Document B52OYroorZza8MjmyoZgp2k0X

G. L. Dickson J. L. Myers T. P. Norris J. B. Rouse J. E. Walsh Ms. Robin Hayutln (Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher) (a/ldna/rsBesr&s_________________ UNION CARBIDE UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION . METALS DIVISION P.O.BOX 579 NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y. 14302 TEL: 716-271 3376 November 18, 1982 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT lIC-5211 Dear "Calidria" Asbestos Customer: As part of our continuing effort to emphasize the importance of keeping you, your employees and your customers advised of the best practices for using asbestos safely, we are enclosing herewith a copy of our Material Safety Data sheet for "Calidria" asbestos, dated September 1, 1976. Additional copies are available from this office upon request. In addition, we are enclosing a copy of a pamphlet published by the Asbestos Information Association/North America (AIA/NA) as follows: "Asbestos * A Natural Substance for Modern Needs." Also enclosed Is a listing of other published material available from AIA/NA. Copies of AIA/NA material may be obtained directly from AIA/NA. Please advise each of your employees who handles our "Calidria" asbestos that you have such safety data sheets available for reference and deliver to them the foregoing pamphlet for their information and protection. If you do not receive sufficient pamphlets so that each employee handling "Calidria" asbestos will receive one copy of each pamphlet, we will be happy to furnish you with additional copies. We are also concerned that your customers and ultimately their employees be kept Informed by you of the best safety practices for using your products containing asbestos. We would like to express our appreciation for your business. Please let me know if we can serve you better In any way. Very truly yours, TPN:dac Enclosures T. P. Norris Manager, Market Development UCASB00740046 <wlu corporation Specialty Materials Dlv. ;Z Industrial Hay Lowell, MA 01851 Cal Slurry, Inc. Road 116 Alta Airport Sultana, CA 93666 Chemical Sealing Corp. 5401 Banks Avenue Kansas City, MO 64130 j cusiuntK uai run bm as ur ii/qc cat ilurry, inc. "" p. ^Q' gox Dlnuba, CA 93618 Carboline Company , P. 0. Box 370 Xenia, OH 45385 Celanese Engineering Resins P. 0. Box 1962 Bishop, TX 78343 Colonial Rubber Works 150 S. Connell Oyersburg, TN 38024 Fields Enterprises, Inc. 703 S. Bridges Avenue Kent, WA 98031 Granite Rock Company P. 0. Box 70 Seaside, CA 93955 Gulf 011 Company Industrial Asphalt Co. Div. P. 0. Box 2217 Bell Gardens, CA 90201 Kamex Energy Corp. c/o McClary-Swift 360 Swift Street So. San Francisco, CA 94080 Kamex Energy Corp. 800 Cawthon Louisville, KY 40203 Kentlle Floors, Inc. 4532 S. Kolln Avenue Chicago, IL 60632 Mortell Company 550 N. Hobble Avenue Kankakee, IL 60901 Highland Stucco Products 3650 N. 40th Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85019 Kentlle Floors, Inc. 58 Second Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11215 Pacific Asphalt Products Co. 14435 Macaw Road La Mirada, CA 90638 Protective Treatments, Inc. P. 0. Box 14116 Dayton, OH 45403 Protective Treatments, Inc. 3345 Stop Eight Road Dayton, OH 45414 Riverain Corporation P. 0. Box 826 Dayton, OH 45401 Rogers Corporation P. 0. Box 188 Rogers, CT 06263 The R.C.A. Rubber Company 1833 East Market Street P. 0. Box 9240 Akron, OH 44305 Roppe Rubber Company 1610 N. Union Street Fostorla, OH 44830 Texas Refinery Corp. 840 N. Main Street Ft. Worth, TX 76106 Tremco Mfg. Company 3060 E. 44th Street Vernon, CA 90058 Tremco Mfg. Company Artemus Road Barbourvllle, KY 40906 Tremco Mfg. Company 10701 Shaker Blvd. Cleveland, OH 44104 Michael Walters Industries Valler, IL 62891 World Asphalt Company 10144 Waterman Road Elk Grove, CA 95624 UCASB00740047 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway Arlington, Virginia 22202 Phone (703) 979-1150 (Date) Please forward the materials noted below. We understand that we will be billed for costs plus shipping charges. Handbook--"ASBESTOS--Federal & State Regulations" in three-ring binder. $20.00 each. Quantity A monthly report of items ofinterest to the asbestos industry. $60.00 per year to non-AIA/NA members. Quantity________________ ASKSTO& A NOULU. MSUNCX rat MoemmraxDS "Asbestos: A Natara) Substance for Modern Needs" An overview of asbestos and current use in products. 554 x 816 S.75 each. Quantity "What You Should Know About Asbestos and Health." Employee information pamphlet. 