Document 9mpp6xg6vXRpNxQvo5XQmJ7e

1 to hese - no enarea VOLUME TWENTY-FOUR 1960 NUMBER TWO lations ity for ->rinte<l 1959. ascribeit Oak rtopes. ARY vice rey's pen )after leprinted Contrar* , of costs al trucks r,, opera!aised seP- iwratiP"- bg e. EMS. Aerial view of Tulsa's now St. Francis Hospital. Lead is extencively used for both sanitary plumbing and X-ray protection. (See page 7) N 1097 i'jil UAMC2 O? UCliAR 'Q'NZR Two reactors identical in all respects except in the make up, weight and volume of their equivalent shields. Shield at the left comprises 34' lead and 334' water. Shield at the right comprises I 1water alone. 80th envelop 5' diameter cores. The differences illustrate savings inherent in mobile polyshield configurations using lead. Weights were calculated using neutron removal cross sections and 3 Mev gamma build-up factors. More accu rate analysis accounts for the energy and angular distribu tion of the source terms includ ing secondaries i.e., capture gammas and gammas pro duced by inelastic neutron scatte ring. Lead is heavier than 31 other ele ments or roughly 30c of the periodic table. It follows that construction mak ing use of lead will generally tend to be heavier than constructions making use of lighter elements. In the nuclear sense, for gamma attenuation, there is often little to choose between the light and the heavy in those instances where weight and volume restrictions are unimportant. In static structures, for example, concrete and water are com paratively' cheap and are often used. In mobile systems however, where weight and volume reductions are at a premium, the selection of such mate rials, admittedly low cost in them selves, would have quite the opposite effect to that intended. In practice lead is considerably ''lighter'' than mate rials normally considered as attenu ators e.g., water, concrete and even air. Elements which are heavier than lead can contribute to even greater weight savings, although the cost of such can didates as depleted uranium and tung sten usually make their use prohibi tive. It is a simple matter to show that savings inherent in spherical shield COMPARISON OF SHIELD MATERIALS* NEUTRON SHIELDING GAMMA RAY SHIELDING RELATIVE WEIGHTS IN: SPHERICAL GEOMETRY | SLAB GEOMETRY 'Hemmid. P. Air Research and Development Canf. Technical Symp., 1958, OTS P3 151627. structures containing lead are deriv'd from surface area-radial thickness lelationships, shield area increasing u th radial thickness or distance of ttie shield from the core center. Compete lead and water as shielding. For a given dose constraint, so much less radial thickness of lead is required that it shows not only the lowest sur face area, but also the lowest volume and weight. From the comparison of shields, tig. 2, one can deduce that materials like lead make good light weight gamma shields, and that hydrogen is beneficial from the neutron standpoint. Happily some combination of the two, lead and hydrogenous materials, enable light dual purpose constructions as the de gree of unbalance in the scale, fig. 1. indicates. As the artist's rendering sug gests, the traditional concept of lead as heavy must be revised in terms of putting reactor payloads in the vicinity of the moon, in orbit around the earth, or even in transit from fabricator to user. Whether it be space probes or satellites in orbit with their prodigious appetites for unattended, uninterrupted power, or research and training re actors in transit or use where light weight and low volume have their ap parent economies, lead is the lightest, most economical choice for gamma shield structures. Comparison of mobile spherical shield configurations for various materials show great advantage of lead. Chart shows weight ratio of various materials having equal dose contraint. IA26205 Bearings for Rocket Flight -- with built-in dry lubricant -- work fine at JOOOF. EAO 33.000 If. derive*: .ness re ing will: of lie dompar: . For s uch lerequire* west su: t volune ields. ii. | rials lib | t gamrii. I benefird . Happi* , lead ar lble lid as die d' ale. fig. .ering supt of lea 1 terms he vicirn1 1 the earl! oricator! probes * prodig'ointerruptraining r vhere l'r ce their s; the lightf' for gam" H**rkel propulsion and supersonic ji[< raft, crnerstones of our scheme f national d- fense, posed a pressing >,r*'Mail for materials scientists -- the t .'I fur high-temperature lubricating a.itniak In answer, researchers at tl*r N\>\ l.owis Research Center at ( ii vi laml lun ' developed bearing sys:* ii*- for hiuh -peeds and high temper,tiiTr-- which "ill never require lubri- .ll I'll. Km I** ilu development is a lubriaiin" film of l* ad monoxide "fired on I tin' hearing surface. These bonded " .1*1 moii.ivii!