection, in the case of The Oilgear Company hydraulic equipment,
7 ~ it is noted that such packings as Thiokol, which is used for gaskets,
7 - and Oarlock #431, which is used as ram packings on most Oilgear equip-
~ ment, can be used either with oil; or with Aroclor 1248.
.
--.Vickers, Incorporated advise that all packing materials will have to be
other than those normally used for petroleum base fluids to prevent
71 rapid deterioration, and these are -available through Vickers, Incorporated
- for their own equipment, or many of the suppliers of standard sealing
elements.
.. .
..........
VIII. LUBRICATION
Aroclor 1248 has lubricating properties and Is used In die-casting systems most frequently without the addition of added lubricants. - However, in the case of piston type pumps where high lubricity Is a . requirement, sometimes the practice is to add not more than 5^ of a high lubricity oil to the Aroclor. Oils of this type In use are DTE medium heavy high lubricity oil and Pennsylvania Refining Company's (17) #90 VI light stock oil. Other similar oils are available for this purpose.
DSW 322995
9-
STLCOPCB4074643
Aroclor 1248 Is recognized In the Industry as an EP lubricant and Its heavy load carrying quality without seizure is reflected by tests made with a hydraulic fluid containing a substantial proportion of Aroclor.
The data pertains to results with an Almen test machine. During the
standard test, the hydraulic fluid carried the full 30-pound load nor mally used as maximum on the Almen test. The torque at maximum load
passed, average of 2 runs, was found to be 28.5 for the hydraulic fluid bull: on Aroclor as,compared with.a value of 14.0 for SAE 10 motor-oil.
-IX. VISCOSITY
The viscosity of Aroclor 1248 seems to be within the range:required in
the normal operation of many industrial pumps and hydraulic equipment.
As previously indicated, the viscosity of Aroclor 1248 can be Increased
by the addition of Aroclor 1254.: In light of the influence of tempera
ture on the viscosity of Aroclor,- this factor should be given considera
tion with reference to the operation of the pumps or hydraulic system
in which Aroclor is used. : --~,r-- r: :r
:___
As a general Indication of the-viscosity requirements for different
types of-pumps,-Vickers, Incorporated specifies the following for use with its pumps:
erv: --i-
Industrial Machinery Installatlons-
- - irAmblent- Temperature 50F. to_ 90bP.)
i*- l : Vane Type Pumps
- Type of Installation
Oil Viscosity
..-.Machine , tools operating'at:: 150-225 S.S.U. pressures up to 1000 p.s.l. @ 100P.
-nr r.:r Presses and otherrheavy
r ri: - machinery :
--
Piston Type Pumps All Industrial machinery
Piston Type and Gear Type Fluid Motors
All Industrial machinery _
-
275-315 S.S.U. @ 100F.
275-315 S.S.U. @ 100P.
`150-315 S.S.U. @ 100P. ,
Vickers recommends that the oil temperatures in the hydraulic circuit should be maintained between 60 and 130P. If, for reasons of non operation for extended periods, the temperature drops below 60P., the
fluid should be warmed to that temperature before starting operations.
--- 10.---
DSVI 3229- STLCOPCB4074644
Coolers should be provided, to prevent temperatures in excess of 130F., which will comply with the temperatures demanded by the Joint Industry Conference Hydraulic Standards, and should also'avoid; the necessity of having to use vent ducks, from any open or semi-open reservoir. .. .
Referring to the fact that the specific gravity of Aroclor 1248. is
greater than the similar value of average petroleum base fluids used,
inlet conditions to pumps should be carefully scrutinized to Insure the
absence of cavitation.
'
* *~ "
~"`
'
X. ' FILTRATION
It seems prudent to maintain clean oil regardless' of the specific ~ hydraulic fluid used in die-casting systems. Small particles of dirt,
metal chips and sand from the castings seem to work their way into the hydraulic fluid whether the installation Is a new one or one that has been in service for many years. Aroclor 1248 has a "tendency to suspend such Impurities. Although it is not always practiced, nevertheless, it seems Important to provide adequate filtration so that abrasive particles are removed from the system and the Aroclor ,12.48 .is kept clean. . _
Many die-casting machines are' equipped with Internal fine mesh wire ~
screens. These filters are suitable for removing the larger particles,
but to keep the Aroclor in a satisfactorily clean condition, the recom
mendation is to filter the Aroclor through a bed of suitably processed
granular Fuller's earth. There are available a number of satisfactory
filtering mechanisms or oil purifiers which may be used continuously
or intermittently. Probably one-of these filters available as-a con
venient portable model would be the most ..economical as it could be used
to clean the oil in a number of die-casting machines/ As one example
of a supplier of such equipment, we wish to refer to the Honan-Crane
Corporation (10).