3"x7" $.35 each. Quantity "Recommended Practices for Handling Asbestos Fiber." Heavy coated stock poster, 11 'x 14' printed blue on white for employee information boards. $.30 each. Quantity___________ _ Also available in 3%* x 9' pamphlet form suitable for mailing in #10 envelope. $.20 eachQuantity Booklets--"Friction Materials Work Practices Guide"--$.15 each. Quantity_____________ "Recommended Work Procedures for Resilient Floor Coverings" $.20 each. Quantity_____________ _ Booklets--Recommended Work Practices "Fabrication and Use of Asbestos Paper Products" $ l .50 each. Quantity "Shop Fabrication of Asbestos Sheet Products" $ 1.50 each. Quantity------------------------- "Molding and Fabrication of Asbestos Containing Plastic Products" $ 1.50 each. Quantity "Fabrication and Use of Asbestos Friction Materials" $1.50 each. Quantity___ `Use and Handling of Asbestos Textile Products" $1.50 each. Quantity Field Fabrication of Asbestos-Cement Sheet" $1.25 each. Quantity r*t Recommended Work Practices for A/C Pipe" $.50 each. Quantity UCASB00740048 5.50 each. Quantity ----------------- Pamphlets--"Asbestos in the Atmosphere--A hazard to health?" $.25 each. Quantity___ "Asbestos in Water--A hazard to health?" $.25 each. Quantity Poster Series-- "Asbestos Health Hints for the Workplace." 15'x23' in various colors. Available at $.50 each or complete series at $3.00. -- *" --r---- \bcutun dust spills... neverday weep.^ When 2 required, always use your respirator! * If you don't smoke no\% doth start If you do Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Set of Six Posters ------------------------------(Quantity) Films-- A1A/NA can make available, on a loan basis and at no charge, the educational/training 16 mm films: "Working With Asbestos" (J-M, 20 min.); "Asbestos, The indispensable Mineral" (J-M, 20 min.); "Living With Dust" (3M. 15 min.); and "Asbestos at Work"(AlC-UK., 20 min.). Slide Presentation--"Asbestos: A Natural Product for Modern Needs" (35mm - 20 min.) Special Mailing Instructions: Company Address Cuy Siam 2>P Signature UCASB00740049 ASBESTOS: A NATURAL SUBSTANCE FOR MODERN NEEDS CLUTCH FACINGS PIPE WRAP FELTS A/C PIPE SHINGLES BRAKE LININGS A/C SHEETS PACKINGS TEXTILES VINYL FLOORING SHINGLES ROOFING PRODUCTS OIL SEALS GASKETS FLOOR TILE FRICTION MATERIALS ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION/NORTH AMERICA UCASB00740050 CONTENTS Introduction.................................................................................. 1 Section I--Asbestos and Health............................................... 2 Section II--Control of Asbestos in the Workplace and the Environment..................................................................... 6 Section III--Asbestos Use Today............................................... 8 Section IV--Conclusion................................................................10 References.......................................................................................11 May 20, 1982 UCASB00740051 Introduction The purpose of this pamphlet is.to provide the reader with an overview of significant-matters relating to asbestos and as bestos-containing products. It includes information on asbestos and health, federal regulation of asbestos, and current uses of asbestos. The asbestos, related health problems which are oc curring, today are problems that had their origin many years ago. This pamphlet will provide the reader with a better under standing as to why asbestos and today's asbestos-containing products can continue to be used safely. Asbestos is a- generic term used to describe a number of fibrous minerals found in various concentrations across the earth's surface. As defined by federal regulatory agencies, the term en compasses six minerals: chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite. Ofthese, chrysotile is the most widely used, accountingfor over 90 percent ofworld consumption. Because minute amounts of asbestos are commonly found in the natural environment ofmany areas, asbestos is sometimes referred to as being ubiquitous, or present everywhere. Com mercially viable deposits are far less common. The largest de posits are found in Canada, especially in the Province of Quebec, the U.S.S.R., and South Africa. In the United States, asbestos is mined in Califomia-and Vermont. Asbestos has found broad use in many essential applications because of its high tensile strength, superior flexibility and du-' rability, favorable friction properties, and resistance to fire, heat, and corrosion. This unique combination of properties remains unmatched by any other natural or man-made fiber. Indeed, in the recent past asbestos was very favorably perceived hy the public and hailed as a "miracle" fiber. It is now known .that.asbestos is one of a growing number of substances which can, with excessive exposure, cause disease in-humans. The current asbestos-related health problems are an unfortunate legacy of the past and have led to much fear, un certainty, and misinformation concerning the use of asbestos today. Yet the high visibility of these problems