*- coatings have better i* ami a low. r coefficient of friction *1 high temperatures than such stand- O' moMidenum disulphide fsee nhi'lralions >. Hi*' rea'"n for this lies with the I'nie of tlm hint. NASA's coating lan ale* he-i under conditions which ; Imc high surface temperatures. II m. up to a point, high ambient fi-ralure. hLh load, and high speed :"ipmi e tin- ]*erformance of such a uing. In fait, at sliding velocities of - l"o I*, lii.Otm ft. per min. (highest :-"l studied * the coefficient of fric' "a? 0.05 to 0.08 for all test tem- ' oCures. The explanation is that high V'd'. loads, and temperatures pro- tr a ''glazed" or vitreous surface to " '' !l'm. Hiding can then take place by `-ii* or vise.ius shear rather than ar along the crystal planes, l-.ning this out. life of the bear- 'a- hern found to he best when waling temperature is close to 1000'F. Though designed to operate in the 600 to 1200F. range, the data shows that both life expectancy and friction coefficient for cool operation are good enough to recommend it even when it must be started or cycled through room temperature. While there is some latitude in for mulating such coatings, one of the best compositions to date contains about 5 per cent silicon dioxide and 5 per cent iron oxide (Fe30.|) formed in firing. The balance is lead monoxide. This and other formulations have been successfully applied to stainless steel (440C and 304) and Inconel X. They can be applied as a dry powder or sprayed on as a water slurry and fired at 1650 to 1800`F. References: 1. Jo h n s o n and Su .n e t , "High-Tem perature Friction and Wear Proper ties of Bonded Solid Lubricant Films Containing Lead Monoxide," Lubri cation Engineering, December, 1959. 2. Sl in e y , H. E. "Lubricating Proper ties of Lead-Monoxide-Base Coatings of Various Compositions at Tempera tures to 1250'F," A ASA Memoran dum 3 -- 2 -- 59E. 3. Pe t e r s o n and Jo h n s o n , "Solid Lu bricants for Temperatures to 1000F. " ibid. April. 1957. ENDURANCE OF LUBRICANT COATINGS VS TEMPERATURE PHO [I 75F SOC'F 1C0:'F i 0.5" EFFECT OF SLIDING VELOCITY ON LUBRICITY OF PbO SiO;FILM ;1 kg *r,ad o- 0 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LUBRICATING PRCERT:ES --3-- LIA26206 WUJM- IN- i The varied world of LEADED PORCELAIN ENAMELED ALUMINUM The durable beauty of leaded porcelain enamels for aluminum provides a flexible medium for the talents of renowned porcelain enamel artist Edwavd Winter. Architects, too, have found that these colorful permanent finishes on lignt aluminum offer unlimited and economical scope in the design of churches, schools, industrial and office buildings, and, in fact, any type of structure. \ Westminster Presbyterian Church Steeple, Upper St. Clair Township -- Ingram.Rich ardson Manufacturing Company Expanded metal room divider by IngramRichardson Manufactur ing Company. i4t Thos. H. Allen Generating Station (lower left)--H. H. Robertson Co. im OPTICALC OPTICALCOLO des a iward i light irehes. Cmiw ntional pearlescent lead pig ment? 'Lead." Vol. 23, No. 1) pro duce a yearly luster which resembles that of the ovster pearl or mother-ofpearl. Although simulated pearl ob ject? mr\ equal or surpass the natural product in brilliance, they ordinarily lack the ; lav of colors which is appar ent in ne ural mother-of-pearl. It now' become? possible to produce a play of color in conjunction with pearly luster iii all types of applications through the use of Murano Colors.* \\ Idle tlu--' do not produce a full spec trum of (-dors in any particular case. lhe\ do po ride a multiple color effect nhicli car.not be achieved with conwntinnal | dorants. The co.' i ? are svnthetic nacreous pigment? i insisting of a lead com pound in h e form of thin plate-like <r\?lal? uld'li behave like a conven tional pear pigment in all respects evept that thev have twin inherent color?