___ ____
r --~
: -. . .
_ XI. DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY -_
Results of standard skin patch tests using over 100 Individuals show that Aroclor 1254 Is neither a skin irritant nor a skin sensitizer (14). We would expect that these results would serve to indicate that Aroclor .1248, which is only slightly lower in chlorine content than Aroclor
1254, is also neither a skin irritant nor a skin sensitizer.
Although the vapor pressure of Aroclor 1248 Is quite low and for all * practical purposes the material is nonvolatile, nevertheless, when Aroclors. are heated to elevated temperatures, vapors arise and these vapors bear a degree of toxicity and should not be breathed. This
.
.........
.11
STLCOPCB4074645
*
: consideration is, of course, minimized in the case of using Aroclor -1248 in die-casting systems, which are necessarily-thoroughly enclosed
- :to :prevent even_the .smallest kind, of a .leak, and the operating tempera-ture is relatively low since practical operation never exceeds about
140P.
"Aroclor 1248 has been used for over7ten years in individualized and
. centralized die-casting systems with complete freedom from any trouble
r: or "fear of any toxic effects. If Arocior 1248 comes in contact with the worker's skin, the skin should be washed in an ordinary manner with
soap and water. If the Aroclor is sufficiently hot so as to cause a
burn when in contact with the skin, the burn should be treated In the
same manner as any ordinary burn. Aroclor adhering to the burned area
: need not be removed immediately unless treatment of-the burn demands it,
"'in which case soap andjwater or repeated washings with a vegetable oil
: is recommended.
- ; .- . -- ; --
::
--
4 ,
* *- _________________
::: MONSANTO CHEMICAL company St. Louis 4, Mo.
.
New York-Chicago-Boston-BIrmingham-Charlotte-CincInnati-Cleveland ; Detroit-Philadelphia-Los Angeles-San Francisco-Montreal
PGB:MAG 2M
J ?, * u
DSW 322998
STLCOPCB4074646
* <
4.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials, 34,
53 (1934).
'---------: -
1 J.
(2) - Barco Manufacturing Co., 1801-15 WInnemac Ave., Chicago, Illinois.
(3) Chiksan Tool Company, Brea, California.
(4) Cleveland Automatic Machine Co., 4900 Beech Street/ Cincinnati 12,
. Ohio. . . ___ - ....................
- -
--------
(5) Dow Corning Corp., 592 Saginaw Road, Midland, Michigan.
(6) Durametallic Corp., 1936 Hall Street, Kalamazoo 24-F. Michigan.
(7) E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington 98, Delaware.
(8) Garlock Packing Company, 250 Main Street, Palmyra, New York.
(9) H. L. Harvill Mfg. Co., Harvill Building, Corona, California.
(10) Honan-Crane Corporation, Lebanon, Indiana.
(11) The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co., 830 Marion Road, Mount Gilead, Ohio.
^ (12) Johns-Manville, 22 East 40th Street, New York l6. New York.
(13) Lester Engineering Co., 2711 Church Street, Cleveland 13, Ohio.
(14) Monsanto Chemical Co. Technical Bulletin No. P-115# "The Aroclors."
(15) The Oilgear Company, 1560 W. Pierce St., Milwaukee 4, Wisconsin.
(16) Palmetto packings made by Greene, Tweed & Co., N. Wales, Penna.
(17) Pennsylvania Refining Company, 2686 Lisbon Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
(18) Sortman, C., Beatty, H., and Heron, S., Ind. Eng. Chem., 33, 357
(19^1).
. ..
(19) Sullivan, M. V., Wolfe, J. K., and Zisman, Wt A., Ind. Eng. Chem.,
39, 1607 (1947).
-
(20) Underwriters' Laboratories, "Miscellaneous Hazards No. 2498", Chicago, Illinois, 1934.
(21) Vickers, Incorporated, 1402 Oakman Blvd., Detroit 32, Michigan.
` (22) The Watson-Stillman Co., 109 Aldene Road, Roselle, New Jersey.
DSW 322999
.13
STLCOPCB4074647