should not ob scure the very different working conditions which now exist in the industry. Improved handling techniques and the selective develop ment or elimination of product lines now allow asbestos and asbestos-containing products to be used at exposure levels many 2 times below those which are associated with hazards to health. Properly handled, asbestos is an economically valuable indus trial raw material which can continue to be used in many ben eficial applications. The issues related to the use of asbestos cannot be fairly or adequately addressed on the basis of emotional reactions. What is needed is a balanced, realistic view which accurately reflects the use of asbestos today. I. Asbestos and Health The public's concern about possible adverse health effects from asbestos exposure is understandable. There is no doubt that very high exposures to asbestos in workplaces many years ago have led to serious health consequences. Although we still do not have a complete understanding of how asbestos causes dis ease, there are areas ofgeneral agreement concerning its health effects. Microscopic fibers of asbestos, invisible to the human eye, can enter the body through two routes, ingestion or inhalation. Asbestos fibers are most commonly ingested, or swallowed, with drinking water, which in many areas naturally contains hundreds of thousands of fibers per liter. Studies, both in the United States and abroad, strongly support the conclusion that ingestion of asbestos is not considered to be a significant health risk. The National Academy of Sciences Safe Drinking Water Committee reported in 1977: "The available data with respect to asbestos orally ingested through drinking water do not suggest an immediate hazard to public health."1 The International Agency for Research on Cancer, after sur veying and evaluating all the available published literature on asbestos also concluded: "At the present time, there is no evidence that exposure of the general population to past levels of asbestos dust in the ambient air or in beverages, drinking-water, food, or pharmaceutical preparations increases the risk of cancer."* The Advisory Committee on Asbestos ofthe United Kingdom Health and Safety Commission completed in 1979 an exhaustive three-year study of the health risks from asbestos. In its final report, the Advisory Committee states: "there is ... no evidence of the existence of risk in animals associated with the ingestion of asbestos."* UCASB00740053 The U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sci ences is in the process of completing a series of animal studies on the biological effects of ingested asbestos. In these studies, groups of rats and hamsters were fed a diet which included a high percentage of asbestos. Although a final report has not yet been issued, a recent status report states: 'The contractor has reported that a preliminary analysis of the hamster data indi cates that no carcinogenic effect was observed."4 A similar con clusion is expected from the rat studies: "Although data has not yet been statistically analyzed, it appears that longevity was not affected by exposure to the various types of fibers, although the known carcinogen (DMH) did significantly shorten lifespan.*'* (The reference here to the carcinogen, DMH or dimethylhydrazine, refers to a control aspect of the study. A group of rats and hamsters were fed DMH so that a comparison could be made between the effects of ingested asbestos and an acknowledged carcinogen.) Heavy inhalation of asbestos fibers, on the other hand, has been linked with serious health consequences notably asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Asbestosis is the term associated with scarring of the lungs resulting from inhalation of asbestos dust. It results in a reduc tion oflung capacity and elasticity. Abnormal shortness ofbreath is the principal symptom of advanced asbestosis. Asbestosis is in the category of lung diseases called pneu moconioses, which also includes silicosis (caused by exposure to silica dust) and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (caused by expo sure to coal dust). However, unlike some of the other pneumo conioses, asbestosis does not predispose one to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis, nor does evidence suggest that it is causally related to emphysema or chronic bronchitis.