-, one i - ing observed by reflected "iid seen by transmitted s are produced by an rather than by the abj'articular band of wave ur? with ordinary dyes - The colors are rather i moderate intensity, but r ] lay inherent in each - - possible effects which ! : \ed in any other way. p i tie? are readly demonii-pa rent plastic sheets or 'wimple, a polvester cast m p the "red" pigment i - red when held against -1 !j im1 and examined by it. W hen viewed bv transh"'> e\er. the complemen"I i i? observed. These idu'trated in the table i IhMearl Corporation, I "m i-t. New York where each color combination is repre sented by one relatively large-grained and one relatively fine-grained mate rial. W hile the individual pigments pro duce an essentially two-color effect, minor variations in shade may appear as the angle of observation changes. Intimate mixing of two or more of the pigments does not increase the color play, but instead, diminishes the color intensity, and with some combinations, neutralizes the color entirely. For ex ample, BA (gold) mixed with BD (red) produces a pink gold at a color intensity somewhat lower than that of the individual pigments; BA blended with an equal quantity of BF (blue) is entirely free of color. Thus colors can be modified with some loss of in tensity by mixing pigments which are not of complementary color. Color is lost altogether when complementary colors are combined. The pigments can MURANO COLORS Series 1 Series II Reflection Transmission Jorge grain fine groin color color BA BK Gold Blue BD BN Red Green BF BQ Blue Orange BH BS Green Red enhance each other however, when "marble-cake" mixtures or laminates are made. In this tvpe of non-intimate combination, the use of complemen tary colors is particularly effective. Surface coatings: A Murano Color coated on a black object shows the reflection color only. On application of the pigment to a white object, or over a white undercoat, the trans mission color appears: light passes through the layer of pigment crystals to the white undercoat, is reflected, and is then transmitted back through the nacreous layer once more. How ever, even with a white undercoat, the reflection color is still seen at the gloss angle or highlight, where specu lar reflection occurs directly from the crystal layer. Curved objects always show a highlight, and therefore dem onstrate the two-color play more read ily than flat objects. The two-color play shows effectively on any curved surface from furniture legs to automobile fenders. The colors may be modified and intensified some what by using a light gray background instead of white. Care must be taken in darkening the background, however, since too dark an undercoat sup presses the transmission color. Plastics: The color effects obtained on incorporation of Murano Colors in plastics depend on the orientation of the crystals. If the orientation is uni form and parallel to the surface of the plastic sheet or film, the reflection color appears when the film is placed against a dark background, the trans mission color when placed against a white background. This is very similar to the surface coating application. If, however, the crystals are oriented in a mottled or variable pattern, and the plastic sheet or other object is then placed against a white background, the reflection color will be seen in the high lights, and the transmission color at all other points. A two-color play is readily available even in flat objects, so long as a mottled orientation can be achieved. Color efTects can be enhanced by laminating two sheets containing com plementary pigments in mottled orien tation. Suitable combinations are BA and BF, or BD and BH. In each case the transmission color of one pigment is intensified by the reflection color of the other. LIA26208 The White Chapel Funeral Home, Montgomery, Alabama, where lead pellet* protect a cast stone wall's symmetry. PILLS TO KEEP A WALL STRAIGHT The mason's hand gives the scale of both the pellet and the blocks of which the wall is built. Utter simplicity of style often de mands refined engineering and con struction techniques. The unadorned expanse of cast stone wall of the new White Chapel Funeral Home in Mont gomery. Alabama, for example, con veys a feeling of symmetry and serenity. Think how differently it would strike the viewer if its only fea ture -- the mortar joints between blocks--were to wander, even slightlv, from the true horizontal and vertical. And, of course, a cracked block caused by settling of the structure would be glaringly evident. While a form of corrugated sheet lead is sometimes used between pol ished granite blocks to prevent either of these situations from spoiling the elegance of a wall, another form of lead solved the problem here. Archi tects Pearson, Tittle & Narrows agreed with the contractor, W. K. Upchurch, on the use of novel lead pellets to space the cast stone blocks and equalize bear ing stresses between blocks through out the wall. Approximately 7,000 pellets of lead Y" thick x ly in diameter were used in the 16,177 square feet of cast stone wall of the building. Set in place after the mortar had been applied to a block, these pellet; (two to four of them, depending on location and bearing stress ! take the weight of the masonrv above and de form