* Bronchogenic carcinoma or lung cancer has also been as sociated with asbestos dust exposures, although as with asbes tosis, the disease is primarily related to the very high workplace exposures of the past. In addition, cigarette smoking plays a significant role in this context. For example, a major study ex amining the relationship ofcigarette smoking and disease among asbestos insulation workers stated: "It seems clear, then, that lung cancer is uncommon among asbestos insulation workers who have no history of cigarette smoking, and that if the risk is increased such an increase is not great."7 There is a study which indicates an increased risk of lung cancer in heavily ex posed workers who were nonsmoker3. It has been estimated that 4 the risk of lung cancer is increased by between four and five times among such workers as opposed to an increase of ten times for cigarette smokers who do not work with asbestos.4 However, the greatest risks continue to be associated with exposures to both asbestos dust and cigarette smoking. Where both factors are present, the risk oflung cancer has been estimated to increase by as much as fifty-five times.* Asbestos has also been linked to mesothelioma, a rare cancer ofthe linings ofthe chest (pleura) or abdomen (peritoneum). The mechanism of this disease in association with the inhalation of asbestos fibers remains a medical mystery. Until recently, as bestos was the only substance associated with the development of this disease, but it could not account for all reported cases. Now, additional substances, including ethylene dibromide, eth ylene oxide, and cytembena, have been linked to this malig nancy. ,<UM* Crystalline fibers oferionite, a mineral ofthe zeolite family, are thought to be responsible for high rates of meso thelioma in some villages of central Turkey.13 It should be kept in mind that the diseases associated with asbestos exposure are not acute but chronic. This means that they develop with exposure over time, or that there is a latency period before any symptoms are manifested. A latency period of 30 years or longer is not unusual. The latency period is one reason why asbestos is presently so much in the public eye. Again, it should be stressed that the diseases of today are rooted in the heavy workplace exposures of the past. Much of the evidence available on the effects of low dose exposure to asbestos indicates that the risk to workers today is very small. In a comprehensive study of Quebec chrysotile min ing and milling workers, for example, the authors note:u If the only subjects studied had been the 1904 men with at least 20 years' employment in the lower dust concentrations, averaging 6.6 million particles per cubic foot (or about 20 fibres/cc) [i.e., ten times higher than the current OSHA standard], excess mortality would not have been considered statistically significant, except for pneumoconiosis. Moreover, concluded the investigators, for the lower asbestos concentrations prevalent in modern workplaces, "the order of risk may now approximate to less than 1 cigarette a day." A recent study of asbestos-cement workers in the United States similarly finds low level asbestos exposure risks are very UCASB00740055 5 small, if not non-existent. The study reports on the mortality experience of a cohort of 5,645 workers in two asbestos-cement factories in Louisiana with follow-up beginning twenty years after first exposure. The authors concluded:1* In this study, whereas excess risk of respiratory cancer was detected in workers with moderate and heavy exposure, the categories of lowest exposure to asbestos dust [which were still above current exposure levels] did not exhibit excess risks ofrespiratory malignancy. Such findings are not nec essarily incompatible with a linear response curve at low does because of the relative insensitivity of currently used epidemiologic methods in detecting slight increases in risks when compared to background. They do indicate, however, that any excess risks at low degrees of exposure are small. Complete, definitive evidence on the absence of any risk to workers under today's low level asbestos conditions must await follow-up studies of more recent workers because of the long latency period that normally occurs between exposure and dis ease. Nonetheless, the absence of disease in cohorts of workers such as the two described above--who experienced asbestos ex posures welt above today's prevalent levels--provides us with confidence that significant risks no longer exist for workers in the asbestos industry. In light ofthe medical evidence indicating an absence of any significant risk from working with asbestos in the present oc cupational setting, it can be concluded that for the general public, asbestos risks are minimal, if they exist at all. Asbestos concen trations to which consumers might be exposed are at least several orders of magnitude (that iB, thousands or tens of thousands of times) lower than those oftoday's asbestos workers. On this point, the Advisory Committee on Asbestos of the United Kingdom Health and Safety Commission concluded: "there is no quanti tative evidence of a risk to the general public from exposure to asbestos dust."1* Among the evidence supporting the