just enough to bring them all into bearing. Should slight foundation movements shift the balance of the load the pellets will flow a bit more so that local stress concentrations will not crack the wall. .About 2,000 of the pellets were used to wedge stone anchors tight into the reglet cast into the top edge of the stone. The reglet is 1 inch wide. Anchors Is inch thick allow for anv adjustment needed in anchoring the blocks to the wall behind them. Lead pellets offered a quick and permanent way of adjusting the anchor position -- this cut the time needed by skilled masons on the job and turned in a creditable time saving. Li ti T U' c. p 0 f Ho Leaks Here -- Water or X-ray Tulsa's new St. Francis Hospital relies heavily on lead for sanitary and laboratory plumbing, X-ray shielding These lead wastes and vents will be connections for 4 lavatories in the hospital. inflation of th' more so ; w ill nnl .ere usetl into the e of (In ch wide. for am rring (1em. Lead rermanrnt r position by skill*! rned in a A s[iairk:1iz new 300-bed hospital t inU 1" tin Win. K. Warren Foundaii ii i> inn- nearing completion at l uki. Okl.ihnma. Tons of lead produ- i- arc ln-ii.-z installed. It takes a heap - I !11uii11 >i11z to keep today's complex I--]'ital fun- turning. Lead has been initial In Schmidt. Garden & Erik -ii. \iciiiii-- !> and Engineers, of Chi me ami it- installation by Watt I'lumhing (ii-'iipanv of Tulsa has been - o r-ccii 11\ ,i resident architect of the 'em (if Schmidt. Garden & Erikson. N- me idea nf the complexity of the j . nulling -itm for the new hospital an be gaiin>! bv looking through the : "( lead am! lead plumbing fixture rm-clinni required: there are 254 *at.-i elioet-. 3 urinals with 4" XH. |-i i l'i`jnl> nr -tubs, two dozen shower ;a-- nf 4 lb. sheet lead, and three on halliluhs with lead waste lines ' In the category of sinks and i -it'*ries alone there are 260 standard : --ries. l(i more special lavatories -urgenns wash up, 76 sinks, 31 '-nr s dnks. 20 more hospital clean a -inks. 4 clinic flush rim sinks, 4 ' 'in tray s, an autopsy sink, 29 scul' - -inks. 10 laboratory sinks, and a i graphic developing sink all with ' -1 fixture waste connections. Twenty ' caulking lead alone were used for the C.I.S.P. drainage and vent sys tem. All vent pipes through the roof were flashed with 4 lb. sheet lead vent pipe flashings. Long life and dependability argue for the use of lead plumbing in a sys tem like this. Freedom from leaks and low maintenance requirements are ex pected from it. But plumbing leaks are not the only sort that concern those connected with St. Francis. Eight X-ray rooms in the hospital have to be stopped from leaking invisible ra diations. Here, too, lead has been used liberally. Two and one half tons of it in sheet form for partitions, ceilings, and floors. This sheet lead varies from 2 to 32 lbs. per sq. ft. The walls of these X-ray rooms must also block the radiation to protect peo ple outside as well as inside the build ing. Lead is used here, too, in the form of sandwich-like cement blocks with lead centers. Another feature of the X-ray rooms is the use of leaded glass viewing win dows to permit operators to observe the patient without exposure to the radiation. The sheet lead frame for one of these windows can be seen in the photo of the X-ray room under construction. It is in the projecting wall at the left. LIA26210 X-ray rooms (below) are built with interleaving lead block walls for radiation protection. Note lead frame of viewing window at left. Floor of the room above the X-ray room Is lead covered with (inset) lead baffled electrical con nection bo*. A Ton of Lead Aids Fine Tuning THE FOUNTAINS OF TIME-LIFE In describing the new Time & Life Building in its last issue, LEAD omit ted mentioning the fountains which will complement the eight lead-lined reflecting pools. These pools extend the graceful vertical lines of the building and the prospect is further augmented by the vertical jets of the fountains. Design of the fountain system, as well as the mechanical design of the pools and their linings was by Syska and Hennessy, Inc., Consulting Engineers, of New York. The world's largest radio telescope, pictured here in part, requires perfect alignment for critical measurements. Two miles of transmission lines con nect up eight parallel rows of northsouth dipole elements in the California desert. To keep these transmission lines straight and parallel, two L000pound lead weights have been hung from their suspension to take up slack. Built by the Scientific Research De partment of Convair, the huge tele scope uses the earth's rotation plus electronic "aiming" to scan the skies. It has already led to new solar radia tion data. Covering four square miles, the net work uses 12 500-lb. and 9 1.000-lb. lead weights. t r y-i -) I -ilh / - \ V.: TD C* i i; i i. \XlA 1 * ot l intcnl 1 it inrmution The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the ase of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others interested. They are available free of charge except where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 292 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK 17, N. Y. THE MATERIALS YOU BUY -- LEAD Descriptive information about lead from mine to finished products. Reprinted from "New York Purchasing Review," January, 1959. USE LEAD TO CONTROL CORROSION Latest practices in lead construction for the pertoleum refining industry are described. How to avoid the difficulties sometimes experienced with lead-lined equipment. Re printed from "Petroleum Refiner," April, 1958. MATERIALS of CONSTRUCTION REVIEWS Lead and lead alloys in design and construc tion research, engineering and technological applications. With bibliography, 1959, 1958, 1957 and 1956 reviews (editions are not cu mulative) are available. Reprinted from "In dustrial and Engineering Chemistry," September, 1959, 1958, 1957 and 1956. CORROSION DATA --LEAD & ALLOYS Chart form presentation of the corrosion re sistance of lead and its alloys to 188 common chemical materials over the normal tempera ture range. Reprinted from "Chemical Engi neering." February 1953. LEAD DOME'S SILVER ANNIVERSARY The excellent maintenance and service re cords of the lead dome at New Jersey's peni tentiary in Rahway are reviewed after 25 years. Shows construction method. Reprinted from "Heating & Air Conditioning Contrac tor," January 1960. ULTRA LOW LOSS CERAMICS Technical discussion of new formulations for ultra low loss ceramics together with possible mechanisms of behavior. Reprinted from "Jour. Amer. Ceramic Soc.," September 1959. LEAD-ASBESTOS ANTI-VIBRATION PADS Gives specification, drawings, and reviews re cent applications of lead-asbestos anti-vibra tion pads for buildings. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING $2.00 Postpaid, $1.50 per copy in quanti ties of 10 or more. Profusely illustrated with over 140 photo graphs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods required for lead work. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.00 Postpaid A fully illustrated 230 page, cloth bound book describing all phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. ANODES FOR SHIP PROTECTION Results of a detailed examination of leadsilver anodes for corrosion protection of ships. Operating efficiency and behavior are given. Other anodes are compared. Reprinted from "Corrosion," November 1959. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS No. 12 Seven formulations and schedules for painting highway structural steel. No, 13 LXA. Formula 9-2. A single Red Lead Primer for Rusted, Weathered or New Galva nized Steel. No. 14 Describes the formulation of red leadcoumarone primer for seawater immersion -- ship hulls, fixed marine installations. TRUCK COSTS IN A JIFFY Three nomographs permit estimation of cost* for gas or battery powered industrial truck* in two or three minutes. Depreciation, operat ing costs, and maintenance are appraised sep arately for all unusual types of operation. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BULLETINS A series of specifications for the use of lea i in building construction. (Available sepa rately.) No. I Specification for Lead Waste Connec tions for Plumbing Fixtures with Integral Traps ^Water Closets--Pedestal Urinals-Service Sinks). No. 2 Specification for Lead Shower and Safe Pans. No. 3 Specification for Lead Chemical Labora tory Drainage Systems. NEW LISTINGS ISOLATE COOLING TOWER VIBRATION An installation of lead-asbe9tos anti-vibration pads to isolate a roof-top cooling tower on a new office building is reviewed. Sectional drawing and loadings are given. Reprinted from "Plant & Power Services Engineer." March 1960. NEW CLASS OF LEAD-BASE ALLOYS A new set of alloys made by dispersing metal powders in lead show superior tensile strengths. Test data and formulations of seven of these are given. Reprinted from "Metal Progress," February 1960. SEAMLESS TERNE FOR ROOFING Illustrated four-page architectural specifica tion also provides data on strength and weight characteristics and color advantages of terneplate as roofing. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. LIA26211 KINTED IN U.S.A. NTING -- ROGERS KELLOGG CORP.SLAND CITY 1, N. Y.