above conclusion is a recent study finding no adverse health effects on Paterson, New Jersey, residents living near a factory using amosite asbestos.17 Mortality statistics of the exposed community when compared with a control community without exposure were virtually iden tical, even though the past asbestos exposures in the neighbor hood of the factory were likely to be much greater than those of the average consumer. The reported deaths from lung cancer and UCASB00740056 colon-rectum cancer were actually higher in the control com munity. II. Control of Asbestos in the Workplace and the Environment Since the early 1970's, asbestos has been extensively reg ulated by federal agencies. Workplace exposures, historically the area of greatest concern, are regulated primarily by the Occu pational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA reg ulations apply to all workplaces except mines, which are gov erned by very similar standards of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). On the other hand, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the release of asbestos fibers into the ambient air and water. Industry also has been working for many years to develop new procedures and products to min imize the release of asbestos fibers and to protect its workers. Asbestos was among the first substances to be regulated by OSHA after the agency was established within the Department of Labor in April 1971. A standard for occupational exposure to asbestos was'included in the initial promulgation of OSHA stan dards published on May 29, 1971. The standard established a permissible exposure limit of 12 fibers, greater than 5 microns in length, per cubic centimeter of air. The permissible exposure limit was subsequently lowered twice, first to 5 fibers per cubic centimeter of air on July 1, 1972, then to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter on July 1, 1976, which is the current standard.'* The OSHA standard also regulates the use of personal pro tective equipment, such as respirators; requires monitoring of workplaces for asbestos levels and annual medical examinations for employees; provides for caution signs and labels, and pro cedures for asbestos waste disposal; and specifies what records an employer must maintain. The regulations of MSHA also established a 2 fibers per cubic centimeter exposure limit for mines and provide for meth ods of compliance.19 As OSHA is concerned with establishing standards for work places, EPA's concerns reside primarily in controlling emissions into the ambient air and water. The EPA has promulgated as bestos regulations under both the Federal Water Pollution Con trol Act and the Clean Air Act. UCASB00740057 Regulations issued under the Federal Water Pollution Con trol Act established limits on the amount of total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, and the level of pH in wastewater that may be discharged to water. For the purposes ofthese regulations, the asbestos manufacturing industry is divided into ten subcategories, each of which is responsible for maintaining plant discharges within the permissible limits.*0 The EPA has also issued regulations under section 112 of the Clean Air Act which apply to a broad range of asbestosrelated activities from milling to waste disposal.11 These regu lations establish a standard ofno visible emissions to the outside air from asbestos milling or manufacturing operations. Other concerns addressed in the Clean Air Act rules are procedures to govern demolition and renovation operations. These procedures require that the EPA be notified whenever such op erations will involve more than 80 meters (in length) of asbestos covered pipe or 15 square meters of friable asbestos material. All demolition and renovation work must employ dust emission control procedures, such as the wetting down of surfaces and materials which are to be worked. If wetting is not practical, local exhaust and ventilation systems may be used, provided that emissions from the system meet the "no visible emission" standard. Asbestos-containing wastes must similarly be handled so as to prevent emissions of dust and be disposed of in a properly operated disposal site. Waste disposal sites that accept asbestos wastes must not emit visible emissions and may require warning signs and fences erected around the property. Wastes at the site must be covered with a specified thickness of nonasbestos ma terial or with a resinous dust suppression agent. . Apart from occupationally-related settings, most efforts of government and industry have focused on controlling asbestos uses and products which may release excessive fibers into the environment. For example, the Consumer Product Safety Com mission has banned consumer patching compounds used to join or repair interior walls and ceilings, and artificial emberizing materials used in fireplaces to simulate live embers and ash." Similarly, EPA's regulation bans the use of friable sprayed in sulation having more than one percent asbestos. As will be dis cussed in the following section, industry is continually working to develop new products and procedures to minimize the possi bility of fiber release. Through the joint efforts of government, 8 industry, and an informed public, asbestos can continue to be a useful raw material for modem needs. D3. Asbestos Use Today Because of its many favorable characteristics, asbestos has often been cited as having thousands of practical applications. Today, with an awareness of the potential health hazards in volved, certain of these applications have been phased out as industry concentrates its efforts on developing safer products. Reflecting this development is the assignment of asbestos-con taining products into one of three categories according to their potential for fiber release: friable, locked-in, or encapsulated. The term "friable" refers to products that are brittle and easily crumbled by hand pressure alone. Included in this category would be many kinds ofsprayed-on insulations, low density ther mal insulations, untreated textiles, and unsaturated papers and felts. Because of their high potential for release of fibers into the air, friable products have been virtually eliminated from general use through the efforts of both government and industry. Locked-in products are those in which asbestos fibers are held fast by binders and are not released during routine handling and use. Asbestos can be "locked-in" by a variety of binders, although the most common are cement and resins or plastic binders. Products in this category include asbestos cement pipe, asbestos cement sheet and shingles, and friction materials. Asbestos fiber, locked-in by rigid plastic binders, is an ideal friction material because of its heat resisting and reinforcing properties. It has long been an invaluable component in brake linings and clutch facings. Combining asbestos with cement produces a very cost-ef fective construction material. The locked-in asbestos in asbestos cement is structurally strong, corrosion resistant, and practically maintenance-free. Asbestos cement shingles and siding are in expensive, high performance, low maintenance building mate rials for a wide variety ofclimates and living conditions. Asbestos cement pipe for water and sewage lines has given the public incomparable service and convenience. It is structurally strong, corrosion resistant and one of the most economical pipe products available. Good work practices, such as the use of special tools and equipment, are required during fabrication and installation of locked-in products. For example, because ofthe potential for fiber release, asbestos cement sheet or pipe should not be cut or drilled UCASB00740059 with power tools unless such tools are properly fitted with a vacuum hose to remove the dust created by such activities. The use of hand tools is recommended because they create larger, heavier particles which do not become airborne. Once a lockedin product is in place, however, the fibers are so firmly bound in that there is little chance of their escaping into the environ ment. Work practice guides for asbestos cement pipe and sheet and other products have been developed by the industry and are available from the manufacturers or the Asbestos Information Association/North America. Encapsulated products are those in which the asbestos fiber is completely enshrouded by asphalt, latex, rubber or some other resilient material. Some common examples of encapsulated as bestos products are roof coatings, flooring products, mechanical packings, and oil seals and gaskets. Asphalt and asbestos make an excellent combination. The high surface area of asbestos thickens the asphalt so it does not flow when exposed to high temperatures. The fibrous nature of asbestos prevents the asphalt from cracking as it dries and shrinks, and the use of asbestos in asphalt is cost effective. In roofing felt, asphalt encapsulated asbestos is less suscep tible to shrinkage. The high surface area of asbestos holds the asphalt securely, and there are no problems with roof rot. In all, asbestos provides a low cost, dependable roof with a long, useful life. Pipe wrap containing asbestos is durable, economical, and resistant to soil chemicals. As such, it continues to play an im portant role in protecting the nation's underground network of steel pipelines. In gaskets, strong and resilient latex-bound asbestos pro vides a seal which requires less bolt pressure. These gaskets maintain their size and integrity under high stresses, temper atures, and chemical attacks. The gasketing material can be infused with a special parting agent so that when the gasket is removed, there is no need for excessive grinding or scraping. The backing of some vinyl sheet flooring contains asbestos encapsulated by a latex binder. This backing is then covered with vinyl and a wear layer. These floors are durable, comfort able, and require little maintenance. The same can be said of vinyl asbestos floor tile. The asbestos helps tile floors withstand the constant traffic and abuse found in many offices, light duty warehouses, and public buildings. houses, and public buildings. Asbestos, because of the special qualities it possesses, will continue to be in strong demand. Quite simply, there are few materials which can match it for effectiveness and economy in a wide variety of uses. With the use of proper controls and work practices, it can be used safely. IV. Conclusion Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral fiber with many valuable properties which have made it very useful in a wide variety of applications. However, it is recognized that because of the health risks involved, asbestos must be properly handled. The government has developed extensive asbestos regulations which must be followed, and industry has worked to develop procedures and products which minimize the potential for fiber release. Within these parameters, asbestos is an economically valuable industrial raw material which can be used safely for many beneficial purposes. If you would like additional copies of this pamphlet, copies of work practices guides, or more infor mation on asbestos, please contact: Asbestos Information Association/North America 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway Suite 509 Arlington, VA 22202 UCASB00740061 11 References 1. Safe Drinking Water Committee, National Academy of Sci ences, Full Report, Drinking Water and Health 191 (1977). 2. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monographs on the Evaluation ofCarcinogenic Risk ofChemicals to Man, Vol. 2, p. 36 (1973). 3. Health and Safety Commission, Asbestos, Final Report of the Advisory Committee, Vol. 1, p. 60 (1979). 4. National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Biological Effects ofIngested Asbestos, Status Report January 22, 1981. 5. Id. 6. Parkes, W.R., "Asbestos Related Disorders," 67 Brit. J. Dis. Chest 261, 284 (1973). 7. Hammond, E.C. and I.J. Selikoff, "Relation of Cigarette Smoking to Risk of Death of Asbestos Associated Disease Among Insulation Workers in the United States," in I.A.R.C., Biological Effects ofAsbestos 312, 315 (1972). 8. Hammond, E.C., I.J. Selikoff and H. Seidman, "Asbestos Exposure, Cigarette Smoking and Death Rates," 330 Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 473 (1979). 9. Selikoff, I.J., E.C. Hammond and J. Churg, "Asbestos Ex posure, Smoking and Neoplasia," 204 JAMA. 106 (1968). See also reference 8 above. 10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Current Intel ligence Bulletin 37, Ethylene Dibromide (1981). 11. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Current Intel ligence Bulletin 35, Ethylene Oxide (1981). 12. National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Carcinogenesis Bioassay ofCytembena, (1981). 13. Baris, Y.I., et al., "Malignant Mesothelioma and Radiolog ical Chest Abnormalities in Two Villages in Central Tur key," 1981 Lancet 984 (1981). UCASB00740062 L^t 14. McDonald, J.C., et al., "Dust Exposure and Mortality in Chrysotile Mining, 1910-75," 37 Brit.J.Ind. Med. 11 (1980). 15. Weill, H., J. Hughes and C. Waggenspack, "Influence ofDose and Fiber Type on Malignancy Risk in Asbestos Cement Manufacturing," 120 Am. Rev. Resp. Disease 345,353 (1979). 16. Health and Safety Commission, Asbestos, Final Report of the Advisory Committee, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1979). 17. Hammond, E.C., et al., "Mortality Experience of Residents in the Neighborhood of an Asbestos Factory," 330 Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 417 (1979). 18. 29 C.F.R. section 1910.1001. 19. 30 C.F.R. sections 55.5, 56.5, 57.5 and 71.202. 20. 40 C.F.R. section 427. 21. 40 C.F.R. sections 61.20-61.25. 22. 16 C.F.R. sections 1304, 1305. UCASB00740063 NORTH AMERICA ASBESTOS INFORMATION ASSOCIATION 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, Virginia 22202 UCASB00740064 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION 4625 ROYAL AVENUE . NIAGARA FALLS. NEW YORK 14302 TELEPHONE: (7101 27M376 , PRODUCT: Chrysotile Asbestos TRADE NAMES: "Calidria" Asbestos 1. PHYSICAL DATA CHEMICAL FORMULA: Mgs(0H|8Si4010 BOILING POINT AND MELTING POINT: Not Pertinent SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H20 = 1): 2.45 VOLATILE CONTENT: Absorbed Water 1 -- 4% By Weight. Structural Water Approximately 13% by Weight. APPEARANCE: Pellets or Fine White Powder. No odor. Very Slight Solubility in Water. II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS Asbestos contains no hazardous ingredients. However, the material itself can be hazardous under certain conditions. (See V below.) / III. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL: No Fire or Explosion Hazard. IV. REACTIVITY DATA INERT MATERIAL: No Decomposition or Polymerization Conditions. V. HEALTH HAZARD DATA PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE CONCENTRATION: The current Occupational Safety and Health Standard (CFR 29,1910.1001) contains the following exposure limits: "The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed 2 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X magnification (4 millimeter objective) phase contrast illumination. No employee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method just noted." EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE: CAUTION: Breathing asbestos may cause serious bodily harm. EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES: No acute toxicity. Use respirator if airborne asbestos fiber concentration exceeds OSHA limits. VI. SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES STEPS TO BE TAKEN IF MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED: Avoid inhalation of dust. Remove spilled material by vacuum cleaner or by water wash. WASTE DISPOSAL: Bags and waste and scrap materials should be disposed of in a manner which will avoid airborne concentrations of asbestos, such as the use of dust-tight trash bags or containers. Ensure that disposal complies with all applicable federal, state or local regulations. Union Carbide Corporation assumes no responsibility and makes no warranty, expressed or implied, repre sentation, promise, or statement as to completeness, accuracy, or currency of any data provided. UCASB00740065 VII. SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION VENTILATION: Local exhaust for each operation is preferable. (See American National Standards Institute booklet, Z9.2 -- 1971.) General ares exhaust is acceptable. No special considerations. PROTECTIVE GLOVES: None EYE PROTECTION: None RESPIRATORY PROTECTION111 The current Occupational Safety and Health Standard CFR 29, 1910.1001 contains the following require ments for respiratory protection. AIRBORNE CONCENTRATION*2* 8-HOUR EXPOSURE I3* CEILING CONCENTRATION 2 maximum 10 maximum 20 maximum 100 maximum 200 maximum 1000 maximum Over 200 -- MINIMUM REQUIRED MASK TYPE*** Not required when allowable limits are not exceeded. Reusable or single use air purifying respirator. Powered filter positive pressure. 4 Type C positive pressure, air supplied. (1) Allowed only during the time required for installation of engineering controls, when engineering controls are not technically feasible or adequate, and in emergencies. Current OSHA standards require that no em ployee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examina tion an examining physician determines that the employee will pe unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of the employee or other employees will be impaired by the use of a respirator. (2) Fibers per milliliter greater than 5 microns in length, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-4S0X magnification (4 millimeter objective) phase contrast illumination. (3) 8-Hour time-weighted average. (4) Only masks certified by NIOSH as acceptable for the exposures encountered may be used. OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: If the ceiling concentration limit is exceeded, clothing providing whole body covering shall be supplied and its use required. VIII. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS Every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released must be monitored to determine exposure levels. If the permissibla time-weighted average and ceiling concentration limits are not exceeded, no special pre cautions are required except: a) Bag damage and dusting should be minimized and dust inhalation avoided. bl A comprehensive medical examination is required for any employee exposed to airborne fibers within 30 days of first such employment, annually thereafter and on termination of employment. c) Personal work dothing can become contaminated with asbestos and may constitute an exposure hazard. Such clothing should be handled and laundered in a manner to avoid airborne concentrations of asbestos. d) Substantial medical evidence indicates that smoking will increase the risk from asbestos exposure. Those working with asbestos should not smoke. Where exposure limits may be exceeded, reference should be made to the regulation CFR 29.1910.1001 for details on caution signs, monitoring, change rooms, protective clothing laundering and record keeping. UCASB00740066